treatments-xml/data/E2/E4/C3/E2E4C3EA5B6C59FE12536A21BA882696.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.39.7371" ID-PMC="PMC4152892" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-39-65" ID-Pensoft-UUID="A004FF9AFFFCFFEA42490C59FFC2F210" ID-PubMed="25197226" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576226" ModsDocID="1314-2003-39-65" checkinTime="1451251718161" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Oppenheimer, Hank L., Bustamente, Keahi M. &amp; Perlman, Steven P." docDate="2014" docId="E2E4C3EA5B6C59FE12536A21BA882696" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 39: 65-75" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 39" docPubDate="2014-07-25" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.39.7371" docTitle="Hibiscadelphus stellatus H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="A004FF9AFFFCFFEA42490C59FFC2F210" lastPageNumber="72" masterDocId="A004FF9AFFFCFFEA42490C59FFC2F210" masterDocTitle="A new species of Hibiscadelphus Rock (Malvaceae, Hibisceae) from Maui, Hawaiian Islands" masterLastPageNumber="75" masterPageNumber="65" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1668141158065" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new species of Hibiscadelphus Rock (Malvaceae, Hibisceae) from Maui, Hawaiian Islands</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Oppenheimer, Hank L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Plant Extinction Prevention Program, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i / Manoa, Dept. of Botany, P. O. Box 909, Makawao, HI 96768, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bustamente, Keahi M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Plant Extinction Prevention Program, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i / Manoa, Dept. of Botany, P. O. Box 909, Makawao, HI 96768, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Perlman, Steven P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>National Tropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina Rd., Kalaheo, HI 96741, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2014-07-25</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>39</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>65</mods:start>
<mods:end>75</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.39.7371</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.39.7371</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-39-65</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152025351" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E2E4C3EA5B6C59FE12536A21BA882696" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E2E4C3EA5B6C59FE12536A21BA882696" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName LSID="E2E4C3EA-5B6C-59FE-1253-6A21BA882696" authority="H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman" authorityName="H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hibiscadelphus stellatus" order="Malvales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellatus" status="sp. nov.">Hibiscadelphus stellatus H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="67">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Hibiscadelphus stellatus. A Habit B Flowers and leaves (from the holotype) C View of bracts illustrating stellate arrangement D Close-up of flower. (from the holotype). All photos by the authors." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10700" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Hibiscadelphus stellatus H. Oppenh., Bustamente, &amp; Perlman. A Habit B Flower bud C Surface of calyx showing stellate hairs D Flower E Surface of corolla showing two sizes of stellate hairs F Fruit G Longitudinal section of fruit showing seed. Drawn from Oppenheimer et al. H 41337 (US) and field photographs by the authors." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10701" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">, 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="note">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Note.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
Differs from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wilderianus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Hibiscadelphus wilderianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its denser pubescence especially on leaves, petioles, peduncles, involucral bracts, and corolla; linear-subulate to lanceolate involucral bracts, with acute to acuminate apices; evenly 5-lobed calyx; wider, densely pubescent, externally purple, internally yellow corolla lobes; and ovate to sub-globose capsules, 2.5-3.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.2-3.2 cm with scattered long hairs on the endocarp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="type">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">USA. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS:</emphasis>
West Maui, Lahaina District, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
Valley, south slope, 841 m, 13 Feb 2014, Oppenheimer, Bustamente &amp; Perlman H21404 (holotype: BISH; isotypes: MO, NY, PTBG, US).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
Small trees 3-6 m tall, many branched, trunks to 30 cm dbh, bark smooth, light tan to gray, young branchlets densely white to tan pubescent with 8-12-rayed stellate trichomes 0.3-0.4 mm in diam., surface scurfy-waxy, glabrescent with age; petiole scars prominent, subcircular, 2.5-4 mm in diam. Leaves chartaceous, new growth densely stellate-pubescent, mature leaves with blades broadly-ovate to suborbicular or subreniform in outline, occasionally shallowly 3-lobed, 7.5-16(-18) cm long, (8)9.5-13.5(-18) cm wide, veins prominulous, primary veins 7-9 radiate from base, midvein with 3-4 pairs of secondary veins arising along midrib, light green to occasionally red tinged when fresh, higher order venation prominulous on both surfaces, margins irregularly broadly crenate, base cordate, with a wide to narrow but usually open sinus, apex acute to obtuse or rounded, green when fresh with scattered tan stellate pubescence on both surfaces, densely so along veins and adaxial surface, trichomes 0.2-0.4 mm in diam. with (2-)8-16 rays, abaxial surface with principal vein axils domatiate with dense tufts of tan to white trichomes 0.2-0.3 mm long; petioles 3.5-6cm long, green or sometimes red-tinged, pubescent with dense white to tan stellate trichomes as on branchlets; stipules lanceolate to subulate, 2-3.5 mm long, apex acute, green, sparsely to densely tan or white stellate pubescent, soon caducous. Flowers solitary, axillary, erect to spreading, pedicels 22-30 mm long, green or sometimes red-tinged, densely white to tan stellate pubescent as in petioles, involucral bracts 5-6 (-7), linear-subulate to lanceolate (rarely spathulate), acute to acuminate apically, connate only at base, 9-22 mm long, 1-2 mm wide at base, erect, appressed or spreading perpendicular to the floral axis in anthesis, green, densely tan or white stellate pubescent with trichomes 0.2-0.3 mm in diam. Calyx tubular-saccate, mostly 5-lobed, tube 22-30 mm long, 19-20 mm wide, the lobes triangular, acute to short acuminate 5-10 mm long, 7-8 mm wide, green, surface obscured by dense tan stellate pubescence as in bracts, in mature fruit splitting along one side but persistent. Corolla zygomorphic, adaxially curved, 5-6.5 cm long, lobed nearly to base, lobes coalescent, 6-6.5 cm long, 3.5-4 cm wide, obovate-spathulate, apex obtuse, tips and outer margins slightly reflexing with age, outer exposed portion purple, purple-green or purple-yellow, inner 
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="68" start="start">concealed</pageBreakToken>
portion yellow, conspicuously veined, densely covered with gray or tan stellate trichomes especially along veins, internally yellow or purple-tinged distally, purple toward base, corolla usually becoming purplish with age, staminal column and apex of the style exserted for 1.5-2.5 cm; staminal column 8-8.5 cm long, antheriferous in distal 3.5 cm, maroon-purple, antheriferous in distal 3.5 cm, stamens c. 100, anthers reniform-curved, 0.8-1.5 mm long, purple, filaments 6-12 mm long, purple, pollen grains purple turning golden yellow after anther dehiscence; style 8.5-9 cm long, style branches 3-5 mm long, villose, stigmas rounded, c. 1 mm long, yellow, ovary dome-shaped, 8 mm long and wide. Fruit a woody capsule, globose-cuboid to -ovoid, 
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="69" start="start">5</pageBreakToken>
-locular, 5-valved, 2.5-3.5 (-4) cm long, 2.2-3.3 cm in diameter, surface yellowish brown, rough densely covered with dense tan stellate hair clusters, appearing tuberculate, mericarps 10, mesocarp well developed, reticulate, endocarp chartaceous, loose, with scattered long hairs, testa brown. Seeds 1-2 per mericarp, reniform, 8-10 mm long, 6-8 mm wide including the dense, lanate yellowish-tan hairs 0.4-1 mm long.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10700" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Hibiscadelphus stellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">A</emphasis>
Habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">B</emphasis>
Flowers and leaves (from the holotype) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">C</emphasis>
View of bracts illustrating stellate arrangement 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">D</emphasis>
Close-up of flower. (from the holotype). All photos by the authors.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10701" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Hibiscadelphus stellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
H. Oppenh., Bustamente, &amp; Perlman. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">A</emphasis>
Habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">B</emphasis>
Flower bud 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">C</emphasis>
Surface of calyx showing stellate hairs 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">D</emphasis>
Flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">E</emphasis>
Surface of corolla showing two sizes of stellate hairs 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">F</emphasis>
Fruit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">G</emphasis>
Longitudinal section of fruit showing seed. Drawn from Oppenheimer et al. H41337 (US) and field photographs by the authors.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="69" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
Known only from west Maui, Hawaiian Islands at 
<geoCoordinate degrees="20.87" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="20.87">20.87°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="156.62" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="-156.62">156.62°W</geoCoordinate>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution map showing known locations of Hibiscadelphus stellatus on West Maui." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10702" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10702" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Distribution map showing known locations of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Hibiscadelphus stellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on West Maui.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="69" type="habitat and ecology">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Hibiscadelphus stellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs on very steep, rocky slopes between 800 and 900 m elevation. These sites have a windward aspect and are situated mid-slope between the upper rim of a deep valley and a perennial stream below. Soils at these sites are of typical volcanic, basalt origin, from the Wailuku Series of original shield building flows. The vegetation where 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Hibiscadelphus stellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows forms a mosaic of trees and shrublands with an open canopy, best characterized as Lowland Mesic Forest (
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, WL" journalOrPublisher="of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, Hawai'i" pageId="9" pageNumber="74" refId="B11" refString="Wagner, WL, Herbst, DR, Sohmer, SH, 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. revised edition, 2 vol. Bishop Museum Press and Univ. of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, Hawai'i" title="Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. revised edition, 2 vol. Bishop Museum Press and Univ." year="1999">Wagner et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
). Rainfall averages from 12 to 1400 mm annually and the substrate is well-drained.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
Associated tree species include: 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Alectryon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="macrococcus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Alectryon macrococcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Radlk., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hillebr" authorityYear="1888" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Antidesma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Geraniales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="pulvinatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Antidesma pulvinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hillebr., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Gray" authorityYear="1860" class="Rosopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="foliosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Coprosma foliosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A. Gray, 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Ebenaceae" genus="Diospyros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Ebenales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Diospyros sandwicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. DC) Fosberg, 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Dodonaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="viscosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Dodonaea viscosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Jacq., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Metrosideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Metrosideros polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaudich. var. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">glaberrima</emphasis>
(H. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lév">Lev</normalizedToken>
.) H. St. John, 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myoporaceae" genus="Myoporum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sandwicense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Myoporum sandwicense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A. Gray, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hillebr" authorityYear="1888" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myrsinaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Primulales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lanaiensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Myrsine lanaiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hillebr., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myrsinaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Primulales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lessertiana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Myrsine lessertiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A. DC., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="O. Degener, I. Degener &amp; L. A. S. Johnson" authorityYear="1958" baseAuthorityName="A. Gray" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Nestegis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Nestegis sandwicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. Gray) O. Deg, I. Deg. &amp; L.A.S. Johnson, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hillebr" authorityYear="1888" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Nyctaginaceae" genus="Pisonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Centrospermae" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Pisonia sandwicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hillebr., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Pittosporaceae" genus="Pittosporum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="confertiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Pittosporum confertiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A. Gray, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Pouteria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Ericales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Pouteria sandwicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. Gray) Baehni &amp; O. Deg., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaduana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Psychotria kaduana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Cham. &amp; Schltdl.) Fosberg, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psydrax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Psydrax odorata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(G. Forst.) A.C. Smith &amp; S.P. Darwin, 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Stemonaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Liliiflorae" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="ellipticum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Santalum ellipticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaudich., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fabaceae" genus="Sophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="chrysophylla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Sophora chrysophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Salisb.) Seem., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Moraceae" genus="Streblus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Urticales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="pendulinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Streblus pendulinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Endl.) F. Muell., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Mann" authorityYear="1866" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rutaceae" genus="Zanthoxylum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rutales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="dipetalum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Zanthoxylum dipetalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
H. Mann, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hillebr" authorityYear="1888" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rutaceae" genus="Zanthoxylum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rutales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="hawaiiense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Zanthoxylum hawaiiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hillebr. Understory species include: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mart. ex Moq" authorityYear="1849" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Achyranthes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Centrospermae" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="splendens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Achyranthes splendens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mart. ex Moq., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="micrantha">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Bidens micrantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaudich., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Charpentiera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Charpentiera ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaudich., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Geraniales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="multiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Euphorbia multiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaudich. ex Hook. &amp; Arn., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rosaceae" genus="Osteomeles" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="anthyllidifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Osteomeles anthyllidifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Sm.) Lindl., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Urticales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="albidus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Pipturus albidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Hook. &amp; Arn.) A. Gray, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. St. John" authorityYear="1985" class="Reptilia" family="Teiidae" genus="Pleomele" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auwahiensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Pleomele auwahiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
H. St. John, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hillebr" authorityYear="1888" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Remya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mauiensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Remya mauiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hillebr., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wedd" authorityYear="1856" baseAuthorityName="Hook. &amp; Arn." class="Equisetopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="glabra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Urera glabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Hook. &amp; Arn.) Wedd., and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="A. Gray" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Wikstroemia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oahuensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Wikstroemia oahuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. Gray) Rock. Ferns are locally common in the understory and include: 
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Aspleniaceae" genus="Asplenium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Polypodiopsida" rank="species" species="nidus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Asplenium nidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Doodia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="kunthiana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Doodia kunthiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaudich., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. Chr" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="Hook. &amp; Arn." class="Pteridopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Filicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Dryopteris sandwicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Hook. &amp; Arn.) C. Chr., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ching" authorityYear="1933" baseAuthorityName="Kaulf." class="Filicopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Lepisorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="thunbergianus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Lepisorus thunbergianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Kaulf.) Ching, and 
<taxonomicName class="Pteridopsida" family="Dennstaedtiaceae" genus="Microlepia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Filicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="species" species="strigosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Microlepia strigosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Thunb.) C. Presl. Vines are represented by 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roem &amp; Schult" authorityYear="1819" baseAuthorityName="J. R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Alyxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="stellata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Alyxia stellata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(J.R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst.) Roem. &amp; Schult., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Ipomoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="tuboides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Ipomoea tuboides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
O. Deg. &amp; Ooststr, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lipochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="connata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Lipochaeta connata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gaudich.) DC, 
<taxonomicName class="Eudicots" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Sicyos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="pachycarpus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Sicyos pachycarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hook. &amp; Arn., and 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Liliaceae" genus="Smilax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Liliiflorae" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="melastomifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Smilax melastomifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sm. Grasses and sedges are sparse and include: 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Eragrostis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Graminales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Eragrostis variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gaudich.) Steud., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gaudich" authorityYear="1829" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Graminales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="nephelophilum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Panicum nephelophilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaudich., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Whitney" authorityYear="1937" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Trisetum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Graminales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="inaequale">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Trisetum inaequale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Whitney, 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Cyperales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="meyenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Carex meyenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nees, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. A. Mey" authorityYear="1831" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Cyperales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="wahuensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Carex wahuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
C.A. Mey.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="69" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Hibiscadelphus stellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been observed with buds, flowers and immature and mature fruit capsules in February and April. Flowers open mid-day and produce abundant nectar.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="70" start="start">Stellatus</pageBreakToken>
</emphasis>
- Latin, star shaped, alluding to the stellate pubescence that characterizes the 
<taxonomicName genus="Malvaceae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" rank="genus">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
in general, including 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The name also refers to the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“star-shaped”">&quot;star-shaped&quot;</normalizedToken>
pattern formed by the five involucral bracts, which contrasts with the cruciform pattern formed by the four bracts in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="R. W. Hobdy" authorityYear="1984" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crucibracteatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additionally, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">stellatus</emphasis>
acknowledges the beautiful and stellar (outstanding) flowers of this species. The Hawaiian name 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">hau kuahiwi</emphasis>
has been applied to other species of the genus (
<bibRefCitation author="Rock, JF" journalOrPublisher="Honolulu, Hawai'i" pageId="9" pageNumber="74" refId="B10" refString="Rock, JF, 1913. The Indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu, Hawai'i" title="The Indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands" year="1913">Rock 1913</bibRefCitation>
). 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hau</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="tiliaceus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscus tiliaceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.), a lowland tree; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">kuahiwi</emphasis>
- 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">lit.</emphasis>
mountain or high hill (
<bibRefCitation author="Pukui, MK" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu" pageId="9" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 572" refId="B8" refString="Pukui, MK, Elbert, SH, 1986. Hawaiian Dictionary. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu: 1 - 572" title="Hawaiian Dictionary" year="1986">Pukui and Elbert 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Hawaiians recognized the similarities of the taxa while observing that 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows at higher elevations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" type="conservation efforts">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Conservation efforts.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="70">
The conservation status of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is precarious at best. Three species (
<taxonomicName authorityName="R. W. Hobdy" authorityYear="1984" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crucibracteatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giffardianus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus giffardianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wilderianus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus wilderianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were each only known from a single naturally occurring tree (
<bibRefCitation author="Hobdy, RW" journalOrPublisher="Occas. Pap. of the B. P. Bishop Museum" pageId="9" pageNumber="74" refId="B5" refString="Hobdy, RW, 1984. A re-evaluation of the genus Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) and the description of a new species. Occas. Pap. of the B.P. Bishop Museum Vol. 25 (No. 11)" title="A re-evaluation of the genus Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) and the description of a new species." volume="Vol. 25" year="1984">Hobdy 1984</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Rock, JF" journalOrPublisher="Honolulu, Hawai'i" pageId="9" pageNumber="74" refId="B10" refString="Rock, JF, 1913. The Indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu, Hawai'i" title="The Indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands" year="1913">Rock 1913</bibRefCitation>
). However, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giffardianus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus giffardianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
survives in cultivation and is planted within the type locality at Kipuka Puaulu in what is now 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai`i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
Volcanoes National Park. Hillebrand provided no information on the abundance or scarcity of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bombycinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus bombycinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when he first collected it but the species is presumed extinct. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="R. W. Hobdy" authorityYear="1984" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crucibracteatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is presumed extinct in the wild since the single known tree died a few years after its discovery from damage by introduced axis deer (
<taxonomicName authority="axis" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Axis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="axis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Axis axis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) despite it being fenced; there is no ex situ material although there were several attempts at propagation (R. Hobdy, pers. comm.). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. H. Lorence &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="1995" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="woodii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus woodii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was known from four individuals, but evidently has recently gone extinct (
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, KR" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Occasional Papers" pageId="9" pageNumber="74" pagination="91 - 102" refId="B12" refString="Wood, KR, 2012. Possible extinctions, rediscoveries, and new plant records within the Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 91 - 102" title="Possible extinctions, rediscoveries, and new plant records within the Hawaiian Islands." volume="113" year="2012">Wood 2012</bibRefCitation>
). There are no plants in cultivation despite attempts to propagate it. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hualalaiensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered extinct in the wild as of 1992 but is in cultivation. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wilderianus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus wilderianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also presumed extinct. Although Rock mentioned that Wilder (who discovered the species with Rock, later returning and making several additional collections from the only known tree) had succeeded in raising a single seedling (
<bibRefCitation author="Rock, JF" journalOrPublisher="Honolulu, Hawai'i" pageId="9" pageNumber="74" refId="B10" refString="Rock, JF, 1913. The Indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu, Hawai'i" title="The Indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands" year="1913">Rock 1913</bibRefCitation>
) no surviving material is known. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="distans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus distans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from two wild populations of approximately 15-20 individuals total on 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
, and over 100 ex situ collections at the McBryde and Limahuli gardens of the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). With 99 known plants, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus stellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the largest known wild populations plus the only known naturally occurring seedlings of any species in the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="70">
Seeds were collected from 12 individuals of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Hibiscadelphus stellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
representing the three known subpopulations. The subpopulations were mapped with GPS and each individual plant numbered and tagged. Cuttings from three plants were also made although these failed to take root. Material is being propagated at the Olinda Rare Plant Facility on Maui, NTBG on 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
and the Lyon Arboretum on 
<normalizedToken originalValue="O`ahu">O'ahu</normalizedToken>
. The first seeds germinated in conventional propagation approximately 50 days after sowing and under three weeks in tissue culture. As of May 2013 four parent trees from two sites are represented ex situ, with seeds from four additional trees in the third site now in propagation at Olinda and Lyon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">
Threats to the existence of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="71" start="start">Hibiscadelphus</pageBreakToken>
stellatus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include habitat erosion, fire, weeds, drought, probably rats (
<taxonomicName authority="rattus" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Rattus rattus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peale" baseAuthorityYear="1848" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Rattus exulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Baker, JK" editor="Smith, CW" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Department of Botany, Honolulu (HI)" pageId="8" pageNumber="73" pagination="2 - 5" refId="B1" refString="Baker, JK, Allen, MS, 1978. Roof rat depredations on Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) trees. In: Smith, CW, Ed., Proceedings of the Second Conference in Natural Sciences Hawaii Volcanoes National Park; 1978 June 1-3; Honolulu. University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Department of Botany, Honolulu (HI): 2 - 5" title="Roof rat depredations on Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) trees." volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Second Conference in Natural Sciences Hawaii Volcanoes National Park; 1978 June 1 - 3; Honolulu." year="1978">Baker and Allen 1978</bibRefCitation>
) and mice, (
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Mus domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), slugs such as 
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Limacidae" genus="Derocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Derocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Aeolididae" genus="Limax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Limax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or other invertebrates such as seed weevils (
<bibRefCitation author="Giffard, WM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society for the year 1919" pageId="9" pageNumber="74" refId="B4" refString="Giffard, WM, 1920. Miscellaneous notes and exhibits of insects collected at Puu Waawaa, North Kona, and Kilauea, Hawai'i. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society for the year 1919 vol. 4 (No. 2)" title="Miscellaneous notes and exhibits of insects collected at Puu Waawaa, North Kona, and Kilauea, Hawai'i." volume="vol. 4" year="1920">Giffard 1920</bibRefCitation>
) and caterpillars (
<bibRefCitation author="Lorence, DH" journalOrPublisher="Novon" pageId="9" pageNumber="74" pagination="183 - 187" publicationUrl="10.2307/3392243" refId="B7" refString="Lorence, DH, Wagner, WL, 1995. Another new, nearly extinct species of Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) from the Hawaiian Islands. Novon 5 (2): 183 - 187, DOI: 10.2307/3392243" title="Another new, nearly extinct species of Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) from the Hawaiian Islands." url="10.2307/3392243" volume="5" year="1995">Lorence and Wagner 1995</bibRefCitation>
), and potentially feral goats (
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Artiodactila" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirca">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Capra hirca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and/or pigs (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Sus scrofa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Small populations of feral goats and pigs are encroaching in surrounding areas, although the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership is constructing strategic fencing. In 2007 a large wild fire burned within 180 m of the plants; succession of its habitat presently includes non-native fire-adapted grasses that were absent before the fire. Erosion is a natural process but is exacerbated by invasion by weeds and ungulates and the destruction of vegetation by fire. Woody non-native plants are currently low in diversity and number, but are represented by known aggressive, habitat - modifying species such as 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Proteaceae" genus="Grevillea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Proteales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Grevillea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A. Cunn. ex R. Br., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Lantana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="camara">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Lantana camara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="guajava">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Psidium guajava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="terebinthifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Schinus terebinthifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Raddi. Herbaceous understory weeds are similarly low in number of taxa but include serious habitat modifiers such as 
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Pteridaceae" genus="Adiantum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="hispidulum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Adiantum hispidulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sw., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ageratina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="adenophora">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Ageratina adenophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Spreng.) R.M. King &amp; H. Rob., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ageratina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="riparia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Ageratina riparia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Regel) R.M. King &amp; H. Rob., 
<taxonomicName genus="Buddlea" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" rank="species" species="asiatica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Buddlea asiatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lour., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Erigeron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karvinskianus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Erigeron karvinskianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DC., and 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Oplismenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Graminales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="hirtellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Oplismenus hirtellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) P. Beauv., all of which may hinder establishment of seedlings.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">
When evaluated using the IUCN Red List criteria (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK" pageId="9" pageNumber="74" refId="B6" refString="IUCN, 2013. Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 10. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK" title="Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 10" year="2013">IUCN 2013</bibRefCitation>
) 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="7" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="72">
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="72" start="start">Hibiscadelphus</pageBreakToken>
stellatus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
falls into the Endangered (EN) category, a designation for taxa facing a very high risk for extinction in the wild. The species merits this designation by meeting the following criteria: B2(a)(biii, v) + D, where the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500km² (B2), with severely fragmented or number of locations &lt;5 (a), and a continuing decline observed, estimated, inferred or projected in (biii) quality of habitat and (bv) number of mature individuals; and D: &lt;250 mature individuals. Although there is some reproduction observed, there is not a sufficient population structure that will allow enough immature plants to replace mature individuals as they perish, therefore a decline is almost a certainty under current conditions. The AOO is 2.28 hectares (5.63 acres) much less than the threshold. The habitat is inferred to be in decline due to the effects of introduced taxa such as invasive plants and rats, as well as the effects of introduced rats and diseases on pollinators. Continued monitoring over the next five years will possibly lead to an updated assessment to CR. Furthermore we recommend that the U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service list this new species as Endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and that the Service prepare and fund a recovery plan.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="72" type="specimens examined">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="72">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="72">USA.</emphasis>
Hawaiian Islands: Maui: west Maui, Lahaina District, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
Valley, south side slope, 807 m, 17 Apr 2012, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="72">Oppenheimer et al. H41214</emphasis>
(BISH), 841 m, 24 Apr 2013, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="72">Oppenheimer et al. H41337</emphasis>
(US), 13 Feb 2014, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="72">Oppenheimer et al. H21403</emphasis>
(BISH), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="72">H21406</emphasis>
(BISH), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="72">H21407</emphasis>
(BISH), 820 m, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="72">Perlman, et al. 23853</emphasis>
(PTBG); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
valley, below Helu, 817 m, 17 Apr 2012, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="72">Perlman et al. 22834</emphasis>
(PTBG, 2 sheets), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
valley, south slope below Helu summit, 817 m, 18 Apr 2012, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="72">Perlman et al. 22837</emphasis>
(PTBG).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="72" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="72">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="72">
This new species clearly belongs to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="7" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="72">Hibiscadelphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on its flowers that have their corolla lobes coalescent into a curved, tubular zygomorphic structure. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer, Bustamente, &amp; Perlman" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="7" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="72">Hibiscadelphus stellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from its congeners in the following combination of characters: moderate to dense stellate pubescence on all parts; involucral bracts 5 (-7) in number that are linear-subulate to lanceolate, 9-22 mm long, and acute to acuminate apically; 5-lobed calyx with tube 22-25 mm long and lobes 5-8 mm x 7-8 mm; externally purplish-colored corolla 5-6.5 cm long; and globose-cuboid to ovoid capsules with scattered hairs on the endocarp. The species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="7" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="72">Hibiscadelphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated by the following key.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>