251 lines
20 KiB
XML
251 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.190.2975" ID-GBIF-Dataset="56214021-c14a-4b7a-91f2-0fbc15fd3ece" ID-PMC="PMC3349068" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-190-81" ID-PubMed="22639532" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-190-81" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 190" ModsDocTitle="Acanthodasys paurocactus sp. n., a new species of Thaumastodermatidae (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida) with multiple scale types from Capron Shoal, Florida" checkinTime="1451249044855" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Atherton, Sarah & Hochberg, Rick" docDate="2012" docId="E4442349EF188864BADCCCDBDFA1075E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 190: 81-94" docOrigin="ZooKeys 190" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.190.2975" docTitle="Acanthodasys paurocactus Atherton & Hochberg, 2012, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="85" masterDocId="5511FF9DFFA08701C13FC275DD44FFF9" masterDocTitle="Acanthodasys paurocactus sp. n., a new species of Thaumastodermatidae (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida) with multiple scale types from Capron Shoal, Florida" masterLastPageNumber="94" masterPageNumber="81" pageNumber="82" updateTime="1668153858580" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Acanthodasys paurocactus sp. n., a new species of Thaumastodermatidae (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida) with multiple scale types from Capron Shoal, Florida</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Atherton, Sarah</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hochberg, Rick</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>190</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>81</mods:start>
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<mods:end>94</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.190.2975</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.190.2975</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-190-81</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152035416" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16C6323A-A944-4C69-9FBE-3F060876360F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E4442349EF188864BADCCCDBDFA1075E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="1" pageNumber="82">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="82" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="82">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16C6323A-A944-4C69-9FBE-3F060876360F" family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Acanthodasys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthodasys paurocactus" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="1" pageNumber="82" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="paurocactus">Acanthodasys paurocactus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="82">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="82" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="82">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="82">
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Capron Shoal, Florida (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="27.447777">27°26'52"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-80.23917">80°13'81"W</geoCoordinate>
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), 3m depth, coarse sand. Sediments collected via anchor dredge by Hugh Reichardt and Woody Lee in March 2005; also in August 2011.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="82" type="materials examined">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="82">Materials examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="82">Florida: Five adult specimens observed with DIC optics on 4 August 2011; two specimens prepared during an earlier expedition (March 2005) for scanning electron miocroscopy.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="82" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="82">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="82">
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Adult specimen, ~ 375
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long, curled, lateral orientation. Epidermal glands are artifically swollen. Cat no. USNM 1179053. Also, digital video of same specimen, live, deposited at the Smithsonian.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="82" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="82">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="82">
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<taxonomicName family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Acanthodasys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthodasys" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="1" pageNumber="82" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="genus">Acanthodasys</taxonomicName>
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with body length 300-450
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(mature specimens at ~ 325
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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length). Body mostly strap-shaped with a distinct pair of caudal pedicles curled under body. Maximum body width at mouth/PIJ/midpoint of body is 35/42/67
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Pharynx to 136
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long with pharyngeal pores near base. Area around mouth naked (no scales or spines) and up to 12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long, bearing numerous sensory cilia to 10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long. Scales cover entire body with oblique and transverse orientations; scales of two shapes, elongate lanceolate and short eye shaped, each with a centrally depressed region. Some scales have a small bump(s) or ridge at the center. Spined scales of dorsal and lateral cuticle bear uniancres 4-15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long; ventral uniancres 2-4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long scattered in ciliary fields and in median columns between locomotory cilia. Scales extend on to the caudal pedicles. Lateral sensory cilia to 15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long. Epidermal glands to 13
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter, 15-20 per side. Five TbA per side inserting directly on body surface at mouth rim. Up to 4 robust and elongate TbL per side, present only in trunk region. Up to 20 TbVl per side beginning posterior of PIJ, with the most posterior group of five TbVl becoming distinctly lateral in position close to the caudal pedicles. Caudal pedicles distinct with one lateral, two terminal, and one medial tube per lobe. Hermaphroditic, with paired testes and single glandular caudal organ. Rosette gland on dorsolateral left side of body; large egg present (~50
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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diameter); ovaries paired at caudal end.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="82" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="82">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="82">This species is named for its spiky appearance, reminiscent of cactus (pauro, Greek: little, small; cactus, Greek: a prickly plant).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="1" pageNumber="82" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="82">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="82">
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The description is based on specimens measured in vivo; most specimens were dorsoventrally curled (see Fig. 1B). Body strap-shaped and 300-450
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long (subadults ~ 300
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long, most specimens 350-400
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long) (Fig. 1). Terminal mouth 30-35
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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wide; body width increasing slightly to 43
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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at PIJ and to 67
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in adults with developing ova. The trunk gradually tapers and leads to a pair of distinct caudal pedicles (Fig 1. inset). The entire body is covered with scales and spined scales except for the hood-like region around the mouth (Fig 1, 4). Epidermal glands to 13
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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diameter, up to 15-20 per side (Figs. 1A, 2).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="1" pageNumber="82">
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Cuticlular armature.Scales and spined scales present (Figs. 1A, 2-4). Scales often appear as interwoven fibers in brightfield optics, but DIC reveals numerous scales in between the spined scales (uniancres); several scales with various raised structures at their center (es, Fig. 3A). At high magnification with DIC (1000X) and SEM (> 1000X), at least two types of scales are observed: elongate, lanceolate-shaped scales (ls) and shorter, eye-shaped scales (es, Figs. 3, 4B); scales of intermediate size and shape are also present (Fig. 4B). All scales have a slightly thickened rim and central depression that extends along the longitudinal axis of the scale (Figs. 3B, 4B). Scales are arranged in several different orientations (longitudinal, transverse, oblique) across the dorsal and lateral body walls (Fig. 4C). SEM reveals that several scales, both lanceolate and eye shaped, have either a raised, oval bump at the center of the depression (white arrow, Fig. 3B) or a
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="83" start="start">raised</pageBreakToken>
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, bar-shaped ridge that is parallel (es, Fig. 3A) or perpendicular (white arrow, Fig. 3B) to the long axis of the scale. Lanceolate scales measure to 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long and eye-shaped scales to 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long with a maximum width to 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Spined scales bearing uniancres are interspersed among spineless scales (Fig. 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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). Uniancres with a cross-shaped (cruciform) sectional profile (asterisk, Fig. 3B) arise from the center of thick-rimmed scales that also have a somewhat quadrangular shape (Figs. 3B, 4B). Dorsal and lateral uniancres close to the oral hood are 3-5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long and increase in length along the trunk and reach a maximum of 15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long. Several small uniancres (2-3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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) extend onto the caudal pedicles. Uniancres are mostly straight and oriented perpendicular to the body surface or in a slightly posterior direction; some uniancres had a bent tip that might have been the result of dehydration during preparation for SEM. Openings to the epidermal glands were surrounded by a raised cuticular ridge. Ventrolaterally, the uniancres decrease in size to 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long where they border the locomotory cilia (Fig. 3C). Several
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="84" start="start">very</pageBreakToken>
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small uniancres, 1-3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long, are scattered among the cilia on the ventral body wall (Fig. 3C). Several tiny (1-2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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) and slightly larger (2-4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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) uniancres are present in between the ciliary columns in the trunk region.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="84">
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Cilia.Sensory cilia to 10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long extend across the oral hood and form a thin corona around the head (Figs. 1A, 2A). A thicker patch of sensory cilia on either side of the head extends to 15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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length. Smaller cilia 5-8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long line the mouth rim on the ventral body wall. At least ten stiff, hair-like cilia to 12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long extend down the length of the body on either side. Sensory cilia were observed to project out between the scales under SEM (Fig. 3B). Ventral locomotory cilia cover most of the pharyngeal region, extending from approximately U05 to the PIJ (Figs. 3C, 4A). At the PIJ, the cilia continues as a series of continuous rows to the posterior end but with a narrow column of naked cuticle (and uniancres) in between (Fig. 3C).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="3" pageNumber="84">
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Adhesive tubes.Five pairs of anterior adhesive tubes (TbA) up to 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long are present at the mouth margin: one either side of the midline is a close-set pair of tube
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="85" start="start">s</pageBreakToken>
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that is present medially and three tubes that form a group that is oriented diagnonally and closer to the lateral margin of the body (Fig. 4). Four pairs of TbL are present in the trunk region. Each tube is 21-25
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long and robust in appearance. One specimen showed tubes at U45, U54, U70 and U80; three specimens were curled and difficult to measure. One specimen only had two TbL at positions U68 and U79. Up to twenty ventrolateral adhesive tubes (TbVl) to 12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long are inserted posterior to the PIJ. Most TbVl appear evenly spaced down the trunk; five TbVl become slightly more lateral in position and are clustered anterior to the caudal pedicles. The pedicles reach a maximum of 16
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long including the posterior adhesive tubes (TbP) and bear a total of four TbP each: one lateral (6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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), two terminal (4-5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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), and one medial (4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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) (Fig. 1 inset).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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Digestive tract.Mouth terminal and circular to 35 um wide (Figs. 1B, 2B), surrounded by naked cuticle that forms a dorsal oral hood with a 12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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rim (Fig. 2A, B); the naked cuticle around the ventral rim of the mouth is only 6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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wide (hd, Figs. 2C). Pharynx to 136
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long and 22
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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wide. Pharyngeal pores near base of pharynx (~ U34), not observable in all specimens. Intestine narrow and tapering at posterior; anus not observed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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Reproductive system.Hermaphroditic, with paired, bilateral testes beginning at the PIJ around U36 (Fig. 4A). Vasa deferentia extend posteriorly but could not be followed beyond mid-trunk region. Caudal organ observed in one specimen (body length: 400
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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), and pear-shaped, but the animal was too damaged for measurements. Rosette organ to 28
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter at U43-U46 in largest specimen (Fig. 4A). Paired ova were observed on either side of the posterior intestine in one specimem, with one large egg dorsal to intestine at approximately U65.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Acanthodasys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthodasys paurocactus" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="paurocactus">Acanthodasys paurocactus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A Adult specimen, dorsolaterally curled, DIC optics. Scale bar = 30
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. B Adult specimen, ventral view, SEM. Note that the caudal pedicles are curled thereby obscuring the TbP. Scale bar = 50
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. InsetPosterior end showing arrangement of TbVl and TbP. Scale bar = 14
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Abbreviatons: ep epidermal gland oh oral hood lc locomotory cilia mo mouth TbL lateral adhesive tube un uniancres.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Acanthodasys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthodasys paurocactus" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="paurocactus">Acanthodasys paurocactus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A Closeup of anterior end of adult specimen, dorsal view, DIC optics. Scale bar = 15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. B Closeup of anterior end of adult specimen, lateral view, SEM. Scale bar = 15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. C Closeup of anterior end of adult specimen, ventral view, DIC optics. Scale bar = 12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Abbreviations: ep opening of epidermal gland hd oral hood mo mouth ph pharynx ss spineless scales un uniancres.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Acanthodasys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthodasys paurocactus" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="paurocactus">Acanthodasys paurocactus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A Closeup of dorsal cuticle of adult specimen, with focus on two types of spineless scales (circled) and uniancres (un), DIC optics. Scale bar = 12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. B Closeup of lateral cuticle of specimen showing lanceolate-shaped scales and eye-shaped scales, SEM. Some scales have perpendicular ridges (white arrowhead) or bumps (white arrow). Uniancres (*) arise from quadrangular-shaped scales. Scale bar = 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. C Closeup of ventral trunk region of adult specimen showing location of ventral locomotory cilia (lc) and small ventral uniancres. Scale bar = 12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Abbreviations: ci sensory cilium next to scales ep epidermal gland opening with raised cuticular ridge es eye-shaped scales lc locomotory cilia ls lanceolate scales TbVl ventrolateral adhesive tube un uniancre.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Acanthodasys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthodasys paurocactus" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="paurocactus">Acanthodasys paurocactus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A Composite sketch showing ventral (left) and dorsal (right) features. Scale bar = 40
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. B Sketches of some scales based on SEM photographs of the dorsal cuticle. C Sketch of the general orientation of various spineless scales around a single spined scale based on SEM micrographs. Scale bar = 12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Abbreviations: ci sensory cilium eg mature egg ep epidermal gland es eye-shaped scale hd oral hood in intestine lc locomotory cilia ls lanceolate-shaped scale mo mouth ov developing ova ph pharynx ro rosette organ TbA anterior adhesive tubes TbL lateral adhesive tubes TbVl ventrolateral adhesive tubes TbP posterior adhesive tubes tc lateral tactile cilia te testis un uniancres.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |