718 lines
107 KiB
XML
718 lines
107 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F5E647781FE02C196B98D0C6E738040D">A new forest dwelling button spider from South Africa (Araneae, Theridiidae, Latrodectus)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FE1EB1AAC017FC219DFA58E3384D2F07">Wright, B. M. O. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CBFC0EE259695721ABB2190862FE0F3B">Wright, C. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4B4B9826E65CE4CA476439A4D0075CC4">Sole, C. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="77AA242EB2A669C1B345EBED026FA284">Lyle, R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="70AA12749DCFE607BCD7B4131AD6A0A2">Tippett, R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A2E12749FAE68C581DA1B46CC7BA180F">Sholto-Douglas, C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="860CD8E48D21128BC0EB79AD22C67F09">Verburgt, L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="70238D76218DDAF86E79C817FB161E98">Engelbrecht, I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FD744A3E45B676D85A40E9AC0C881917">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BC7398B8239E38405425DD8175C06D91">2019</mods:date>
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<treatment id="E0791125CC25F97A88D3F9CAFC13FD95" ID-GBIF-Taxon="160599059" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E0791125CC25F97A88D3F9CAFC13FD95" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E0791125CC25F97A88D3F9CAFC13FD95" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="591" pageId="2" pageNumber="586">
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<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC25F97F88D3F9CAFE73F9BE" ID-CoL="9443R" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,450,1557,1584]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC25F97F88D3F9CAFE73F9BE" bold="true" box="[151,450,1557,1584]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="586">Latrodectus umbukwane</emphasis>
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Wright, Wright, Lyle and Engelbrecht
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Zoobank ID:
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:
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(
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/991),
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:
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:
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<location id="6D0FF6E8CC25F97F8880F97AFDA7F931" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E0791125CC25F97A88D3F9CAFC13FD95:6D0FF6E8CC25F97F8880F97AFDA7F931" box="[196,534,1701,1727]" country="South Africa" latitude="-27.774" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.33596" municipality="Umkhanyakude Municipality" name="Phinda Private Game Reserve" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Phinda Private Game Reserve</location>
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, (
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.
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a.s.l.), sand forest,
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,
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, from tree hollow, by hand; dissected
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.
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:
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(
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/990), same data as holotype, captive raised
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;
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(
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), same data as holotype, dissected
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;
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(
|
||
<specimenCode id="38760848CC25F97F8B4FF933FC19F889" box="[779,936,1772,1799]" collectionCode="NMSA" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" type="Museum">NMSA29325</specimenCode>
|
||
), same data as holotype, captive raised
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D8B8AA6ECC25F97F8D35F932FE06F8C1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2459985232" collectingDate="2017-01-11" collectionCode="SAMC" collectorName="B. Wright" country="South Africa" elevation="68" latitude="-27.793304" location="Phinda Private Game Reserve" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.3425" municipality="Lulubush" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" specimenCode="SAMC10028" specimenCount="69" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="7ED66BBACC25F97F8D35F932FA2DF889" box="[1393,1436,1773,1799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="38760848CC25F97F88DBF8CEFE8BF8A5" box="[159,314,1809,1835]" collectionCode="SAMC" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/94p5-pepz" name="Iziko Museums of Cape Town" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" type="Museum">SAMC10028</specimenCode>
|
||
), same data as holotype except
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="880B3A49CC25F97F8ACAF8CEFD4AF8A5" box="[654,763,1809,1835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="586">Lulubush</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="6D0FF6E8CC25F97F8B40F8CEFBFCF8A5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E0791125CC25F97A88D3F9CAFC13FD95:6D0FF6E8CC25F97F8B40F8CEFBFCF8A5" box="[772,1101,1809,1835]" country="South Africa" latitude="-27.793304" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.3425" municipality="Lulubush" name="Phinda Private Game Reserve" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Phinda Private Game Reserve</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0DE4C6F4CC25F97F8C1EF8CFFB44F8A5" box="[1114,1269,1808,1835]" degrees="27" direction="south" minutes="47" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" precision="1" seconds="35.9" value="-27.793304">27°47’35.9”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0DE4C6F4CC25F97F8CBDF8CEFA29F8A5" box="[1273,1432,1809,1835]" degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" precision="1" seconds="33.0" value="32.3425">32°20’33.0”E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCount id="7ED66BBACC25F97F88D3F8EAFF6AF8DE" box="[151,219,1845,1872]" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="AF280DD6CC25F97F88D3F8EAFF66F8DE" box="[151,215,1845,1872]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" unit="m" value="68.0">
|
||
<elevation id="E3FD4700CC25F97F88D3F8EAFF66F8DE" box="[151,215,1845,1872]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" unit="m" value="68.0">68 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
a.s.l.), not dissected
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D8B8AA6ECC25F97F8987F8EAFBFCF8C1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2459985227" box="[451,1101,1845,1871]" collectingDate="2017-01-11" collectionCode="SAMC" collectorName="B. Wright" country="South Africa" elevation="64" latitude="-27.774" location="Phinda Private Game Reserve" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.33596" municipality="Umkhanyakude Municipality" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" specimenCode="SAMC10029" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="7ED66BBACC25F97F8987F8EAFE5CF8C1" box="[451,493,1845,1871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="38760848CC25F97F89BFF8EAFD26F8C1" box="[507,663,1845,1871]" collectionCode="SAMC" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/94p5-pepz" name="Iziko Museums of Cape Town" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" type="Museum">SAMC10029</specimenCode>
|
||
), same data as holotype, captive raised
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="20CAF3B8CC25F97F8883F886FA89F835" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC25F97F8883F886FA89F835" blockId="2.[151,1437,1664,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="586">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC25F97F8883F886FEF9F8FD" bold="true" box="[199,328,1881,1907]" pageId="2" pageNumber="586">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
: The species epithet is derived from the isiZulu word “
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC25F97F8BE1F886FBF0F8FD" box="[933,1089,1881,1907]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="586">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC25F97F8BE1F886FB82F8FD" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[933,1075,1881,1907]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane">umbukwane</taxonomicName>
|
||
”,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
meaning something eye-catching or spectacular that one cannot simply walk past it due to its profound beauty. This is in reference to the impressive size and remarkable coloration of this species. It is a noun in apposition and therefore gender neutral.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="20CAF3B8CC25F97F8883F81AFDEEF851" box="[199,607,1989,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC25F97F8883F81AFDEEF851" blockId="2.[151,1437,1664,2015]" box="[199,607,1989,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="586">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC25F97F8883F81AFE31F851" bold="true" box="[199,384,1989,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="586">Measurements:</emphasis>
|
||
See
|
||
<tableCitation id="25529588CC25F97F89F2F81AFDA2F851" box="[438,531,1989,2015]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,239,537,563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary of selected characteristics of females of African Latrodectus spp. from Dahl 1902, Schmidt et al 1994, Lotz 1994, Levy 1998 and Mirshamsi 2005.Abbreviations: TL = total length, CW = carapace width, T1 = tibia I length. * = data unavailable. Length measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3CAFF0BBCC2FF97588D3FDC6FA30FDD9" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" tableUuid="3CAFF0BBCC2FF97588D3FDC6FA30FDD9">Tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="25529588CC25F97F8A0EF81AFDEAF851" box="[586,603,1989,2015]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,239,568,594]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Summary of selected characteristics of males of African Latrodectus spp. from Dahl 1902, Schmidt et al 1994, Lotz 1994, Levy 1998, Mirshamsi 2005. Abbreviations: TL = total length, CW = carapace width, T1 = tibia I length. * = data unavailable. Length measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3CAFF0BBCC2DF97788D3FDE7FAF1FDF8" pageId="2" pageNumber="586" tableUuid="3CAFF0BBCC2DF97788D3FDE7FAF1FDF8">2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="20CAF3B8CC24F9798883FF47FD79FD95" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="588" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC24F97E8883FF47FF5BFDED" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,611]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8883FF47FEF5FF3D" bold="true" box="[199,324,152,179]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E898AFF45FDC3FF3D" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[462,626,153,179]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E898AFF45FE6FFF3D" box="[462,478,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E89A8FF46FDC3FF3D" box="[492,626,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC24F97E8A3DFF46FD09FF3D" box="[633,696,153,179]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8A3DFF46FD00FF3D" bold="true" box="[633,689,153,179]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">n. sp</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
can be separated from African congeners by the combination of a distinct red marking on the ventral surface of the abdomen and a red stripe on the posterior dorsal surface of the abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC24F97E88B5FF3EFE88FF75" box="[241,313,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,625,1448]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,625,1448]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. A–C, Mature female habitus with tenebrionid prey (B) and egg case (C), in situ. D, Sand forest habitat. E, Web retreat on tree branch extending from tree hole.A, D, E, Phinda Private Game Reserve; B, C, Tembe Elephant Park." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557554/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A– C, 3A, B). Females can further be separated from other African species, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8CB3FF3DFA2DFF75" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1841" box="[1271,1436,226,251]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8CB3FF3DFA2DFF75" box="[1271,1436,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. geometricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8883FED9FEC6FE91" box="[199,375,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8883FED9FEC2FE91" authorityName="Mackay" authorityYear="1972" box="[199,371,261,287]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesiensis">L. rhodesiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
by having the spermathecae parallel to one another (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC24F97E8B8FFEDAFBBEFE91" box="[971,1039,260,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1016,1041]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,553,997]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,553,997]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. female. Images of reproductive organs with parallel spermathecae and looped copulatory ducts of paratype (NMSA29324). The copulatory ducts include the detached embolus of a mature male. A: epigynum, ventral view. B: vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557562/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC24F97E8C58FEDAFBD0FE91" box="[1052,1121,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[166,1252,181,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1291,166,1887]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. Illustrations of reproductive organs. A–B: female epigynum (A), ventral view, and vulva (B), dorsal view. C–F: sinistral male pedipalp ventral view (C), retrolateral view (D), prolateral view (D) and dorsal view (F). ca: cymbial apophysis; cd: copulatory ducts; co: copulatory openings; st: spermathecae; ta: tegular apophysis. Scale bar = 0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557564/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">6A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). They can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8891FEF5FECCFECD" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1841" box="[213,381,298,323]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8891FEF5FECCFECD" box="[213,381,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. geometricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E89F0FEF5FDEFFECD" authorityName="Mackay" authorityYear="1972" box="[436,606,297,323]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E89F0FEF5FDEFFECD" box="[436,606,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. rhodesiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following combination of characters: presence of thick curved abdominal setae of approximately the same length as opposed to finer setae of two different lengths in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8CB2FE91FA2DFEE9" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1841" box="[1270,1436,334,359]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8CB2FE91FA2DFEE9" box="[1270,1436,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. geometricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8882FEADFEDFFE05" authorityName="Mackay" authorityYear="1972" box="[198,366,369,395]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8882FEADFEDFFE05" box="[198,366,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. rhodesiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC24F97E893AFEAEFE66FE05" box="[382,471,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1115,1140]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,517,1096]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,517,1096]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. female. Scanning electron microscope images of dorsal abdominal setae (A) and epigynum (B). Scale bars 300µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557560/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC24F97E89A7FEAEFDEEFE05" author="Levy, G." box="[483,607,369,395]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" refId="ref10568" refString="Levy, G. (1998) Araneae: Theridiidae. Fauna Palaestina, Arachnida III. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, 228 pp. Available from: https: // wsc. nmbe. ch / reference / 8599 (accessed 11 March 2019)" type="book" year="1998">Levy 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); ventral red marking irregular in shape and situated more posteriorly than the orange-red hourglass of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E899CFE49FD30FE21" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1841" box="[472,641,406,431]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E899CFE49FD30FE21" box="[472,641,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. geometricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8AFFFE49FCD4FE21" authorityName="Mackay" authorityYear="1972" box="[699,869,405,431]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8AFFFE49FCD4FE21" box="[699,869,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. rhodesiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 3B); legs uniformly black in adults and not banded (Fig. 3A, B); abdomen black with light-coloured, irregular oval lines laterally extending onto the dorsal surface with a single dorsal posterior red stripe, positioned medially (Fig. 3A, B); similar pale markings, but more circular in shape, are present along the dorso-median surface of the abdomen; larger size (
|
||
<tableCitation id="25529588CC24F97E8CC0FDDEFB69FD95" box="[1156,1240,513,539]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,239,537,563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary of selected characteristics of females of African Latrodectus spp. from Dahl 1902, Schmidt et al 1994, Lotz 1994, Levy 1998 and Mirshamsi 2005.Abbreviations: TL = total length, CW = carapace width, T1 = tibia I length. * = data unavailable. Length measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3CAFF0BBCC2FF97588D3FDC6FA30FDD9" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" tableUuid="3CAFF0BBCC2FF97588D3FDC6FA30FDD9">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Females can be further distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8981FDF9FDDCFDB1" authorityName="Mackay" authorityYear="1972" box="[453,621,549,575]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8981FDF9FDDCFDB1" box="[453,621,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. rhodesiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having three loops of the copulatory ducts as opposed to five (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC24F97E8D17FDFAFA26FDB1" box="[1363,1431,548,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1016,1041]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,553,997]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,553,997]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. female. Images of reproductive organs with parallel spermathecae and looped copulatory ducts of paratype (NMSA29324). The copulatory ducts include the detached embolus of a mature male. A: epigynum, ventral view. B: vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557562/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC24F97E88D3FD96FF6DFDED" box="[151,220,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[166,1252,181,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1291,166,1887]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. Illustrations of reproductive organs. A–B: female epigynum (A), ventral view, and vulva (B), dorsal view. C–F: sinistral male pedipalp ventral view (C), retrolateral view (D), prolateral view (D) and dorsal view (F). ca: cymbial apophysis; cd: copulatory ducts; co: copulatory openings; st: spermathecae; ta: tegular apophysis. Scale bar = 0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557564/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">6A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3CAFF0BBCC24F97E88D3FA63FE9CF993" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557554" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3557554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557554/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" startId="3.[151,250,1468,1493]" targetBox="[151,1435,625,1448]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC24F97E88D3FA63FE9CF993" blockId="3.[151,1437,1468,1565]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E88D3FA63FEA2FA5A" bold="true" box="[151,275,1468,1493]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E895DFA63FDA1FA5A" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[281,528,1468,1492]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E895DFA63FDA1FA5A" box="[281,528,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">Latrodectus umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8A53FA63FDE1FA5A" bold="true" box="[535,592,1468,1492]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC24F97E8A53FA63FDE1FA5A" box="[535,592,1468,1492]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A–C, Mature female habitus with tenebrionid prey (B) and egg case (C), in situ. D, Sand forest habitat. E, Web retreat on tree branch extending from tree hole. A, D, E, Phinda Private Game Reserve; B, C, Tembe Elephant Park.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC24F97E8883F994FBE4F95C" blockId="3.[151,1437,1611,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">
|
||
Males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8974F993FE62F9EB" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[304,467,1611,1637]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8974F993FE62F9EB" box="[304,467,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E899DF994FDA6F9EB" bold="true" box="[473,535,1611,1637]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC24F97E899DF994FDA6F9EB" box="[473,535,1611,1637]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are generally similar to or slightly smaller than other African species in size (
|
||
<tableCitation id="25529588CC24F97E8D32F994FF60F907" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,239,568,594]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Summary of selected characteristics of males of African Latrodectus spp. from Dahl 1902, Schmidt et al 1994, Lotz 1994, Levy 1998, Mirshamsi 2005. Abbreviations: TL = total length, CW = carapace width, T1 = tibia I length. * = data unavailable. Length measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3CAFF0BBCC2DF97788D3FDE7FAF1FDF8" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" tableUuid="3CAFF0BBCC2DF97788D3FDE7FAF1FDF8">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). They can be diagnosed from all African congeners by having a yellow-white ventral marking anterior to the spinnerets and a yellow-white transverse ventral marking near the book lungs (Fig. 3D). Males can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8891F967FECCF95F" authorityName="Mackay" authorityYear="1972" box="[213,381,1719,1745]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8891F967FECCF95F" box="[213,381,1719,1745]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. rhodesiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the four loops of the embolus as opposed to five (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC24F97E8B96F968FBA5F95C" box="[978,1044,1719,1746]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[166,1252,181,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1291,166,1887]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. Illustrations of reproductive organs. A–B: female epigynum (A), ventral view, and vulva (B), dorsal view. C–F: sinistral male pedipalp ventral view (C), retrolateral view (D), prolateral view (D) and dorsal view (F). ca: cymbial apophysis; cd: copulatory ducts; co: copulatory openings; st: spermathecae; ta: tegular apophysis. Scale bar = 0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557564/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
C–F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC24F9798883F904FAFFFECD" blockId="3.[151,1437,1611,2033]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,153,539]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="588" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">
|
||
Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E890FF903FE5EF97B" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[331,495,1755,1781]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E890FF903FEEAF97B" box="[331,347,1756,1781]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E892DF904FE5EF97B" box="[361,495,1755,1781]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E89B2F904FD87F97B" bold="true" box="[502,566,1755,1781]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC24F97E89B2F904FD87F97B" box="[502,566,1755,1781]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can be distinguished from all other species worldwide, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8D61F903FEAEF897" authority="Butler 1877" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1877" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8D61F903FA2CF97B" box="[1317,1437,1755,1781]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
Butler 1877
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8974F8DFFD46F897" authority="Schmidt & Klaas 1991" authorityName="Schmidt & Klaas" authorityYear="1991" box="[304,759,1791,1817]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythromelas">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8974F8DFFE55F897" box="[304,484,1791,1817]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. erythromelas</emphasis>
|
||
Schmidt & Klaas 1991
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8B7EF8DFFBFBF897" authority="Dahl 1902" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1902" box="[826,1098,1791,1817]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurior">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8B7EF8DFFC79F897" box="[826,968,1791,1817]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. obscurior</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC24F97E8B96F920FBFBF897" author="Dahl, F." box="[978,1098,1791,1817]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" pagination="36 - 45" refId="ref9660" refString="Dahl, F. (1902) Uber abgebrochene Copulationsorgane mannlicher Spinnen im Korper der Weibchen. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1902, 36 - 45." type="journal article" year="1902">Dahl 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by having the spermathecae parallel to one another as opposed to a being in a V-shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC24F97E8B07F8FCFC3BF8B3" box="[835,906,1826,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1016,1041]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,553,997]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,553,997]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. female. Images of reproductive organs with parallel spermathecae and looped copulatory ducts of paratype (NMSA29324). The copulatory ducts include the detached embolus of a mature male. A: epigynum, ventral view. B: vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557562/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC24F97E8BDCF8FCFC6EF8B3" box="[920,991,1827,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[166,1252,181,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1291,166,1887]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. Illustrations of reproductive organs. A–B: female epigynum (A), ventral view, and vulva (B), dorsal view. C–F: sinistral male pedipalp ventral view (C), retrolateral view (D), prolateral view (D) and dorsal view (F). ca: cymbial apophysis; cd: copulatory ducts; co: copulatory openings; st: spermathecae; ta: tegular apophysis. Scale bar = 0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557564/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">6A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC24F97E8BA9F8FCFB47F8B3" author="McCrone, J. D. & Levi, H. W." box="[1005,1270,1827,1853]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" pagination="12 - 27" refId="ref10858" refString="McCrone, J. D. & Levi, H. W. (1964) North American widow spiders of the Latrodectus curacaviensis group (Araneae, Theridiidae). Psyche, 71 (1), 12 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1964 / 86469" type="journal article" year="1964">McCrone & Levi 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC24F97E8D40F8FCFA26F8B3" author="Kaston, B. J." box="[1284,1431,1827,1853]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" pagination="33 - 82" refId="ref10332" refString="Kaston, B. J. (1970) Comparative biology of American black widow spiders. Transactions of San Diego Society of Natural History, 16, 33 - 82." type="journal article" year="1970">Kaston 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC24F97E88D3F898FE99F8EF" author="Abalos, J. W." box="[151,296,1863,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" pagination="29 - 51" refId="ref9342" refString="Abalos, J. W. (1980) Las aranas del genero Latrodectus en la Argentina. Obra del Centenario del Museo de la Plata, 6, 29 - 51." type="journal article" year="1980">Abalos 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC24F97E8977F898FE1FF8EF" author="Levy, G." box="[307,430,1863,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" refId="ref10568" refString="Levy, G. (1998) Araneae: Theridiidae. Fauna Palaestina, Arachnida III. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, 228 pp. Available from: https: // wsc. nmbe. ch / reference / 8599 (accessed 11 March 2019)" type="book" year="1998">Levy 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC24F97E89FDF898FD8CF8EF" author="Melic, A." box="[441,573,1863,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" pagination="13 - 30" refId="ref10912" refString="Melic, A. (2000) El genero Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 en la peninsula Iberica (Araneae: Theridiidae). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 1, 13 - 30. Availabe from: http: // sea-entomologia. org / PDF / RIA _ 1 / R 01 - 002 - 013. pdf (accessed 11 March 2017)" type="journal article" year="2000">Melic 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC24F97E8A03F898FC3EF8EF" author="Knoflach, B. & van Harten, A." box="[583,911,1863,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" pagination="321 - 362" refId="ref10364" refString="Knoflach, B. & van Harten, A. (2002) The genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from mainland Yemen, the Socotra Archipelago and adjacent countries. Fauna of Arabia, 19, 321 - 362. Available from: https: // wsc. nmbe. ch / reference / 9337 (accessed 21 March 2019)" type="journal article" year="2002">Knoflach & van Harten 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC24F97E8BDEF898FB66F8EF" author="Berendonck, B. & Greven, H." box="[922,1239,1862,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" pagination="118 - 132" refId="ref9509" refString="Berendonck, B. & Greven, H. (2005) Genital structures in the entelegyne widow spider Latrodectus revivensis (Arachnida; Araneae; Theridiidae) indicate a low ability for cryptic female choice by sperm manipulation. Journal of Morphology, 263 (1), 118 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 10296" type="journal article" year="2005">Berendonck & Greven 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC24F97E8CA6F898FA26F8EF" author="Vink, C. J. & Sirvid, P. J. & Malumbres-Olarte, J. & Griffiths, J. W. & Paquin, P. & Paterson, A. M." box="[1250,1431,1863,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" pagination="589 - 604" refId="ref11734" refString="Vink, C. J., Sirvid, P. J., Malumbres-Olarte, J., Griffiths, J. W., Paquin, P. & Paterson, A. M. (2008) Species status and conservation issues of New Zealand's endemic Latrodectus spider species (Araneae: Theridiidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 22 (6), 589 - 604. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 08027" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Vink
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8D5BF897FAFEF8EF" box="[1311,1359,1863,1889]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC24F97E88D3F8B4FE35F80B" author="Aguilera, M. A. & D'Elia, G. & Casanueva, M. E." box="[151,388,1899,1925]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" pagination="161 - 171" refId="ref9375" refString="Aguilera, M. A., D'Elia, G. & Casanueva, M. E. (2009) Revalidacion de Latrodectus thoracicus Nicolet, 1849 (araneae: theridiidae): antecedentes biologicos y filogeneticos. Gayana, Concepcion, 73 (2), 161 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.4067 / S 0717 - 65382009000200001" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Aguilera
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8947F8B3FE8EF80B" box="[259,319,1899,1925]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kananbala
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8A50F8B3FDE1F80B" box="[532,592,1899,1925]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC24F97E8AE0F8B4FCF5F80B" author="Saaristo, M. I." box="[676,836,1899,1925]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" pagination="8 - 306" refId="ref11354" refString="Saaristo, M. I. (2010) Araneae. In: Gerlach, J. & Marusik, Y. (Eds.), Arachnida and Myriapoda of the Seychelles islands. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, pp. 8 - 306. Availabe from: https: // wsc. nmbe. ch / reference / 11634 (accessed 21 March 2018)" type="book chapter" year="2010">Saaristo 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC24F97E8B16F8B4FBFBF80B" author="Goyal, V. & Malik, V." box="[850,1098,1899,1925]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" pagination="441 - 442" refId="ref10184" refString="Goyal, V. & Malik, V. (2017) The first record of the redback spider Latrodectus hasselti Thorell (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Haryana, north India. Journal of Environment and Bio-Sciences, 31 (2), 441 - 442." type="journal article" year="2017">Goyal & Malik 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8C24F8B4FE9BF827" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8C24F8B4FAF9F80B" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1877" box="[1120,1352,1899,1925]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">Latrodectus apicalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8DC2F8B3FE9BF827" authorityName="Schmidt & Klaas" authorityYear="1991" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythromelas">L. erythromelas</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
have little published data and no information was found on the shape of their spermathecae. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E88D3F86BFEF8F843" authorityName="Schmidt & Klaas" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,329,1971,1997]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythromelas">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E88D3F86BFEF8F843" box="[151,329,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. erythromelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E8A39F86BFC90F843" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[637,801,1971,1997]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8A39F86BFD3CF843" box="[637,653,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8ADFF86CFC90F843" box="[667,801,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E8B6DF86CFCD9F843" bold="true" box="[809,872,1971,1997]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC24F97E8B6DF86CFCD9F843" box="[809,872,1971,1997]" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
by the small size of the adult female (total length 5.5mm-9.0mm).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC24F97E891CF807FE63F87F" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1877" box="[344,466,2007,2033]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="587" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC24F97E891CF807FE63F87F" box="[344,466,2007,2033]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="587">L. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be separated by its geographical distribution as it is considered endemic to the Galapagos.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC23F9798958FF45FE16FF3D" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1902" box="[284,423,153,179]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurior">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798958FF45FE16FF3D" box="[284,423,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">L. obscurior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10C7E0A3CC23F97989A9FF46FDC5FF3D" box="[493,628,153,179]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
has parallel spermathecae as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC23F9798BA5FF45FB34FF3D" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[993,1157,153,179]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798BA5FF45FB34FF3D" box="[993,1157,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">L. umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798CC9FF46FB7DFF3D" bold="true" box="[1165,1228,153,179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC23F9798CC9FF46FB7DFF3D" box="[1165,1228,153,179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but it is described as being uniformly black in colour with a red ventral marking as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC23F9798BC5FF61FB96FF59" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1841" box="[897,1063,190,215]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798BC5FF61FB96FF59" box="[897,1063,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">L. geometricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and was previously considered a synonym of this species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC23F97989F6FF3EFD9DFF75" author="Dahl, F." box="[434,556,225,251]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" pagination="36 - 45" refId="ref9660" refString="Dahl, F. (1902) Uber abgebrochene Copulationsorgane mannlicher Spinnen im Korper der Weibchen. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1902, 36 - 45." type="journal article" year="1902">Dahl 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC23F9798A7CFF3EFD1CFF75" author="Levi, H. W." box="[568,685,224,251]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" pagination="7 - 43" refId="ref10523" refString="Levi, H. W. (1959) The spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae, Theridiidae). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 78 (1), 7 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3223799" type="journal article" year="1959">Levi 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC23F9798AFDFF3EFC29FF75" author="Schmidt, G. & Geisthardt, M. & Piepho, F." box="[697,920,225,251]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" pagination="81 - 126" refId="ref11422" refString="Schmidt, G., Geisthardt, M. & Piepho, F. (1994) Zur Kenntnis der Spinnenfauna der Kapverdischen Inseln (Arachnida: Aranei- da). Mitteilungen des Internationalen Entomologischen Vereins, 19, 81 - 126. Availabe from: https: // wsc. nmbe. ch / reference / 7808 (accessed 11 March 2017)" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Schmidt
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798B59FF3DFCE4FF75" box="[797,853,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is also described as being peridomestic, as is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC23F97988F5FED9FEE9FE91" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1841" box="[177,344,262,287]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F97988F5FED9FEE9FE91" box="[177,344,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">L. geometricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC23F979898EFED9FDDFFE91" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[458,622,261,287]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F979898EFED9FDDFFE91" box="[458,622,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">L. umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798A31FEDAFD04FE91" bold="true" box="[629,693,261,287]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC23F9798A31FEDAFD04FE91" box="[629,693,261,287]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
appears to be limited to pristine sand forest habitats. Therefore
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC23F9798DC2FED9FEACFECD" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798DC2FED9FEACFECD" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">L. umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798960FEF6FED2FECD" bold="true" box="[292,355,297,323]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC23F9798960FEF6FED2FECD" box="[292,355,297,323]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC23F9798AD7FEF5FCAFFECD" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1902" box="[659,798,297,323]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurior">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798AD7FEF5FCAFFECD" box="[659,798,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">L. obscurior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on differences in coloration and habitat selection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC23F9798883FE92FD79FD95" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,539]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
|
||
Behavioral traits can be used as additional diagnostic features.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC23F9798BCAFE91FB83FEE9" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[910,1074,333,359]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798BCAFE91FB83FEE9" box="[910,1074,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">L. umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798C7EFE92FBC8FEE9" bold="true" box="[1082,1145,333,359]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC23F9798C7EFE92FBC8FEE9" box="[1082,1145,333,359]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
produces a large egg sac, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="AF280DD6CC23F9798904FEAEFE3EFE05" box="[320,399,369,395]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="AF280DD6CC23F97989BBFEAEFDFFFE05" box="[511,590,369,395]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, that is bright purple when first laid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC23F9798C6BFEAEFB34FE05" box="[1071,1157,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,625,1448]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,625,1448]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. A–C, Mature female habitus with tenebrionid prey (B) and egg case (C), in situ. D, Sand forest habitat. E, Web retreat on tree branch extending from tree hole.A, D, E, Phinda Private Game Reserve; B, C, Tembe Elephant Park." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557554/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
), changing to shiny grey over time. This differs from the smaller, spiked egg sacs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC23F9798B7AFE49FC57FE21" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1841" box="[830,998,406,431]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798B7AFE49FC57FE21" box="[830,998,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">L. geometricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the large, whitish, woolly egg sacs of
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F97988D3FE65FEF6FE5D" box="[151,327,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC23F97988D3FE65FEF2FE5D" authorityName="Mackay" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,323,441,467]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesiensis">L. rhodesiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and the smooth white egg sacs of other African species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC23F9798B8CFE66FBF0FE5D" author="Lotz, L. N." box="[968,1089,441,467]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" pagination="27 - 56" refId="ref10618" refString="Lotz, L. N. (1994) Revision of the genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum: Researches of the National Museum, 10 (1), 27 - 56. Available from: https: // wsc. nmbe. ch / reference / 7753 (accessed 11 March 2019)" type="journal article" year="1994">Lotz 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Fertile egg sacs are generally tear-dropped shaped (n=13), while infertile egg sacs remain rounded (n=3). The webs and selection of retreat sites also appear to be unique amongst African species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="3CAFF0BBCC23F97988D3F976FBB0F968" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557556" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3557556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" startId="4.[151,250,1705,1730]" targetBox="[162,1434,568,1674]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC23F97988D3F976FBB0F968" blockId="4.[151,1437,1705,1766]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F97988D3F976FEA3F94C" bold="true" box="[151,274,1705,1730]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC23F97989F0F976FD1BF94F" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[436,682,1705,1729]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F97989F0F976FD1BF94F" box="[436,682,1705,1729]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Latrodectus umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798AF4F975FD58F94C" bold="true" box="[688,745,1706,1730]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC23F9798AF4F975FD58F94C" box="[688,745,1706,1730]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
indicating known locality records and extent of potential sand forest habitat in northern KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa and southern Mozambique.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="20CAF3B8CC23F97A8883F8CCFC13FD95" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="591" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC23F9788883F8CCFAF2FCB5" blockId="4.[151,1436,1811,2018]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,153,827]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="589" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798883F8CCFEEAF8A0" bold="true" box="[199,347,1811,1838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC23F9798921F8CBFE75F8A0" box="[357,452,1812,1838]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Females</emphasis>
|
||
: Measurements in
|
||
<tableCitation id="25529588CC23F9798AE0F8CBFD4AF8A0" box="[676,763,1812,1838]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,239,537,563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary of selected characteristics of females of African Latrodectus spp. from Dahl 1902, Schmidt et al 1994, Lotz 1994, Levy 1998 and Mirshamsi 2005.Abbreviations: TL = total length, CW = carapace width, T1 = tibia I length. * = data unavailable. Length measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3CAFF0BBCC2FF97588D3FDC6FA30FDD9" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" tableUuid="3CAFF0BBCC2FF97588D3FDC6FA30FDD9">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. Carapace moderately setose on cephalic and lateral parts of thoracic region, less so on posterior part of thoracic region; fovea transverse, procured. Eyes widely separated, all similar in size; PME directly posterior to AME; PLE wider than ALE. Sternum subtriangular. Distal portion of maxillae pallid. Pedipalps with single toothed claw. Legs uniformly moderately setose throughout, tapering distally; metatarsi I and IV gently concave in lateral profile, other segments straight; three tarsal claws present, superior claws with one row of teeth; ventrally situated paired accessory claws present on all legs; tarsus IV with distinct prolateral row of spines. Abdomen moderately setose with setae all of uniform length. Epigynum variable but oval, elevated and sclerotized with continuous longitudinal procurved opening. Spermathecae dumbbell-shaped, linked by short thick duct; spermatheca 2 larger than spermatheca 1; copulatory openings situated medially; copulatory ducts thinned-walled, weakly sclerotized, coiled around duct between spermathecae and forming three-and-half loops retrolateral to spermathecal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC22F9788A67FEF6FDD8FECD" box="[547,617,296,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1016,1041]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,553,997]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,553,997]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. female. Images of reproductive organs with parallel spermathecae and looped copulatory ducts of paratype (NMSA29324). The copulatory ducts include the detached embolus of a mature male. A: epigynum, ventral view. B: vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557562/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC22F9788A33FEF6FD0FFECD" box="[631,702,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[166,1252,181,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1291,166,1887]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. Illustrations of reproductive organs. A–B: female epigynum (A), ventral view, and vulva (B), dorsal view. C–F: sinistral male pedipalp ventral view (C), retrolateral view (D), prolateral view (D) and dorsal view (F). ca: cymbial apophysis; cd: copulatory ducts; co: copulatory openings; st: spermathecae; ta: tegular apophysis. Scale bar = 0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557564/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">6A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Coloration of adult in life uniformly black with distinctive red marking ventrally on abdomen situated between spiracles and spinnerets; vertical red stripe present on posterior dorsal surface extending from spinnerets, fading proximally; elongated, irregular white loops on lateral to dorsolateral surface of abdomen; similar but more circular markings are median dorsal surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC22F9788CC2FE4AFB7BFE21" box="[1158,1226,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Males</emphasis>
|
||
: Measurements in
|
||
<tableCitation id="25529588CC22F97888D3FE66FF5FFE5D" box="[151,238,441,467]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,239,568,594]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Summary of selected characteristics of males of African Latrodectus spp. from Dahl 1902, Schmidt et al 1994, Lotz 1994, Levy 1998, Mirshamsi 2005. Abbreviations: TL = total length, CW = carapace width, T1 = tibia I length. * = data unavailable. Length measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3CAFF0BBCC2DF97788D3FDE7FAF1FDF8" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" tableUuid="3CAFF0BBCC2DF97788D3FDE7FAF1FDF8">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
. Carapace sparsely setose with long setae; fovea transverse, procurved. Eyes proportionally larger relative to carapace than in female, eye pattern as in female except PER closer to AER. Maxillae uniform in colour. Mating bulbs with embolus having four to five coils (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC22F9788AD5FDDEFD63FD92" box="[657,722,513,540]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[166,1252,181,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1291,166,1887]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. Illustrations of reproductive organs. A–B: female epigynum (A), ventral view, and vulva (B), dorsal view. C–F: sinistral male pedipalp ventral view (C), retrolateral view (D), prolateral view (D) and dorsal view (F). ca: cymbial apophysis; cd: copulatory ducts; co: copulatory openings; st: spermathecae; ta: tegular apophysis. Scale bar = 0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557564/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
C–F), located distally on cymbium, last coil extending medially, curving downwards along retrolateral edge of palp (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC22F9788A91FDFAFC9FFDCE" box="[725,814,549,576]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[166,1252,181,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1291,166,1887]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. Illustrations of reproductive organs. A–B: female epigynum (A), ventral view, and vulva (B), dorsal view. C–F: sinistral male pedipalp ventral view (C), retrolateral view (D), prolateral view (D) and dorsal view (F). ca: cymbial apophysis; cd: copulatory ducts; co: copulatory openings; st: spermathecae; ta: tegular apophysis. Scale bar = 0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557564/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
), continuing ventrally, curving upwards and terminating in a long thin point; embolus originating retrolaterally, near rounded cymbial apophysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC22F9788CC2FD96FB6EFDEA" box="[1158,1247,585,612]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[166,1252,181,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1291,166,1887]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. Illustrations of reproductive organs. A–B: female epigynum (A), ventral view, and vulva (B), dorsal view. C–F: sinistral male pedipalp ventral view (C), retrolateral view (D), prolateral view (D) and dorsal view (F). ca: cymbial apophysis; cd: copulatory ducts; co: copulatory openings; st: spermathecae; ta: tegular apophysis. Scale bar = 0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557564/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
); median tegular apophysis sharply bent, almost 90° degrees, ending in blunt point (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC22F9788B31FDB2FC7AFD06" box="[885,971,621,648]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[166,1252,181,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1291,166,1887]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. Illustrations of reproductive organs. A–B: female epigynum (A), ventral view, and vulva (B), dorsal view. C–F: sinistral male pedipalp ventral view (C), retrolateral view (D), prolateral view (D) and dorsal view (F). ca: cymbial apophysis; cd: copulatory ducts; co: copulatory openings; st: spermathecae; ta: tegular apophysis. Scale bar = 0.5mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557564/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Legs moderately setose with short setae; tarsi lacking accessory claws. Abdomen sparsely covered in elongated setae. Coloration medium to dark brown, cephalothorax paler ventrally. Legs pale brown, darker towards joints and proximal half of femur I dark. Abdomen with white marking ventrally anterior to spinnerets, white longitudinal marking on posterior dorsal surface starting at spinnerets and fading proximally; lateral surfaces with elongated irregular white markings. All white markings with margins darker than the rest of the abdomen. In older specimens these white markings may be absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3CAFF0BBCC22F97888D3F9F6FD95F920" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557558" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3557558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557558/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" startId="5.[151,250,1577,1602]" targetBox="[151,1435,841,1558]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC22F97888D3F9F6FD95F920" blockId="5.[151,1436,1577,1710]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC22F97888D3F9F6FF4BF9CC" bold="true" box="[151,250,1577,1602]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">FIGURE</emphasis>
|
||
3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC22F9788959F9F5FDA7F9CC" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[285,534,1578,1602]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC22F9788959F9F5FDA7F9CC" box="[285,534,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Latrodectus umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC22F9788A5AF9F5FDE8F9CC" bold="true" box="[542,601,1578,1602]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC22F9788A5AF9F5FDE8F9CC" box="[542,601,1578,1602]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
live habitus ex situ. A: male (left in image) dorsal view and female lateral view showing posterior dorsal and ventral red markings on abdomen; B: female, ventral view; C: male, ventral view showing pedipalps; D: male, anterior ventral view showing pedipalps and palid ventral marking on abdomen; D: posterior lateral view showing palid dorsal markings on abdomen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC22F97B8883F903FAE0FE79" blockId="5.[151,1437,1756,2035]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,152,503]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="590" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC22F9788883F903FDFBF979" bold="true" box="[199,586,1756,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Habitat and conservation status:</emphasis>
|
||
All known localities for the new species fall within sand forest habitats (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC22F9788D2BF903FF19F894" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[162,1434,568,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,553,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. indicating known locality records and extent of potential sand forest habitat in northern KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa and southern Mozambique." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557556/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sand forest is a distinct lowland forest
|
||
<typeStatus id="B76B1E91CC22F9788A31F8DEFD14F895" box="[629,677,1793,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">type</typeStatus>
|
||
that is dry, and occurs only on flat terrain (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC22F9788CCAF8DFFB56F894" box="[1166,1255,1792,1818]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,625,1448]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,625,1448]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. A–C, Mature female habitus with tenebrionid prey (B) and egg case (C), in situ. D, Sand forest habitat. E, Web retreat on tree branch extending from tree hole.A, D, E, Phinda Private Game Reserve; B, C, Tembe Elephant Park." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557554/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is limited to KwaZulu-Natal province and neighboring parts of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10C7E0A3CC22F9788A90F8FBFCDAF8B0" box="[724,875,1828,1854]" name="Mozambique" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and is considered a critically endangered vegetation
|
||
<typeStatus id="B76B1E91CC22F978888EF896FF4BF8ED" box="[202,250,1865,1891]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC22F978894EF897FDE0F8ED" author="Mucina, L. & Geldenhuys, C. J." box="[266,593,1864,1891]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" pagination="605 - 606" refId="ref11011" refString="Mucina, L. & Geldenhuys, C. J. (2006) Afrotemperate, Subtropical, and Azonal Forests. In: Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M. C., (Eds.), The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 605 - 606." type="book chapter" year="2006">Mucina & Geldenhuys 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Of the seven wild female specimens recorded, six were found in pristine, tall sand forest with predominantly bare ground below the canopy, on Phinda Private Game Reserve, which is part of the larger Munyawana Conservancy. A single specimen was found in the garden of the manager’s house on Tembe Elephant Park, at the edge of disturbed sand forest. The potential distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC22F9788C63F86AFB7AF840" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[1063,1227,1972,1998]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC22F9788C63F86AFB7AF840" box="[1063,1227,1972,1998]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">L. umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC22F9788C97F86AFAA3F841" bold="true" box="[1235,1298,1973,1999]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC22F9788C97F86AFAA3F841" box="[1235,1298,1973,1999]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC22F97888D3F807FF45F87C" box="[151,244,2008,2034]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[162,1434,568,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,553,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. indicating known locality records and extent of potential sand forest habitat in northern KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa and southern Mozambique." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557556/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
under the assumption that it is limited to sand forest habitats. The AOO is
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC22F9788C68F806FBF7F87C" box="[1068,1094,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="AF280DD6CC22F9788C17F807FB16F87C" box="[1107,1191,2008,2034]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9799999999999995" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" unit="km" value="698.0">698 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="9FA50D7BCC22F9788CE3F808FB1EF86B" attach="left" box="[1191,1199,2007,2021]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">2</superScript>
|
||
and the EOO is
|
||
<quantity id="AF280DD6CC22F97B8D20F807FF0AFF3D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="590" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.963" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" unit="km" value="4963.0">4963 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="9FA50D7BCC21F97B88FFFF47FF72FF28" attach="left" box="[187,195,152,166]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">2</superScript>
|
||
. Twenty-three percent of the AOO falls within nationally protected areas in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10C7E0A3CC21F97B8C54FF46FB2FFF3D" box="[1040,1182,153,179]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10C7E0A3CC21F97B8C97FF46FADBFF3D" box="[1235,1386,153,179]" name="Mozambique" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and a substantial additional proportion of sand forest is protected in privately protected areas. Assuming the potential distribution developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC21F97B89E6FF3EFE57FF75" box="[418,486,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[162,1434,568,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,553,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. indicating known locality records and extent of potential sand forest habitat in northern KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa and southern Mozambique." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557556/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is sufficiently accurate, the extinction risk status for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC21F97B8C07FF3DFB56FF75" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[1091,1255,225,251]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC21F97B8C07FF3DFB56FF75" box="[1091,1255,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">L. umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC21F97B8CAAFF3EFA9CFF75" bold="true" box="[1262,1325,225,251]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC21F97B8CAAFF3EFA9CFF75" box="[1262,1325,225,251]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
would be considered as Least Concern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C41DDC2CC21F97B89A0FEDAFDDCFE91" author="IUCN" box="[484,621,261,287]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" refId="ref10232" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd Edition. IUCN, Gland & Cambridge, 32 pp." type="book" year="2012">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, given the uncertainty surrounding the ecology of this species, we recommend that a status of Data Deficient is assigned. Additional surveys of nearby coastal forests are required to confirm the assumption that this species is limited to sand forest, but coastal forests have been surveyed for spiders in the past by both professional and citizen arachnologists, and we are not aware of the species having been located during such surveys. Surveys of sand forest should also be a priority to confirm the true extent of occurrence of this species. Climatic conditions across the predicted geographic range of the species are a mean maximum temperature of 32–33.1°C, mean minimum temperature of 10.7–11.6°C, and an annual rainfall of
|
||
<quantity id="AF280DD6CC21F97B8CF1FE02FAFCFE79" box="[1205,1357,477,503]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.39" metricValueMax="8.18" metricValueMin="6.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" unit="mm" value="739.0" valueMax="818.0" valueMin="660.0">660–818 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3CAFF0BBCC21F97B88D3FB84FE5EFB16" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557560" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3557560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557560/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" startId="6.[151,250,1115,1140]" targetBox="[151,1436,517,1096]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC21F97B88D3FB84FE5EFB16" blockId="6.[151,1437,1115,1176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC21F97B88D3FB84FEA5FBFA" bold="true" box="[151,276,1115,1140]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC21F97B8958FB83FDA4FBFA" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[284,533,1116,1140]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC21F97B8958FB83FDA4FBFA" box="[284,533,1116,1140]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">Latrodectus umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC21F97B8A59FB83FDE6FBFA" bold="true" box="[541,599,1116,1140]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC21F97B8A59FB83FDE6FBFA" box="[541,599,1116,1140]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
female. Scanning electron microscope images of dorsal abdominal setae (A) and epigynum (B). Scale bars 300µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC21F97B8883FB1AFD00FA23" blockId="6.[151,1437,1221,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">
|
||
The selection of retreat sites also appears to be unique in this species. All specimens located to date were at an elevated position of more than
|
||
<quantity id="AF280DD6CC21F97B89B4FB39FD85FA8C" box="[496,564,1254,1282]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
|
||
above the ground, with a silk retreat in a tree hollow. Webs were not generally present outside the hollow, but when they were recorded, they were typical hackle webs radiating outward from the hollow, and can be extensive (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC21F97B8A5DFAF3FDDEFAC8" box="[537,623,1324,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,625,1448]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,625,1448]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. A–C, Mature female habitus with tenebrionid prey (B) and egg case (C), in situ. D, Sand forest habitat. E, Web retreat on tree branch extending from tree hole.A, D, E, Phinda Private Game Reserve; B, C, Tembe Elephant Park." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557554/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Unlike webs of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC21F97B8B38FAF3FBB0FAC8" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1805" box="[892,1025,1324,1350]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC21F97B8B38FAF3FBB0FAC8" box="[892,1025,1324,1350]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">Latrodectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which are closer to the ground with many strands of silk attached to the ground surface, the webs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC21F97B8B25FA90FBB5FAE6" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[865,1028,1358,1384]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC21F97B8B25FA90FBB5FAE6" box="[865,1028,1358,1384]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">L. umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC21F97B8C4EFA90FBF9FAE7" bold="true" box="[1034,1096,1359,1385]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC21F97B8C4EFA90FBF9FAE7" box="[1034,1096,1359,1385]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are largely anchored to higher branches, with only a few strands of silk going to ground in a few cases. No sticky silk threads were observed being connected to the ground in the wild or captivity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC21F97B8883FA69FD74F8C4" blockId="6.[151,1437,1221,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC21F97B8883FA69FEDFFA5E" bold="true" box="[199,366,1462,1488]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">Development:</emphasis>
|
||
Spiderlings (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC21F97B8A4CFA69FDD2FA5E" box="[520,611,1462,1488]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1929,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,174,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,174,1871]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. immatures. A: second instar spiderlings on emergence from the egg case; B: third instar spiderling; C: fourth instar showing white dorsal markings; D: larger immature female showing distinctive yellow and white markings dorsally and laterally." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557566" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557566/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
) typically emerge from the egg sac 29.9 days after laying (27–36 days; n=9). We assume that emerging spiderlings are in the second instar as observed in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC21F97B8C2EFA07FB5EFA7C" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1805" box="[1130,1263,1496,1522]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC21F97B8C2EFA07FB5EFA7C" box="[1130,1263,1496,1522]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">Latrodectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (Foster & Kingford 1983). Spiderlings were observed actively moving in some egg sacs for a day or two before emerging, possibly waiting for optimum conditions. Egg sacs produce an average of 584 spiderlings (471–692; n=4). General abdominal shapes, patterns, and positions remain relatively constant in both sexes throughout life, changing only in colour and clarity. Spiderling coloration is golden brown with white dorsal median and lateral abdominal markings on emergence (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC21F97B8901F95BFE11F910" box="[325,416,1668,1694]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1929,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,174,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,174,1871]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. immatures. A: second instar spiderlings on emergence from the egg case; B: third instar spiderling; C: fourth instar showing white dorsal markings; D: larger immature female showing distinctive yellow and white markings dorsally and laterally." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557566" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557566/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
). These markings are relatively constant in shape and position for the duration of life, but change in colour and prominence. In third instars the dorsal median and lateral markings remain white but are more prominent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC21F97B895EF916FEC5F96D" box="[282,372,1737,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1929,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,174,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,174,1871]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. immatures. A: second instar spiderlings on emergence from the egg case; B: third instar spiderling; C: fourth instar showing white dorsal markings; D: larger immature female showing distinctive yellow and white markings dorsally and laterally." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557566" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557566/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the fourth instar the dorsal median and lateral markings are greenish-white with indistinct dark brown outlines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC21F97B89CEF934FE55F88B" box="[394,484,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1929,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,174,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,174,1871]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. immatures. A: second instar spiderlings on emergence from the egg case; B: third instar spiderling; C: fourth instar showing white dorsal markings; D: larger immature female showing distinctive yellow and white markings dorsally and laterally." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557566" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557566/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In later instars the dorsal median and lateral markings turn yellow with white outlines, resembling small fried eggs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC21F97B8A64F8D1FDCBF8A6" box="[544,634,1806,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1929,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,174,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,174,1871]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. immatures. A: second instar spiderlings on emergence from the egg case; B: third instar spiderling; C: fourth instar showing white dorsal markings; D: larger immature female showing distinctive yellow and white markings dorsally and laterally." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557566" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557566/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Overall coloration, including the legs which are banded in immatures, darkens until black at maturity after ca. 6 months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC21F97B8883F88CFB01F878" blockId="6.[151,1437,1221,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">
|
||
In immature males, the palpal tarsus becomes swollen
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC21F97B8B68F88CFCF7F8E2" box="[812,838,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 15–20 days after emergence. They reach maturity at
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC21F97B88D3F8A9FF00F801" box="[151,177,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 26 days. Mature male abdominal coloration fades dramatically as the spider ages. The colour of the abdomen of a young mature male is brown with light yellow-white oblong blotches dorso-medially and laterally, with indistinct dark brown outlines, and no transverse light areas (Fig. 3A). Old mature males have a dark brown abdomen with darker brown irregular circle shapes only visible under bright light or with flash photography.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="686FA033CC20F97A8883FF47FC13FD95" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,539]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8883FF47FDBDFF3D" bold="true" box="[199,524,152,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Phylogenetic relationships:</emphasis>
|
||
COI sequencing yielded a total of 422 nucleotide base pairs. The identification function on BoLD did not match the COI barcodes to any specimen or species in the database, despite BoLD including sequences for 14 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC20F97A8A6BFF3EFD05FF75" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1805" box="[559,692,225,251]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8A6BFF3EFD05FF75" box="[559,692,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Latrodectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The BLAST search on GenBank provided a weak identity match of 87% with a number of genera including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC20F97A8AC7FEDAFC2FFE91" authority="Sundevall 1833" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[643,926,261,287]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Steatoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8AC7FEDAFD54FE91" box="[643,741,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Steatoda</emphasis>
|
||
Sundevall 1833
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC20F97A8BE9FEDAFB0AFE91" authority="Menge 1868" authorityName="Menge" authorityYear="1868" box="[941,1211,261,287]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Crustulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8BE9FEDAFB94FE91" box="[941,1061,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Crustulina</emphasis>
|
||
Menge 1868
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and several species of
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A88F1FEF6FEF0FECD" box="[181,321,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC20F97A88F1FEF6FE8CFECD" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1805" box="[181,317,297,323]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Latrodectus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The ML tree is presented with bootstrap support (BS) and posterior probabilities (PP) overlaid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0EBBCB6CC20F97A8D2BFEF6FF16FEE9" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1929,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,174,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,174,1871]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Latrodectus umbukwane n. sp. immatures. A: second instar spiderlings on emergence from the egg case; B: third instar spiderling; C: fourth instar showing white dorsal markings; D: larger immature female showing distinctive yellow and white markings dorsally and laterally." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557566" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3557566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Two lineages, labelled I and II correspond to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC20F97A8AAAFE92FC18FEE9" baseAuthorityName="Rossi" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[750,937,333,359]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tredecimguttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8AAAFE92FC18FEE9" box="[750,937,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">tredecimguttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC20F97A8CF5FE91FA8BFEE9" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1841" box="[1201,1338,334,359]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8CF5FE91FA8BFEE9" box="[1201,1338,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">geometricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
speciesgroup respectively, are supported.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC20F97A8A53FEADFD0BFE05" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[535,698,369,395]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8A53FEADFD0BFE05" box="[535,698,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">L. umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8A85FEAEFD4EFE05" bold="true" box="[705,767,369,395]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC20F97A8A85FEAEFD4EFE05" box="[705,767,369,395]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
falls into lineage II.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC20F97A8BA3FEADFB3BFE05" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[999,1162,369,395]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8BA3FEADFB3BFE05" box="[999,1162,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">L. umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8CD4FEAEFB7EFE05" bold="true" box="[1168,1231,369,395]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC20F97A8CD4FEAEFB7EFE05" box="[1168,1231,369,395]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
appears as a wellsupported lineage (BS: 100 %; PP: 1.00), sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC20F97A8A93FE49FCCEFE21" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1841" box="[727,895,406,431]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8A93FE49FCCEFE21" box="[727,895,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">L. geometricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BS: 54 PP: 0.57). The relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC20F97A8DC2FE49FEACFE5D" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8DC2FE49FEACFE5D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">L. umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8960FE66FED5FE5D" bold="true" box="[292,356,441,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC20F97A8960FE66FED5FE5D" box="[292,356,441,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC20F97A89DFFE65FDF3FE5D" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1841" box="[411,578,442,467]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A89DFFE65FDF3FE5D" box="[411,578,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">L. geometricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is corroborated by morphological evidence as the two species share parallel spermathecae. The mean inter-specific pairwise genetic distances between.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC20F97A8BA8FE01FB20FE79" authority="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht, 2019" authorityName="Wright & Wright & Sole & Lyle & Tippett & Sholto-Douglas & Verburgt & Engelbrecht" authorityYear="2019" box="[1004,1169,477,503]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbukwane" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8BA8FE01FB20FE79" box="[1004,1169,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">L. umbukwane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8CDDFE02FB69FE79" bold="true" box="[1177,1240,477,503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4197C15ACC20F97A8CDDFE02FB69FE79" box="[1177,1240,477,503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFD0DBB0CC20F97A8CB1FE01FA2DFE79" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1841" box="[1269,1436,478,503]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA47C21CC20F97A8CB1FE01FA2DFE79" box="[1269,1436,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">L. geometricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 14.7%. Several of the species in lineage I are para- or polyphyletic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |