308 lines
34 KiB
XML
308 lines
34 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Sarnat, Eli M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fischer, Georg</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Guenard, Benoit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>543</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-543-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127872341" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E4EA04871C786D6EC8D235EB6B284538" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E4EA04871C786D6EC8D235EB6B284538" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<taxonomicName authority="Roger" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens Roger</taxonomicName>
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Figs 77, Fig. 88d
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="26" pageNumber="27" start="start">Pheidole</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Roger, J" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="131 - 214" title="Die neu aufgefuehrten Gattungen und Arten meines Formiciden-Verzeichnisses nebst Ergaenzung einiger frueher gegebenen Beschreibungen." url="10.1002/mmnd.18630070116" volume="7" year="1863 a">Roger 1863a</bibRefCitation>
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: 198 (s.w.q.) CUBA. Wheeler, W.M. 1905: 92 (m.). Neotype designated: Barrajagua, Las Villas, CUBA (E.O. Wilson):
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 419.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="tuberculata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="tuberculata">tuberculata</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="exigua" variety="tuberculata">Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wein" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="511 - 632" title="Suedamerikanische Formiciden." volume="37" year="1887">Mayr 1887</bibRefCitation>
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: 585 (s.) St. Catharina, BRAZIL. Subspecies of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="137 - 241" title="Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. VI-XVI." volume="26" year="1894">Emery 1894</bibRefCitation>
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: 157. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 419.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="vincentensis" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="vincentensis">vincentensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens var. vincentensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="vincentensis">Pheidole flavens var. vincentensis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="333 - 418" title="Formicides de l'Antille St. Vincent, recoltees par Mons. H. H. Smith." volume="1893" year="1893 a">Forel 1893a</bibRefCitation>
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: 411 (s.w.q.m.) SAINT VINCENT. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 419.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="gracilior" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="gracilior">gracilior</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="r." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" race="gracilior" rank="race" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens r. gracilior</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="43 - 82" title="Formiciden des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Neue Calyptomyrmex-, Dacryon-, Podomyrma- und Echinopla-Arten." volume="18" year="1901 a">Forel 1901a</bibRefCitation>
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: 78 (s.w.q.) GERMANY (intercepted in quarantine, from West Indies). Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 419.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="haytiana" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="haytiana">haytiana</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens var. haytiana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="haytiana">Pheidole flavens var. haytiana</taxonomicName>
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Forel 1907: 6 (w.) HAITI, Port-au-Prince (Keitel). Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914: 24 (s.q.m.). Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 419.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="spei" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="spei">spei</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="st." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="stage" species="flavens" stage="spei">Pheidole flavens st. spei</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Santschi, F" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="75 - 83" title="Quelques fourmis de Cuba et du Bresil." volume="14" year="1930">Santschi 1930</bibRefCitation>
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: 77 (s.w.) CUBA, Pinar del Rio, Punta Esperanza, 4.i.2030, 7 s., 10 w. (Bierig). Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 419.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="aechmeae" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="aechmeae">aechmeae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="floridana" subspecies="aechmeae">Pheidole floridana subsp. aechmeae</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler, W.M. 1934: 166 (s.w.) MEXICO, Camaron near Mirador, Vera Cruz, in
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Aechmea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aechmea bracteata" order="Poales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bracteata">Aechmea bracteata</taxonomicName>
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, No. 472 (Skwarra). Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 419.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="greggi" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="greggi">greggi</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole greggi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greggi">Pheidole greggi</taxonomicName>
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Naves, 1985: 62, figs. 21, 45, 57 (s.w.) U.S.A., Miami, Florida, 19.xii.1945 (W.F. Buren). Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 419.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis among introduced pheidole">
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Diagnosis among introduced
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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See notes under
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
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-complex. Neotype major: HW 0.72, HL 0.74, SL 0.42, CI 103, SI 58. Paraneotype minor: HW 0.34, HL 0.42, SL 0.34, CI 124. SI 100. Non-type measurements, major: HW 0.68-0.83, HL 0.74-0.88, SL 0.39-0.42, CI 87-97, SI 52-59. Non-type measurements, minor: HW 0.34-0.45, HL 0.39-0.49, SL 0.34-0.42, CI 81-93, SI 89-104.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="identification, taxonomy and systematics">
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Identification, taxonomy and systematics.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
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belongs to the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
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-complex along with a putatively large number of other nominal taxa. However, the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
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group as conceived by
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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is now known to be polyphyletic (
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<bibRefCitation author="Economo, EP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" title="Global phylogenetic structure of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole reveals the repeated evolution of macroecological patterns." volume="282" year="2015">Economo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Moreau, CS" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="224 - 239" title="Unraveling the evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.020" volume="48" year="2008">Moreau 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). Readers are referred to the
|
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
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-complex for additional discussion of identification, taxonomy and systematics. The taxonomy of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
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and its close relatives remains in a state of confusion. It is beyond the scope of the present study to resolve this issue, but we contribute the following discussion as a step towards that goal.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="27" pageNumber="28" start="start">Pheidole</pageBreakToken>
|
||
flavens
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described by Roger from Cuba, but the type material is considered to be lost.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
designated a neotype from Cuba and synonymized a total of eight nominal taxa with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Of these,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole greggi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greggi">Pheidole greggi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Naves (Florida) and perhaps
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="st." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="stage" species="flavens" stage="spei">Pheidole flavens st. spei</taxonomicName>
|
||
Santschi (Mexico) are most similar to the Cuban neotype. They, together with the types of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="moerens" subspecies="creola">Pheidole moerens subsp. creola</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are the only specimens examined thus far that have clearly reticulated rugulae posterior to the scrobes of major workers.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Naves, MA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Naves’">Naves'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1985
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 55) concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
Roger, at least as evidenced by his figures and descriptions, more closely matches our concept
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species that is spreading across the southeastern United States. The syntype major of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens var. vincentensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="vincentensis">Pheidole flavens var. vincentensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Forel differs substantially from the neotype in that the head is completely glossy between the rugulae, which are themselves entirely longitudinal and do not extend far beyond the maximum extent of the antennal scapes in repose. These characters make it at least superficially more similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="r." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" race="gracilior" rank="race" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens r. gracilior</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
were both described by Forel from workers intercepted at a Hamburg quarantine facility, which is testament to the dispersive ability of this complex. The syntype major of the latter species and that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="floridana" subspecies="aechmeae">Pheidole floridana subsp. aechmeae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wheeler, also described from Mexico, are quite similar.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="exigua" variety="tuberculata">Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mayr has the strongly convex head and promesonotal dome of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole exigua" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">Pheidole exigua</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mayr, and also exhibits tuberculate angles on the mesonotal declivity. Type specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens var. haytiana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="haytiana">Pheidole flavens var. haytiana</taxonomicName>
|
||
Forel were not examined for this study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The only material from outside Central America and the Caribbean that we were able to confirm as matching the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wilson’s">Wilson's</normalizedToken>
|
||
neotype was from Florida. The Florida populations referred to here as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
are almost certainly heterospecific. We suspect that Nearctic records of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
outside of Florida such as those reported from Louisiana (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Colby, D" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="266 - 269" title="Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in wet longleaf pine savannas in Louisiana." url="10.1653/0015-4040(2006)89[266:AHFIWL]2.0.CO;2" volume="89" year="2006">Colby and Prowell 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dash, ST" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="1056 - 1066" title="Species diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Louisiana." url="10.1603/0013-8746-101.6.1056" volume="101" year="2008">
|
||
Dash and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hooper-Bùi">Hooper-Bui</normalizedToken>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) refer to either
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
||
or the species we are treating as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the southeastern USA.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as currently conceived, was reviewed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with contributing observations by Jack Longino. The species prefers rotting wood, but also nest beneath the bark of trees, in dead knots on tree trunks, in sod on rocks, in the soil beneath stones, and in epiphyte masses. In the Caribbean it is recorded from forests and thickets from sea level to 900 m, and in Costa Rica it occurs in both wet and dry forests below 1000 m. The nest galleries are diffuse and irregular. Mature colonies are large containing up to thousands of workers. Workers collect small arthropods and will recruit to sugar baits.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is among the most widespread and abundant species of its genus in the New World, although this range might be representative of multiple cryptic species. As currently conceived, however, we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
native from southern Mexico east through the Caribbean and south to Uruguay and northern Argentina. It is difficult to know whether the disjunction separating the western and eastern regions of South America is accurate or a sampling artifact. The Florida population is believed to have derived from an accidental introduction by commerce (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Deyrup, M" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia)" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="293 - 326" title="Exotic ants in Florida." volume="126" year="2000">Deyrup et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="risk statement">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="28" pageNumber="29" start="start">Risk</pageBreakToken>
|
||
statement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or at least
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="it’s">it's</normalizedToken>
|
||
very close relatives) are easily transported long distances, and are known to hitchhike with fresh plant material (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the species is not known to cause significant impact to agricultural systems or native ecosystems, and is not considered a house pest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hedges, SA" journalOrPublisher="G. I. E. Inc., Publishers, Cleveland, OH" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" title="Field guide for the management of structure-infesting ants" year="1998">Hedges 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Klotz, JH" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="109 - 118" title="A survey of the urban pest ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of peninsular Florida." url="10.2307/3495674" volume="78" year="1995">Klotz et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |