494 lines
68 KiB
XML
494 lines
68 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="744ABAB9AA892D7F36A09377CBB4597E">Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFF54FEBF05E1265A" bold="true" box="[151,401,355,382]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Druon quercusflocci</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="33584B1DA340101DFE62FEBF064C265A" author="Walsh, B. M. A." box="[417,572,356,382]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="443 - 500" refId="ref50944" refString="Walsh, B. M. A. (1864) On dimorphism in the Hymenopterous genus Cynips; with an appendix, containing hints for new classification of Cynipidae and a list of Cynipidae, including descriptions of several new species, inhabiting the oak-galls of Illinois. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 2, 443 - 500." type="journal article" year="1864">Walsh, 1864</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<subSubSection id="1FD36567A340101DFF54FE5305482687" box="[151,312,392,419]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="description">
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<figureCitation id="CFF22A69A340101DFF54FE5305482687" box="[151,312,392,419]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 139–144" captionStart-1="FIGURES 145–148" captionStart-2="FIGURES 149–150" captionStartId-0="50.[151,264,1967,1991]" captionStartId-1="51.[151,264,1468,1492]" captionStartId-2="52.[151,264,759,783]" captionTargetBox-0="[195,1393,823,1934]" captionTargetBox-1="[175,1423,188,1441]" captionTargetBox-2="[162,1436,181,735]" captionTargetId-0="figure-299@50.[182,1404,813,1943]" captionTargetId-1="figure-21@51.[156,1432,181,1444]" captionTargetId-2="figure-25@52.[152,1436,181,735]" captionTargetPageId-0="50" captionTargetPageId-1="51" captionTargetPageId-2="52" captionText-0="FIGURES 139–144. Druon quercusflocci, comb. nov., asexual female. 139–142, head: 139, frontal view, 140, dorsal view, 141, lateral view, 142, posterior view. 143, antenna. 144, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view." captionText-1="FIGURES 145–148. Druon quercusflocci, comb. nov., asexual female. 145, mesosoma, lateral view. 146, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 147, mesoscutellum, dorsal view, 148, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view." captionText-2="FIGURES 149–150. 149, Druon quercusflocci, comb. nov., asexual generation, metasoma, lateral view. 150, galls: D. quercusflocci (left), D. quercusflocci-like, Mexico (right)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520570" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520572" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520574" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6520570/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6520572/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/6520574/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Figs. 139–150</figureCitation>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="77D911C2A340101DFF54FE1C073F26FB" box="[151,847,455,479]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFF6AFE13049F26FB" ID-CoL="3YK3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[169,239,456,479]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cynips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cynips</taxonomicName>
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Quercus-lana
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, adult, galls (see comments)
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<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFF54FE3D065B26DA" authority="Walsh, 1864: 482" authorityName="Walsh" authorityPageNumber="482" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,555,486,510]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cynips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="quercus" subSpecies="flocci">
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<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFF54FE3D050126DA" box="[151,369,486,510]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cynips quercus flocci</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="33584B1DA340101DFEBBFE3D065B26DA" author="Walsh, B. M. A." box="[376,555,486,510]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="443 - 500" refId="ref50944" refString="Walsh, B. M. A. (1864) On dimorphism in the Hymenopterous genus Cynips; with an appendix, containing hints for new classification of Cynipidae and a list of Cynipidae, including descriptions of several new species, inhabiting the oak-galls of Illinois. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 2, 443 - 500." type="journal article" year="1864">Walsh, 1864: 482</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, female, gall.
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<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFF54FDDE04AD2538" ID-CoL="3YK3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,221,517,540]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cynips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFF54FDDE04AD2538" box="[151,221,517,540]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cynips</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFF2FFDDF05372538" ID-CoL="VTL" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[236,327,516,540]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFF2FFDDF05372538" box="[236,327,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Andricus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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?)
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<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFEA1FDDF06D12538" authority="Osten Sacken, 1865: 352" authorityName="Osten Sacken" authorityPageNumber="352" authorityYear="1865" box="[354,673,516,541]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flocci">
|
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<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFEA1FDDF05EA2538" box="[354,410,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">flocci</emphasis>
|
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Osten Sacken, 1865: 352
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFF54FDF805FB251F" authority="(Walsh)" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" box="[151,395,547,571]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flocci">
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<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFF54FDF80541251F" box="[151,305,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Andricus flocci</emphasis>
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(Walsh)
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</taxonomicName>
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:
|
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<treatmentCitation id="D66810FDA340101DFE56FDFF0643251F" author="Mayr, G." box="[405,563,547,572]" page="28" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="1881">
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<bibRefCitation id="33584B1DA340101DFE56FDFF0643251F" author="Mayr, G." box="[405,563,547,572]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref48252" refString="Mayr, G. (1881) Die Genera der gallenbewohnenden Cynipiden. Jahresberichte der Communal-Oberrealschule im I. Bezirke, Wien, 20, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1881">Mayr, 1881: 28</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="577636ECA340101DFF54FD9906D7257E" blockId="49.[151,847,455,602]" box="[151,679,578,602]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFF54FD9905AA257E" authority="(Walsh)" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,474,578,602]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFF54FD9905F1257E" box="[151,385,578,602]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Andricus quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
(Walsh)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="D66810FDA340101DFE27FD9906D3257E" author="Burks, B. D." box="[484,675,578,602]" page="1087" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="1979">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33584B1DA340101DFE27FD9906D3257E" author="Burks, B. D." box="[484,675,578,602]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref46445" refString="Burks, B. D. (1979) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D. Jr., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 1045 - 1107." type="book" year="1979">Burks, 1979: 1087</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FD36567A340101DFF54FD5806B925C1" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA340101DFF54FD5806B925C1" blockId="49.[151,1437,642,2037]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFF54FD58052E25B8" bold="true" box="[151,350,642,669]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Types examined.</emphasis>
|
||
Walsh types are supposed to be deposited in the Entomology Type Collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. However, neither type specimens nor non-type specimens were found in the collection. We presume that these specimens are lost.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FD36567A340101DFF04FD3505BB2451" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA340101DFF04FD3505BB2451" blockId="49.[151,1437,642,2037]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFF04FD350647242C" bold="true" box="[199,567,750,776]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Additional material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="E7A13CB1A340101DFD83FD3405B62451" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027566387" collectingDate="1995-10-15" collectionCode="USNM, PHDNRL" collectorName="G. Melika" country="United States of America" county="Pamlico Co." location="Bassett" municipality="Arapahoe" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="NC">
|
||
<specimenCount id="41CFFD65A340101DFD83FD3406A1242D" box="[576,721,751,777]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Five females</specimenCount>
|
||
on one cardboard “158x from
|
||
<location id="52166037A340101DFBF7FD3400F5242D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF6087FAA3401018FF54FEBF003421FF:52166037A340101DFBF7FD3400F5242D" box="[1076,1157,751,777]" country="United States of America" county="Pamlico Co." municipality="Arapahoe" name="Bassett" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" stateProvince="NC">Bassett</location>
|
||
flocci; Collection C.V.I. Riley” from general collection in
|
||
<collectionCode id="31D8AE29A340101DFDC9FCC8062F2409" box="[522,607,787,813]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
: http://n
|
||
<quantity id="90319B09A340101DFD7AFCC906BF2409" box="[697,719,786,813]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="t" value="2.0">2t</quantity>
|
||
.net/ark:/65665/354a22430-9d15-4580-88ac-9336113a889c; examined by GM. 15 galls and
|
||
<specimenCount id="41CFFD65A340101DFE1BFCED06342475" box="[472,580,822,849]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="31D8AE29A340101DFD92FCEC06B52475" box="[593,709,823,849]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">PHDNRL</collectionCode>
|
||
) “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2FDE767CA340101DFD1EFCEC076A2475" box="[733,794,823,849]" name="United States of America" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="950DF80EA340101DFCE6FCEC073F2475" box="[805,847,823,849]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">NC</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="BE174E60A340101DFC9AFCEC07952475" box="[857,997,823,849]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Pamlico Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="52166037A340101DFC33FCEC00EB2475" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF6087FAA3401018FF54FEBF003421FF:52166037A340101DFC33FCEC00EB2475" box="[1008,1179,823,849]" country="United States of America" county="Pamlico Co." municipality="Arapahoe" name="Camp See Gull" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" stateProvince="NC">Camp See Gull</location>
|
||
, nr. Arapahoe,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFA81FCEC01E52475" box="[1346,1429,823,849]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFA81FCEC01E52475" box="[1346,1429,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Q. alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName id="FA3C533AA340101DFF04FC80054C2451" box="[199,316,859,885]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">G. Melika</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="2377102CA340101DFE84FC8105CB2451" box="[327,443,858,885]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" value="1995-10-15">
|
||
<collectingDate id="3333E9C4A340101DFE84FC8105CB2451" box="[327,443,858,885]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" value="1995-10-15">1995.x.15</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FD36567A340101DFF04FCA50050236A" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA340101DFF04FCA50050236A" blockId="49.[151,1437,642,2037]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFF04FCA5053224BC" bold="true" box="[199,322,894,920]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
This species belongs to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFDB4FCA406B024BC" authorityName="Kinsey" authorityYear="1937" box="[631,704,895,920]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFDB4FCA406B024BC" box="[631,704,895,920]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Druon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group with the head rusty brown frontally, mesosoma light brown and metasoma smooth or with indistinct sparse micropunctures, as also occurs in
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFBF5FC7804B924C4" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFBF5FC7801582499" authorityName="Cuesta-Porta & Melika & Nicholls & Stone & Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1078,1320,931,957]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercuslanigerum">D. quercuslanigerum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFAF7FC7804B924C4" authorityName="Kinsey" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="protagion">D. protagion</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFF14FC1C05AC24C4" box="[215,476,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFF14FC1C053C24C4" authorityName="Cuesta-Porta & Melika & Nicholls & Stone & Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Bassett" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[215,332,967,992]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pattoni">D. pattoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFE9BFC1C05AC24C4" authorityName="Kinsey" authorityYear="1937" box="[344,476,967,992]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rusticum">D. rusticum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFDD7FC1C06ED24C4" authorityName="Kinsey" authorityYear="1937" box="[532,669,967,992]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="receptum">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFDD7FC1C06ED24C4" box="[532,669,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">D. receptum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA340101DFD6FFC1C07E224C5" authorityName="Cuesta-Porta & Melika & Nicholls & Stone & Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[684,914,967,993]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFD6FFC1C07E224C5" box="[684,914,967,993]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Druon quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from all these species in the transverse shape of its head in frontal view, gena distinctly broadened behind eye in frontal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFF22A69A340101DFBAEFC3000BF2321" box="[1133,1231,1003,1029]" captionStart="FIGURES 139–144" captionStartId="50.[151,264,1967,1991]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,823,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-299@50.[182,1404,813,1943]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURES 139–144. Druon quercusflocci, comb. nov., asexual female. 139–142, head: 139, frontal view, 140, dorsal view, 141, lateral view, 142, posterior view. 143, antenna. 144, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6520570/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 139</figureCitation>
|
||
), and long mesoscutellum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFF22A69A340101DFECAFBD40518230D" box="[265,360,1039,1065]" captionStart="FIGURES 145–148" captionStartId="51.[151,264,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox="[175,1423,188,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-21@51.[156,1432,181,1444]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURES 145–148. Druon quercusflocci, comb. nov., asexual female. 145, mesosoma, lateral view. 146, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 147, mesoscutellum, dorsal view, 148, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520572" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6520572/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 147</figureCitation>
|
||
) (in the other species the head is rounded or trapezoid, gena only slightly broadened behind eye (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFF22A69A340101DFF5CFBE8057A2369" box="[159,266,1075,1101]" captionStart="FIGURES 113–118" captionStartId="42.[151,264,1967,1991]" captionTargetBox="[245,1341,641,1935]" captionTargetId="figure-206@42.[233,1354,633,1944]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURES 113–118. Druon pattoni, comb. nov., asexual female. 113–116, head: 113, frontal view, 114, dorsal view, 115, lateral view, 116, posterior view. 117, antenna. 118, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6520549/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Figs. 113</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFF22A69A340101DFED5FBE905322369" box="[278,322,1074,1101]" captionStart="FIGURES 125–130" captionStartId="45.[151,264,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[172,1428,356,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-87@45.[157,1431,345,1636]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURES 125–130. Druon protagion, comb. rev., asexual female. 125–128, head: 125, frontal view, 126, dorsal view, 127, lateral view, 128, posterior view. 129, antenna. 130, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6520557/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">125</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFF22A69A340101DFE8DFBE9050A2369" box="[334,378,1074,1101]" captionStart="FIGURES 151–156" captionStartId="53.[151,264,1816,1840]" captionTargetBox="[164,1433,401,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-58@53.[155,1433,396,1792]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURES 151–156. Druon quercuslanigerum var. quercuslanigerum, comb. nov., asexual female (Florida). 151–154, head: 151, frontal view, 152, dorsal view, 153, lateral view, 154, posterior view. 155, antenna. 156, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6520576/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">151</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFF22A69A340101DFE45FBE805C32369" box="[390,435,1075,1101]" captionStart="FIGURES 190–193" captionStartId="63.[151,264,1167,1191]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,196,1133]" captionTargetId="figure-21@63.[154,1434,181,1143]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURES 190–193. Druon receptum, comb. rev., asexual female (lighter colour). 190–192, head: 190, frontal view, 191, dorsal view, 192, posterior view. 193, antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520604" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6520604/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">190</figureCitation>
|
||
), mesoscutellum as long as wide or slightly elongated).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FD36567A340101FFF04FB8D01ED208C" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA340101DFF04FB8D01ED2355" blockId="49.[151,1437,642,2037]" box="[199,1437,1110,1137]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA340101DFF04FB8D05052354" bold="true" box="[199,373,1110,1136]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Redescription.</emphasis>
|
||
Asexual female(
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFF22A69A340101DFDE9FB8C06BB2355" box="[554,715,1111,1137]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 139–144" captionStart-1="FIGURES 145–148" captionStart-2="FIGURES 149–150" captionStartId-0="50.[151,264,1967,1991]" captionStartId-1="51.[151,264,1468,1492]" captionStartId-2="52.[151,264,759,783]" captionTargetBox-0="[195,1393,823,1934]" captionTargetBox-1="[175,1423,188,1441]" captionTargetBox-2="[162,1436,181,735]" captionTargetId-0="figure-299@50.[182,1404,813,1943]" captionTargetId-1="figure-21@51.[156,1432,181,1444]" captionTargetId-2="figure-25@52.[152,1436,181,735]" captionTargetPageId-0="50" captionTargetPageId-1="51" captionTargetPageId-2="52" captionText-0="FIGURES 139–144. Druon quercusflocci, comb. nov., asexual female. 139–142, head: 139, frontal view, 140, dorsal view, 141, lateral view, 142, posterior view. 143, antenna. 144, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view." captionText-1="FIGURES 145–148. Druon quercusflocci, comb. nov., asexual female. 145, mesosoma, lateral view. 146, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 147, mesoscutellum, dorsal view, 148, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view." captionText-2="FIGURES 149–150. 149, Druon quercusflocci, comb. nov., asexual generation, metasoma, lateral view. 150, galls: D. quercusflocci (left), D. quercusflocci-like, Mexico (right)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520570" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520572" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520574" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6520570/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6520572/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/6520574/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Figs.139–149</figureCitation>
|
||
).Body uniformly dark brown;antenna,mandibles,palpi,legs paler.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA340101DFF04FBA006D32041" blockId="49.[151,1437,642,2037]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Head alutaceous, with uniform sparse setae; transverse, 1.3× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view; 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, broadened behind eye in frontal view, slightly narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, with numerous striae radiating from clypeus and not reaching eye, malar sulcus absent. Eye 2.8× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.8× as long as OOL, OOL 1.4× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4x as long as LOL, all ocelli slightly ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye; toruli located slightly above mid height of eyes and frons shorter than height of lower face, diameter of antennal torulus 1.35× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, with a few white setae, with short delicate striae above malar space; slightly elevated median area delicately coriaceous, with few setae. Clypeus rectangular, broader than high, smooth, glabrous, impressed, without setae; ventrally rounded, not emarginate and without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, elongated, distinct, epistomal sulcus distinct, clypeo-pleurostomal line well impressed. Frons uniformly alutaceous, without striae or setae, impressed area below central ocellus smooth, glabrous; interocellar area alutaceous. Vertex, occiput alutaceous, with long dense setae; postocciput with transversely orientated surface elements; postgena smooth, glabrous; posterior tentorial pit large, elongated, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which diverge distinctly towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly slightly broader than occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 11 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad; flagellomeres sequentially broadening towards apical end of antenna; scape+pedicel slightly longer than F1, F1 2.2× as long as pedicel and slightly longer than F2; F2 slightly longer than F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, F5=F6 and shorter than F4, F7–F11 nearly equal in length and shorter than F5; placodeal sensilla distinct on F4–F12.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA340101EFF04F8B407872431" blockId="49.[151,1437,642,2037]" lastBlockId="50.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with very few white setae. Pronotum smooth, glabrous dorsally, with numerous delicate parallel striae extending onto entire pronotum laterally (ventrolateral rugae stronger), with piliferous points around setae; anterior rim of pronotum impressed, foveolate; propleuron smooth, glabrous, with few setae. Mesoscutum uniformly and entirely weak reticulate, without setae, slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum level with base of tegulae). Notauli complete, strongly converging posteriorly, gradually broadening towards posterior end; at posterior end the distance between notauli less than distance between notaulus and side of mesoscutum, notaulus furrow smooth, glabrous; anterior parallel line in the form of an impressed stripe with more delicate sculpture than rest of mesoscutum, extending to half of mesoscutum length; parapsidal line marked with broad smooth, glabrous area; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina broad, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum distinctly elongated, longer than broad; disk of mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, with stronger rugae laterally and posteriorly, overhanging metanotum, with white setae posteriorly; circumscutellar carina present. Mesoscutellar foveae transverse, 2.0× as broad as high, smooth, glabrous, divided by a narrow, triangular, rugose elevated median carina. Mesopleuron entirely covered with delicate interrupted parallel striae, extending across mesopleuron, with long white setae posteroventrally; mesopleural triangle coriaceous, glabrous; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous, with setae; axillula with delicate parallel longitudinal striae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, triangular, posteriorly as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half of its height, upper part of sulcus indistinct, sulcus in lower part separating smooth, glabrous area, with some setae. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous, with some parallel longitudinal delicate carinae, as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae strong, bent outwards in posterior 1/3 of propodeum height; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with few white setae and piliferous points. Nucha with few strong longitudinal parallel sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws with basal lobe.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="03B66664A343101EFF54F874004420CF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520570" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6520570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6520570/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" startId="50.[151,264,1967,1991]" targetBox="[195,1393,823,1934]" targetPageId="50">
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA343101EFF54F874004420CF" blockId="50.[151,1436,1967,2027]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA343101EFF54F874051C20E3" bold="true" box="[151,364,1967,1991]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">FIGURES 139–144.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA343101EFEB2F86B063020E3" authorityName="Cuesta-Porta & Melika & Nicholls & Stone & Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[369,576,1967,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA343101EFEB2F86B063020E3" box="[369,576,1967,1991]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Druon quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA343101EFD88F87406CE20E3" bold="true" box="[587,702,1967,1991]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7E8E5785A343101EFD88F87406CE20E3" box="[587,702,1967,1991]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, asexual female. 139–142, head: 139, frontal view, 140, dorsal view, 141, lateral view, 142, posterior view. 143, antenna. 144, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="03B66664A342101FFF54FA67001922DC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520572" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6520572" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6520572/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" startId="51.[151,264,1468,1492]" targetBox="[175,1423,188,1441]" targetPageId="51">
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA342101FFF54FA67001922DC" blockId="51.[151,1436,1468,1528]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA342101FFF54FA67051D22F0" bold="true" box="[151,365,1468,1492]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">FIGURES 145–148.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA342101FFEB0FA66063422F0" authorityName="Cuesta-Porta & Melika & Nicholls & Stone & Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[371,580,1468,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA342101FFEB0FA66063422F0" box="[371,580,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Druon quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA342101FFD93FA6706B422F0" bold="true" box="[592,708,1468,1492]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7E8E5785A342101FFD93FA6706B422F0" box="[592,708,1468,1492]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, asexual female. 145, mesosoma, lateral view. 146, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 147, mesoscutellum, dorsal view, 148, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA342101FFF04F9FC078421AC" blockId="51.[151,1437,1574,2033]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fore wing longer than body, hyaline, with short dense cilia on margin, veins brown, radial cell open, 4.2× as long as broad; Rs and R1 nearly reaching wing margin; areolet small, triangular, closed, indistinct. Rs+M distinct on 3/4 of its length, its projection reaching basalis slightly below mid height.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA342101FFF04F9480773203D" blockId="51.[151,1437,1574,2033]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum with sparse setae anterolaterally, smooth, without micropunctures; all subsequent terga, including hypopygium, with delicate dense micropunctures (not reticulate). Prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.3× as long as broad in ventral view. Body length
|
||
<quantity id="90319B09A342101FFDE0F92506DA203D" box="[547,682,1790,1817]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="2.05" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA342101FFF04F8F901ED208C" blockId="51.[151,1437,1574,2033]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA342101FFF04F8F905712018" bold="true" box="[199,257,1826,1852]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Gall.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFF22A69A342101FFED1F8F905062019" box="[274,374,1826,1853]" captionStart="FIGURES 149–150" captionStartId="52.[151,264,759,783]" captionTargetBox="[162,1436,181,735]" captionTargetId="figure-25@52.[152,1436,181,735]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURES 149–150. 149, Druon quercusflocci, comb. nov., asexual generation, metasoma, lateral view. 150, galls: D. quercusflocci (left), D. quercusflocci-like, Mexico (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520574" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6520574/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 150</figureCitation>
|
||
). Woolly, dirty white to pinkish pubescent galls,
|
||
<quantity id="90319B09A342101FFC67F8F9006F2019" box="[932,1055,1826,1853]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, 8.0–
|
||
<quantity id="90319B09A342101FFB59F8F900812019" box="[1178,1265,1826,1853]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
broad and
|
||
<quantity id="90319B09A342101FFAB1F8F904B32045" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, containing 2–10 seed-like larval chambers attached at one end to the midrib on the upper or lower side of the leaf; the cluster of galls is usually elongated along the direction of the leaf midrib. The larval cells are distinct individually, rather than fused into a single mass, 0.2–1.0 mm in diameter, and covered with short crystalline hairs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FD36567A342101FFF04F86905DD20D5" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA342101FFF04F86905DD20D5" blockId="51.[151,1437,1574,2033]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA342101FFF04F869055720E8" bold="true" box="[199,295,1970,1996]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Only an asexual generation is only known, which induces leaf galls on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA342101FFBB3F86800B720E8" box="[1136,1223,1970,1997]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA342101FFBB3F86800B720E8" box="[1136,1223,1970,1997]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Q. alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Section
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA342101FFAF4F86801E520E9" box="[1335,1429,1971,1997]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA342101FFAF4F86801E520E9" box="[1335,1429,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Series
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA342101FFF20F80D055420D4" box="[227,292,2006,2032]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Albae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA342101FFF20F80D055420D4" box="[227,292,2006,2032]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Albae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in autumn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="03B66664A3451018FF54FD2C06E22417" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520574" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6520574" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6520574/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" startId="52.[151,264,759,783]" targetBox="[162,1436,181,735]" targetPageId="52">
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA3451018FF54FD2C06E22417" blockId="52.[151,1437,759,819]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FF54FD2C051D242B" bold="true" box="[151,365,759,783]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">FIGURES 149–150.</emphasis>
|
||
149,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FE67FD230603242B" authorityName="Cuesta-Porta & Melika & Nicholls & Stone & Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[420,627,759,783]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FE67FD230603242B" box="[420,627,759,783]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Druon quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FDBDFD2C0681242B" bold="true" box="[638,753,759,783]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7E8E5785A3451018FDBDFD2C0681242B" box="[638,753,759,783]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, asexual generation, metasoma, lateral view. 150, galls:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FAE5FD2304BF2417" authorityName="Cuesta-Porta & Melika & Nicholls & Stone & Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FAE5FD2304BF2417" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">D. quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(left),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FED6FCC705CC2417" authorityName="Cuesta-Porta & Melika & Nicholls & Stone & Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[277,444,795,819]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FED6FCC705CC2417" box="[277,444,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">D. quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like, Mexico (right).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FD36567A3451018FF04FCBA010C245F" box="[199,1404,865,892]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA3451018FF04FCBA010C245F" blockId="52.[151,1437,865,1756]" box="[199,1404,865,892]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FF04FCBA0511245F" bold="true" box="[199,353,865,891]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2FDE767CA3451018FEA4FCBA05D3245F" box="[359,419,865,891]" name="United States of America" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="950DF80EA3451018FE6DFCBA0620245F" box="[430,592,865,891]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="950DF80EA3451018FDB7FCBA076F245F" box="[628,799,865,891]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="950DF80EA3451018FCE8FCBA07E9245F" box="[811,921,865,891]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Michigan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="950DF80EA3451018FC67FCBA0786245F" box="[932,1014,865,891]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="950DF80EA3451018FBC2FCBA0017245F" box="[1025,1127,865,891]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Missouri</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="950DF80EA3451018FBB2FCBA00A9245F" box="[1137,1241,865,891]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33584B1DA3451018FB2BFCBA0100245F" author="Burks, B. D." box="[1256,1392,865,891]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refId="ref46445" refString="Burks, B. D. (1979) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D. Jr., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 1045 - 1107." type="book" year="1979">Burks 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FD36567A3451018FF04FC5E003421FF" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA3451018FF04FC5E074523B8" blockId="52.[151,1437,865,1756]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FF04FC5E053F24BB" bold="true" box="[199,335,901,927]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33584B1DA3451018FE99FC5E05982484" author="Fitch, A." box="[346,488,901,928]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="781 - 854" refId="ref47202" refString="Fitch, A. (1859) Fifth report on the noxious and other insects of the state of New York. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 18 (1858), 781 - 854." type="journal article" year="1859">Fitch (1859)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a similar gall named
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FCA2FC5D002224BB" box="[865,1106,901,928]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FCA2FC5D07DF2484" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[865,943,902,928]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cynips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cynips</taxonomicName>
|
||
Quercus-lana
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but the adults he reared are cynipid inquilines belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FDC4FC71061D24E0" box="[519,621,938,964]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FDC4FC71061D24E0" box="[519,621,938,964]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to keys in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33584B1DA3451018FCA8FC72006A24E7" author="Cresson, E. T." box="[875,1050,937,963]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 350" refId="ref46645" refString="Cresson, E. T. (1887) Synopsis of the families and genera of the Hymenoptera of America, north of Mexico, together with a catalogue of the described species, and bibliography. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Supplement, 1 - 350. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5531" type="book chapter" year="1887">Cresson (1887)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33584B1DA3451018FB95FC72049524C3" author="Lobato-Vila, I. & Pujade-Villar, J." pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1" refId="ref48045" refString="Lobato-Vila, I. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2021) The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa, 4906 (1), 001 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4906.1.1" type="journal article" year="2021">Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="8872884EA3451018FF2CFC16052724C3" box="[239,343,973,999]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
deposited in USNM: http://n
|
||
<quantity id="90319B09A3451018FD5DFC1606C324CC" box="[670,691,973,1000]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="t" value="2.0">2t</quantity>
|
||
.net/ark:/65665/35b33f67b-b93b-449b-bca7-12c897d8ef5b, examined by GM and confirmed as belonging to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FD39FC2907102328" box="[762,864,1010,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FD39FC2907102328" box="[762,864,1010,1036]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The galls are indistinguishable from other similar galls, and we cannot determine whether this gall corresponds to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FCACFBCE07A4230B" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[879,980,1045,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FCACFBCE07A4230B" box="[879,980,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Andricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FBDEFBCD0016230B" authorityName="Kinsey" authorityYear="1937" box="[1053,1126,1046,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FBDEFBCD0016230B" box="[1053,1126,1046,1071]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Druon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FBB4FBCE017D230B" authorityName="Cuesta-Porta & Melika & Nicholls & Stone & Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1143,1293,1045,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Druon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FBB4FBCE017D230B" box="[1143,1293,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33584B1DA3451018FADFFBCE05FE2370" author="Dalla Torre, K. W. & Kieffer, J. J." pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refId="ref46898" refString="Dalla Torre, K. W. & Kieffer, J. J. (1910) Cynipidae. Das Tierreich. Vol. 24. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 35 + 891 pp." type="book" year="1910">Dalla Torre & Kieffer (1910: 544)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
nevertheless considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FD65FBE207D82377" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[678,936,1081,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FD65FBE207D82377" box="[678,936,1081,1107]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Andricus quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a possible junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FAF4FBE205502353" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercuslana">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FAF4FBE205502353" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Andricus quercuslana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The specific name ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FDC5FB8606FF2353" box="[518,655,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercuslana">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FDC5FB8606FF2353" box="[518,655,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">quercuslana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ corresponds to a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FC94FB8500672353" box="[855,1047,1117,1144]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FC94FB8507CD235C" box="[855,957,1118,1144]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, leaving the gall described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33584B1DA3451018FAA0FB86049223B8" author="Fitch, A." pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="781 - 854" refId="ref47202" refString="Fitch, A. (1859) Fifth report on the noxious and other insects of the state of New York. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 18 (1858), 781 - 854." type="journal article" year="1859">Fitch (1859)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as unidentifiable (?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FE7CFB59075823B8" authority="Fitch, 1859" authorityName="Fitch" authorityYear="1859" box="[447,808,1153,1180]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cynips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercuslana">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FE7CFB5906ED23BF" box="[447,669,1153,1180]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Cynips quercuslana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33584B1DA3451018FD66FB5A075823B8" author="Fitch, A." box="[677,808,1153,1180]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="781 - 854" refId="ref47202" refString="Fitch, A. (1859) Fifth report on the noxious and other insects of the state of New York. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 18 (1858), 781 - 854." type="journal article" year="1859">Fitch, 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="577636ECA3451018FF04FB7E003421FF" blockId="52.[151,1437,865,1756]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
A sample of galls on leaves collected from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="950DF80EA3451018FD73FB7E07E9239B" box="[688,921,1189,1215]" country="Mexico" name="Aguascalientes" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Aguascalientes State</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2FDE767CA3451018FC6BFB7E007123E4" box="[936,1025,1189,1216]" name="Mexico" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FBF7FB7D008A239B" box="[1076,1274,1190,1216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="potosina">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FBF7FB7D008A239B" box="[1076,1274,1190,1216]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Quercus potosina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produced
|
||
<specimenCount id="41CFFD65A3451018FAB1FB7D04AA23C7" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="adult">two adults</specimenCount>
|
||
morphologically resembling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FDEDFB11069923C7" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[558,745,1225,1251]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FDEDFB11069923C7" box="[558,745,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">D. quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The galls have a completely whitish woolly covering over clusters of 2–6 seed-like distinct larval chambers attached to the midrib of leaves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFF22A69A3451018FBFAFB3600EA222C" box="[1081,1178,1261,1288]" captionStart="FIGURES 149–150" captionStartId="52.[151,264,759,783]" captionTargetBox="[162,1436,181,735]" captionTargetId="figure-25@52.[152,1436,181,735]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURES 149–150. 149, Druon quercusflocci, comb. nov., asexual generation, metasoma, lateral view. 150, galls: D. quercusflocci (left), D. quercusflocci-like, Mexico (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520574" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6520574/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 150</figureCitation>
|
||
, right). The galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FA42FB35055D220F" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FA42FB35055D220F" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">D. quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2FDE767CA3451018FEB6FACA05DB220F" box="[373,427,1297,1323]" name="United States of America" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
are densely pubescent, mainly orange-brown with some scattered white wool (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFF22A69A3451018FAF6FACA01E72208" box="[1333,1431,1297,1324]" captionStart="FIGURES 149–150" captionStartId="52.[151,264,759,783]" captionTargetBox="[162,1436,181,735]" captionTargetId="figure-25@52.[152,1436,181,735]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURES 149–150. 149, Druon quercusflocci, comb. nov., asexual generation, metasoma, lateral view. 150, galls: D. quercusflocci (left), D. quercusflocci-like, Mexico (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520574" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6520574/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 150</figureCitation>
|
||
, left). The internal structure of distinctly separated larval chambers is shared by both of these gall morphologies. The adults from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2FDE767CA3451018FEE1FA8205082257" box="[290,376,1369,1395]" name="Mexico" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
differ slightly from typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FD7BFA8107022257" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[696,882,1369,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FD7BFA8107022257" box="[696,882,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">D. quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following mesopleural and mesoscutellar characters. In the Mexican specimens, the oblique carinae of the mesopleuron are less impressed, the mesopleural triangle is inconspicuously pubescent with thin transparent scattered setae, and the mesoscutellum is round, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FF77FA1D051D22FB" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[180,365,1477,1503]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FF77FA1D051D22FB" box="[180,365,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">D. quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the oblique mesopleural carinae are more impressed, the mesopleural triangle is clearly pubescent, and the mesoscutellum has parallel sides. We consider these differences insufficient to define two separate species, but the phenotypic differences in gall traits may indicate that the Mexican specimens belong to a different species. Alternatively, the differences may result from host plant effects on gall structure, as seen in some other oak cynipid galls with a wide host range (e.g. asexual generation leaf galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FC29F98D010D2154" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1002,1405,1621,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cynips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusfolii">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FC29F98D00B6214B" box="[1002,1222,1621,1648]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Cynips quercusfolii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33584B1DA3451018FB0CF98E010D2154" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1231,1405,1621,1648]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refId="ref47931" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10 th Revised Edition]. Vol. 1. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">
|
||
Linnaeus,
|
||
<quantity id="90319B09A3451018FA86F98E010D2154" box="[1349,1405,1621,1648]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.46532" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="1758.0">1758</quantity>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Western Palaearctic, which are smooth when developing on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FCA2F9A1007521B7" box="[865,1029,1657,1684]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robur">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FCA2F9A1007521B7" box="[865,1029,1657,1684]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Quercus robur</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. but covered with raised tubercles when developing on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FE42F94506EC219C" authority="(Matt.) Liebl." authorityName="Liebl." baseAuthorityName="Matt." box="[385,668,1693,1720]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="petraea">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FE42F94505892193" box="[385,505,1694,1720]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Q. petraea</emphasis>
|
||
(Matt.) Liebl.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Thus, we have not officially assigned the Mexican specimens to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C94D6FA3451018FA42F945055D21FF" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusflocci">
|
||
<emphasis id="65BDEAFEA3451018FA42F945055D21FF" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">D. quercusflocci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and await more material and further evidence, such as molecular data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |