237 lines
29 KiB
XML
237 lines
29 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E6F0B12E0CBF7963CD884850ED3749AD">Sea snakes (Elapidae, Hydrophiinae) in their westernmost extent: an updated and illustrated checklist and key to the species in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="96C4E26C36CD96AA2191FECDA4DF2771">Rezaie-Atagholipour, Mohsen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FD76A89995C5AB5FE6F2E55A3508654C">Ghezellou, Parviz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6DF03FC8D4F0870E97A209A749AA9787">Hesni, Majid Askari</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="830F941D23AD6C9F30EED15C3A35B68C">Dakhteh, Seyyed Mohammad Hashem</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DFDE3681513863557D5147F0D7FB3E00">Ahmadian, Hooman</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94CE9255957A30D0534EBD77B99D84EA">Vidal, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="4E397147BCCB99815E6D2CBBACEB95EE">622</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="D113AB559D1BD0C9A6DAFA6390050732" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.622.9939</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E4BE23BA6D80D1C8529B55F35142281E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127887399" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E4BE23BA6D80D1C8529B55F35142281E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E4BE23BA6D80D1C8529B55F35142281E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" scope_family="Elapidae" scope_subFamily="Hydrophiinae">
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<subSubSection id="068F075414DC7E1B44EC02C4576D72D2" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="87190040AE5EE8B33F101C9A33E4EE2C" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Taxon classification Animalia Squamata Elapidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="63BCC139038EC4761DE4EE059C15AF57" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="866732DF0AF207E3E7F529631B6C838A" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">
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<taxonomicName id="49EC09FDFFF65205A7A773FE09966E7A" ID-CoL="3N8BV" LSID="Common names: English – Beaked Sea Snake; Farsi – Mâr-e daryâï-ye nokdâr" authority="Daudin, 1803" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis schistosus" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" rank="species" species="schistosus">Hydrophis schistosus Daudin, 1803</taxonomicName>
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Figures 3a, 4e, 5, 6, 7
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E13E207B449CF62EF9DB7B0231426147" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="D7B837623806DE9983EDA13A72AF7C29" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">
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||
<taxonomicName id="D981AB86E5975C2B6033FF72E8B08B87" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis schistosus" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" rank="species" species="schistosus">Hydrophis schistosus</taxonomicName>
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Daudin, 1803: 386.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A606B7C4B7C4B7AB6490A2C301FB2A32" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">
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<taxonomicName id="2F203FB0D62278AE59BCCE2A20DA3C86" family="Elapidae" genus="Enhydrina" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enhydrina schistosa" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" rank="species" species="schistosa">Enhydrina schistosa</taxonomicName>
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-
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<bibRefCitation id="72EA19BCB5F74DA7DB7807627E454406" author="Boulenger, GA" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" pagination="407 - 408" title="A list of the reptiles and batrachians obtained near Muscat, Arabia, and presented to the British Museum by Surgeon-Major ASG Jayakar." url="10.1080/00222938709460086" volume="5" year="1887">Boulenger 1887</bibRefCitation>
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: 408. -
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<bibRefCitation id="DF244B4CE5495803D2435EED3532E44E" author="Boulenger, GA" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" title="Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History)" year="1896">Boulenger 1896</bibRefCitation>
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: 302. -
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<bibRefCitation id="DF60A40283CAA6BB85377CA85864F145" author="Smith, MA" journalOrPublisher="Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History), London" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" title="Monograph of the Sea Snakes (Hydrophiidae)." year="1926">Smith 1926</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="F2C110D67F8DA53115F4F87250A63801" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
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<normalizedToken id="6FC78469A5552909DAEE20988F1D77F3" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
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1939
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 14. -
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<bibRefCitation id="6AF7FC5336E77161BAFE43FA4482A83A" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Gasperetti 1988</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="031A90CFF3E70486AC999B19005AB2AB" author="Leviton, AE" journalOrPublisher="Athens, Ohio, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles" pageId="28" pageNumber="157" title="Handbook to Middle East amphibians and reptiles." year="1992">Leviton et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="19D5401F6C5D04694B83F413619E329E" author="Carpenter, KE" journalOrPublisher="FAO, Rome" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" title="Living marine resources of Kuwait, eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates." year="1997">Carpenter et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="0BE6D5B79373D26F9E78D4DE320C17AA" author="Firouz, E" journalOrPublisher="Iran University Press, Tehran" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" title="A guide to the fauna of Iran" year="1999">Firouz 1999</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="6BEC984449E1AD518392324DA01144B3" author="Latifi, M" journalOrPublisher="DOE, Tehran" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" title="Snakes of Iran, 3 th edition." year="2000">Latifi 2000</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="14923FB4B9AEFA8D3278BE37C1305909" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Baldwin and Gardner 2005</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="520AC4BA6A870C8EEC65498FCB8958CF" author="Firouz, E" journalOrPublisher="IB Tauris" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" title="The complete fauna of Iran" year="2005">Firouz 2005</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="9FD94EBC5BAFFA7EF6FE1F76F36B6989" author="Soorae, PS" journalOrPublisher="Herpetological Conservation and Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" pagination="529 - 536" title="An overview and checklist of the native and alien herpetofauna of the United Arab Emirates." volume="5" year="2010">Soorae et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="B7FBC53DB07A5ED83F017E361A0217E4" author="Egan, D" journalOrPublisher="Motivate Publishing, Dubai" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" title="Snakes of Arabia: a field guide to the snakes of the Arabian Peninsula and its shores." year="2007">Egan 2007</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="F05DC9BABC6411A63FC4933CBA0FDBAF" author="Safaei, M" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly of Marine Research" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" pagination="37 - 49" title="Identification and distribution of sea snakes (Serpents: Hydrophiidae) in the coastal waters of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman." volume="1" year="2009">Safaei and Esmaili 2009</bibRefCitation>
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: 45. -
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<bibRefCitation id="23A11EF57BB833740C8D9EFEBFC1CF0C" author="Rastegar-Pouyani, N" journalOrPublisher="Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics" pageId="28" pageNumber="157" pagination="7 - 30" title="Annotated checklist of amphibians and reptiles of Iran." volume="4" year="2008">Rastegar-Pouyani et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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: 20.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="A243C2BDC5CA1DFB98B625DB3894CDCD" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">
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<taxonomicName id="E90A3F21C5CA0F7D9BAE52EC08507211" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis schistosus" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" rank="species" species="schistosus">Hydrophis schistosus</taxonomicName>
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-
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<bibRefCitation id="46F112B458428EA027D838FAEFB70968" author="Kamali, K" journalOrPublisher="Iranshenasi, Tehran" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" title="A field guide for reptiles and amphibian of Iran." year="2013">Kamali 2013</bibRefCitation>
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: 242. -
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<bibRefCitation id="23ED2B45A5AE0E3047D848415D23768B" author="Safaei-Mahroo, B" journalOrPublisher="Asian Herpetological Research" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" pagination="257 - 290" title="The herpetofauna of Iran: checklist of taxonomy, distribution and conservation status." url="10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.140062" volume="6" year="2015">Safaei-Mahroo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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: 282.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="3DF540EA21A400CDFE7D7B63EA4CCCDC" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="435B682AADDCBBDA2BC9245D9B91CDE5" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="250CAEFF49CAF879BEE90A4C10A1F749" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Persian Gulf: 1 specimen, Larak Island [(ZMSBUK.HD.58), TL 971, SVL 857, HL 29.6, HW 12.6, GL 18.4, SNL 5.3, NEL 3.1, ND 52, GBD 100, NSL 7, NSR 47, BSR 57, NV 301], February 2014, collector: M. Ghavasi.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAADDB1940948878CD58FE2B613DCF6" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Gulf of Oman: 8 specimens, Jask and Ras-Meydani, depth 18-50m [(ZMSBUK.HD.14), TL 1147, SVL 1008, HL 29.4, HW 14.5, GL 20.8, SNL 5.3, NEL 3.7, ND 55, GBD 95, NSL 8, NSR 48, BSR 55, NV 315; (ZMSBUK.HD.21), TL 1180, SVL 1064, HL 31.2, HW 12.3, GL 22.4, SNL 5.4, NEL 3.4, ND 54, GBD 109, NSL 9, NSR 51, BSR 57, NV 303; (ZMSBUK.HD.25), juvenile, TL 508, SVL 451, HL 17.9, HW 7.7, GL 12, SNL 2.9, NEL 1.3, ND 26, GBD 39, NSL 8, NSR 51, BSR 59, NV 344; (ZMSBUK.HD.41), TL 1093, SVL 977, HL 30.5, ND 51, GBD 95, NSL 8, BSR 60; (ZMSBUK.HD.45), TL 1057, SVL 943, HL 31.3, HW 18, GL 20.5, SNL 4.4, NEL 3.9, ND 48, GBD 96, NSL 7, NSR 47, BSR 60, NV 323; (ZMSBUK.HD.50), TL 1172, SVL 1064, HL 36.7, HW 19.3, GL 23.7, SNL 5.5, NEL 4.6, ND 60, GBD 105, NSL 8, NSR 51, BSR 61, NV 316; (ZMSBUK.HD.51), TL 932, SVL 823, HL 28.4, HW 13.7, GL 17.7, SNL 5.6, NEL 3.4, ND 45, GBD 98, NSL 8, NSR 50, BSR 61, NV 325; (ZMSBUK.HD.52), TL 1230, SVL 1093, HL 35.2, HW 16.6, GL 23.5, SNL 4.8, NEL 4.4, ND 62, GBD 116, NSL 8, NSR 53, BSR 65, NV 340], October and November 2013, collector: M. Rezaie-Atagholipour; 3 specimens, Jask, mangrove swamps, depth 1-3m [(ZMSBUK.HD.27), TL 966, SVL 855, HL 28.3, HW12.3, GL 19.7, SNL 4.9, NEL 3.7, ND 44, GBD 90, NSL9, NSR 52, BSR 59, NV 327; (ZMSBUK.HD.29), TL 1080, SVL 947, HL 30.5, HW 18.1, GL 17, SNL 5.6, NEL 4.1, ND 50, GBD 80, NSL 9, NSR 40, BSR 58, NV 348; (ZMSBUK.HD.62), TL 1032, SVL 907, HL 28.5, HW 16, GL 20.1, SNL 5.2, NEL 4.5, ND 52, GBD 88, NSL 8, NSR 47, BSR 59, NV 327], December 2013, collector: M. Rezaie-Atagholipour; 2 specimens, Beris and Pasa-Bandar, depth 20-40m [(ZMSBUK.HD.49), TL 1044, SVL 928, HL 30.8, HW 12.7, GL 19.3, SNL 5, NEL 3.7, ND 50, GBD 105, NSL 7, NSR 51, BSR 64, NV 302; (ZMSBUK.HD.53), TL 1095, SVL 955, HL 31.9, HW 14.7, GL 19.4, SNL 2.5, NEL 4.2, ND 50, GBD 95, NSL 8, NSR, BSR, NV, NB], August 2013, collector: M. Rezaie-Atagholipour.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F6EB5C20C764034947C098C7D113BD92" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C45A40844065FED7745CD2FA12254615" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9A64CC9ED88BAB2E79F349159BFCB9A0" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">
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Head of medium size; rostral beaked-shaped, elongate with decurved and pointed tip (Figures 2a, 3a); mental elongate, slender and dagger-shaped, hidden in the groove between chin shields (Figures 3a, 6c); body slightly elongate, not markedly slender anteriorly (Figure 6
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<normalizedToken id="61808E342575EB9136E56C2D5B51BB2F" originalValue="e–f">e-f</normalizedToken>
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); 301-348 ventrals [340-354 (
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<bibRefCitation id="F4B8DE61A40463FF2A566297AB62F282" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
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<normalizedToken id="BDBB2635288E0A470BEF48F8149BBB24" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
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1939
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</bibRefCitation>
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)], small and more or less indistinguishable from adjacent scales at mid-body (Figure 4e); 40-55 scale rows on neck and 53-65 on body [47-52 and 56-60 (
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<bibRefCitation id="CF02190DDF010E305E99B7144D36F170" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
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<normalizedToken id="F82FEA16003FFE8EF55FE81B8C89574C" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
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1939
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)].
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AAF5CBC017A0560E85AF595DCF7EEFF7" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="coloration">
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<paragraph id="6EA5DA76E165233A41CB7FA4DA8F2B1B" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<pageBreakToken id="D8402E849F4C173D71A3AD865F41DB2E" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" start="start">Coloration</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8414737E316E2BE1427CC516C7440DDE" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Gray or dark olive dorsally, whitish ventrally; body rings developed in juveniles but paler or absent in adults (Figure 6e); exceptionally black dorsally (Figure 6f).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C1E5259D9334C6312812A3D2147D576C" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="B6A0368FB729D332D7513093DC7E9027" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Size.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="875DCDBB2D54C34DA0E0FF6D4D0E130B" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Mean TL 1036 mm, maximum 1230 mm (n = 14) [n = 3, maximum TL 1350 mm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8AB8E904612F7976C881F085A6C8329F" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E017D510C80CB14565B7848849B4FE50" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
|
||
1939
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BD74E2F07C3082F7B64B6EDCDACED903" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="F785235239E12D011EAB3407388C8832" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">General distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E5A7F5E3A934CE37E48B5E558932F77" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Indo- West Pacific, from the Persian Gulf to Australia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1870E33A1A0CFFC86AFA345B18A8B19" author="David, P" journalOrPublisher="Dumerilia" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" pagination="3 - 499" title="Les serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition." volume="3" year="1999">David and Ineich 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4EC076DF0C45685E58DA147C842A033A" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="iucn red list category">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A28FCCE2E0BEB2BAA8A54F10B573EE7" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">IUCN Red List Category.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B7F3CFB39FC7359933706AA61D4AE060" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Least concern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C45C63E3AE32ADBAFF32C0A4AAD01F90" author="Hecht, MK" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" title="Red List of Threatened Species version 2016 - 1" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org" year="2016">IUCN 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="76F4D825350CB3EE813B996CC99837BF" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="3E3AADF4D3D99A0887692E4E369CDD73" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="609559380932F5306888A0BF7D983183" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F946C6F01AA5F6E0BA0229C329DE666" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis schistosus" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schistosus">Hydrophis schistosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinct from other species in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman due to its beaked-shaped rostral and dagger-shaped mental. Results of our field surveys showed that the species is more abundant in the Gulf of Oman rather than in the Persian Gulf. This is supported by other studies as eight specimens have been hitherto examined from the Gulf of Oman (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="49A049DA1DDD92D29F96B1DD72100BAC" author="Boulenger, GA" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" pagination="407 - 408" title="A list of the reptiles and batrachians obtained near Muscat, Arabia, and presented to the British Museum by Surgeon-Major ASG Jayakar." url="10.1080/00222938709460086" volume="5" year="1887">Boulenger 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A34C00F44D63698D883B5711E4F1155D" author="Boulenger, GA" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" title="Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History)" year="1896">1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D4A20EFE1A0672C139B2B9551CCBEDD4" author="Smith, MA" journalOrPublisher="Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History), London" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" title="Monograph of the Sea Snakes (Hydrophiidae)." year="1926">Smith 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2F658CF2EB3A0BFC4A7C76083296D1B5" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="222E1E1136E616965158A8AD0F5E653B" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
|
||
1939
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) versus three specimens from the Persian Gulf (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BCA5283EE6D37E4FCFBCFB8718B2F5F8" author="Corkill, NL" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" pagination="552 - 572" title="Snakes of Iraq." volume="35" year="1932">Corkill 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76A2E694308D31833F2B9D14B90AB2D7" author="Smith, MA" journalOrPublisher="Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History), London" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" title="Monograph of the Sea Snakes (Hydrophiidae)." year="1926">Smith 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study). Furthermore, during two months boat surveys in Hara (mangrove) Biosphere Reserve in the eastern Persian Gulf, only two specimens of the species were found (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A0BB32752254BF6EEDCAAAC3A5F7DEB" author="Rezaie-Atagholipour, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoology in the Middle East" pageId="28" pageNumber="157" pagination="53 - 60" title="Status of the annulated sea snake, Hydrophiscyanocinctus, in the Hara Protected Area of Persian Gulf." url="10.1080/09397140.2012.10648963" volume="57" year="2012">Rezaie-Atagholipour et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nonetheless, two specimens collected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9B89FA5C18FD543A4FD271D45997E87E" author="Rezaie-Atagholipour, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoology in the Middle East" pageId="28" pageNumber="157" pagination="53 - 60" title="Status of the annulated sea snake, Hydrophiscyanocinctus, in the Hara Protected Area of Persian Gulf." url="10.1080/09397140.2012.10648963" volume="57" year="2012">Rezaie-Atagholipour et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the only specimen collected in this study were from Strait of Hormoz in the boundary of the two gulfs. Therefore these three specimens may be vagrant, and can not be strictly allocated to a particular population in the Persian Gulf. Concerning the two remaining specimens reported from the Gulf by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4EA3D8F87667A95F40734C60042A1711" author="Corkill, NL" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" pagination="552 - 572" title="Snakes of Iraq." volume="35" year="1932">Corkill (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8AF6A3B42F6FE6F213C32220A0A26715" author="Smith, MA" journalOrPublisher="Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History), London" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" title="Monograph of the Sea Snakes (Hydrophiidae)." year="1926">Smith (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, no exact locality was mentioned. In conclusion, populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3CBFCC50694889B32A790291B22637DF" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis schistosus" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schistosus">Hydrophis schistosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Persian Gulf seem likely to be in low abundance. On the other hand, results of this study showed that the species is one of the most abundant sea snakes in the Gulf of Oman. In total,
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="AF2A953AEAA2ACF66DBD7F5C67308D77" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" start="start">26</pageBreakToken>
|
||
% of all specimens examined here were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F0051D4D542EBE4C3A3A228B669D009" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis schistosus" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schistosus">Hydrophis schistosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all but one collected from the Gulf of Oman. Approximately 71% (261 of 367 specimens) of sea snakes that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="82DF43D396570361E48176D9D12B85BC" author="Safaei, M" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly of Marine Research" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" pagination="37 - 49" title="Identification and distribution of sea snakes (Serpents: Hydrophiidae) in the coastal waters of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman." volume="1" year="2009">Safaei and Esmaili (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
collected from coastal waters of Hormozgan Province (eastern Persian Gulf and western Gulf of Oman) were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E6A2DE20AF4C2B7AFDEAA4CFAC3ED572" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis schistosus" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schistosus">Hydrophis schistosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They mentioned that most of these specimens were collected from Gulf of Oman. They failed however to report the exact proportions. Mating behavior of the species was sighted during a boat survey through coastal waters of Jask (western Gulf of Oman) in December 2013, the two animals having been seen intertwined and floating on the surface (Figure 7).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39B9F92CB1936FFB2A5AF0D6FB454542" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis schistosus" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schistosus">Hydrophis schistosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an aggressive sea snake. This snake is prey-specific, mostly consuming spiny catfishes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F702AD34BFC9FC4B10C0590421B0DB68" author="Glodek, GS" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" pagination="661 - 666" title="Marine snake diets: prey composition, diversity and overlap." url="10.2307/1444667" volume="1982" year="1982">Glodek and Voris 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E9D9537FD7167C537C238F9F9AC2848" author="Voris, HK" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="15 - 19" title="Size and proportion relationship between the Beaked Sea Snake and its prey." url="10.2307/2387866" volume="13" year="1981">Voris and Moffett 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="42B543ACAEE11B4025F473715A7D3113" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" start="start">Recent</pageBreakToken>
|
||
morphological and molecular evidence revealed that this species consists of two convergent lineages through its geographical distribution range. Now, the Australian lineage is elevated to species status and provisionally referred as to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B129AFC7B0FD1EC76F53BF097D9DC3E" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis zweifeli" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zweifeli">Hydrophis zweifeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41E55067B9179DB80E77109344569608" author="Ukuwela, KDB" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="262 - 269" title="Molecular evidence that the deadliest sea snake Enhydrinaschistosa (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) consists of two convergent species." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.031" volume="66" year="2013">Ukuwela et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |