1986 lines
254 KiB
XML
1986 lines
254 KiB
XML
<document id="A8D158FB0563F581B82858CC78CCF37C" ID-CLB-Dataset="7846" ID-DOI="10.1093/mspecies/sew002" ID-GBIF-Dataset="406c22e4-ea2a-48c0-a824-3f7479c6cb2a" ID-ISSN="1545-1410" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573372" ID-ZooBank="FBBC6725-97B3-4BB4-BF8D-4B13DDD94A9D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614694074540" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Carter, Tracy S., Superina, Mariella & Leslie, David M." docDate="2016" docId="E00387A5FFA26501A3864E1CF4E918EA" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpecies.48.932.21-34.pdf" docOrigin="Mammalian Species 48 (932)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sew002" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36.7:MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36" docStyleName="MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Priodontes maximus" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="1C3AFFDDFFA36508A3714C43F05C1908" masterDocTitle="Priodontes maximus (Cingulata: Chlamyphoridae)" masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="21" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1732784250212" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="C2529BDE92E79B4ABB47D2854CF12EE6">Priodontes maximus (Cingulata: Chlamyphoridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="08D177721DA696955557AFA02841402E">Carter, Tracy S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="074D1EA235E80227DF0AFE7EACEEEE71">Superina, Mariella</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8158D05724C769F6B8E2117B99873CE0">Leslie, David M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A7860817758D0BEAA8B34B3FEA316260">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="3192653D5B96DAF3F380E34C4F6A8F2A">
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<mods:date id="0448EBAD56FB81FA28883A64BFF8BCB0">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="E00387A5FFA26501A3864E1CF4E918EA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4589191" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180301798" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4589191" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E00387A5FFA26501A3864E1CF4E918EA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E00387A5FFA26501A3864E1CF4E918EA" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" scope_order="Cingulata">
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<subSubSection id="20B06538FFA26509A3864E1CF2D31B70" box="[247,655,606,633]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A3864E1CF2D31B70" blockId="1.[247,655,606,664]" box="[247,655,606,633]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
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<heading id="335D81DFFFA26509A3864E1CF2D31B70" box="[247,655,606,633]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A3864E1CF2D31B70" ID-CoL="4MF3Z" authority="(Kerr, 1792)" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[247,655,606,633]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A3864E1CF2D31B70" bold="true" box="[247,655,606,633]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A3864E1CF1AC1B71" bold="true" box="[247,496,607,633]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A1704E1DF2D91B70" author="KERR, R." box="[513,645,606,632]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref11956" refString="KERR, R. 1792. The animal kingdom or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. class I. Mammalia: contain a complete systematic description, arrangement, and nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of Mammalia, or animals which give suck to their young; being a translation of that part of the Systema Naturae, as lately published, with great improvements, by Professor Gmelin of Goettingen, together with numerous additions from more recent zoological writers, and illustrated with copperplates. A. Strahan, T. Cadell, and W. Creech, Edinburgh, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1792">Kerr, 1792</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="20B06538FFA26509A21D4EC2F2461B90" box="[364,538,641,664]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A21D4EC2F2461B90" blockId="1.[247,655,606,664]" box="[364,538,641,664]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Giant Armadillo</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="20B06538FFA26509A31C4EF2F0E71FF5" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4EF2F11F1BE0" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A31C4EF2F1B21BC0" authority="Kerr, 1792: 112" authorityName="Kerr" authorityPageNumber="112" authorityYear="1792" box="[109,494,689,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Dasypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C4EF2F16A1BC0" box="[109,310,689,712]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Dasypus maximus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A2324EF2F1B21BC0" author="KERR, R." box="[323,494,689,712]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref11956" refString="KERR, R. 1792. The animal kingdom or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. class I. Mammalia: contain a complete systematic description, arrangement, and nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of Mammalia, or animals which give suck to their young; being a translation of that part of the Systema Naturae, as lately published, with great improvements, by Professor Gmelin of Goettingen, together with numerous additions from more recent zoological writers, and illustrated with copperplates. A. Strahan, T. Cadell, and W. Creech, Edinburgh, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1792">Kerr, 1792:112</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="B7118811FFA26509A28E4EF2F2681BC0" box="[511,564,689,712]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="1A55C1A1FFA26509A1EF4EF2F3441BC0" box="[670,792,689,712]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">“Cayenne,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA26509A3EC4E92F1621BE0" box="[157,318,721,744]" name="French Guiana" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4EB2F1791A80" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A31C4EB2F3491A00" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803: 207" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityPageNumber="207" authorityYear="1803" box="[109,789,753,776]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Dasypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C4EB2F1141A00" box="[109,328,753,776]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Dasypus giganteus</emphasis>
|
||
É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803:207
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="B7118811FFA26509A3EC4F52F08E1A20" box="[157,210,785,808]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="1A55C1A1FFA26509A2444F52F1891A20" box="[309,469,785,808]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
“Le
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA26509A2164F52F1901A20" box="[359,460,785,808]" name="Paraguay" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
with reference to
|
||
<quote id="1A55C1A1FFA26509A1D24F52F1851A40" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
“
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A1DE4F52F0851A40" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Le Grand Tatou</emphasis>
|
||
d’Azara, t. 2, p. 132;”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
but based on specimen
|
||
<quote id="1A55C1A1FFA26509A1984F72F1791A80" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
“N˚. CCCCXIV.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A2514F12F1451A80" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Individu qui servi de sujet pour la description précédente.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4FD2F2C51D20" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A31C4FD2F2581AA0" authority="G. Cuvier, 1817: 221" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityPageNumber="221" authorityYear="1817" box="[109,516,913,936]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Dasypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C4FD2F1531AA0" box="[109,271,913,936]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Dasypus gigas</emphasis>
|
||
G.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A2304FD2F2581AA0" author="CUVIER, G." box="[321,516,913,936]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref10413" refString="CUVIER, G. 1817. Le regne animal distribue d'apres son organisation: pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparee. Deterville, Paris, France." type="book" year="1817">Cuvier, 1817:221</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="B7118811FFA26509A14E4FD2F2311AA0" box="[575,621,913,936]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality given; based on plate “xlv” [error for “xli”], the “
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A1134FF2F3501AC0" box="[610,780,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Autre Kabassou</emphasis>
|
||
” of volume 10 of Buffon (Daubenton in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A1094F92F3541AE0" author="BUFFON, G. L. le & Clerc" box="[632,776,977,1000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref9795" refString="BUFFON, G. L. le Clerc. 1763. Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, avec la description du cabinet du Roi. L'Imprimerie Royale, Paris, France." type="book" year="1763">Buffon 1763</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Buffon wrote that “
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A21E4FB2F1A71D00" box="[367,507,1009,1032]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Le Kabassou</emphasis>
|
||
” was the largest tatou and came from Cayenne, which is the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B7118811FFA26509A17C4852F2671D20" box="[525,571,1041,1064]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4872F2A71D40" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" box="[109,763,1073,1096]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C4872F0DC1D40" box="[109,128,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">D</emphasis>
|
||
<insertion id="F52F5172FFA26509A3F04872F0801D40" box="[129,220,1073,1096]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A3F84872F08E1D40" box="[137,210,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">asypus</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A3994872F1731D40" box="[232,303,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">gigans</emphasis>
|
||
Schmid, 1818:164. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="B7118811FFA26509A15F4872F2001D40" box="[558,604,1073,1096]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality given.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4812F2AD1D60" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" box="[109,753,1105,1128]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C4812F0201D60" box="[109,124,1105,1128]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">T</emphasis>
|
||
<insertion id="F52F5172FFA26509A30D4812F0E71D60" box="[124,187,1105,1128]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A3F44812F0ED1D60" box="[133,177,1105,1128]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">atus</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A3B94812F1451D60" box="[200,281,1105,1128]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">grandis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A26E4812F18B1D60" author="OLFERS, I. von" box="[287,471,1105,1128]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref13288" refString="OLFERS, I. von. 1818. Bemerkungen zu Illiger's Ueberblick der Saugethiere, nach ihrer Vertheilung uber die Welttheile, rucksichtlich der Sudamericanischen Arten (Species). Pp. 192 - 237 in Journal von Brasilien, oder vermischte Nachrichten aus Brasilien, auf wissenschaftlichen Reisen gesammelt (W. L. Eschwege, ed.). Verlage des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, Weimar, Germany." type="book" year="1818">Olfers, 1818:219</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="B7118811FFA26509A2904812F24A1D60" box="[481,534,1105,1128]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="1A55C1A1FFA26509A1024812F2AD1D60" box="[627,753,1105,1128]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA26509A10C4812F2B81D60" box="[637,740,1105,1128]" name="Paraguay" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4832F2A11D80" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" box="[109,765,1137,1160]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A31C4832F27C1D80" ID-CoL="4MF3Y" authority=": Lesson, 1827: 309" authorityName="Lesson" authorityPageNumber="309" authorityYear="1827" box="[109,544,1137,1160]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C4832F10D1D80" box="[109,337,1137,1160]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Priodontes giganteus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A22E4832F27C1D80" author="LESSON, R. P." box="[351,544,1137,1160]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref12329" refString="LESSON, R. P. 1827. Manuel de mammalogie ou histoire naturelle des mammiferes. Roret, Paris, France." type="book" year="1827">Lesson, 1827:309</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C48D2F1761DC0" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C48D2F0DC1DA0" box="[109,128,1169,1192]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">D</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A3F848D2F08E1DA0" box="[137,210,1169,1192]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">asypus</emphasis>
|
||
]. (
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A38E48D2F1531DA0" box="[255,271,1169,1192]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">P</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A26948D2F1211DA0" box="[280,381,1169,1192]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">riodontes</emphasis>
|
||
].)
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A2DB48D2F1B61DA0" box="[426,490,1169,1192]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Gigas</emphasis>
|
||
: Voigt, 1831:261. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4892F2EB1DE0" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" box="[109,695,1233,1256]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A31C4892F1861DE0" authority=": Gray, 1843: 120" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="120" authorityYear="1843" box="[109,474,1233,1256]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C4892F17F1DE0" box="[109,291,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Priodontes gigas</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A2404892F1861DE0" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[305,474,1233,1256]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref11760" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1843. List of the specimens of Mammalia in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1843">Gray, 1843:120</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C48B2F2C41C00" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" box="[109,664,1265,1288]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A31C48B2F1E61C00" authority=": Owen, 1845: 21" authorityName="Owen" authorityPageNumber="21" authorityYear="1845" box="[109,442,1265,1288]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C48B2F1591C00" box="[109,261,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Priodon gigas</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A26248B2F1E61C00" author="OWEN, R." box="[275,442,1265,1288]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref13384" refString="OWEN, R. 1845. Odontography or, a treatise on the comparative anatomy of the teeth; their physiological relations, mode of development, and microscopic structure, in the invertebrate animal. Hippolyte Bailliere, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1845">Owen, 1845:21</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4952F2BB1C20" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" box="[109,743,1297,1320]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A31C4952F2551C20" authority=": Schinz, 1845: 316" authorityName="Schinz" authorityPageNumber="316" authorityYear="1845" box="[109,521,1297,1320]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Prionodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C4952F1621C20" box="[109,318,1297,1320]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Prionodontes gigas</emphasis>
|
||
: Schinz, 1845:316
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4972F2ED1C40" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" box="[109,689,1329,1352]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A31C4972F1881C40" authority=": Gray, 1865: 374" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="374" authorityYear="1865" box="[109,468,1329,1352]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Prionodos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C4972F1411C40" box="[109,285,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Prionodos gigas</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A25A4972F1881C40" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[299,468,1329,1352]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="359 - 386" refId="ref11794" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1865. Revision of the genera and species of entomophagus Edentata, founded on the examination of the specimens in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1865: 359 - 386." type="journal article" year="1865">Gray, 1865:374</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4912F2E81C60" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" box="[109,692,1361,1384]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A31C4912F18B1C60" authority=": Gray, 1869: 380" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="380" authorityYear="1869" box="[109,471,1361,1384]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Prionodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C4912F17C1C60" box="[109,288,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Prionodon gigas</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A25F4912F18B1C60" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[302,471,1361,1384]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref11837" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1869. Catalogue of carnivores, pachydermatous, and edentate Mammalia in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1869">Gray, 1869:380</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4932F2AC1C80" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" box="[109,752,1393,1416]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A31C4932F24F1C80" authority=": Fitzinger, 1871: 227" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityPageNumber="227" authorityYear="1871" box="[109,531,1393,1416]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Cheloniscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C4932F16C1C80" box="[109,304,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Cheloniscus gigas</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A24F4932F24F1C80" author="FITZINGER, L. J." box="[318,531,1393,1416]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="209 - 276" refId="ref11385" refString="FITZINGER, L. J. 1871. Die naturliche Familie der Gurteltiere (Dasypodes). I. Abtheilung. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 64: 209 - 276." type="journal article" year="1871">Fitzinger, 1871:227</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C49D2F1371CC0" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A31C49D2F21E1CA0" ID-CoL="4MF3Z" authority=": O. Thomas, 1880: 402" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityPageNumber="402" authorityYear="1880" box="[109,578,1425,1448]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C49D2F1141CA0" box="[109,328,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
: O. Thomas, 1880:402
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. First use of current name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4992F2A01CE0" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" box="[109,764,1489,1512]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A31C4992F2411CE0" authority=": J. A. Allen, 1895: 187" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityPageNumber="187" authorityYear="1895" box="[109,541,1489,1512]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C4992F1761CE0" box="[109,298,1489,1512]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Priodon maximus</emphasis>
|
||
: J. A.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A21F4992F2411CE0" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[366,541,1489,1512]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="179 - 192" refId="ref9087" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1895. On the names of mammals given by Kerr in his " Animal Kingdom, " published in 1792. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 7: 179 - 192." type="journal article" year="1895">Allen, 1895:187</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C49B2F1821F60" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C49B2F0DC1F00" box="[109,128,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">D</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A3F849B2F08E1F00" box="[137,210,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">asypus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A39949B2F2721F00" authority="Larranaga, 1923: 343" authorityName="Larranaga" authorityPageNumber="343" authorityYear="1923" box="[232,558,1521,1544]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A39949B2F11B1F00" box="[232,327,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A23C49B2F2721F00" author="LARRANAGA, D. A." box="[333,558,1521,1544]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 512" refId="ref12278" refString="LARRANAGA, D. A. 1923. Escritos. Instituto Historico y Geografico del Uruguay, Montevideo 2: 1 - 512." type="journal article" year="1923">Larrañaga, 1923:343</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="B7118811FFA26509A14649B2F2301F00" box="[567,620,1521,1544]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality “nemoribus septentrionalibus paraquarensibus;” based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A1B64A52F1481F40" author="AZARA, F. de" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="2" refId="ref9458" refString="AZARA, F. de. 1802. Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los quadrupedos del Paraguay y Rio de la Plata. La Imprinta de la Viuda de Ibarra, Madrid, Spain 2: 2 (unnumbered), x + 1 - 328." type="journal article" year="1802">Azara’s (1802:110)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A2594A72F1231F40" box="[296,383,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Maximo</emphasis>
|
||
;” a junior homonym and synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A3EC4A12F18B1F60" authority="Kerr, 1792" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[157,471,1617,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Dasypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A3EC4A12F1031F60" box="[157,351,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Dasypus maximus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A2144A12F18B1F60" author="KERR, R." box="[357,471,1617,1640]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref11956" refString="KERR, R. 1792. The animal kingdom or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. class I. Mammalia: contain a complete systematic description, arrangement, and nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of Mammalia, or animals which give suck to their young; being a translation of that part of the Systema Naturae, as lately published, with great improvements, by Professor Gmelin of Goettingen, together with numerous additions from more recent zoological writers, and illustrated with copperplates. A. Strahan, T. Cadell, and W. Creech, Edinburgh, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1792">Kerr, 1792</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4A32F3451F80" blockId="1.[109,793,689,1672]" box="[109,793,1649,1672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A31C4A32F0B01F80" box="[109,236,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Periodontes</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A3814A32F21C1F80" authority=": Altrichter, 2006: 2729" authorityName="Altrichter" authorityPageNumber="2729" authorityYear="2006" box="[240,576,1649,1672]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Dasypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A3814A32F1131F80" box="[240,335,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A2284A32F21C1F80" author="ALTRICHTER, M." box="[345,576,1649,1672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="2719 - 2736" refId="ref9128" refString="ALTRICHTER, M. 2006. Wildlife in the life of local people of the semi-arid Chaco. Biodiversity and Conservation 15: 2719 - 2736." type="journal article" year="2006">Altrichter, 2006:2729</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4AE5F0E71FF5" blockId="1.[109,792,1702,1789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Context as for genus.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A1104AE5F0C41FD5" ID-CoL="4MF3Z" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A1104AE5F0C41FD5" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is monotypic; synonymy was reformatted from Wetzel et al. (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="20B06538FFA26509A31C4B55F5E51A0A" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A31C4B55F4D1186A" blockId="1.[109,792,1814,1933]" lastBlockId="1.[840,1523,203,770]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES. As noted by Wetzel et al. (2008), Kretzoi and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A3864B75F19A1E45" author="KRETZOI, M. & M. KRETZOI" box="[247,454,1846,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref12069" refString="KRETZOI, M., AND M. KRETZOI. 2000. Fossilium catalogus. I: Animalia. Index generum et subgenerum mammalium. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands." type="book" year="2000">Kretzoi (2000:204)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
designated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A13A4B75F1E11E65" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1803" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Dasypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A13A4B75F3441E45" box="[587,792,1846,1869]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Dasypus giganteus</emphasis>
|
||
É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B7118811FFA26509A17F4B15F2601E65" box="[526,572,1878,1901]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A1C34B15F1431E85" authority="Desmarest, 1804" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1804" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Loricatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A1C34B15F3441E65" box="[690,792,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Loricatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A31C4B35F1431E85" author="DESMAREST, A. G." box="[109,287,1910,1933]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref10860" refString="DESMAREST, A. G. 1804. Tatou (Dasypus), famille et genre de quadrupedes de l'ordre des Edentes, ayant pour caracteres: des dents molaires seulement; le corps couvert de tests ou de bandes ecailleuses, formant une cuirasse. Pp. 428 - 436 in Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquee aux arts, principalement a l'agriculture et a l'economie rurale et domestique: par une societe de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs: avec des figures tirees des trois regnes de la nature. Deterville, Paris, France." type="book" year="1804">Desmarest, 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which relegated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A2AB4B35F2AA1E85" authority="F. Cuvier, 1825" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1825" box="[474,758,1910,1933]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A2AB4B35F2131E85" box="[474,591,1910,1933]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Priodontes</emphasis>
|
||
F.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A11F4B35F2AA1E85" author="CUVIER, F." box="[622,758,1910,1933]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref10448" refString="CUVIER, F. 1825. Des dents de mammiferes, considerees comme caracteres zoologiques. F. G. Levrault, Paris, France." type="book" year="1825">Cuvier, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, to a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A0AF4C88F41819EA" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1804" box="[990,1092,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Loricatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A0AF4C88F41819EA" box="[990,1092,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Loricatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nevertheless, we followed Wetzel et al. (2008:153) who concluded that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A7E94CA8F5AE180A" authority="Desmarest, 1804" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1804" box="[1176,1522,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Loricatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A7E94CA8F567180A" box="[1176,1339,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Loricatus niger</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A6304CA8F5AE180A" author="DESMAREST, A. G." box="[1345,1522,235,258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref10860" refString="DESMAREST, A. G. 1804. Tatou (Dasypus), famille et genre de quadrupedes de l'ordre des Edentes, ayant pour caracteres: des dents molaires seulement; le corps couvert de tests ou de bandes ecailleuses, formant une cuirasse. Pp. 428 - 436 in Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquee aux arts, principalement a l'agriculture et a l'economie rurale et domestique: par une societe de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs: avec des figures tirees des trois regnes de la nature. Deterville, Paris, France." type="book" year="1804">Desmarest, 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A01B4D48F548182A" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[874,1300,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Dasypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novemcinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A01B4D48F43D182A" box="[874,1121,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Dasypus novemcinctus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A71D4D48F548182A" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[1132,1300,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref12352" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae, Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was the valid
|
||
<typeStatus id="B7118811FFA26509A6B44D48F5AF182A" box="[1477,1523,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A0CE4D68F479184A" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1804" box="[959,1061,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Loricatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A0CE4D68F479184A" box="[959,1061,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Loricatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thus
|
||
<quote id="1A55C1A1FFA26509A71C4D68F4D1186A" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
“retain[ing]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A7854D68F535184A" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1825" box="[1268,1385,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A7854D68F535184A" box="[1268,1385,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Priodontes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the valid generic name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A7724D08F420186A" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[1027,1148,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A7724D08F420186A" box="[1027,1148,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A0024D28F5E51A0A" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,770]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Common names of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A7384D28F49E188A" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[1097,1218,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A7384D28F49E188A" box="[1097,1218,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include giant armadillo and giant South American armadillo (English); tatú carreta and tatú gigante (Spanish); tatu-açú and tatu canastra (Portuguese); gran tatú de los bosques, priodonte, priodonte gigante (in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA26509A60B4D88F5B418EA" box="[1402,1512,459,482]" name="Argentina" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
); pejiche and pejichi (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA26509A76B4DA8F4311B0A" box="[1050,1133,491,514]" name="Bolivia" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
); ja’ta (Yucuna tribe), jusa trueno and ocarro (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA26509A0E94E48F45A1B2A" box="[920,1030,523,546]" name="Colombia" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
); armadillo gigante, armadillo trueno, cutimbo, and tatú gigante (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA26509A08B4E68F40B1B4A" box="[1018,1111,555,578]" name="Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
); carachupa gigante, carachupa maman, kintéro, and yungunturu (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA26509A7274E08F4D01B6A" box="[1110,1164,587,610]" name="Peru" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
); cachicamo grande, cuspa, cuspa gigante, cuspa grande, and cuspón (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA26509A79F4E28F53D1B8A" box="[1262,1377,619,642]" name="Venezuela" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
); tatou-géant (French Guiana); tatu-guazú (Guarani); mowoorímah (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA26509A6E44EC8F5BB1BAA" box="[1429,1511,651,674]" name="Guyana" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
); granman-kapasi (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA26509A7704EE8F4301BCA" box="[1025,1132,683,706]" name="Suriname" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
); and el máximo napnalu, tatu-assú, etopicnic laté, carreta madre, and carachupa guazu (e.g., Superina and Aguiar 2006; Smith 2007; Trujillo and Superina 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="01252F58FFA26509A73D4F7EF49D1F50" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="20B06538FFA26509A73D4F7EF49D1F50" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A73D4F7EF4B31A5F" blockId="1.[1100,1263,829,855]" box="[1100,1263,829,855]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<heading id="335D81DFFFA26509A73D4F7EF4B31A5F" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,829,855]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A73D4F7EF4B31A5F" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,829,855]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A0024FC2F4821D90" blockId="1.[840,1523,897,1624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A0024FC2F40C1A90" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[883,1104,897,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A0024FC2F40C1A90" box="[883,1104,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is by far the largest species of extant armadillos (Emmons and Feer 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A7934FE2F5311AB0" author="NOWAK, R. M." box="[1250,1389,929,952]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref13261" refString="NOWAK, R. M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. 5 th ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="1991">Nowak 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0912A36FFA26509A60F4FE2F5E31AB0" box="[1406,1471,929,952]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[840,875,1686,1707]" captionTargetBox="[966,1397,1161,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-434@0.[966,1397,1161,1673]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—Mature Priodontes maximus at Bioparque Los Ocarros, Villavicencio, Colombia. Photograph by Fernando Trujillo used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573374" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573374/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its carapace extends only about halfway down its sides—seem-ingly draped on its back—whereas carapaces of other armadillos appear to wrap around their sides and flanks (Smith 2007). Head of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A0144862F3811D30" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[869,989,1057,1080]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A0144862F3811D30" box="[869,989,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is relatively small compared with other species of armadillos and is somewhat domed with a long snout, narrow but blunt on the end, and with widely separated, small, and short ears (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A0F348C2F4421D90" author="FITZINGER, L. J." box="[898,1054,1153,1176]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="209 - 276" refId="ref11385" refString="FITZINGER, L. J. 1871. Die naturliche Familie der Gurteltiere (Dasypodes). I. Abtheilung. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 64: 209 - 276." type="journal article" year="1871">Fitzinger 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A75C48C2F4921D90" author="KUHLHORN, F." box="[1069,1230,1153,1176]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="55 - 85" refId="ref12218" refString="KUHLHORN, F. 1939. Beziehungen zwischen Ernahrungsweise und Bau des Kauapparates bei einigen Gurteltier- und Ameisenbarenarten. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 84: 55 - 85." type="journal article" year="1939">Kühlhorn 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A00248E2F49D1F50" blockId="1.[840,1523,897,1624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A00248E2F4131DB0" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[883,1103,1185,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A00248E2F4131DB0" box="[883,1103,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 4 species of naked-tailed armadillos (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A0064882F3B71DD0" authorityName="McMurtrie" authorityYear="1831" box="[887,1003,1217,1240]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Cabassous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A0064882F3B71DD0" box="[887,1003,1217,1240]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Cabassous</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are in the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A7ED4882F5B11DD0" authority="(Wetzel et al. 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Wetzel" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1180,1517,1217,1240]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Priodontini">Priodontini (Wetzel et al. 2008)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and only a naked-tailed armadillo could be confused for an immature
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A0C74942F46D1C10" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[950,1073,1281,1304]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A0C74942F46D1C10" box="[950,1073,1281,1304]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A7334942F49E1C10" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." box="[1090,1218,1281,1304]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref12880" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 1985. Naked-tailed armadillos, Cabassous sp. Pp. 389 - 391 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Meritt 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A7A04942F55A1C10" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." box="[1233,1286,1281,1304]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="30 - 33" refId="ref12935" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 2006. Research questions on the behavior and ecology of the giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus). Edentata 7: 30 - 33." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Smith 2007;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA26509A6D34942F5AF1C10" box="[1442,1523,1281,1304]" country="Venezuela" name="Trujillo" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Trujillo</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Superina 2013). Adult size is diagnostic:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A65C4962F5FA1C30" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[1325,1446,1313,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A65C4962F5FA1C30" box="[1325,1446,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, headbody length>
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA26509A09A4902F41F1C50" box="[1003,1091,1345,1368]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="700.0">700 mm</quantity>
|
||
, greatest length of skull>
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA26509A61F4902F59E1C50" box="[1390,1474,1345,1368]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A0394922F3E01C70" authorityName="McMurtrie" authorityYear="1831" box="[840,956,1377,1400]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Cabassous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A0394922F3E01C70" box="[840,956,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Cabassous</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, head–body length <
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA26509A7D14922F4A41C70" box="[1184,1272,1377,1400]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="495.0">495 mm</quantity>
|
||
, greatest length of skull <
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA26509A01149C2F3E81C90" box="[864,948,1409,1432]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="125.0">125 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Wetzel 1985a). As the common name of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A03949E2F3E01CB0" authorityName="McMurtrie" authorityYear="1831" box="[840,956,1441,1464]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Cabassous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A03949E2F3E01CB0" box="[840,956,1441,1464]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Cabassous</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
implies, their tails lack scutes and “may or may not have visible scales,” whereas the tail of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A7854982F5321CD0" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[1268,1390,1473,1496]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A7854982F5321CD0" box="[1268,1390,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is “armored with articulating bony scutes” (Wetzel 1985a:15).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A60749A2F5AF1CF0" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[1398,1523,1505,1528]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A60749A2F5AF1CF0" box="[1398,1523,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has more upper and lower teeth (about 18/19) that are more laterally flattened and broader than those in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A60E4A62F5AF1F30" authorityName="McMurtrie" authorityYear="1831" box="[1407,1523,1569,1592]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Cabassous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A60E4A62F5AF1F30" box="[1407,1523,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Cabassous</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(about 9/8—Wetzel 1985a, 1985b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="01252F58FFA2650AA09A4AD2F1F01AEA" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="20B06538FFA2650AA09A4AD2F1F01AEA" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA26509A09A4AD2F50C1FA3" blockId="1.[1003,1360,1681,1707]" box="[1003,1360,1681,1707]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<heading id="335D81DFFFA26509A09A4AD2F50C1FA3" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,1681,1707]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A09A4AD2F50C1FA3" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,1681,1707]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA2650AA0024A96F23F180A" blockId="1.[840,1523,1749,1932]" lastBlockId="2.[109,793,203,994]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
|
||
An adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A7694A96F4AA1FE4" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[1048,1270,1749,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A7694A96F4AA1FE4" box="[1048,1270,1749,1772]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can weigh up to
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA26509A6CB4A96F5AF1FE4" box="[1466,1523,1749,1772]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" unit="kg" value="60.0">60 kg</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA26509A0214AB6F3D61E04" box="[848,906,1781,1804]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" unit="kg" value="80.0">80 kg</quantity>
|
||
in captivity), but average adult weight is about
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA26509A6CB4AB6F5AF1E04" box="[1466,1523,1781,1804]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" unit="kg" value="30.0">30 kg</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA26509A0204B56F3841E24" author="NOWAK, R. M." box="[849,984,1813,1836]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" refId="ref13261" refString="NOWAK, R. M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. 5 th ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="1991">Nowak 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Redford and Eisenberg 1992; Smith 2007; Wetzel et al. 2008). Sexual dimorphism of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA26509A7B24B76F5611E44" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[1219,1341,1845,1868]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA26509A7B24B76F5611E44" box="[1219,1341,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported for 7 of 14 body measurements of
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFA26509A7FF4B16F4831E64" box="[1166,1247,1877,1900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="male">5 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFA26509A6634B16F5241E64" box="[1298,1400,1877,1900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
||
from Emas National Park,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA26509A0994B36F4711E84" box="[1000,1069,1909,1932]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
: males were larger than females in weight, total length, head–body length, tail length, and circumferences of head, neck, and thorax (Silveira et al. 2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA1650AA3E94D48F1E11BAA" blockId="2.[109,793,203,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Carapace of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA2504D48F1C3182A" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[289,415,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA2504D48F16D182A" box="[289,305,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA2314D48F1C3182A" box="[320,415,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is divided into transverse bands of small plates; 3–4 plates on the back of the neck and the central 11–13 plates are quite flexible (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA2C84D08F263186A" author="NOWAK, R. M." box="[441,575,331,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refId="ref13261" refString="NOWAK, R. M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. 5 th ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="1991">Nowak 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wetzel et al. 2008). Pelage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA3A64D28F10F188A" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[215,339,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA3A64D28F0BB188A" box="[215,231,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA3854D28F10F188A" box="[244,339,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is limited to a few beige hairs between the plates. Color is dark brown to black dorsally, with a broad lightcolored band around the lower part of the carapace (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0912A36FFA1650AA1D24DE8F2BD18CA" box="[675,737,427,450]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[109,144,1778,1799]" captionTargetBox="[163,739,1051,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-787@2.[163,739,1051,1765]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2.—The carapace of Priodontes maximus has a broad, light-colored band on its lower part in contrast to its dark brown to black dorsal part; the number of light and dark scales in each row is said to permit individual recognition (Noss et al. 2004). Photographs by Federico Mosquera-Guerra, Fundación Omacha (top) and Fernando Trujillo (bottom) used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573376" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573376/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). An individual
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA3AF4D88F10A18EA" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[222,342,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA3AF4D88F10A18EA" box="[222,342,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be identified by the scale pattern on its carapace, particularly where dark and light scales meet, and the number of light and dark scales in each band (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA1134E48F34C1B2A" author="NOSS, A. J. & R. PENA & D. I. RUMIZ" box="[610,784,523,546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="43 - 52" refId="ref13218" refString="NOSS, A. J., R. PENA, AND D. I. RUMIZ. 2004. Camera trapping Priodontes maximus in the dry forests of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Endangered Species Update 21: 43 - 52." type="journal article" year="2004">Noss et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0912A36FFA1650AA31C4E68F0F01B4A" box="[109,172,555,578]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[109,144,1778,1799]" captionTargetBox="[163,739,1051,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-787@2.[163,739,1051,1765]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2.—The carapace of Priodontes maximus has a broad, light-colored band on its lower part in contrast to its dark brown to black dorsal part; the number of light and dark scales in each row is said to permit individual recognition (Noss et al. 2004). Photographs by Federico Mosquera-Guerra, Fundación Omacha (top) and Fernando Trujillo (bottom) used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573376" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573376/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head shield of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA2184E68F1BA1B4A" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[361,486,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA2184E68F1251B4A" box="[361,377,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA2F64E68F1BA1B4A" box="[391,486,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is oval and does not expand between eyes. Tail is about
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA1650AA2FF4E08F1BE1B6A" box="[398,482,587,610]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="500.0">500 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Wetzel et al. 2008) and covered with small, closely set, rounded plates that are not arranged in rows (Wetzel 1985a, 1985b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA1650AA3E94EE8F1F01AEA" blockId="2.[109,793,203,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA3E94EE8F12E1BCA" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[152,370,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA3E94EE8F12E1BCA" box="[152,370,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can balance itself on its large hind feet, with its tail forming a stable tripod while digging (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA1F04E88F3541BEA" author="NOWAK, R. M." box="[641,776,715,738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refId="ref13261" refString="NOWAK, R. M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. 5 th ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="1991">Nowak 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Simultaneous use of forefeet permits a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA17C4EA8F2D51A0A" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[525,649,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA17C4EA8F2411A0A" box="[525,541,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA15B4EA8F2D51A0A" box="[554,649,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to excavate a hole quickly to escape (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA21B4F48F27C1A2A" author="MILNE, N. & S. F. VIZCAINO & J. C. FERNICOLA" box="[362,544,779,802]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="48 - 56" refId="ref13020" refString="MILNE, N., S. F. VIZCAINO, AND J. C. FERNICOLA. 2009. A 3 D geometric morphometric analysis of digging ability in the extant and fossil cingulate humerus. Journal of Zoology (London) 278: 48 - 56." type="journal article" year="2009">Milne et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unlike smaller armadillos,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA3C94F68F16A1A4A" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[184,310,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA3C94F68F0941A4A" box="[184,200,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA3A64F68F16A1A4A" box="[215,310,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot enclose itself into a tight ball within its carapace, so it rarely attempts to do so. Claws on forefeet are thick and powerful; claw on the 3rd forefinger is greatly enlarged, well developed, and sickle-shaped, measuring up to
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA1650AA31C4FE8F09C1ACA" box="[109,192,939,962]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.03" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" unit="cm" value="20.3">20.3 cm</quantity>
|
||
along the curve—the largest claw of any living mammal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA3074F88F14E1AEA" author="FITZINGER, L. J." box="[118,274,971,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="209 - 276" refId="ref11385" refString="FITZINGER, L. J. 1871. Die naturliche Familie der Gurteltiere (Dasypodes). I. Abtheilung. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 64: 209 - 276." type="journal article" year="1871">Fitzinger 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Smith 2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="01252F58FFA1650AA7404C88F3F91A4E" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="20B06538FFA1650AA7404C88F3F91A4E" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA1650AA7404C88F55519ED" blockId="2.[1073,1289,203,229]" box="[1073,1289,203,229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<heading id="335D81DFFFA1650AA7404C88F55519ED" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,203,229]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA7404C88F55519ED" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,203,229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA1650AA0024D4CF3F91A4E" blockId="2.[840,1523,271,838]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA0024D4CF40D182E" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[883,1105,271,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA0024D4CF40D182E" box="[883,1105,271,294]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA1650AA7A64D4CF540182E" box="[1239,1308,271,294]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA1650AA6564D4CF5D0182E" box="[1319,1420,271,294]" name="Paraguay" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA1650AA6E94D4CF5B2182E" box="[1432,1518,271,294]" name="Guyana" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA1650AA0394D6CF3EE184E" box="[840,946,303,326]" name="Suriname" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA1650AA0CF4D6CF43E184E" box="[958,1122,303,326]" name="French Guiana" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and east of the Andes in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA1650AA6F34D6CF5B3184E" box="[1410,1519,303,326]" name="Colombia" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA1650AA0394D0CF3E6186E" box="[840,954,335,358]" name="Venezuela" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA1650AA0B74D0CF47E186E" box="[966,1058,335,358]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA1650AA75E4D0CF4DC186E" box="[1071,1152,335,358]" name="Bolivia" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA1650AA7CC4D0CF4B2186E" box="[1213,1262,335,358]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA6704D0CF5DF186E" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." box="[1281,1411,335,358]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="103" refId="ref12815" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 1973. Observations on the status of the giant armadillo, Priodontes giganteus, in Paraguay. Zoologica: Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society 58: 103." type="journal article" year="1973">Meritt 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Emmons and Feer 1997; Vaz 2003;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA71A4D2CF517188E" author="ANACLETO, T. C. S. & J. A & FILHO, AND M. V. C. V & ITAL" box="[1131,1355,367,390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="202 - 213" refId="ref9189" refString="ANACLETO, T. C. S., J. A. F. D INIZ- FILHO, AND M. V. C. V ITAL. 2006. Estimating potential geographic ranges of armadillos (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) in Brazil under niche-based models. Mammalia 70: 202 - 213." type="journal article" year="2006">Anacleto et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA62B4D2CF5CC188E" author="ANACLETO, T. C. S. & F. MIRANDA & I. MEDRI & E. CUELLAR & A. M. ABBA & M. SUPERINA" box="[1370,1424,367,390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refId="ref9289" refString="ANACLETO, T. C. S., F. MIRANDA, I. MEDRI, E. CUELLAR, A. M. ABBA, AND M. SUPERINA. 2014. Priodontes maximus. International Union for Conservation and Nature, Red List of Threatened Species, version 2014.3. www. iucnredlist. org. Accessed 7 January 2015." type="book" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Zapata- Ríos et al. 2006; Smith 2007;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA7E54DCCF54A18AE" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." box="[1172,1302,399,422]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refId="ref12969" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 2008. Xenarthrans of the Paraguayan Chaco. Pp. 294 - 299 in The biology of Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">Meritt 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wetzel et al. 2008; Srbek-Araujo et al. 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA71E4DECF51918CE" author="PORFIRIO, G. E. O." box="[1135,1349,431,454]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="72 - 75" refId="ref13594" refString="PORFIRIO, G. E. O., ET AL. 2012. New records of giant armadillo Priodontes maximus (Cingulata: Dasypodidae) at Serra do Amolar, Pantanal of Brazil. Edentata 13: 72 - 75." type="journal article" year="2012">Porfirio et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Zimbres et al. 2012;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0912A36FFA1650AA0FF4D8CF39318EE" box="[910,975,463,486]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[110,145,1271,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-362@3.[400,1232,200,1258]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3.—Distribution of Priodontes maximus in South America." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4589189" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4589189/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA1650AA7744D8CF42F18EE" box="[1029,1139,463,486]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA7F14D8CF4A118EE" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[1152,1277,463,486]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA7F14D8CF4A118EE" box="[1152,1277,463,486]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is probably limited to the northern provinces of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA1650AA7134DACF4C71B0E" box="[1122,1179,495,518]" country="Argentina" name="Salta" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Salta</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA1650AA7D74DACF55B1B0E" box="[1190,1287,495,518]" country="Argentina" name="Formosa" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Formosa</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA1650AA6624DACF5061B0E" box="[1299,1370,495,518]" country="Argentina" name="Chaco" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Chaco</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA1650AA6E54DACF3E41B2E" country="Argentina" name="Santiago del Estero" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Santiago del Estero</collectingRegion>
|
||
, as far south as
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0D9E5074FFA1650AA7134E4CF4CA1B2E" box="[1122,1174,527,550]" degrees="31" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" precision="55555" value="-31.0">31°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(Torres and Jayat 2010); further south, temperatures are too cold (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA7B74E6CF50B1B4E" author="MCNAB, B. K." box="[1222,1367,559,582]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="606 - 627" refId="ref12698" refString="MCNAB, B. K. 1980. Energetics and the limits to a temperate distribution in armadillos. Journal of Mammalogy 61: 606 - 627." type="journal article" year="1980">McNab 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA0394E0CF39F1B6E" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[840,963,591,614]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA0394E0CF39F1B6E" box="[840,963,591,614]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Argentinian provinces of Córdoba,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA1650AA6FF4E0CF5B21B6E" box="[1422,1518,591,614]" country="Argentina" name="Santa Fe" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Santa Fe</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and Misiones is uncertain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA7074E2CF4A51B8E" author="PARERA, A." box="[1142,1273,623,646]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refId="ref13494" refString="PARERA, A. 2002. Los mamiferos de la Argentina y la region austral de Sudamerica. El Ateneo, Buenos Aires, Argentina." type="book" year="2002">Parera 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA67B4E2CF5BF1B8E" author="MASSOIA, E. & J. C. CHEBEZ & AND A." box="[1290,1507,623,646]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refId="ref12565" refString="MASSOIA, E., J. C. CHEBEZ, AND A. B OSSO. 2006. Los mamiferos silvestres de la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Edicion de los autores, Buenos Aires, Argentina." type="book" year="2006">Massoia et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in part because records from Córdoba are old; new surveys are needed in these provinces (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA7E84EECF5121BCE" author="ABBA, A. M. & M. F. TOGNELLI & V. P. SEITZ & J. B. BENDER & S. F. VIZCAINO" box="[1177,1358,687,710]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="123 - 136" refId="ref8935" refString="ABBA, A. M., M. F. TOGNELLI, V. P. SEITZ, J. B. BENDER, AND S. F. VIZCAINO. 2012. Distribution of extant xenarthrans (Mammalia: Xenarthra) in Argentina using species distribution models. Mammalia 76: 123 - 136." type="journal article" year="2012">Abba et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA09F4E8CF4371BEE" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[1006,1131,719,742]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA09F4E8CF4371BEE" box="[1006,1131,719,742]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extends over a large area of South America, it occurs in low-density, discontinuous populations in most areas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA09A4F4CF4231A2E" author="CABRERA, A." box="[1003,1151,783,806]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 732" refId="ref9828" refString="CABRERA, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales " Bernardino Rivadavia " 4: 1 - 732." type="journal article" year="1957">Cabrera 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA7FE4F4CF54D1A2E" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." box="[1167,1297,783,806]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="30 - 33" refId="ref12935" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 2006. Research questions on the behavior and ecology of the giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus). Edentata 7: 30 - 33." type="journal article" year="2006">Meritt 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see “Conservation” section).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="20B06538FFA1650DA7574FDCF23E1F0A" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="description">
|
||
<subSection id="01252F58FFA1650BA7574FDCF5291FB3" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA1650AA7574FDCF5491AB1" blockId="2.[1062,1301,927,953]" box="[1062,1301,927,953]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<heading id="335D81DFFFA1650AA7574FDCF5491AB1" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,927,953]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA7574FDCF5491AB1" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,927,953]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA1650AA0024FA0F4411F92" blockId="2.[840,1523,995,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Ancestral lineages within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA7E94FA0F55E1AF2" box="[1176,1282,995,1018]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Cingulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
diverged from sloths and anteaters close to the Cretaceous–Paleogene transition about 66 million years ago, and armadillos diversified thereafter in the early to middle Eocene and beyond (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA6104800F5B71D52" author="KURTEN, B." box="[1377,1515,1091,1114]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refId="ref12260" refString="KURTEN, B. 1972. The age of mammals. Columbia University Press, New York." type="book" year="1972">Kurtén 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA0394820F45E1D72" author="ENGELMANN, G. F." box="[840,1026,1123,1146]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refId="ref11124" refString="ENGELMANN, G. F. 1985. The phylogeny of the Xenarthra. Pp. 51 - 64 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Engelmann 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA7624820F4811D72" author="DELSUC, F. & M. CATZEFLIS & M. J. STANHOPE & E. J. P. DOUZERY" box="[1043,1245,1123,1146]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1605 - 1615" refId="ref10640" refString="DELSUC, F., M. CATZEFLIS, M. J. STANHOPE, AND E. J. P. DOUZERY. 2001. The evolution of armadillos, anteaters, and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenetics: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. Biological Sciences 268: 1605 - 1615." type="journal article" year="2001">Delsuc et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA79C4820F57F1D72" author="DELSUC, F." box="[1261,1315,1123,1146]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1656 - 1671" refId="ref10601" refString="DELSUC, F., ET AL. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of living xenarthrans and the impact of character and taxon sampling on the placental tree rooting. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19: 1656 - 1671." type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA6424820F5B71D72" author="CROFT, D. A. & J. L. FLYNN & A. R. WYSS" box="[1331,1515,1123,1146]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="781 - 797" refId="ref10335" refString="CROFT, D. A., J. L. FLYNN, AND A. R. WYSS. 2007. A new basal glyptodontid and other Xenarthra of the early Miocene Chucal fauna, northern Chile. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 781 - 797." type="journal article" year="2007">Croft et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Vizcaíno et al. 2008; Vizcaíno and Bargo 2014;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA61748C0F3221DB2" author="DELSUC, F." pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="155 - R 156" refId="ref10765" refString="DELSUC, F., ET AL. 2016. The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts. Current Biology Magazine 26: R 155 - R 156." type="journal article" year="2016">Delsuc et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Armored species in the order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA66348E0F5201DB2" box="[1298,1404,1187,1210]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Cingulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
traditionally were placed in 2 extinct families,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA6644880F5E21DD2" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1954" box="[1301,1470,1219,1242]" class="Mammalia" family="Pampatheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pampatheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA03948A0F3AD1DF2" box="[840,1009,1251,1274]" class="Mammalia" family="Glyptodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Glyptodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(both were browsers and grazers), and 1 extant family,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA08F4940F4D01C12" box="[1022,1164,1283,1306]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dasypodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(primarily insect-eaters—Fer-nicola et al. 2008). New phylogenetic evidence concludes that there are 1 extinct family,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA7DD4900F5041C52" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1954" box="[1196,1368,1347,1370]" class="Mammalia" family="Pampatheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pampatheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 2 extant families,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA0C84920F41B1C72" box="[953,1095,1379,1402]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dasypodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(dasypodines) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA64F4920F5AF1C72" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1850" box="[1342,1523,1379,1402]" class="Mammalia" family="Chlamyphoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Chlamyphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(traditionally including euphractines, chlamyphorines, and tolypeutines) that diverged about 42 million years ago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA6CC49E0F3E01CD2" author="GIBB, G. C." pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="621 - 642" refId="ref11623" refString="GIBB, G. C., ET AL. 2015. Shotgun mitogenomics provides a reference phylogenetic framework and timescale for living xenarthrans. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33: 621 - 642." type="journal article" year="2015">Gibb et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA0BD4980F4C81CD2" author="DELSUC, F." box="[972,1172,1475,1498]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="155 - R 156" refId="ref10765" refString="DELSUC, F., ET AL. 2016. The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts. Current Biology Magazine 26: R 155 - R 156." type="journal article" year="2016">Delsuc et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Extinct glyptodonts and pampatheres had been thought to represent a monophyletic clade, sister to dasypodines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA73F4A40F5501F12" author="ENGELMANN, G. F." box="[1102,1292,1539,1562]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refId="ref11124" refString="ENGELMANN, G. F. 1985. The phylogeny of the Xenarthra. Pp. 51 - 64 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Engelmann 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Gaudin and Wible 2006); however, new evidence places glyptodonts as a subfamily within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA0B44A00F4261F52" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1850" box="[965,1146,1603,1626]" class="Mammalia" family="Chlamyphoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Chlamyphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA7E14A00F57C1F52" authorityName="Winge" authorityYear="1923" box="[1168,1312,1603,1626]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Euphractinae">Euphractinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA6384A00F5AE1F52" box="[1353,1522,1603,1626]" class="Mammalia" family="Glyptodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glyptodontinae">Glyptodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA0154A20F4451F72" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1850" box="[868,1049,1635,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chlamyphorinae">Chlamyphorinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA7304A20F4931F72" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1865" box="[1089,1231,1635,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tolypeutinae">Tolypeutinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
[including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA6264A20F5921F72" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1825" box="[1367,1486,1635,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA6264A20F5921F72" box="[1367,1486,1635,1658]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Priodontes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA0394AC0F4511F92" author="DELSUC, F." box="[840,1037,1667,1690]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="155 - R 156" refId="ref10765" refString="DELSUC, F., ET AL. 2016. The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts. Current Biology Magazine 26: R 155 - R 156." type="journal article" year="2016">Delsuc et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA1650BA0024AE0F1151CD3" blockId="2.[840,1523,995,1946]" lastBlockId="3.[109,793,1348,1947]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Fossil record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA7444AE0F4FE1FB2" box="[1077,1186,1699,1722]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Cingulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
is rich, with ≥ 65 genera of extinct glyptodonts and ≥ 35 genera of armadillos and pampatheres (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA0CF4AA0F4E01FF2" author="FERNICOLA, J. C. & S. F. VIZCAINO & R. A. FARINA" box="[958,1212,1763,1786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refId="ref11230" refString="FERNICOLA, J. C., S. F. VIZCAINO, AND R. A. FARINA. 2008. The evolution of armored xenarthrans and a phylogeny of the glyptodonts. Pp. 79 - 85 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">Fernicola et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During the Pleistocene, some North American pampatheres evolved in Florida: for example,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA0804B60F5AF1E32" authority="(Simpson 1930)" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[1009,1523,1827,1850]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Holmesina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA0804B60F5781E32" box="[1009,1316,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Holmesina septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Simpson 1930)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA0FA4B00F4B61E52" authority="(Edmund 1985)" baseAuthorityName="Edmund" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[907,1258,1859,1882]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Holmesina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floridanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA0FA4B00F47A1E52" box="[907,1062,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">H. floridanus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA74C4B00F4821E52" author="EDMUND, G." box="[1085,1246,1859,1882]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refId="ref10993" refString="EDMUND, G. 1985. The fossil giant armadillos of North America (Pampatheriinae, Xenarthra = Edentata). Pp. 83 - 93 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Edmund 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At least 2 species of giant glyptodont persisted as part of the North American megafauna through the late Pleistocene:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650BA63E4BC0F0AF1C53" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Glyptodontidae" genus="Glyptotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="24" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindricum">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650BA63E4BC0F0AF1C53" italics="true" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Glyptotherium cylindricum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as far north as
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA0650BA2C14907F25E1C53" box="[432,514,1348,1371]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Sonora</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA0650BA1604907F2391C53" box="[529,613,1348,1371]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Ramírez-Cruz and Montellano-Ballesteros 2014) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA0650BA13B4927F2AE1C73" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[586,754,1380,1403]" class="Mammalia" family="Glyptodontidae" genus="Glyptotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floridanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA13B4927F2AE1C73" box="[586,754,1380,1403]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">G. floridanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Hunt County, Texas (Gillette and Ray 1981). They may have become extinct because of climate change or human hunting (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA0650BA3064987F16B1CD3" author="CIONE, A. L. & E. P. TONNI & L. SOIBELZON" box="[119,311,1476,1499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refId="ref10209" refString="CIONE, A. L., E. P. TONNI, AND L. SOIBELZON. 2009. Did humans cause the late Pleistocene-early Holocene mammalian extinctions in South America in a context of shrinking open areas. Pp. 125 - 144 in American megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene (G. Haynes, ed.). Springer, New York." type="book" year="2009">Cione et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3CD5663BFFA1650AA31C4AB1F1281E92" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573376" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573376" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573376/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" startId="2.[109,144,1778,1799]" targetBox="[163,739,1051,1765]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA1650AA31C4AB1F1281E92" blockId="2.[109,792,1778,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA31C4AB1F0EC1E0F" bold="true" box="[109,176,1778,1799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
—The carapace of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA1650AA2004AB0F2641E00" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[369,568,1779,1800]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA1650AA2004AB0F2641E00" box="[369,568,1779,1800]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a broad, light-colored band on its lower part in contrast to its dark brown to black dorsal part; the number of light and dark scales in each row is said to permit individual recognition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA1650AA2064B08F24F1E68" author="NOSS, A. J. & R. PENA & D. I. RUMIZ" box="[375,531,1867,1888]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="43 - 52" refId="ref13218" refString="NOSS, A. J., R. PENA, AND D. I. RUMIZ. 2004. Camera trapping Priodontes maximus in the dry forests of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Endangered Species Update 21: 43 - 52." type="journal article" year="2004">Noss et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Photographs by Federico Mosquera-Guerra, Fundación Omacha (top) and Fernando Trujillo (bottom) used with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="3CD5663BFFA0650BA31F48B4F28F1C04" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4589189" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4589189" box="[110,723,1271,1292]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4589189/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" targetBox="[400,1232,200,1258]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA0650BA31F48B4F28F1C04" blockId="3.[110,723,1271,1292]" box="[110,723,1271,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA31F48B4F0F11C04" bold="true" box="[110,173,1271,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
—Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA0650BA22848B4F2411C04" authorityName=": O. Thomas" authorityYear="1880" box="[345,541,1271,1292]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA22848B4F2411C04" box="[345,541,1271,1292]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in South America.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA0650BA3E949A7F3E11C73" blockId="3.[109,793,1348,1947]" lastBlockId="3.[840,1523,1348,1723]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Armadillo fossils from the late Paleocene were found in Patagonia, and many species of armadillos, ranging from insecteaters to plant-eaters, were present in South America by the early to middle Eocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA0650BA2F34A07F2571F53" author="KURTEN, B." box="[386,523,1604,1627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refId="ref12260" refString="KURTEN, B. 1972. The age of mammals. Columbia University Press, New York." type="book" year="1972">Kurtén 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA0650BA16C4A07F2B41F53" author="DELSUC, F." box="[541,744,1604,1627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="155 - R 156" refId="ref10765" refString="DELSUC, F., ET AL. 2016. The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts. Current Biology Magazine 26: R 155 - R 156." type="journal article" year="2016">Delsuc et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Neogene, some cingulates became large, and by the Pliocene and Pleistocene, species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA0650BA2E94AC7F2681F93" box="[408,564,1668,1691]" class="Mammalia" family="Pampatheriidae" genus="Pampatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA2E94AC7F2681F93" box="[408,564,1668,1691]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Pampatherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were the size of rhinoceroses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA0650BA3984AE7F12D1FB3" author="KURTEN, B." box="[233,369,1700,1723]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refId="ref12260" refString="KURTEN, B. 1972. The age of mammals. Columbia University Press, New York." type="book" year="1972">Kurtén 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA0650BA2F34AE7F2471FB3" author="EDMUND, G." box="[386,539,1700,1723]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refId="ref10993" refString="EDMUND, G. 1985. The fossil giant armadillos of North America (Pampatheriinae, Xenarthra = Edentata). Pp. 83 - 93 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Edmund 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Glyptodonts arose in the Eocene and diversified greatly in the Miocene and Pliocene; some glyptodonts were gigantic reaching
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA0650BA14F4AA7F2371FF3" box="[574,619,1764,1787]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
|
||
in length, with their nearly fused plates resulting in their “inflexible structure” and common name “mammalian tortoise” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA0650BA1204B67F0C51E53" author="KURTEN, B." pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refId="ref12260" refString="KURTEN, B. 1972. The age of mammals. Columbia University Press, New York." type="book" year="1972">Kurtén 1972:178– 179</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite substantial differences in size, comparisons of “deep and superficial cortexes” of the osteoderm support close phylogenetic relationships among pampatheres, glyptodonts, and tolypeutine armadillos, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA0650BA79D4907F3E51C73" authority="(Wolf et al. 2012: 388)" baseAuthorityName="Wolf" baseAuthorityPageNumber="388" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA79D4907F5351C53" box="[1260,1385,1348,1371]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
(Wolf et al. 2012:388)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA0650BA00249C7F5291FB3" blockId="3.[840,1523,1348,1723]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA0650BA00249C7F3B41C93" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1825" box="[883,1000,1412,1435]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA00249C7F3B41C93" box="[883,1000,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Priodontes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not have a documented fossil record (de Paula-Couto 1979; McKenna and Bell 1997; Wetzel et al. 2008), but the extinct dasypodid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA0650BA7274987F4FB1CD3" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1867" box="[1110,1191,1476,1499]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Eutatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA7274987F4FB1CD3" box="[1110,1191,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Eutatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had species as large as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA0650BA6EC4987F32F1CF3" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA6EC4987F32F1CF3" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA0650BA0C949A7F47E1CF3" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1867" box="[952,1058,1508,1531]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Eutatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seguini">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA0C949A7F47E1CF3" box="[952,1058,1508,1531]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">E. seguini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). They were less fossorial than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA0650BA60849A7F5AF1CF3" box="[1401,1523,1508,1531]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA60849A7F5AF1CF3" box="[1401,1523,1508,1531]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and herbivorous (Vizcaíno et al. 2003).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA0650BA7844A47F53C1F13" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1867" box="[1269,1376,1540,1563]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Eutatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seguini">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA7844A47F53C1F13" box="[1269,1376,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">E. seguini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the large glyptodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA0650BA0B54A67F4801F33" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[964,1244,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Glyptodontidae" genus="Doedicurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clavicaudatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA0B54A67F4801F33" box="[964,1244,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Doedicurus clavicaudatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were common in the late Pliocene to the early Holocene in South America and found at 7,000- to 7,500-year-old archaeological sites in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA0650BA63A4A27F5E41F73" box="[1355,1464,1636,1659]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, confirming early use of cingulates as food by human hunter-gatherers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA0650BA0064AE7F4621FB3" author="FIDALGO, F. & R. O. GENTILE & H. A. CORREA" box="[887,1086,1700,1723]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref11336" refString="FIDALGO, F., R. O. GENTILE, AND H. A. CORREA. 1986. Geologia y geomorfologia en la Cuenca del Arroyo Tapalque. Provincia de Buenos Aires, Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas (CIC) Inf 30: 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="1986">Fidalgo et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Politis and Gutiérrez 1998).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="01252F58FFA0650CA08D4B43F5291C0A" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA0650BA08D4B43F5621E12" blockId="3.[1020,1342,1792,1818]" box="[1020,1342,1792,1818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading id="335D81DFFFA0650BA08D4B43F5621E12" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,1792,1818]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA08D4B43F5621E12" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,1792,1818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA0650CA0024B07F1DA1F90" blockId="3.[840,1523,1860,1947]" lastBlockId="4.[109,792,1409,1944]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Skull of an adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA0650BA75C4B07F5551E53" box="[1069,1289,1860,1883]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA75C4B07F5551E53" box="[1069,1289,1860,1883]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is ≥
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA0650BA64E4B07F5CF1E53" box="[1343,1427,1860,1883]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="180.0">180 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0912A36FFA0650BA6D54B07F5BF1E53" box="[1444,1507,1860,1883]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1127,1148]" captionTargetBox="[163,739,200,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-764@4.[163,739,200,1114]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral view of skull and lateral view of the mandible of an adult female Priodontes maximus (Oklahoma State University Collection of Vertebrates 10455). Greatest length of skull is 182mm, but note that the tip of the nasals may not be intact. This female was captured in the wild on 12 December 1970 (specific location in South America unknown) and died of unknown causes after 6 years, 1 month, and 19 days in captivity at the Oklahoma City Zoo (United States)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573378/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA0650BA0394B27F3941E73" box="[840,968,1892,1915]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA0394B27F3041E73" box="[840,856,1892,1915]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA0650BA0184B27F3941E73" box="[873,968,1892,1915]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can have as many as 100 teeth, the greatest number of teeth of any terrestrial mammal (Ungar 2010). The teeth are hypselodont (shallow-rooted, high-crowned, and ever-growing), have a thin outer layer of acellular cementum (Green and Kalthoff 2015), and lack enamel. All teeth are molariform but not easily differentiated as premolars and molars (Ungar 2010); they are small, with thin blades, twice as long anteroposteriorly as wide, numbering 15–26 per row (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA1734A62F2FD1F30" author="FITZINGER, L. J." box="[514,673,1569,1592]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="209 - 276" refId="ref11385" refString="FITZINGER, L. J. 1871. Die naturliche Familie der Gurteltiere (Dasypodes). I. Abtheilung. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 64: 209 - 276." type="journal article" year="1871">Fitzinger 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA1C34A62F0FE1F50" author="KUHLHORN, F." pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="55 - 85" refId="ref12218" refString="KUHLHORN, F. 1939. Beziehungen zwischen Ernahrungsweise und Bau des Kauapparates bei einigen Gurteltier- und Ameisenbarenarten. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 84: 55 - 85." type="journal article" year="1939">Kühlhorn 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wetzel 1985b). Teeth are not replaced, and toothrows do not articulate and play little role in catching, grasping, or chewing prey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA3A44AC2F12A1F90" author="KUHLHORN, F." box="[213,374,1665,1688]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="55 - 85" refId="ref12218" refString="KUHLHORN, F. 1939. Beziehungen zwischen Ernahrungsweise und Bau des Kauapparates bei einigen Gurteltier- und Ameisenbarenarten. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 84: 55 - 85." type="journal article" year="1939">Kühlhorn 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3CD5663BFFA7650CA31C4824F0EA1C41" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573378" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573378/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" startId="4.[109,144,1127,1148]" targetBox="[163,739,200,1114]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA7650CA31C4824F0EA1C41" blockId="4.[109,792,1127,1353]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA31C4824F0F31D74" bold="true" box="[109,175,1127,1148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
|
||
—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral view of skull and lateral view of the mandible of an adult female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA2D848C6F2321D92" box="[425,622,1157,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA2D848C6F2321D92" box="[425,622,1157,1178]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Oklahoma State University Collection of Vertebrates 10455). Greatest length of skull is 182 mm, but note that the tip of the nasals may not be intact. This female was captured in the wild on 12 December 1970 (specific location in South America unknown) and died of unknown causes after 6 years, 1 month, and 19 days in captivity at the Oklahoma City Zoo (United States).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA7650CA3E94AE2F5EB180A" blockId="4.[109,792,1409,1944]" lastBlockId="4.[840,1523,203,1282]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Tongue of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA2614AE2F1D01FB0" box="[272,396,1697,1720]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA2614AE2F1D01FB0" box="[272,396,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is long and vermiform, which is an adaptation to a diet of small insects; tongue of a recently dead
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA31C4AA2F0BE1FF0" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1825" box="[109,226,1761,1784]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA31C4AA2F0BE1FF0" box="[109,226,1761,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Priodontes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA7650CA2584AA2F1341FF0" box="[297,360,1761,1784]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" unit="cm" value="16.0">16 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA20E4AA2F2751FF0" author="KUHLHORN, F." box="[383,553,1761,1784]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="55 - 85" refId="ref12218" refString="KUHLHORN, F. 1939. Beziehungen zwischen Ernahrungsweise und Bau des Kauapparates bei einigen Gurteltier- und Ameisenbarenarten. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 84: 55 - 85." type="journal article" year="1939">Kühlhorn 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Salivary glands of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA31C4B42F0BE1E10" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1825" box="[109,226,1793,1816]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA31C4B42F0BE1E10" box="[109,226,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Priodontes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extend from under the neck to the sternum; location of submaxillary glands differs from that in other mammals because of the large size and slender head of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA1D24B02F1751E70" authority="(Kuhlhorn 1939)" baseAuthorityName="Kuhlhorn" baseAuthorityYear="1939" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA1D24B02F3441E50" box="[675,792,1857,1880]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Priodontes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA3074B22F1411E70" author="KUHLHORN, F." box="[118,285,1889,1912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="55 - 85" refId="ref12218" refString="KUHLHORN, F. 1939. Beziehungen zwischen Ernahrungsweise und Bau des Kauapparates bei einigen Gurteltier- und Ameisenbarenarten. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 84: 55 - 85." type="journal article" year="1939">Kühlhorn 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA2484B22F2521E70" author="BILLET, G. & L. HAUTIER & R. LEBRUN" box="[313,526,1889,1912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="658 - 672" refId="ref9627" refString="BILLET, G., L. HAUTIER, AND R. LEBRUN. 2015. Morphological diversity of the bony labyrinth (inner ear) in extant Xenarthrans and its relation to phylogeny. Journal of Mammalogy 96: 658 - 672." type="journal article" year="2015">Billet et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the shape of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA17D4BC2F2DB1E90" box="[524,647,1921,1944]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA17D4BC2F2DB1E90" box="[524,647,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; unlike other morphological evidence, bony labyrinth characteristics did not support a
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA0C04CA8F4FB180A" box="[945,1191,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Priodontes–Cabassous</emphasis>
|
||
clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA7874CA8F5FB180A" author="BILLET, G. & L. HAUTIER & R. LEBRUN" box="[1270,1447,235,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="658 - 672" refId="ref9627" refString="BILLET, G., L. HAUTIER, AND R. LEBRUN. 2015. Morphological diversity of the bony labyrinth (inner ear) in extant Xenarthrans and its relation to phylogeny. Journal of Mammalogy 96: 658 - 672." type="journal article" year="2015">Billet et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA7650CA0024D48F3851A0A" blockId="4.[840,1523,203,1282]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Limb measurements related to interspecific differences in digging abilities of armadillos have been assessed; those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA0194D08F3BF186A" box="[872,995,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA0194D08F3BF186A" box="[872,995,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include (mm ±
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA7E84D08F4E6186A" box="[1177,1210,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">SD</emphasis>
|
||
): maximum humeral length, 119.8 ± 4.3; ulnar length, 132 ± 6.4; olecranon length, 64.9 ± 8.8; and rear leg length, 85.5 ± 6.5 (Vizcaíno and Milne 2002:tables 2 and 3;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA0FC4DE8F46218CA" author="MILNE, N. & S. F. VIZCAINO & J. C. FERNICOLA" box="[909,1086,427,450]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="48 - 56" refId="ref13020" refString="MILNE, N., S. F. VIZCAINO, AND J. C. FERNICOLA. 2009. A 3 D geometric morphometric analysis of digging ability in the extant and fossil cingulate humerus. Journal of Zoology (London) 278: 48 - 56." type="journal article" year="2009">Milne et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)—slightly smaller lengths were provided by Vizcaíno et al. (1999). Aside from the small and highly fossorial pink fairy armadillo (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA7044DA8F5231B0A" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1825" box="[1141,1407,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Chlamyphorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="truncatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA7044DA8F5231B0A" box="[1141,1407,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Chlamyphorus truncatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), an index of fossorial ability (i.e., length of olecranon process divided by difference between ulnar length and olecranon length) was highest for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA0E54E08F4521B6A" box="[916,1038,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA0E54E08F4521B6A" box="[916,1038,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(101.17 ± 34.5) and other species in the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA0394E28F39C1B8A" box="[840,960,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Priodontini">Priodontini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(92.86 ± 6.04—Vizcaíno and Milne 2002).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA6EB4E28F32F1BAA" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA6EB4E28F32F1BAA" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
walks on the tips of its strongly developed 3rd claws on its forefeet. Worn surfaces of claws suggest that, in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA0394E88F3E51BEA" baseAuthorityName="Redford" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[840,953,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Tolypeutes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA0394E88F3E51BEA" box="[840,953,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Tolypeutes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA0B64E88F41C1BEA" box="[967,1088,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA0B64E88F41C1BEA" box="[967,1088,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
slides rather than stalks on its forehands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA0204EA8F3951A0A" author="KRIEG, H." box="[849,969,747,770]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" refId="ref12129" refString="KRIEG, H. 1961. Das Verhalten der Gurteltiere (Dasypodidae). Pp. 24 - 31 in Handbuch der Zoologie, Band 8, Lieferung 27 (J. G. Helmcke, H. von Lengerken, and D. Starck, eds.). Walter de Gruyter & Company, Berlin, Germany." type="book" year="1961">Krieg 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA7650CA0024F48F49F1D4A" blockId="4.[840,1523,203,1282]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Sperm shapes are unique among 4 groups of extant armadillos.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA0044F68F3AC1A4A" box="[885,1008,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA0044F68F3AC1A4A" box="[885,1008,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the related southern naked-tailed armadillo (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA0204F08F4611A6A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[849,1085,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Cabassous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA0204F08F4611A6A" box="[849,1085,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Cabassous unicinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) group together by their sperm shapes: heads are large, long, and frontally wide, with extremely thin profiles and overall paddle shapes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA7A44FC8F5C01AAA" author="CETICA, P. D. & J. C. SASSAROLI & M. S. MERANI & A. SOLARI" box="[1237,1436,907,930]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="89 - 103" refId="ref10109" refString="CETICA, P. D., J. C. SASSAROLI, M. S. MERANI, AND A. SOLARI. 1993. Comparative spermatology in Dasypodidae (Priodontes maximus, Chaetophractus villosus & Dasypus hybridus). Biocell: International Journal of Biology 18: 89 - 103." type="journal article" year="1993">Cetica et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Cetica and Merani 2008). Other characteristics of sperm of both species include sperm head lengths of 13.2–18.0 μm (with acrosomes occupying 74–75% of total sperm head length), sperm head widths of 11.6–16.0 μm, and total sperm lengths of 79.9– 98.0 μm (Cetica and Merani 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA7650CA0024808F5291C0A" blockId="4.[840,1523,203,1282]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The pelletized feces of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA7094808F4A91D6A" box="[1144,1269,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA7094808F4A91D6A" box="[1144,1269,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are dry and firm, with mean widths of
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA7650CA0864828F40E1D8A" box="[1015,1106,1131,1154]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.47" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="14.7">14.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
± 1.7
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA7EA4828F4E01D8A" box="[1179,1212,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">SD</emphasis>
|
||
, mean lengths of
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA7650CA6F14828F5871D8A" box="[1408,1499,1131,1154]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.27" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="22.7">22.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
± 3.0
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA00248C8F3C81DAA" box="[883,916,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">SD</emphasis>
|
||
, and mean weights of
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA7650CA7E248C8F4981DAA" box="[1171,1220,1163,1186]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" unit="g" value="2.8">2.8 g</quantity>
|
||
± 0.9
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA66048C8F56E1DAA" box="[1297,1330,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">SD</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA63548C8F5BF1DAA" author="ANACLETO, T. C. S." box="[1348,1507,1163,1186]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="529 - 537" refId="ref9155" refString="ANACLETO, T. C. S. 2007. Food habits of four armadillo species in the Cerrado area, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Zoological Studies 46: 529 - 537." type="journal article" year="2007">Anacleto 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Slow and Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep patterns and electrical activity of flexor muscles in the neck of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA63C4888F5951DEA" box="[1357,1481,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA63C4888F5951DEA" box="[1357,1481,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are typical of mammalian patterns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA7EC48A8F5391C0A" author="AFFANNI, J. M. & E. LISOGORSKY & A. M. SCARAVILLI" box="[1181,1381,1259,1282]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="1046 - 1047" refId="ref8992" refString="AFFANNI, J. M., E. LISOGORSKY, AND A. M. SCARAVILLI. 1972. Sleep in the giant South American armadillo Priodontes giganteus (Edentata, Mammalia). Experientia 28: 1046 - 1047." type="journal article" year="1972">Affanni et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="01252F58FFA7650DA0DB497EF23E1F0A" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA7650CA0DB497EF5CD1C5F" blockId="4.[938,1425,1341,1367]" box="[938,1425,1341,1367]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<heading id="335D81DFFFA7650CA0DB497EF5CD1C5F" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[938,1425,1341,1367]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA0DB497EF5CD1C5F" bold="true" box="[938,1425,1341,1367]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA7650DA00249C2F11A184A" blockId="4.[840,1523,1409,1944]" lastBlockId="5.[109,793,203,1538]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
|
||
A female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA09649C2F49B1C90" box="[999,1223,1409,1432]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA09649C2F49B1C90" box="[999,1223,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has 2 mammae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA6E349C2F3211CB0" author="FITZINGER, L. J." pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="209 - 276" refId="ref11385" refString="FITZINGER, L. J. 1871. Die naturliche Familie der Gurteltiere (Dasypodes). I. Abtheilung. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 64: 209 - 276." type="journal article" year="1871">Fitzinger 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); extrudes a watery, bloody fluid from her vulva during estrus (T. S. Carter, in litt.); has 1 (sometimes 2) young per year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA02049A2F3901CF0" author="KRIEG, H." box="[849,972,1505,1528]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="166 - 190" refId="ref12101" refString="KRIEG, H. 1929. Biologische Reisestudien in Sudamerika. IX: Gurteltiere. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Oekologie der Tiere 14: 166 - 190." type="journal article" year="1929">Krieg 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and lactates for 4–6 months (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA65B49A2F5BF1CF0" author="NERIS, N. & F. COLMAN & E. OVELAR & N. SUKIGARA & N. ISHII" box="[1322,1507,1505,1528]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" refId="ref13167" refString="NERIS, N., F. COLMAN, E. OVELAR, N. SUKIGARA, AND N. ISHII. 2002. Guia de mamiferos medianos y grandes del Paraguay: distribucion, tendencia poblacional y utilizacion. Secretaria del Ambiente (SEAM), Asuncion, Paraguay." type="book" year="2002">Neris et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other reports on basic reproductive characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA60A4A42F5AF1F10" box="[1403,1523,1537,1560]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA60A4A42F5AF1F10" box="[1403,1523,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seem to be incorrect. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA7650CA7CE4A62F5011F30" author="MERRETT, P. K." box="[1215,1373,1569,1592]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" refId="ref12786" refString="MERRETT, P. K. 1983. Edentates: project for city and guilds animal management course. Zoological Trust of Guernsey, Guernsey, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1983">Merrett (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, sexual maturity of male and female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA73F4A02F4941F50" box="[1102,1224,1601,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA73F4A02F4941F50" box="[1102,1224,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reached at 9–12 months, gestation is about 4 months, offspring are born with a body mass of
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA7650CA01A4AC2F3F91F90" box="[875,933,1665,1688]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.13" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" unit="g" value="113.0">113 g</quantity>
|
||
, and weaning occurs at 4–6 weeks. Although these reproductive data have been widely cited, they are likely inaccurate for an armadillo species with the mass of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA6364A82F59C1FD0" box="[1351,1472,1729,1752]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA6364A82F59C1FD0" box="[1351,1472,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and they cannot be substantiated in other scientific literature or from captive records because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA72A4B42F4851E10" box="[1115,1241,1793,1816]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA72A4B42F4851E10" box="[1115,1241,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has never reproduced in captivity (Aya-Cuero et al. 2015). Other armadillo species with similar litter size have birth weights of 6–7% of adult body mass (Superina and Loughry 2012); a neonatal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA7650CA6644B22F5CD1E70" box="[1301,1425,1889,1912]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA7650CA6644B22F5CD1E70" box="[1301,1425,1889,1912]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is therefore expected to have a body mass of
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA7650CA78C4BC2F5371E90" box="[1277,1387,1921,1944]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" unit="kg" value="2.7" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="1.9">1.9–3.5 kg</quantity>
|
||
(Aya-Cuero et al. 2015). Generation length has been estimated at 6–10 years (Fonseca and Aguiar 2004) and 7 years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA6650DA15D4CA8F354180A" author="ANACLETO, T. C. S. & F. MIRANDA & I. MEDRI & E. CUELLAR & A. M. ABBA & M. SUPERINA" box="[556,776,235,258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" refId="ref9289" refString="ANACLETO, T. C. S., F. MIRANDA, I. MEDRI, E. CUELLAR, A. M. ABBA, AND M. SUPERINA. 2014. Priodontes maximus. International Union for Conservation and Nature, Red List of Threatened Species, version 2014.3. www. iucnredlist. org. Accessed 7 January 2015." type="book" year="2014">Anacleto et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but both are very rough estimates given the lack of life-history data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA6650DA3B74D68F163184A" box="[198,319,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA3B74D68F163184A" box="[198,319,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA6650DA3E94D08F12D1AAA" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Information on the duration of lactation provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA6650DA1AF4D08F0AD188A" author="NERIS, N. & F. COLMAN & E. OVELAR & N. SUKIGARA & N. ISHII" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" refId="ref13167" refString="NERIS, N., F. COLMAN, E. OVELAR, N. SUKIGARA, AND N. ISHII. 2002. Guia de mamiferos medianos y grandes del Paraguay: distribucion, tendencia poblacional y utilizacion. Secretaria del Ambiente (SEAM), Asuncion, Paraguay." type="book" year="2002">Neris et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is uncertain because it seems to be based on anecdotal reports from indigenous tribes (Aya-Cuero et al. 2015). Nevertheless, it coincides with camera-trap photographs of a juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA6650DA3BC4D88F11618EA" box="[205,330,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA3BC4D88F11618EA" box="[205,330,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
estimated at 4–5 months of age that was repeatedly observed with its mother; several photographs taken 3 months later at an estimated age of 7–8 months showed the same individual without its mother, suggesting that weaning had occurred (Aya-Cuero et al. 2015). Parental care behavior was observed in another juvenile estimated at 7–8 months of age that shared the burrow with its mother but sometimes explored the surroundings alone (Aya-Cuero et al. 2015;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0912A36FFA6650DA1394EE8F2DB1BCA" box="[584,647,683,706]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[840,876,1403,1424]" captionTargetBox="[909,1453,201,1390]" captionTargetId="figure-651@5.[909,1453,200,1390]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5—Rare camera-trap images of an adult female Priodontes maximus and her young-of-the-year near their den in Puerto Gaitán, Meta, Colombia. Photographs by Carlos Aya-Cuero used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573380/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The female emerged from the burrow, inspected the environment by sniffing in bipedal posture, introduced its snout into the burrow entrance, and finally allowed its offspring to leave the burrow. The offspring then stood on its hind feet and supported its fore claws on its mother’s back for 2–5 min, a behavior that could be observed several times per day and may be interpreted as play behavior (Aya-Cuero et al. 2015).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA6650DA3E94FE8F23E1F0A" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA6650DA3AC4FE8F10B1ACA" box="[221,343,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA3AC4FE8F10B1ACA" box="[221,343,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are presumably solitary most of the year, except during breeding and while a female rears her youngof-the-year. Videos of a wild female and her relatively young offspring emerging from a burrow (http://news.mongabay. com/2013/0219-hance-giant-armadillo-baby.html, accessed
|
||
<date id="1C141073FFA6650DA18C4868F0A11D6A" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" value="2015-08-27">27 August 2015</date>
|
||
) were filmed in
|
||
<date id="1C141073FFA6650DA2B34808F23F1D6A" box="[450,611,1099,1122]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" value="2013-02">
|
||
February
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA6650DA15F4808F23F1D6A" box="[558,611,1099,1122]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.11302" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" unit="in" value="2013.0">2013</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA6650DA1E04808F28A1D6A" box="[657,726,1099,1122]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Next to nothing is known about sexual behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA6650DA11A4828F2BB1D8A" box="[619,743,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA11A4828F2BB1D8A" box="[619,743,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but recently a camera-trap image showed
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFA6650DA17648C8F2001DAA" box="[519,604,1163,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="adult">2 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
apparently copulating, with the male mounting the female from the rear (photograph by Rachel Berzins, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA6650DA23248A8F1C51C0A" box="[323,409,1259,1282]" name="Guyana" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
; http://www.une-saison-en-guyane. com/article/faune/piegage-photo-de-loncfs-sur-le-centre-spatial-guyanais/, accessed
|
||
<date id="1C141073FFA6650DA2014968F2691C4A" box="[368,565,1323,1346]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" value="2015-11-06">6 November 2015</date>
|
||
). Camera-trap videos from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA6650DA3DA4908F1481C6A" box="[171,276,1355,1378]" name="Colombia" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
show a female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA6650DA2B64908F21F1C6A" box="[455,579,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA2B64908F21F1C6A" box="[455,579,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
digging for 30 min to open the entrance of an existing burrow and an offspring emerging (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q76K-txuWCo, accessed
|
||
<date id="1C141073FFA6650DA3A749E8F1C51CCA" box="[214,409,1451,1474]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" value="2015-10-19">19 October 2015</date>
|
||
). Aya-Cuero et al. (2015) hypothesized that the female left its offspring inside the burrow and closed the entrance to impede predator attacks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="3CD5663BFFA6650DA0394938F3E11CE0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573380" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573380/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" startId="5.[840,876,1403,1424]" targetBox="[909,1453,201,1390]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA6650DA0394938F3E11CE0" blockId="5.[840,1523,1403,1512]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA0394938F3FD1C98" bold="true" box="[840,929,1403,1424]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Fig. 5—</emphasis>
|
||
Rare camera-trap images of an adult female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA6650DA6F44938F3FC1CA6" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA6F44938F3FC1CA6" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and her young-of-the-year near their den in Puerto Gaitán, Meta, Colombia. Photographs by Carlos Aya-Cuero used with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection id="01252F58FFA6650FA2094A03F1481A6A" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="20B06538FFA6650FA2094A03F1481A6A" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA6650DA2094A03F2521F52" blockId="5.[376,526,1600,1626]" box="[376,526,1600,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<heading id="335D81DFFFA6650DA2094A03F2521F52" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[376,526,1600,1626]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA2094A03F2521F52" bold="true" box="[376,526,1600,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA6650DA3E94AC0F4401FD3" blockId="5.[109,792,1667,1946]" lastBlockId="5.[840,1523,1572,1947]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA3E94AC0F19A1F93" bold="true" box="[152,454,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Population characteristics.</emphasis>
|
||
—Little is known about population characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA6650DA2F04AE0F2381FB2" box="[385,612,1699,1722]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA2F04AE0F2381FB2" box="[385,612,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It has a widespread, discontinuous distribution and has never been numerous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA6650DA3074AA0F1551FF2" author="CABRERA, A." box="[118,265,1763,1786]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 732" refId="ref9828" refString="CABRERA, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales " Bernardino Rivadavia " 4: 1 - 732." type="journal article" year="1957">Cabrera 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA6650DA2694AA0F1C41FF2" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." box="[280,408,1763,1786]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="30 - 33" refId="ref12935" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 2006. Research questions on the behavior and ecology of the giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus). Edentata 7: 30 - 33." type="journal article" year="2006">Meritt 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are no longevity records of marked or carefully studied
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA6650DA2EC4B40F24B1E12" box="[413,535,1795,1818]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA2EC4B40F24B1E12" box="[413,535,1795,1818]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the wild, but hints of life span can be gleaned from zoo animals. A wild-born male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA6650DA31C4B00F0B41E52" box="[109,232,1859,1882]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA31C4B00F0B41E52" box="[109,232,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, caught in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA6650DA2124B00F1FA1E52" box="[355,422,1859,1882]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1972, arrived at the Rotterdam Zoo (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA6650DA3D94B20F1731E72" box="[168,303,1891,1914]" name="Netherlands" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
) on
|
||
<date id="1C141073FFA6650DA2104B20F1AF1E72" box="[353,499,1891,1914]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" value="1975-05-28">28 May 1975</date>
|
||
and was transferred to the San Antonio Zoo (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA6650DA2494BC0F1271E92" box="[312,379,1923,1946]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA6650DA2F64BC0F2471E92" box="[391,539,1923,1946]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
) in 1981; it died on
|
||
<date id="1C141073FFA6650DA18C4BC0F3871F33" box="[765,987,1572,1946]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" value="1988-01-19">19 January 1988</date>
|
||
at about 16 years of age, of which 12 years and 7 months were in captivity (Weigl 2005). Another wild-born male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA6650DA0F74A27F45E1F73" box="[902,1026,1636,1659]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA0F74A27F45E1F73" box="[902,1026,1636,1659]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lived 11 years and 7 months, arriving at the Lincoln Park Zoo (Chicago,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA6650DA7FF4AC7F4821F93" box="[1166,1246,1668,1691]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA6650DA79C4AC7F5D81F93" box="[1261,1412,1668,1691]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
) in 1972, transferring to the San Antonio Zoo in 1981, and dying there in 1984 (Weigl 2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA6650EA0024AA0F23B1B6A" blockId="5.[840,1523,1572,1947]" lastBlockId="6.[109,792,203,1954]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA0024AA0F3B11FF3" bold="true" box="[883,1005,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Space use.</emphasis>
|
||
—Large home ranges of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA6650DA67E4AA7F5AE1FF3" box="[1295,1522,1764,1787]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA6650DA67E4AA7F5AE1FF3" box="[1295,1522,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggest that only a limited number of individuals can be sustained by an area of suitable habitat. Home ranges of males and females often overlap (Carter 1983;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA6650DA7A94B07F5D71E53" author="NOSS, A. J. & R. PENA & D. I. RUMIZ" box="[1240,1419,1860,1883]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="43 - 52" refId="ref13218" refString="NOSS, A. J., R. PENA, AND D. I. RUMIZ. 2004. Camera trapping Priodontes maximus in the dry forests of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Endangered Species Update 21: 43 - 52." type="journal article" year="2004">Noss et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Female home ranges were about 450 ha in Serra da Canastra National Park,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA6650DA0F94BC7F3971E93" box="[904,971,1924,1947]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Carter and Encarnação 1983) and 1,500 ha in the Brazilian Pantanal (Desbiez and Kluyber 2013). Maximum home-range width was
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA5650EA2004CA8F192180A" box="[369,462,235,258]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.788" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="4788.0">4,788 m</quantity>
|
||
, and average daily movement was
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA5650EA3EF4D48F0AB182A" box="[158,247,267,290]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7649999999999997" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="2765.0">2,765 m</quantity>
|
||
in Serra da Canastra National Park (Carter 1983); mean maximum distance traveled was
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA5650EA15A4D68F2D5184A" box="[555,649,299,322]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="3700.0">3,700 m</quantity>
|
||
for
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFA5650EA1B14D68F344184A" box="[704,792,299,322]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA5650EA3ED4D08F0AA186A" box="[156,246,331,354]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1000.0">1,000 m</quantity>
|
||
for a female in dry forests of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA5650EA1304D08F2E0186A" box="[577,700,331,354]" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA1B84D08F344186A" box="[713,792,331,354]" name="Bolivia" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA3074D28F17B188A" author="NOSS, A. J. & R. PENA & D. I. RUMIZ" box="[118,295,363,386]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="43 - 52" refId="ref13218" refString="NOSS, A. J., R. PENA, AND D. I. RUMIZ. 2004. Camera trapping Priodontes maximus in the dry forests of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Endangered Species Update 21: 43 - 52." type="journal article" year="2004">Noss et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Silveira et al. (2009) noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA1ED4D28F344188A" box="[668,792,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA1ED4D28F344188A" box="[668,792,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is somewhat nomadic in its movements, and although home ranges of individuals may overlap, sizes of these ranges result in low densities, even in favorable habitat. Density estimates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA3FA4DA8F15B1B0A" box="[139,263,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA3FA4DA8F15B1B0A" box="[139,263,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
range from 4.7–5.3 individuals/
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA5650EA11B4DA8F2E71B0A" box="[618,699,491,514]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="9FDF9BFBFFA5650EA1CA4DAAF29F18FF" attach="left" box="[699,707,489,503]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">2</superScript>
|
||
(Carter 1983) to 5.8–6.3 individuals/
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA5650EA2DC4E48F1A21B2A" box="[429,510,523,546]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="9FDF9BFBFFA5650EA28E4E4AF25B1B1F" attach="left" box="[511,519,521,535]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA1694E48F2961B2A" author="NOSS, A. J. & R. PENA & D. I. RUMIZ" box="[536,714,523,546]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="43 - 52" refId="ref13218" refString="NOSS, A. J., R. PENA, AND D. I. RUMIZ. 2004. Camera trapping Priodontes maximus in the dry forests of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Endangered Species Update 21: 43 - 52." type="journal article" year="2004">Noss et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Only
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFA5650EA31C4E68F0C91B4A" box="[109,149,555,578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="generic">
|
||
7
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA3F04E68F0C91B4A" box="[129,149,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA3F04E68F0C91B4A" box="[129,149,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
maximus were rescued in
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA5650EA2C14E68F25C1B4A" box="[432,512,555,578]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="km" value="650.0">650 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="9FDF9BFBFFA5650EA1704E6AF2551B3F" attach="left" box="[513,521,553,567]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">2</superScript>
|
||
before the completion of a dam in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA3A34E08F1661B6A" box="[210,314,587,610]" name="Suriname" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Walsh and Gannon 1967).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA5650EA3E94E28F1C61AAA" blockId="6.[109,792,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Cerrado grassland (= savannas) of central South America comprises about 25% of the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA14C4EC8F0B51BCA" authority="(Silveira et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Silveira" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA14C4EC8F2EA1BAA" box="[573,694,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
(Silveira et al. 2009)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the species also lives in forests with significant undergrowth (Cabrera and Yepes 1940).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA1304E88F28F1BEA" author="KRIEG, H." box="[577,723,715,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="166 - 190" refId="ref12101" refString="KRIEG, H. 1929. Biologische Reisestudien in Sudamerika. IX: Gurteltiere. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Oekologie der Tiere 14: 166 - 190." type="journal article" year="1929">Krieg (1929)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA39D4EA8F1371A0A" box="[236,363,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA39D4EA8F0A01A0A" box="[236,252,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA27D4EA8F1371A0A" box="[268,363,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
avoided areas settled by humans or in which cattle were raised. It also occupies humid to dry lowland forests (Emmons and Feer 1999;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA2974F68F2C21A4A" author="NOSS, A. J. & R. PENA & D. I. RUMIZ" box="[486,670,811,834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="43 - 52" refId="ref13218" refString="NOSS, A. J., R. PENA, AND D. I. RUMIZ. 2004. Camera trapping Priodontes maximus in the dry forests of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Endangered Species Update 21: 43 - 52." type="journal article" year="2004">Noss et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and open savannas of the cerrado and Gran
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA5650EA2AD4F08F27C1A6A" box="[476,544,843,866]" country="Argentina" name="Chaco" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Chaco</collectingRegion>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA1354F08F2F21A6A" box="[580,686,843,866]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Ceresoli and Fernandez-Duque 2012). It occurs in the cerrado of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA1A64F28F3441A8A" box="[727,792,875,898]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Marinho-Filho et al. 2002).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA5650EA3E94FE8F1B11DAA" blockId="6.[109,792,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Not surprisingly, burrows of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA2814FE8F2291ACA" box="[496,629,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA2814FE8F25C1ACA" box="[496,512,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA1674FE8F2291ACA" box="[534,629,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are considerably larger than those of other armadillo species (Carter and Encarnação 1983). Thirty-two burrows of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA1484FA8F2EB1D0A" box="[569,695,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA1484FA8F2151D0A" box="[569,585,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA1294FA8F2EB1D0A" box="[600,695,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in semiarid forest in western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA5650EA2164848F26C1D2A" box="[359,560,1035,1058]" country="Argentina" name="Formosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Formosa Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA14C4848F2F61D2A" box="[573,682,1035,1058]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, averaged
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA5650EA31C4868F0F01D4A" box="[109,172,1067,1090]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="43.0">43 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA5650EA2554868F13F1D4A" box="[292,355,1067,1090]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="36.0">36 cm</quantity>
|
||
high, and 24 of them open to the west and 8 to the east (Ceresoli and Fernandez-Duque 2012). Burrows averaged
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA5650EA3A64828F1761D8A" box="[215,298,1131,1154]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.13" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="41.3">41.3 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA5650EA2D04828F1A81D8A" box="[417,500,1131,1154]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="30.8">30.8 cm</quantity>
|
||
high in Serra da Canastra National Park,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA27F48C8F1131DAA" box="[270,335,1163,1186]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Carter 1983).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA5650EA3E948E8F1261CEA" blockId="6.[109,792,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Carter (1983) found burrows most often in grassland, brushland (cerrado), and finally woodland. Although brushland made up only 5% of a study area in Serra da Canastra National Park,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA31C4948F0ED1C2A" box="[109,177,1291,1314]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it contained 28% of burrows compared to woodland, representing only 2% of the study area with 3% of the burrows (Carter 1983). Burrows located in grassland or brushland were, on average,
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA5650EA39F4928F16E1C8A" box="[238,306,1387,1410]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="192.0">192 m</quantity>
|
||
from woodlands (often gallery forests); however, average distance of all burrows to freestanding water was
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFA5650EA31C49E8F0EA1CCA" box="[109,182,1451,1474]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1199999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="112.0">112 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA3BA49E8F1121CCA" author="CARTER, T." box="[203,334,1451,1474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="101 - 107" refId="ref9924" refString="CARTER, T. 1985. Armadillos of Brazil. National Geographic Society Research Reports 20: 101 - 107." type="journal article" year="1985">Carter 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA21B49E8F1B01CCA" box="[362,492,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA21B49E8F1261CCA" box="[362,378,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA2FC49E8F1B01CCA" box="[397,492,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will sometimes escape by swimming (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA39F4988F1361CEA" author="CIVITA, R." box="[238,362,1483,1506]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="73" refId="ref10278" refString="CIVITA, R. 1970. Para salvar a pele, transformos-a em couraca. Os Bichos 9: 73." type="journal article" year="1970">Civita 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA5650EA3E949A8F21C1FCA" blockId="6.[109,792,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Depending on intensities, unintentional or prescribed fires can kill
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA3BA4A48F1B91F2A" authority="(Smith 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[203,485,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA3BA4A48F1141F2A" box="[203,328,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
(Smith 2007)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 2 were found dead after a 2,000-ha fire in Emas National Park (Silveira et al. 1999). Nevertheless,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA27D4A08F1D21F6A" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[268,398,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA27D4A08F1D21F6A" box="[268,398,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
used burned and unburned areas equally in the cerrado of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA2024A28F1E81F8A" box="[371,436,1643,1666]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Prada and Marinho-Filho 2004), and regular fires may reduce fuels and thus mortality risk to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA31C4AE8F0BA1FCA" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[109,230,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA31C4AE8F0BA1FCA" box="[109,230,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other species (Smith 2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA5650EA3E94A88F54A18EA" blockId="6.[109,792,203,1954]" lastBlockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA3E94A88F1901FEA" box="[152,460,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA3E94A88F0911FEB" bold="true" box="[152,205,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Diet.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA3984A88F1901FEA" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[233,460,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">Priodontes maximus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is in the armadillo group of ant–termite specialists that includes species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA1024AA8F2B51E0A" authorityName="McMurtrie" authorityYear="1831" box="[627,745,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Cabassous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA1024AA8F2B51E0A" box="[627,745,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Cabassous</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA31C4B48F1CA1E2A" authority="(Redford 1985)" baseAuthorityName="Redford" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[109,406,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Tolypeutes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA31C4B48F0BC1E2A" box="[109,224,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Tolypeutes</emphasis>
|
||
(Redford 1985)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the diet of the 3-banded armadillo (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA3944B68F1051E4A" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[229,345,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Tolypeutes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matacus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA3944B68F1051E4A" box="[229,345,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">T. matacus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) can contain other invertebrates and even vegetation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA39C4B08F19A1E6A" author="BOLKOVIC, M. L. & S. M. CAZIANI & J. J. PROTOMASTRO" box="[237,454,1867,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="1199 - 1204" refId="ref9691" refString="BOLKOVIC, M. L., S. M. CAZIANI, AND J. J. PROTOMASTRO. 1995. Food habits of the three-banded armadillo (Xenarthra: Dasypodidae) in the dry chaco, Argentina. Journal of Mammalogy 76: 1199 - 1204." type="journal article" year="1995">Bolkovic et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA2AD4B08F20A1E6A" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[476,598,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA2AD4B08F20A1E6A" box="[476,598,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was once thought to feed exclusively on termites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA2A74B28F2211E8A" author="KUHLHORN, F." box="[470,637,1899,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="107 - 114" refId="ref12189" refString="KUHLHORN, F. 1938. Das Riesengurteltier (Priodontes giganteus E. Geoffr.) als Anpassungsform. Der Zoologische Garten NF 10: 107 - 114." type="journal article" year="1938">Kühlhorn 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA1FF4B28F2981E8A" author="KUHLHORN, F." box="[654,708,1899,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="4953" refId="ref12245" refString="KUHLHORN, F. 1952. Termitenfeinde. Natur und Volk 82: 4953." type="journal article" year="1952">1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but it is now considered to be somewhat opportunistic (Anacleto and Marinho-Filho 2001). Although termites (principally species from the families Nasutitermitidae and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA6304CA8F5E5180A" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1345,1465,235,258]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Termitidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and ants are primary foods,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA72F4D48F4BD182A" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[1118,1249,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA72F4D48F432182A" box="[1118,1134,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA7F04D48F4BD182A" box="[1153,1249,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eats other invertebrates (e.g., species of Aranae, Blattaria,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA79A4D68F5DF186A" authority=", Diplopoda, and Scorpiones-Anacleto and Marinho-Filho 2001" authorityName="Diplopoda, and Scorpiones-Anacleto and Marinho-Filho" authorityYear="2001" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coleoptera, Diplopoda, and Scorpiones—Anacleto and Marinho-Filho 2001</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA5650EA6CB4D08F3C4188A" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA0D44D28F3B6188A" box="[933,1002,363,386]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 8 fecal samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA7BD4D28F514188A" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[1228,1352,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA7BD4D28F514188A" box="[1228,1352,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected near burrow entrances, contained 56.8% ants (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA6444DC8F5E818AA" box="[1333,1460,395,418]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and 36.8% termites (Cornitermes—Anacleto 2007). It also eats spiders, worms, small snakes, and carrion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA5650EA0024DA8F5AC1A2A" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA0024DA8F4111B0A" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[883,1101,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA0024DA8F4111B0A" box="[883,1101,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been accused of eating garden vegetables, but most were likely digging for invertebrates in the garden soil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA0D84E68F46C1B4A" author="NOWAK, R. M." box="[937,1072,555,578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" refId="ref13261" refString="NOWAK, R. M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. 5 th ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="1991">Nowak 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Albeit rarely,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA7A74E68F5121B4A" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[1238,1358,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA7A74E68F5121B4A" box="[1238,1358,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found to eat figs from an unknown
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA71F4E08F4F41B6A" box="[1134,1192,587,610]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA71F4E08F4F41B6A" box="[1134,1192,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Ficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA6664E08F5391B6A" box="[1303,1381,587,610]" name="Bolivia" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Wallace and Painter 2013), and 300 seeds from an unknown plant were found in the stomach contents of 1 individual in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA6574EC8F5D31BAA" box="[1318,1423,651,674]" name="Colombia" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA6D24EC8F3EB1BCA" author="BARRETO, M. & P. BARRETO & A. D'ALESSANDRO" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="188 - 193" refId="ref9506" refString="BARRETO, M., P. BARRETO, AND A. D'ALESSANDRO. 1985. Colombian armadillos: stomach contents and infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Journal of Mammalogy 66: 188 - 193." type="journal article" year="1985">Barreto et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA09B4EE8F4421BCA" box="[1002,1054,683,706]" name="Peru" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it has been observed eating fruit of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA6D14EE8F5AF1BCA" box="[1440,1523,683,706]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Annona" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA6D14EE8F5AF1BCA" box="[1440,1523,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Annona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA00B4E88F3831BEA" box="[890,991,715,738]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" genus="Jacaratia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA00B4E88F3831BEA" box="[890,991,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Jacaratia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees (R. Leite-Pitman, in litt.). Taboos against eating flesh of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA09A4EA8F4351A0A" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[1003,1129,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA09A4EA8F3A71A0A" box="[1003,1019,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA77B4EA8F4351A0A" box="[1034,1129,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might relate to a mythical case of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA0394F48F39D1A2A" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[840,961,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA0394F48F39D1A2A" box="[840,961,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
digging up and eating human corpses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA6144F48F5BC1A2A" author="AZARA, F. de" box="[1381,1504,779,802]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" refId="ref9428" refString="AZARA, F. de. 1801. Essais sur l'histoire naturelle des quadrupedes de la Province du Paraguay. Tome Second. Charles Pougens, Paris, France." type="book" year="1801">Azara 1801</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA5650EA0024F68F44B1DAA" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA0024F68F4D61A4B" bold="true" box="[883,1162,811,835]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Diseases and parasites.</emphasis>
|
||
—Physiological and ecological characteristics of armadillos could make them suitable hosts for a variety of pathogens (Storrs 1974). Physiologically, armadillos have lower body temperatures than most mammals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA0204FE8F3B91ACA" author="MCNAB, B. K." box="[849,997,939,962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="606 - 627" refId="ref12698" refString="MCNAB, B. K. 1980. Energetics and the limits to a temperate distribution in armadillos. Journal of Mammalogy 61: 606 - 627." type="journal article" year="1980">McNab 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA0894FE8F4721ACA" author="MCNAB, B. K." box="[1016,1070,939,962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" refId="ref12726" refString="MCNAB, B. K. 1985. Energetics, population biology, and distribution of xenarthrans, living and extinct. Pp. 219 - 232 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and a weak immune system; ecologically, they live mostly immersed in soil and organic matter in warm to hot regions under conditions that promote exposure to pathogens and vectors (Storrs 1974). Nevertheless, diseases and parasitic infections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA70A4868F5021D4A" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[1147,1374,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA70A4868F5021D4A" box="[1147,1374,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are virtually unknown. Very little is known about potential clinical disorders of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA0164828F3B81D8A" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[871,996,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA0164828F3B81D8A" box="[871,996,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mostly because of its low survival in captivity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA02048C8F45B1DAA" author="DINIZ, L. & E. COSTA & P. OLIVEIRA" box="[849,1031,1163,1186]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="577 - 582" refId="ref10956" refString="DINIZ, L., E. COSTA, AND P. OLIVEIRA. 1997. Clinical disorders in armadillos (Dasypodidae, Edentata) in captivity. Zentralblatt furVeterinarmedizin B 44: 577 - 582." type="journal article" year="1997">Diniz et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA5650EA00248E8F3BD1FEA" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA00248E8F40C1DCA" author="BARRETO, M. & P. BARRETO & A. D'ALESSANDRO" box="[883,1104,1195,1218]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="188 - 193" refId="ref9506" refString="BARRETO, M., P. BARRETO, AND A. D'ALESSANDRO. 1985. Colombian armadillos: stomach contents and infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Journal of Mammalogy 66: 188 - 193." type="journal article" year="1985">Barreto et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFA5650EA7EF48E8F4961DCA" box="[1182,1226,1195,1218]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="generic">
|
||
1
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA7C248E8F4961DCA" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[1203,1226,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA7C248E8F49F1DCA" box="[1203,1219,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA7A048E8F56D1DCA" box="[1233,1329,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
from Carimagua,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA0394888F3EA1DEA" box="[840,950,1227,1250]" name="Colombia" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA0844888F4D51DEA" authorityName="Gruby" authorityYear="1843" box="[1013,1161,1227,1250]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA0844888F4D51DEA" box="[1013,1161,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 1 individual from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA5650EA6F04888F5B21DEA" box="[1409,1518,1227,1250]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA5650EA03948A8F3D11C0A" box="[840,909,1259,1282]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, also tested positive (Sogorb et al. 1977). A male and
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFA5650EA69448A8F3CE1C2A" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="female">4 female</specimenCount>
|
||
ixodid ticks (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA7424948F5621C2A" box="[1075,1342,1291,1314]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajennense">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA7424948F5621C2A" box="[1075,1342,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Amblyomma cajennense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were collected from
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFA5650EA0F44968F38C1C4A" box="[901,976,1323,1346]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
female and
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFA5650EA7284968F4F81C4A" box="[1113,1188,1323,1346]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
male wild-caught
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA6024968F5AE1C4A" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[1395,1522,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA6024968F5DF1C4A" box="[1395,1411,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA6E34968F5AE1C4A" box="[1426,1522,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA0204908F4701C6A" author="MIRANDA, F. R. & R. H. F. TEIXEIRA & G. S. GAZETA & FREIRE, AND & M. AMORIM" box="[849,1068,1355,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="73 - 75" refId="ref13069" refString="MIRANDA, F. R., R. H. F. TEIXEIRA, G. S. GAZETA, N. M. SERRA- FREIRE, AND M. AMORIM. 2010. Presence of Amblyomma cajennense in wild giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus) of the Pantanal Matogrossense, Brazil. Edentata 11: 73 - 75." type="journal article" year="2010">Miranda et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Considering the low host specificity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA0394928F3BE1C8A" box="[840,994,1387,1410]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajennense">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA0394928F3BE1C8A" box="[840,994,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">A. cajennense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which can be a disease vector, and continued encroachment of domestic livestock into the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA6AD49C8F3F41CCA" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA6AD49C8F5B01CAA" box="[1500,1516,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA03949E8F3F41CCA" box="[840,936,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the risk of disease transmission should be evaluated (e.g., Wells et al. 1981).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA73F4988F5451CEA" box="[1102,1305,1483,1506]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudoconcolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA73F4988F5451CEA" box="[1102,1305,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">A. pseudoconcolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been found on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA01E49A8F4B21F0A" authority="(Botelho et al. 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Botelho" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[879,1262,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA01E49A8F3B31F0A" box="[879,1007,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA77549A8F4BE1F0A" author="BOTELHO, J. R. & P. M. LINARDI & C. D. DA ENCARNACAO" box="[1028,1250,1515,1538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="61 - 64" refId="ref9740" refString="BOTELHO, J. R., P. M. LINARDI, AND C. D. DA ENCARNACAO. 1989. Interrelacoes entre Acari Ixodidae e hospedeiros Edentata da Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 84: 61 - 64." type="journal article" year="1989">Botelho et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA78E49A8F5221F0A" box="[1279,1406,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA78E49A8F5221F0A" box="[1279,1406,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is hunted and consumed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA08F4A48F4D91F2A" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." box="[1022,1157,1547,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="103" refId="ref12815" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 1973. Observations on the status of the giant armadillo, Priodontes giganteus, in Paraguay. Zoologica: Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society 58: 103." type="journal article" year="1973">Meritt 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA7E94A48F5321F2A" author="LEEUWENBERG, F." box="[1176,1390,1547,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="4 - 5" refId="ref12302" refString="LEEUWENBERG, F. 1997. Edentata as a food resource: subsistence hunting by Xavante Indians, Brazil. Edentata 3: 4 - 5." type="journal article" year="1997">Leeuwenberg 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; de Souza-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA5650EA0394A68F47B1F4A" author="MAZUREK, T. & PEDRINHO, X. & FELICIANO, W. & HILARIO, S. & GERONCIO, AND & E. MARCELO" box="[840,1063,1579,1602]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="579 - 596" refId="ref10552" refString="DE SOUZA- MAZUREK, T. PEDRINHO, X. FELICIANO, W. HILARIO, S. GERONCIO, AND E. MARCELO. 2000. Subsistence hunting among the Waimiri Atroari Indians in central Amazonia, Brazil. Biodiversity and Conservation 9: 579 - 596." type="journal article" year="2000">Mazurek et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so it is important to evaluate the extent of infection and probability of zoonotic disease transmission. Deem and Fiorello (2002) recommended treating injuries and injection sites from handling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA7B54AC8F5191FAA" box="[1220,1349,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA7B54AC8F5191FAA" box="[1220,1349,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a topical antibiotic to prevent infestation by screwworms (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA6194AE8F38D1FEA" authorityName="Coquerel" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Cochliomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hominivorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA6194AE8F38D1FEA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Cochliomyia hominivorax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA5650EA0024AA8F5FB1EAA" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Desbiez and Kluyber (2013) noted that microclimatic conditions in burrows of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA74D4B48F4E51E2A" box="[1084,1209,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA74D4B48F4E51E2A" box="[1084,1209,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could promote survival and proliferation of fungi, bacteria, ticks, fleas, other parasites, protozoa, and viruses. They propose that burrow use by other species, especially mammals, could transmit parasites and pathogens among wild and domestic species, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA5650EA6564BC8F5FC1EAA" box="[1319,1440,1931,1954]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA5650EA6564BC8F5FC1EAA" box="[1319,1440,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA4650FA3E94C88F1481A6A" blockId="7.[109,792,203,866]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA3E94C88F19519EB" bold="true" box="[152,457,203,227]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Interspecific interactions.</emphasis>
|
||
—There are no published accounts of behavioral interactions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA1434CA8F344180A" box="[562,792,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA1434CA8F344180A" box="[562,792,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other species, but their burrows and mounds of soil at entrances create new habitats that are used by and influence resource availabilities of at least 24 vertebrate species (R. Leite-Pitman, in litt.; Desbiez and Kluyber 2013). Red-footed tortoises (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA3AF4DC8F1BB18AA" box="[222,487,395,418]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Chelonoidis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA3AF4DC8F1BB18AA" box="[222,487,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Chelonoidis carbonaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), lizards, birds, and mammals (e.g., tayra,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA2454DE8F18818CA" box="[308,468,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Eira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barabara">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA2454DE8F18818CA" box="[308,468,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Eira barabara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; ocelot,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA1484DE8F34C18CA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[569,784,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA1484DE8F34C18CA" box="[569,784,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Leopardus pardalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and crab-eating fox,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA2214D88F25418EA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[336,520,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cerdocyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thous">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA2214D88F25418EA" box="[336,520,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Cerdocyon thous</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) foraged, wallowed, and rested at these sites (Desbiez and Kluyber 2013).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA1EA4DA8F3441B0A" box="[667,792,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA1EA4DA8F3441B0A" box="[667,792,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has therefore been identified as an important “habitat engineer” (R. Leite-Pitman, in litt.). Giant anteaters (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA11F4E68F08B1B6A" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA11F4E68F08B1B6A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) took baths in mounded soil near entrances of burrows of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA3B64E28F11E1B8A" box="[199,322,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA3B64E28F11E1B8A" box="[199,322,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and other species searched for prey there. Sixteen species used burrows as refuges from predators or from temperature extremes, and predators themselves used them to hunt or rest (Desbiez and Kluyber 2013). Burrows of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA1CA4E88F0C41A0A" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA1CA4E88F2971BEA" box="[699,715,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA1AB4E88F0C41A0A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collect seeds and organic debris, and burrow tunnels and mounds affect water infiltration, distribution of soil nutrients, and diversity of localized plants and soil biota (Desbiez and Kluyber 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="20B06538FFA46500A2164FDDF1511FB4" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="description">
|
||
<subSection id="01252F58FFA46500A2164FDDF2DB1AEA" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA4650FA2164FDDF2431AB0" blockId="7.[359,543,926,952]" box="[359,543,926,952]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<heading id="335D81DFFFA4650FA2164FDDF2431AB0" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[359,543,926,952]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA2164FDDF2431AB0" bold="true" box="[359,543,926,952]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">HUSBANDRY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA4650FA3E94FA1F1361C51" blockId="7.[109,792,994,1945]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Capturing free-ranging
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA2D84FA1F2D31AF1" box="[425,655,994,1017]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA2D84FA1F2D31AF1" box="[425,655,994,1017]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is difficult (West et al. 2014).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA4650FA24D4841F1921D11" author="CARTER, T." box="[316,462,1026,1049]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="101 - 107" refId="ref9924" refString="CARTER, T. 1985. Armadillos of Brazil. National Geographic Society Research Reports 20: 101 - 107." type="journal article" year="1985">Carter (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Silveira et al. (2009) captured
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA3DE4861F1701D31" box="[175,300,1058,1081]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA3DE4861F1701D31" box="[175,300,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by hand aboveground; a funnel-shaped trap placed over the burrow entrance has also been used (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA4650FA1A44801F0FE1D71" author="CARTER, T." pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="101 - 107" refId="ref9924" refString="CARTER, T. 1985. Armadillos of Brazil. National Geographic Society Research Reports 20: 101 - 107." type="journal article" year="1985">Carter 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Silveira et al. 2009; West et al. 2014:figure 28.1). Freeranging
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA3B548C1F1611D91" box="[196,317,1154,1177]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA3B548C1F1611D91" box="[196,317,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be immobilized with a tiletamine–zolaz-epam combination given intramuscularly (Silveira et al. 2009).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA4650FA31C4881F1141DD1" author="FALZONE, M. P. & R. O. ZALAZAR & G. G. GACHEN & M. A. GAUBECA & A. G. PALMERIO" box="[109,328,1218,1241]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="66 - 69" refId="ref11176" refString="FALZONE, M. P., R. O. ZALAZAR, G. G. GACHEN, M. A. GAUBECA, AND A. G. PALMERIO. 2013. Immovilizacion quimica de tres tatu carreta (Priodontes maximus) en cautiverio. Edentata 14: 66 - 69." type="journal article" year="2013">Falzone et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
immobilized
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFA4650FA2AB4881F25E1DD1" box="[474,514,1218,1241]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="generic">
|
||
3
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA29C4881F25E1DD1" box="[493,514,1218,1241]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA29C4881F25E1DD1" box="[493,514,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
maximus in captivity with a combination of anesthetic drugs (butorphanol, xylazine, and midazolam) applied under physical restraint and isoflurane gas delivered by facemask for maintenance and reversal with naltrexone and yohimbine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3CD5663BFFA4650FA03648AFF3E51C7E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573382" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573382" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573382/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" startId="7.[839,874,1260,1281]" targetBox="[893,1469,226,1246]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA4650FA03648AFF3E51C7E" blockId="7.[839,1523,1260,1398]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA03648AFF3D51C09" bold="true" box="[839,905,1260,1281]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
|
||
—The 1st radio-marked
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA70D48AFF51F1C09" box="[1148,1347,1260,1281]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA70D48AFF51F1C09" box="[1148,1347,1260,1281]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(held by TSC), a fully tranquilized female from Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil, in 1980; note the large claw on the 3rd forefinger, effective for digging and breaking open termite nests. Photograph by J. H. Shaw used with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA4650FA3E94921F1631F71" blockId="7.[109,792,994,1945]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Handling a wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA2224921F1931C71" box="[339,463,1378,1401]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA2224921F1931C71" box="[339,463,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
requires caution because it is strong and can inflict serious injury to handlers before being fully immobilized (Carter 1983;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0912A36FFA4650FA29149E1F2781CB1" box="[480,548,1442,1465]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[839,874,1260,1281]" captionTargetBox="[893,1469,226,1246]" captionTargetId="figure-685@7.[893,1469,200,1246]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6.—The 1st radio-marked Priodontes maximus (held by TSC), a fully tranquilized female from Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil, in 1980; note the large claw on the 3rd forefinger, effective for digging and breaking open termite nests. Photograph by J. H. Shaw used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573382" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573382/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA13149E1F2E31CB1" box="[576,703,1442,1465]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA13149E1F2E31CB1" box="[576,703,1442,1465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually attempts to escape by running and if that fails, it tries to burrow; it is such a good digger that a person holding its tail could be dragged along into a burrow as it digs (Walsh and Gannon 1967).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA31C4A61F0BA1F31" box="[109,230,1570,1593]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA31C4A61F0BA1F31" box="[109,230,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be restrained by putting it on its back away from vegetation upon which it could get purchase (Walsh and Gannon 1967;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA4650FA3C04A21F1731F71" author="CARTER, T." box="[177,303,1634,1657]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="101 - 107" refId="ref9924" refString="CARTER, T. 1985. Armadillos of Brazil. National Geographic Society Research Reports 20: 101 - 107." type="journal article" year="1985">Carter 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA4650FA3E94AC1F2E91E31" blockId="7.[109,792,994,1945]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA3E94AC1F1241F91" box="[152,376,1666,1689]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA3E94AC1F1241F91" box="[152,376,1666,1689]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is extremely difficult to maintain in captivity because of its great strength, nocturnal activity patterns, and digging behavior (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA4650FA2D64A81F2011FD1" author="DINIZ, L. & E. COSTA & P. OLIVEIRA" box="[423,605,1730,1753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="577 - 582" refId="ref10956" refString="DINIZ, L., E. COSTA, AND P. OLIVEIRA. 1997. Clinical disorders in armadillos (Dasypodidae, Edentata) in captivity. Zentralblatt furVeterinarmedizin B 44: 577 - 582." type="journal article" year="1997">Diniz et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When captured alive, it rarely survives transport to a facility and, if so, often refuses artificial diets, does not adapt to captive conditions, and dies from injury or malnutrition (Superina et al. 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA4650FA3E94B01F3941F71" blockId="7.[109,792,994,1945]" lastBlockId="7.[840,1523,1442,1945]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA3E94B01F12A1E51" box="[152,374,1858,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA3E94B01F12A1E51" box="[152,374,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was kept in zoological institutions in many parts of the world until its inclusion in Appendix 1 of the Convention on International Trade in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA4650FA1684BC1F4D71CB1" author="CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA" box="[537,1163,1442,1945]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refId="ref10299" refString="CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA. 2015. Appendices. www. cites. org / eng / app / index. php. Accessed 31 July 2015." type="book" year="2015">Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in 1973. Since then, many individuals have been seized by law enforcement authorities and passed on to certified zoological institutions, often with already compromised health, resulting in low survival rates (Superina et al. 2008). The manual on the rehabilitation of armadillos by Superina et al. (2014a) includes recommendations for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA0394A21F39D1F71" box="[840,961,1634,1657]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA0394A21F39D1F71" box="[840,961,1634,1657]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFA46500A0024AC1F0B1184A" blockId="7.[840,1523,1442,1945]" lastBlockId="8.[109,793,203,994]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
A wild-caught female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA71D4AC1F4B41F91" box="[1132,1256,1666,1689]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA71D4AC1F4B41F91" box="[1132,1256,1666,1689]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lived 6 years, 1 month, and 19 days in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA4650FA7414AE1F4C31FB1" box="[1072,1183,1698,1721]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
City Zoo (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA4650FA6574AE1F5C51FB1" box="[1318,1433,1698,1721]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA4650FA6DB4AE1F3D71FD1" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0912A36FFA4650FA0E74A81F3891FD1" box="[918,981,1730,1753]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1127,1148]" captionTargetBox="[163,739,200,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-764@4.[163,739,200,1114]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral view of skull and lateral view of the mandible of an adult female Priodontes maximus (Oklahoma State University Collection of Vertebrates 10455). Greatest length of skull is 182mm, but note that the tip of the nasals may not be intact. This female was captured in the wild on 12 December 1970 (specific location in South America unknown) and died of unknown causes after 6 years, 1 month, and 19 days in captivity at the Oklahoma City Zoo (United States)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573378/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); it is 1 of only
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFA4650FA7F54A81F4E71FD1" box="[1156,1211,1730,1753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="generic">
|
||
18
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA7D74A81F4E71FD1" box="[1190,1211,1730,1753]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA7D74A81F4E71FD1" box="[1190,1211,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
maximus recorded as held in North American or European zoos in the Zoological Information Management System (www2.isis.org, accessed
|
||
<date id="1C141073FFA4650FA6234B41F5B41E11" box="[1362,1512,1794,1817]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" value="2015-07-31">31 July 2015</date>
|
||
). The Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFA4650FA7A14B61F5421E31" box="[1232,1310,1826,1849]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
, had 5 wild-caught
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA0394B01F39E1E51" box="[840,962,1858,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA0394B01F39E1E51" box="[840,962,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFA4650FA0A34B01F4791E51" box="[978,1061,1858,1881]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA4650FA7194B01F4E71E51" box="[1128,1211,1858,1881]" name="Guyana" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFA4650FA7804B01F5051E51" box="[1265,1369,1858,1881]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFA4650FA6ED4B01F5B01E51" box="[1436,1516,1858,1881]" name="Bolivia" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) from 1972 to 1982 but never publically exhibited them (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFA4650FA6C14B21F3211E91" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="30 - 33" refId="ref12935" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 2006. Research questions on the behavior and ecology of the giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus). Edentata 7: 30 - 33." type="journal article" year="2006">Meritt 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFA4650FA0E24BC1F4571E91" box="[915,1035,1922,1945]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFA4650FA0E24BC1F4571E91" box="[915,1035,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been kept in a handful of South American zoos, but records are difficult to confirm.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A14A4C88F2CE19EA" author="CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA" box="[571,658,203,226]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="ref10299" refString="CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA. 2015. Appendices. www. cites. org / eng / app / index. php. Accessed 31 July 2015." type="book" year="2015">In 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 3 individuals were held in the Bioparque Los Ocarros in Villavicencio,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAB6500A31C4D48F086182A" box="[109,218,267,290]" name="Colombia" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A39B4D48F134182A" box="[234,360,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A39B4D48F134182A" box="[234,360,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has never bred in captivity (Superina et al. 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAB6500A3E94D08F2B61BEA" blockId="8.[109,793,203,994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
|
||
When standing on its hindfeet, a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A2884D08F22E186A" box="[505,626,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A2884D08F22E186A" box="[505,626,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can easily haul itself over a 1-m wall (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A2124D28F1BE188A" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." box="[355,482,363,386]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="38 - 46" refId="ref12855" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 1976. The nutrition of edentates. International Zoo Yearbook 16: 38 - 46." type="journal article" year="1976">Meritt 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One climbed high up in its cage and fell to its death at the Bronx Zoo,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFAB6500A12C4DC8F29618AA" box="[605,714,395,418]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A1AC4DC8F0FE18CA" author="CULLY, W." pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="180 - 182" refId="ref10384" refString="CULLY, W. 1939. Day and night in the life of an armadillo. Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society 1939: 180 - 182." type="journal article" year="1939">Cully 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Enclosures need to have high, smooth walls that do not permit climbing (Superina 2000). Bare concrete flooring leads to skin abrasions on abdomens and feet (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A16A4DA8F2E21B0A" author="OSTENRATH, F." box="[539,702,491,514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="145 - 146" refId="ref13357" refString="OSTENRATH, F. 1974. Haltung von Riesengurteltieren (Priodontes giganteus) im Zoo Duisburg. Zeitschrift des Kolner Zoo 17: 145 - 146." type="journal article" year="1974">Ostenrath 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so soil sufficient for digging is needed to prevent foot lesions and claw damage (Superina 2000). Sawdust and peat are not appropriate substrates because they lead to constant sneezing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A1C14E08F0FE1B8A" author="OSTENRATH, F." pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="145 - 146" refId="ref13357" refString="OSTENRATH, F. 1974. Haltung von Riesengurteltieren (Priodontes giganteus) im Zoo Duisburg. Zeitschrift des Kolner Zoo 17: 145 - 146." type="journal article" year="1974">Ostenrath 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A3CB4E28F1181B8A" author="CULLY, W." box="[186,324,619,642]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="180 - 182" refId="ref10384" refString="CULLY, W. 1939. Day and night in the life of an armadillo. Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society 1939: 180 - 182." type="journal article" year="1939">Cully (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
successfully changed the activity period of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A3F24EC8F15C1BAA" box="[131,256,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A3F24EC8F15C1BAA" box="[131,256,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from nocturnal to diurnal for the benefit of zoo visitors by changing its feeding time; he also noted highly stereotypic behavior, including tail slaps and constant circling.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAB6500A3E94EA8F2DB1AEA" blockId="8.[109,793,203,994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Many artificial diets, including standard mixtures commonly used for other armadillo species, have been unsuccessful for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A3C84F68F1931A4A" authority="(Meritt 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[185,463,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A3C84F68F1681A4A" box="[185,308,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A2354F68F19F1A4A" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." box="[324,451,811,834]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="38 - 46" refId="ref12855" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 1976. The nutrition of edentates. International Zoo Yearbook 16: 38 - 46." type="journal article" year="1976">Meritt 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It seems to have considerable individual preferences, and semiliquid diets seem to be accepted more easily than those that require chewing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A1F34F28F3541A8A" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." box="[642,776,875,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="38 - 46" refId="ref12855" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 1976. The nutrition of edentates. International Zoo Yearbook 16: 38 - 46." type="journal article" year="1976">Meritt 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, accepted diets are not necessarily well balanced and can lead to health problems, such as obesity; 1 obese captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A31C4F88F0BA1AEA" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[109,230,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A31C4F88F0BA1AEA" box="[109,230,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
weighed
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFAB6500A23F4F88F1DB1AEA" box="[334,391,971,994]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" unit="kg" value="80.0">80 kg</quantity>
|
||
(Superina et al. 2014a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="01252F58FFAB6500A2064862F1511FB4" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAB6500A2064862F2531D33" blockId="8.[375,527,1057,1083]" box="[375,527,1057,1083]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<heading id="335D81DFFFAB6500A2064862F2531D33" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[375,527,1057,1083]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A2064862F2531D33" bold="true" box="[375,527,1057,1083]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">GENETICS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAB6500A3E94826F1511FB4" blockId="8.[109,792,1125,1724]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Diploid number (2n), based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFAB6500A2994826F26C1D74" box="[488,560,1125,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" type="male">2 male</specimenCount>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A1464826F34D1D74" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[567,785,1125,1148]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A1464826F34D1D74" box="[567,785,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is 50 chromosomes, their fundamental number (FN) is 76, the X chromosome was a medium-sized metacentric, and the Y chromosome was a small metacentric (Benirschke and Wurster 1969; Benirschke et al. 1969). Genome size of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A15B48A6F2F91DF4" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[554,677,1253,1276]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A15B48A6F2F91DF4" box="[554,677,1253,1276]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 4.47 pg (picograms) ± 0.34
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A2394946F1351C14" box="[328,361,1285,1308]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">SD</emphasis>
|
||
(= 4,372 Mbp [megabase pairs]—Redi et al. 2005). Chromosomal numbers are lower in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A1EA4966F3441C34" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[667,792,1317,1340]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A1EA4966F3441C34" box="[667,792,1317,1340]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in other species of armadillos: e.g., northern naked-tailed armadillo,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A3AE4926F1E91C74" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[223,437,1381,1404]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Cabassous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A3AE4926F1E91C74" box="[223,437,1381,1404]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Cabassous centralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2n = 62, FN = 78; southern longnosed armadillo,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A25F49C6F1AE1C94" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[302,498,1413,1436]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Dasypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hybridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A25F49C6F1AE1C94" box="[302,498,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Dasypus hybridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 64, ~86; 9-banded armadillo,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A3DD49E6F1031CB4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[172,351,1445,1468]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Dasypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novemcinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A3DD49E6F1031CB4" box="[172,351,1445,1468]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">D. novemcinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 64, 82; 6-banded armadillo,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A1EC49E6F0861CD4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Euphractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sexcinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A1EC49E6F0861CD4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Euphractus sexcinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 58, 104; and big hairy armadillo,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A1344986F0F81CF4" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Chaetophractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A1344986F0F81CF4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Chaetophractus villosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 60, 92 (Benirschke and Wurster 1969:table 1; Benirschke et al. 1969; Redi et al. 2005). Close genetic relatedness of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A31C4A66F0B41F34" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[109,232,1573,1596]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A31C4A66F0B41F34" box="[109,232,1573,1596]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A2E34A66F25A1F34" authorityName="McMurtrie" authorityYear="1831" box="[402,518,1573,1596]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Cabassous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A2E34A66F25A1F34" box="[402,518,1573,1596]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Cabassous</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been confirmed with mitochondrial genes and protein-coding nuclear genes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A1BF4A06F0811F74" author="DELSUC, F. & M. J. STANHOPE & E. J. P. DOUZERY" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="261 - 275" refId="ref10710" refString="DELSUC, F., M. J. STANHOPE, AND E. J. P. DOUZERY. 2003. Molecular systematics of armadillos (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae): contribution of maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28: 261 - 275." type="journal article" year="2003">Delsuc et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No genetic studies to assess the possibility of intraspecific distinction have been conducted (Moraes-Barros and Arteaga 2015).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="01252F58FFAB6501A23E4B43F4E918EA" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="20B06538FFAB6501A23E4B43F4E918EA" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAB6500A23E4B43F26A1E12" blockId="8.[335,566,1792,1818]" box="[335,566,1792,1818]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<heading id="335D81DFFFAB6500A23E4B43F26A1E12" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[335,566,1792,1818]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A23E4B43F26A1E12" bold="true" box="[335,566,1792,1818]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">CONSERVATION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAB6500A3E94B00F4731B8A" blockId="8.[109,792,1859,1946]" lastBlockId="8.[840,1523,203,1314]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A3E94B00F1231E52" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[152,383,1859,1882]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A3E94B00F1231E52" box="[152,383,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed as “Vulnerable” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List of Threatened Species due to an estimated population decline of at least 30% in the past 3 generations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A0204CA8F46C180A" author="ANACLETO, T. C. S. & F. MIRANDA & I. MEDRI & E. CUELLAR & A. M. ABBA & M. SUPERINA" box="[849,1072,235,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="ref9289" refString="ANACLETO, T. C. S., F. MIRANDA, I. MEDRI, E. CUELLAR, A. M. ABBA, AND M. SUPERINA. 2014. Priodontes maximus. International Union for Conservation and Nature, Red List of Threatened Species, version 2014.3. www. iucnredlist. org. Accessed 7 January 2015." type="book" year="2014">Anacleto et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Along with being in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A7854D48F422184A" author="CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="ref10299" refString="CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA. 2015. Appendices. www. cites. org / eng / app / index. php. Accessed 31 July 2015." type="book" year="2015">Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A7FA4D68F558184A" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1163,1284,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A7FA4D68F558184A" box="[1163,1284,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is on the international list of endangered species under the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAB6500A7A84D08F537186A" box="[1241,1387,331,354]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
Endangered Species Act (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A0964D28F573188A" author="DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR" box="[999,1327,363,386]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="24062 - 24067" refId="ref10794" refString="DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR. 1976. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. Endangered status for 159 taxa of animals. Federal Register 40: 24062 - 24067." type="journal article" year="1976">Department of Interior 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A63E4D28F58D188A" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1359,1489,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A63E4D28F58D188A" box="[1359,1489,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is affected by habitat loss and fragmentation through deforestation, land-use change, agriculture (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A7E44DE8F54618CA" author="PARERA, A." box="[1173,1306,427,450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="ref13494" refString="PARERA, A. 2002. Los mamiferos de la Argentina y la region austral de Sudamerica. El Ateneo, Buenos Aires, Argentina." type="book" year="2002">Parera 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), hunting for meat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A0204D88F38C18EA" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." box="[849,976,459,482]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="103" refId="ref12815" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 1973. Observations on the status of the giant armadillo, Priodontes giganteus, in Paraguay. Zoologica: Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society 58: 103." type="journal article" year="1973">Meritt 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Redford and Robinson 1987;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A66F4D88F5B718EA" author="LEEUWENBERG, F." box="[1310,1515,459,482]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="4 - 5" refId="ref12302" refString="LEEUWENBERG, F. 1997. Edentata as a food resource: subsistence hunting by Xavante Indians, Brazil. Edentata 3: 4 - 5." type="journal article" year="1997">Leeuwenberg 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; de Souza-Mazurek et al. 2000; Peres and Nascimento 2006;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F0912A36FFAB6500A0394E48F3D71B2A" box="[840,907,523,546]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[840,875,1866,1887]" captionTargetBox="[893,1469,1369,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-858@8.[893,1469,1369,1853]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 7.—Illegal harvests of Priodontes maximus occur throughout its distribution in South America; this individual was killed in Colombia. Photograph by Tropenbos International Colombia used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573384/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), collection for museum specimens, and illegal animal trafficking (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A0BA4E68F4171B4A" author="PORINI, G." box="[971,1099,555,578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref13636" refString="PORINI, G. 2001. Tatu carreta (Priodontes maximus) in Argentina. Edentata 4: 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2001">Porini 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These impacts are difficult to quantify (Aguiar and da Fonseca 2008; Trujillo and Superina 2013;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A0394E28F4421B8A" author="ANACLETO, T. C. S. & F. MIRANDA & I. MEDRI & E. CUELLAR & A. M. ABBA & M. SUPERINA" box="[840,1054,619,642]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="ref9289" refString="ANACLETO, T. C. S., F. MIRANDA, I. MEDRI, E. CUELLAR, A. M. ABBA, AND M. SUPERINA. 2014. Priodontes maximus. International Union for Conservation and Nature, Red List of Threatened Species, version 2014.3. www. iucnredlist. org. Accessed 7 January 2015." type="book" year="2014">Anacleto et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAB6500A0024EC8F5401D6A" blockId="8.[840,1523,203,1314]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A0024EC8F4121BAA" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[883,1102,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A0024EC8F4121BAA" box="[883,1102,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has become locally extirpated in some places, especially in areas of its southern distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A6E34EE8F3EB1BEA" author="ANACLETO, T. C. S. & F. MIRANDA & I. MEDRI & E. CUELLAR & A. M. ABBA & M. SUPERINA" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="ref9289" refString="ANACLETO, T. C. S., F. MIRANDA, I. MEDRI, E. CUELLAR, A. M. ABBA, AND M. SUPERINA. 2014. Priodontes maximus. International Union for Conservation and Nature, Red List of Threatened Species, version 2014.3. www. iucnredlist. org. Accessed 7 January 2015." type="book" year="2014">Anacleto et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Roads into formerly undisturbed areas provide easy access for hunters, exotic species, and even pathogens (Ferretti- Gallon and Busch 2014). Subsistence hunting by native peoples occurs throughout Amazonian
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAB6500A7D64F68F4B71A4A" box="[1191,1259,811,834]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, some of which could result in significant conservation threats (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A6384F08F5B71A6A" author="CHIARELLO, A." box="[1353,1515,843,866]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="229 - 247" refId="ref10162" refString="CHIARELLO, A. 2000. Influencia da caca ilegal sobre mamiferos e aves das matas de tabuleiro do norte do estado do Espirito Santo. Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitao (N. Ser.) 11 / 12: 229 - 247." type="journal article" year="2000">Chiarello 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; de Souza-Mazurek et al. 2000; Peres and Nascimento 2006). Based on direct involvement with hunters,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A6654FC8F5AF1AAA" author="LEEUWENBERG, F." box="[1300,1523,907,930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="4 - 5" refId="ref12302" refString="LEEUWENBERG, F. 1997. Edentata as a food resource: subsistence hunting by Xavante Indians, Brazil. Edentata 3: 4 - 5." type="journal article" year="1997">Leeuwenberg (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
estimated that
|
||
<specimenCount id="7EACFD3AFFAB6500A09A4FE8F4791ACA" box="[1003,1061,939,962]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" type="generic">
|
||
93
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A7614FE8F4791ACA" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1040,1061,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A7614FE8F4791ACA" box="[1040,1061,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">P.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
maximus were harvested in
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFAB6500A6144FE8F5AF1ACA" box="[1381,1523,939,962]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05744988" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" unit="in" value="1991122.0">1991, 122 in</quantity>
|
||
1992, and
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFAB6500A0CB4F88F3A31AEA" box="[954,1023,971,994]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.937" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" unit="in" value="155.0">155 in</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="AF529B56FFAB6500A7764F88F4051AEA" box="[1031,1113,971,994]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.06222" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" unit="in" value="1993.0">1993 in</quantity>
|
||
the 2,200-km
|
||
<superScript id="9FDF9BFBFFAB6500A7814F8AF4A41ADF" attach="left" box="[1264,1272,969,983]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">2</superScript>
|
||
Xavante reservation of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAB6500A0394FA8F3D11D0A" box="[840,909,1003,1026]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
; sustainability of that level of harvest was of conservation concern. In many places, however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A7BF4848F5171D2A" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1230,1355,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A7BF4848F5171D2A" box="[1230,1355,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is harvested at very low rates compared with more abundant and preferred vertebrates (e.g., Redford and Robinson 1987).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAB6501A0024828F1E1184A" blockId="8.[840,1523,203,1314]" lastBlockId="9.[109,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A0024828F40E1D8A" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[883,1106,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A0024828F40E1D8A" box="[883,1106,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed as endangered in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAB6500A6FB4828F5AF1D8A" box="[1418,1523,1131,1154]" name="Colombia" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Rodríguez-Mahecha et al. 2006),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAB6500A7BF48C8F5601DAA" box="[1230,1340,1163,1186]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Rodríguez and Rojas-Suárez 2008),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAB6500A74848E8F4FF1DCA" box="[1081,1187,1195,1218]" name="Argentina" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Superina et al. 2012), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAB6500A0394888F3F01DEA" box="[840,940,1227,1250]" name="Paraguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where it has been proposed to be recategorized as critically endangered (Smith 2012). It is considered vulnerable in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAB6500A0174948F3E81C2A" box="[870,948,1291,1314]" name="Bolivia" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Tarifa 2009),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAB6500A72A4948F4D01C2A" box="[1115,1164,1291,1314]" name="Peru" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAB6500A7EC4948F5681C2A" author="PACHECO, V." box="[1181,1332,1291,1314]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="ref13428" refString="PACHECO, V. 2002. Mamiferos del Peru. Pp. 503 - 549 in Diversidad y conservacion de los mamiferos neotropicales (G. Ceballos and J. A. Simonetti, eds.). Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (CONABIO-UNAM), Mexico City, D. F., Mexico." type="book" year="2002">Pacheco 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAB6500A63D4948F5F91C2A" box="[1356,1445,1291,1314]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Tirira 2011), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A39D4C88F17119EA" box="[236,301,203,226]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Instituto Chico
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAA6501A29A4C88F112180A" author="INSTITUTO CHICO MENDES DE CONSERVACAO DA BIODIVERSIDADE" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" refId="ref11914" refString="INSTITUTO CHICO MENDES DE CONSERVACAO DA BIODIVERSIDADE. 2015. Especies Ameacadas - Lista 2014. http: // www. icmbio. gov. br / portal / biodiversidade / fauna-brasileira / lista-de-especies. html. Accessed 17 August 2015." type="journal volume" year="2015">Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A2FA4CA8F26D180A" box="[395,561,235,258]" name="French Guiana" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it is fully protected by law, and harvest is strictly forbidden in all nature reserves (Catzeflis and de Thoisy 2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3CD5663BFFAB6500A0394B09F5A81E92" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573384" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573384/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" startId="8.[840,875,1866,1887]" targetBox="[893,1469,1369,1853]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAB6500A0394B09F5A81E92" blockId="8.[840,1524,1866,1946]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A0394B09F3D61E57" bold="true" box="[840,906,1866,1887]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Fig. 7.</emphasis>
|
||
—Illegal harvests of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAB6500A72A4B08F57F1E68" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1115,1315,1867,1888]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAB6500A72A4B08F57F1E68" box="[1115,1315,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Priodontes maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur throughout its distribution in South America; this individual was killed in Colombia. Photograph by Tropenbos International Colombia used with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAA6501A3E94D08F11B1B8A" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Local communities of the Amazon and Orinoco regions of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A31C4D28F08A188A" box="[109,214,363,386]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
do not usually consume meat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A1424D28F2F7188A" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[563,683,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A1424D28F2F7188A" box="[563,683,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, it is subjected to subsistence hunting and substantially affected by habitat loss due to land-use change in those regions (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFAA6501A1EA4DE8F2B018CA" box="[667,748,427,450]" country="Venezuela" name="Trujillo" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Trujillo</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Superina 2013; Superina et al. 2014b). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A1574D88F2CA18EA" box="[550,662,459,482]" name="Venezuela" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A1D14D88F34418EA" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[672,792,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A1D14D88F34418EA" box="[672,792,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is hunted intensely, despite being protected by Decree 1485 that prohibits armadillo hunting (Rodríguez and Rojas-Suárez 2008). Habitat destruction is an additional threat north of the Orinoco River, where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A38E4E08F1261B6A" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[255,378,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A38E4E08F1261B6A" box="[255,378,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is virtually extirpated (Rodríguez and Rojas-Suárez 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAA6501A3E94EC8F24D1D4A" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A3C24EC8F17C1BAA" box="[179,288,651,674]" name="Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A2BA4EC8F2181BAA" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[459,580,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A2BA4EC8F2181BAA" box="[459,580,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are mainly affected by significant and sustained habitat loss and fragmentation and by hunting (G. Porini, in litt.; Superina et al. 2012). The protected areas network currently covers about 3% of the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A31C4F48F0B61A2A" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[109,234,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A31C4F48F0B61A2A" box="[109,234,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A2604F48F1271A2A" box="[273,379,779,802]" name="Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Tognelli et al. 2011).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A1F14F48F2A01A2A" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[640,764,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A1F14F48F2A01A2A" box="[640,764,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is officially protected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A2124F68F19B1A4A" box="[355,455,811,834]" name="Paraguay" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but enforcement of protective measures is difficult in remote areas.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A17C4F08F2D51A6A" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[525,649,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A17C4F08F2D51A6A" box="[525,649,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is extirpated in most of eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A2454F28F1C41A8A" box="[308,408,875,898]" name="Paraguay" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with great threats to populations in the remaining areas (Smith 2012). Even if small populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A31C4FE8F0BB1ACA" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[109,231,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A31C4FE8F0BB1ACA" box="[109,231,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
persist in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A2274FE8F1E61ACA" box="[342,442,939,962]" name="Paraguay" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, they are probably unsustainable because of human population growth, expansion of development, deforestation causing habitat fragmentation, and increased contact with people, all seriously restricting availability of suitable habitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAA6501A3884868F12B1D4A" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." box="[249,375,1067,1090]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" refId="ref12969" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 2008. Xenarthrans of the Paraguayan Chaco. Pp. 294 - 299 in The biology of Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">Meritt 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Smith 2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAA6501A3E94808F0EF1C6A" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
|
||
In Kaa-Iya National Park,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A2DC4808F1A21D6A" box="[429,510,1099,1122]" name="Bolivia" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, protected areas of dry forest provided an important stronghold for long-term conservation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A3FD48C8F15B1DAA" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[140,263,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A3FD48C8F15B1DAA" box="[140,263,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but outside these areas, there is little chance of protection (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAA6501A39A48E8F1C71DCA" author="NOSS, A. J. & R. PENA & D. I. RUMIZ" box="[235,411,1195,1218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="43 - 52" refId="ref13218" refString="NOSS, A. J., R. PENA, AND D. I. RUMIZ. 2004. Camera trapping Priodontes maximus in the dry forests of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Endangered Species Update 21: 43 - 52." type="journal article" year="2004">Noss et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Status of populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A1CE48E8F0C41DEA" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A1CE48E8F0C41DEA" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A3B44888F15A1DEA" box="[197,262,1227,1250]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
varies widely (de Souza-Mazurek et al. 2000; Srbek-Araujo et al. 2009), and some populations occur in official reserves of indigenous people, where they are susceptible to extirpation by hunting (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAA6501A2024968F21E1C4A" author="LEEUWENBERG, F." box="[371,578,1323,1346]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="4 - 5" refId="ref12302" refString="LEEUWENBERG, F. 1997. Edentata as a food resource: subsistence hunting by Xavante Indians, Brazil. Edentata 3: 4 - 5." type="journal article" year="1997">Leeuwenberg 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Zimmerman et al. 2001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAA6501A3E94928F0AC1E0A" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
|
||
There are emerging technologies (including remote sensing, camera trapping, and satellite telemetry) that can aid the conservation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A25549E8F1FE1CCA" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[292,418,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A25549E8F1FE1CCA" box="[292,418,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Innovative use of scat-detection dogs to locate feces of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A20E4988F25D1CEA" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[383,513,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A20E4988F1D31CEA" box="[383,399,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A2D04988F25D1CEA" box="[417,513,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A15F4988F22D1CEA" box="[558,625,1483,1506]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
could become a useful tool for conservation efforts (Vynne et al. 2009). Although Zimbres et al. (2012) found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A13F4A48F2971F2A" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[590,715,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A13F4A48F2971F2A" box="[590,715,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would still be adequately protected under climate-change scenarios, they stressed the need for additional reserves in northeastern and central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A3844A28F1671F8A" box="[245,315,1643,1666]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Similarly, Tognelli et al. (2011) assessed conservation priorities for xenarthrans in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A15D4AC8F2C01FAA" box="[556,668,1675,1698]" name="Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
; their models suggested that protection of 1 additional area in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AA6EF851FFAA6501A1A24AE8F0EE1FEA" country="Argentina" name="Chaco" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Chaco region</collectingRegion>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="10BD7623FFAA6501A3A94A88F1181FEA" box="[216,324,1739,1762]" name="Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
would significantly increase protection of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A31C4AA8F0B41E0A" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[109,232,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A31C4AA8F0B41E0A" box="[109,232,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="681536B3FFAA6501A3E94B48F4E918EA" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="9.[840,1523,203,482]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Strong national efforts, including educating native people, and international support are needed to ensure ongoing conservation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A3A14B08F1141E6A" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[208,328,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A3A14B08F1141E6A" box="[208,328,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Because it fares poorly in captivity, captive breeding and reintroductions currently are not viable, making habitat protection the key to enhancing survival prospects of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A0394C88F39D19EA" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[840,961,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A0394C88F39D19EA" box="[840,961,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A75F4C88F4FB19EA" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1070,1191,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A75F4C88F4FB19EA" box="[1070,1191,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread with locally low densities and often disjunct populations, it requires large preserves and often international cooperation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAA6501A65B4D48F5BF182A" author="ARITA, H. & J. ROBINSON & K. REDFORD" box="[1322,1507,267,290]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="181 - 191" refId="ref9353" refString="ARITA, H., J. ROBINSON, AND K. REDFORD. 1990. Rarity in Neotropical forest mammals and its ecological correlates. Conservation Biology 4: 181 - 191." type="journal article" year="1990">Arita et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Corridors connecting suitable habitat and protected areas could also improve the conservation status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A7804D08F532186A" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1265,1390,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A7804D08F55D186A" box="[1265,1281,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A67E4D08F532186A" box="[1295,1390,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. More basic research could enhance the understanding of the behavior and ecology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFAA4D30FFAA6501A0BB4DC8F41418AA" baseAuthorityName="Meritt" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[970,1096,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Priodontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADEEAA1FFAA6501A0BB4DC8F41418AA" box="[970,1096,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and better illuminate its conservation needs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAA6501A0E64DE8F44418CA" author="MERITT, D. A., Jr." box="[919,1048,427,450]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="30 - 33" refId="ref12935" refString="MERITT, D. A., Jr. 2006. Research questions on the behavior and ecology of the giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus). Edentata 7: 30 - 33." type="journal article" year="2006">Meritt 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Loughry and McDonough 2013; Superina et al. 2014b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C3B4B42FFAA6501A0A24D88F4F918EA" author="LOUGHRY, W. J. & M. SUPERINA & C. M. MCDONOUGH & A. M. ABBA" box="[979,1189,459,482]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="635 - 644" refId="ref12441" refString="LOUGHRY, W. J., M. SUPERINA, C. M. MCDONOUGH, AND A. M. ABBA. 2015. Research on armadillos: a review and prospectus. Journal of Mammalogy 96: 635 - 644." type="journal article" year="2015">Loughry et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |