226 lines
28 KiB
XML
226 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="B79C5EC68B21AD6B27F0516CEFAA1BDE" ID-CLB-Dataset="3265" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5730714" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4631fcfb-1c02-43ca-add6-eba909339b4a" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5730714" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1637974816431" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2013" docId="DF668780FFD8FFCBFF32F35A6DF9E433" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_3_Callitrichidae_0262.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Callithrix kuhlii Coimbra-Filho 1985" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="319" masterDocId="235FFFF8FFD5FFC5FF94FFFB6F48E062" masterDocTitle="Callitrichiade" masterLastPageNumber="346" masterPageNumber="262" pageNumber="318" updateTime="1699470543288" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="EBA9978FA549F8880AEB355060D27B65">
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<mods:title id="024D58C3B33FD52683527CAF759E5B1A">Callitrichiade</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BE0B1FC89669F62F5D6693955B7560DF">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FD8496CE853CFA002D1A42A52491DEEE">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8BBF983403883286E723D1199BE3DB91">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="49DC73EA52485F603FD2FA4B932EB72E">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="8ADE9F921FFF1B973E175F66A0628300" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="5BFF8C8596728C35D16603AF2FDE2C05">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="A7DEA60B8B319708ADEF33EFE5B33E1A">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="1D42C63E1CACEB798693FCCEA0A92FA4">
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<mods:title id="D3B62BED40C810DDC0DE0E99A34C7543">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="B5AFE1439E3ADCC92CE29750D40F9442">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="DF668780FFD8FFCBFF32F35A6DF9E433" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6716388" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190872716" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6716388" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF668780FFD8FFCBFF32F35A6DF9E433" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF668780FFD8FFCBFF32F35A6DF9E433" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="319" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFD8FFC8FF32F35A6F96ECA9" box="[166,222,3233,3275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8FF32F35A6F96ECA9" blockId="13.[163,1295,3233,3353]" box="[166,222,3233,3275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<heading id="0C3881FAFFD8FFC8FF32F35A6F96ECA9" box="[166,222,3233,3275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<figureCitation id="CFF42A13FFD8FFC8FF32F35A6F90ECA9" box="[166,216,3233,3275]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="10.[86,118,3402,3422]" captionTargetBox="[11,2701,18,1762]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="On following pages 19 Buffy-headed Marrnoset (Cal/:rhnx flawcepsá 20 Geoffroy s Tuftedear Mamıoset (Ca/Iırhnx gooflroyı), 21 Wıed s Black tufted-ear Mannoset (Callıthrıx kuhlıı), 22 Block-tufted-ear Marmoset (Callnhnx penıcıllata) 23 Common Mannoset (Calhthnx ¡aochusf" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6620743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6620743/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">21</figureCitation>
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.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFD8FFC8FF79F35A6CE5ECA9" box="[237,941,3233,3275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8FF79F35A6CE5ECA9" blockId="13.[163,1295,3233,3353]" box="[237,941,3233,3275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<heading id="0C3881FAFFD8FFC8FF79F35A6CE5ECA9" box="[237,941,3233,3275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Wied’s Black-tufted-ear Marmoset</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFD8FFC8FC66F35A6A46ECA9" box="[1010,1294,3233,3275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8FC66F35A6A46ECA9" blockId="13.[163,1295,3233,3353]" box="[1010,1294,3233,3275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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||
<heading id="0C3881FAFFD8FFC8FC66F35A6A46ECA9" box="[1010,1294,3233,3275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8FC66F35A6A46ECA9" ID-CoL="5WVNR" authorityName="Coimbra-Filho" authorityYear="1985" box="[1010,1294,3233,3275]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Callithrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuhlii">
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<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFD8FFC8FC66F35A6A46ECA9" box="[1010,1294,3233,3275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Callithrix kuhlii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFD8FFC8FF31F3276D1EED7B" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8FF31F3276B50EC93" blockId="13.[163,1295,3233,3353]" box="[165,1048,3292,3313]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<heading id="0C3881FAFFD8FFC8FF31F3276B50EC93" box="[165,1048,3292,3313]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFD8FFC8FF31F3276FBAEC93" box="[165,242,3292,3313]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="D9CC46B8FFD8FFC8FF6EF3276EDBEC93" box="[250,403,3292,3313]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Ouistiti de Kuhl</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFD8FFC8FE3CF3276D4AEC93" box="[424,514,3292,3313]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="D9CC46B8FFD8FFC8FD99F3276D90EC93" box="[525,728,3292,3313]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Kuhl-Blschelaffchen</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFD8FFC8FD79F3276C00EC93" box="[749,840,3292,3313]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="D9CC46B8FFD8FFC8FCC5F3276B50EC93" box="[849,1048,3292,3313]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Titi de orejas negras</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8FF31F2FF6D1EED7B" blockId="13.[163,1295,3233,3353]" box="[165,598,3332,3353]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<heading id="0C3881FAFFD8FFC8FF31F2FF6D1EED7B" box="[165,598,3332,3353]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFD8FFC8FF31F2FF6ED3ED7B" box="[165,411,3332,3353]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="D9CC46B8FFD8FFC8FE37F2FF6D1EED7B" box="[419,598,3332,3353]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Wied's Marmoset</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFD8FFC8FF30F2B26C0EED04" box="[164,838,3401,3430]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8FF30F2B26C0EED04" blockId="13.[163,1366,3401,3474]" box="[164,838,3401,3430]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFD8FFC8FF30F2B26E77ED04" box="[164,319,3401,3430]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8FED9F2B26C09ED04" ID-CoL="5WVNR" authority="Coimbra-Filho, 1985" authorityName="Coimbra-Filho" authorityYear="1985" box="[333,833,3401,3430]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Callithrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuhlii">Callithrix kuhlii Coimbra-Filho, 1985</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFD8FFC8FCC6F2B26EB4EDEC" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8FCC6F2B26EB4EDEC" blockId="13.[163,1366,3401,3474]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<materialsCitation id="E7A73CCBFFD8FFC8FCC6F2B26EB1EDEC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3803746310" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<collectingCountry id="2FD87606FFD8FFC8FCC6F2B26CEAED04" box="[850,930,3401,3430]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, Rio Belmonte (= Rio Jequitinhonha), southern
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<collectingRegion id="950BF874FFD8FFC8FE3CF28E6EB1EDEC" box="[424,505,3445,3470]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Bahia</collectingRegion>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFD8FFC8F795FEDB6622E123" box="[2049,2410,288,321]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8F795FEDB6622E123" blockId="13.[2049,2635,288,715]" box="[2049,2410,288,321]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFD8FFC8F795FEBC67E5E1BC" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" type="distribution">
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<caption id="03B0661EFFD8FFC8F795FEBC67E5E1BC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5730776" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5730776" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5730776/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" targetBox="[1436,2016,300,707]" targetPageId="13">
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<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8F795FEBC67E5E1BC" blockId="13.[2049,2635,288,715]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFD8FFC8F795FEBC67F8E10A" box="[2049,2224,327,360]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E
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<collectingCountry id="2FD87606FFD8FFC8F749FEBC6663E10A" box="[2269,2347,327,360]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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between the Rio de Contas and Rio Jequitinhonha in S
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<collectingRegion id="950BF874FFD8FFC8F668FE946700E1D5" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
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, just entering the NE tip of
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<collectingRegion id="950BF874FFD8FFC8F66CFE6567E2E1BC" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Minas Gerais State</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFD8FFC8F796FE1F6698E467" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" type="description">
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<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8F796FE1F6698E467" blockId="13.[2049,2635,288,715]" lastBlockId="13.[1433,2638,729,3466]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFD8FFC8F796FE1F67B5E267" box="[2050,2301,484,517]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 20-23 cm, tail 29-33 cm; weight 350-400 g. Wied’s Black-tufted-ear Marmoset has black pre-auricular tufts and a white patch in the middle of the forehead. Its cheeks and throat are pale grayish-beige to pale brown. Its back is striped, outer thighs are reddish brown, and the tail is ringed. There is a reddish-brown coloration to the base of the hairs on some parts of the body, especially on the outside of the thighs. Hands, arms, feet, and legs are very dark, almost black. The crown is black in juveniles but pale grayish-beige in adults. The pencil-like ear tufts are black, long, and less dense than those of the Black-tufted-ear Marmoset (
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<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8FA33FC616913E3D5" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1812" box="[1447,1627,922,951]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Callimico" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="penicillata">C. penicillata</taxonomicName>
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). Wied’s Black-tufted-ear Marmoset differs from the Common Marmoset (
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<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8FA43FC466915E3BC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1495,1629,957,990]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Callithrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jacchus">C. jacchus</taxonomicName>
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) in being darker overall, with the conspicuous reddish-brown showing through the blackish (variously white-flecked) pelage ofits thighs and flanks.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFD8FFC8FA0DFBF768A1E50A" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8FA0DFBF768A1E50A" blockId="13.[1433,2638,729,3466]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFD8FFC8FA0DFBF76940E44F" box="[1433,1544,1036,1069]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Coastal evergreen and (inland) mesophytic forest of the Atlantic Forest in southern
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<collectingRegion id="950BF874FFD8FFC8F9B6FBCC693BE436" box="[1570,1651,1079,1108]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Bahia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="2FD87606FFD8FFC8F917FBCC699CE436" box="[1667,1748,1079,1108]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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. Cacao is cultivated in the easterly, more coastal part of the distribution of Wied’s Black-tufted-ear Marmoset. It can occupy secondary forests and cacao plantations where many of the taller trees of the forest are left standing to provide shade—an agroforestry system known as “cabruca.” It also occupies old, abandoned rubber plantations, dense in secondary growth. Near the coast, it occupies arboreal “restinga” (sandy soil forest), characterized by the abundant, endemic piacava palm (Attaleafunifera). In the humid coastal forest, there is no distinct seasonality, with more than 100-200 mm of rainfall every month.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFD8FFC8FA0DFA8D69A1EA49" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8FA0DFA8D69A1EA49" blockId="13.[1433,2638,729,3466]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
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<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFD8FFC8FA0DFA8D69D5E5ED" box="[1433,1693,1398,1423]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Wied’s Black-tufted-ear Marmoset eats fruits, flowers, nectar, gums, and small animal prey, including insects, spiders, snails, lizards, and frogs. During three months (August—-October) at Una,
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<collectingRegion id="950BF874FFD8FFC8F843FA476760E5BF" box="[2007,2088,1468,1501]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Bahia</collectingRegion>
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, fruit comprised 63-69-5% of the plant part of the diet, exudates 30-5-34%, and flowers 3%, eaten only in August. Feeding on animal prey contributed 12-15% of the diet in the three months. In June-November, Wied'’s Black-tufted-ear Marmoset ate from 17 plants in eleven families, and six species of pioneer
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<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F9AEF9A56864E619" box="[1594,1836,1630,1659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
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—common and clumped in secondary growth and edge habitats and providing abundant small, sweet fruits—were the most important:
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<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F673F97E6AF7E6AB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Henriettea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Henriettea</taxonomicName>
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succosa in June-July,
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<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F97DF953681BE6AB" box="[1769,1875,1704,1737]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Miconia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Miconia</taxonomicName>
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dodecandra and M. hypoloeuca and a third unidentified species in August—-October, and another unidentified
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<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F70CF934664AE692" box="[2200,2306,1743,1776]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Miconia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Miconia</taxonomicName>
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in November. Fruits of an unidentified species of
|
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<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F8B4F90068E5E77A" box="[1824,1965,1787,1816]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F86BF90066FCE77A" box="[2047,2484,1787,1816]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pourouma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">Pourouma velutina (Urticaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
were also important in October-November. The red flowers and nectar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F6C4F8E56693E75D" box="[2384,2523,1822,1855]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Clusiaceae" genus="Symphonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Symphonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
globulifera (Guttiferae) were significant parts of the diet in July-August. Gums were eaten from ten plant species, including species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F780F89667BAE7EC" box="[2068,2290,1901,1934]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Inga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Inga (Fabaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F6D0F8966979E7D7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Anacardium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Anacardium (Anacardiaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Their principal source of gum was the giant emergent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F6D3F86F66D4E7D7" box="[2375,2460,1940,1973]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Parkia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Parkia</taxonomicName>
|
||
pendula (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F5B5F86F6948E7BF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); they gouged its trunks and branches and also ate the abundant gum exuded from large hanging seed pods. Gum of P. pendula ranked second in the plant part of the diet in August—October, making up 23-28% of the feeding records each month. Foraging for animal prey by Wied’s Black-tufted-ear Marmosets involves largely foliagegleaning, stealth, stalk and pounce, and searching on leaves and along branches in dense vegetation and vine tangles—typical of other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F698F77F66CCE8C3" box="[2316,2436,2180,2209]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Callithrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Callithrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Occasionally, they rummage through debris and accumulations ofleaflitter, but they do not forage in epiphytic tank bromeliads as do sympatric Golden-headed Lion Tamarins (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F649F73469DCE97A" authorityName="Kuhl" authorityYear="1820" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Leontopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysomelas">Leontopithecus chrysomelas</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Wied’s Black-tufted-ear Marmosets accompany army ants (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F676F7006504E97A" authorityName="Jurine" authorityYear="1807" box="[2530,2636,2299,2328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
praedator and sometimes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F962F6D9680EE95D" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[1782,1862,2338,2367]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
|
||
rapax), moving in front of the swarms and going to the ground to capture fleeing insects and spiders from the leaflitter. Snails are eaten by first biting the apex of the shell. They will also eat plant galls from undersides of the leaves of Platycentrum clidemioides (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F8E9F66F673DE9D7" box="[1917,2165,2452,2485]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), biting off the galls and extracting the larvae with their hands and mouth. Principal larger prey include orthopterans (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8FA3CF61D692AEA61" authorityName="Krauss" authorityYear="1902" box="[1448,1634,2534,2563]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tettigoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F925F61D6808EA61" box="[1713,1856,2534,2563]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acrididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), coleopteran adults and larvae, stick insects (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90CF4D15FFD8FFC8F64FF61D6A99EA49" class="Insecta" family="Phasmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), spiders, and frogs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFD8FFC8FA0FF5CE66C4EB5F" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8FA0FF5CE66C4EB5F" blockId="13.[1433,2638,729,3466]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFD8FFC8FA0FF5CE6968EA30" box="[1435,1568,2613,2642]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
At the Una Biological Reserve in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="950BF874FFD8FFC8F86DF5CE67DDEA30" box="[2041,2197,2613,2642]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
|
||
, infants (births) were recorded in November—February. Usually only one female in each group breeds, but rarely two breed. Demographic and reproductive data for a captive population showed that gestation is c.143 days, ovulatory cycles are c.25 days, ovulation occurs 13-14 days after parturition, intervals between six births averaged 156 days, the average age of first reproduction was 2-7 years for males and 3-3 years for females, and youngest age to sire or conceive infants was one year for males and 1-4 years for females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFD8FFC8FA0EF4B86551EDE8" pageId="13" pageNumber="318" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="57703696FFD8FFC8FA0EF4B86551EDE8" blockId="13.[1433,2638,729,3466]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFD8FFC8FA0EF4B869C0EB06" box="[1434,1672,2883,2916]" pageId="13" pageNumber="318">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
In a three-month study near the town of Una, a group of Wied’s Black-tufted-ear Marmosets spent 38% of their time moving, 25% foraging for animal prey, 20% feeding on plant foods, 3% feeding on animal prey, and 14% resting and engaging in social activities. The group spent 78% ofits time below 15 m above ground and 53% of its time at heights of 8-15 m. Individuals foraged mostly in the dense vegetation of the middle strata and lower canopy of the forest, 11-16 m above the ground. Occasionally, they went to the ground to search for prey. Wied’s Black-tuftedear Marmosets are active for 10-11 hours/day; their activities begin 30-45 minutes after sunrise and end 1-1-5 hours before sunset. Fruit eating peaks in early morning and mid-afternoon. Resting bouts by the whole group occur throughout the day but tended to be more frequent and prolonged in the middle of the day. Time spent foraging for animal prey increases during the day but gradually decreases through mid- to late afternoon. Fourteen sleeping sites recorded in the study included dense liana tangles in low bushy vegetation (8-9 m above the ground), tall tree crowns (15-25 m above the ground), and low trees with dense crowns (10-15 m above the ground).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFDBFFCBFFD9FEE56E25E2C3" pageId="14" pageNumber="319" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="57703696FFDBFFCBFFD9FEE56E25E2C3" blockId="14.[75,1280,286,1108]" pageId="14" pageNumber="319">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFDBFFCBFFD9FEE56C48E15D" box="[77,768,286,319]" pageId="14" pageNumber="319">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Eight groups of Wied’s Black-tuftedear Marmosets near the town of Una contained 5-9 individuals (mean 6-6); all groups had two or more adults, four of them with two adult males. Another eight groups monitored over four years in the Una Biological Reserve had 2-6 individuals (mean 4-2); six of them with two adult males. Larger groups were seen elsewhere with up to 16 individuals. Adult males and adult females will leave their natal groups to disperse to other groups. A case was recorded where two adult males split off from a group and, after two months, joined two other individuals to form a new group; one them was an adult female that gave birth to twins five months later. At Una, their densities were 8:7-9-7 groups/km?.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFDBFFCBFFD9FD5C6DADE307" pageId="14" pageNumber="319" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="57703696FFDBFFCBFFD9FD5C6DADE307" blockId="14.[75,1280,286,1108]" pageId="14" pageNumber="319">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFDBFFCBFFD9FD5C6EE6E2AA" box="[77,430,679,712]" pageId="14" pageNumber="319">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Wied’s Black-tufted-ear Marmosets occur in Serra das Lontras National Park, Una Biological Reserve, Canavieiras Extractive Reserve, and Itacaré-Serra Grande Environmental Protection Area. Boa Nova National Park and Boa Nova Wildlife Refuge are in the far west of its distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FD5651DFFDBFFCBFFD9FC8F6DF9E433" pageId="14" pageNumber="319" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="57703696FFDBFFCBFFD9FC8F6DF9E433" blockId="14.[75,1280,286,1108]" pageId="14" pageNumber="319">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BBEA84FFDBFFCBFFD9FC8F6FAEE3EF" box="[77,230,884,909]" pageId="14" pageNumber="319">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Coimbra-Filho (1985b), Coimbra-Filho et al. (2006), Fite et al. (2003), French, Brewer et al. (1996), French, Schaffner et al. (1995), Mittermeier, Rylands & Coimbra-Filho (1988), Natori (1990), Oliver & Santos (1991), Puffer et al. (2004), Raboy et al. (2008), Ross et al. (2007), Rylands (1982, 1984, 1989a, 1996), Rylands & de Faria (1993), Rylands, Coimbra-Filho & Mittermeier (1993, 2009), Rylands, da Fonseca et al. (1996), Rylands, Spironelo et al. (1988), Santos et al. (1987), Schaffner & French (1997, 2004), Schaffner et al. (1995), Smith et al. (1997), Stevenson & Rylands (1988).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |