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<document id="3A57E53FE44C7D1B5E9141AABE643BD2" ID-CLB-Dataset="34437" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a15ec661-e796-4207-8509-756590c75c0e" ID-PMC="PMC4389221" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-493-1" ID-PubMed="25878545" ID-ZooBank="1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-493-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 493" ModsDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" checkinTime="1451244490299" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Noort, Simon van, Buffington, Matthew L. &amp; Forshage, Mattias" docDate="2015" docId="DDD9520F6438543231B40BE6CD616F69" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 493: 1-176" docOrigin="ZooKeys 493" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" docTitle="Bothrochacis Cameron 1904" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="86" masterDocId="DD2DFF8EFFC4FFA2FFD7FFE4FFB46007" masterDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="176" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="84" updateTime="1732636387186" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="07A71FC4C93A746EEB36331A8111A064">Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5A449B1E304B0FE2E7C6AD2F52835F73">Noort, Simon van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0E02AB9346B970CED7ABDDA2D4ED7BF9">Buffington, Matthew L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="88C137CF725EA1E0A155A1C8136C8D3D">Forshage, Mattias</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="DDD9520F6438543231B40BE6CD616F69" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152059186" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DDD9520F6438543231B40BE6CD616F69" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DDD9520F6438543231B40BE6CD616F69" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" scope_family="Figitidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_subFamily="Eucoilinae" scope_superFamily="Cynipoidea" scope_tribe="Eucoilini">
<subSubSection id="A184516A4D0D6D57B7052A4D80E9E6EC" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8A25293827BFBB7407128A982498522C" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Figitidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FF2CA509207367F40B2C23B3AB9ECD20" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="040C743B32BB3CA23F6CAB24B6F0A302" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName id="46C92A0C5F305BECA8A4D6BACC4E8D9F" authority="Cameron, 1904" authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1904" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Bothrochacis Cameron, 1904</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31D3D96FF1FD1F8E29F46EC8E49BA9BA" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A2C7606E3F56E976E60590EDE4AFBEA9" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName id="3654841C428D9EB872931DEE2964516C" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Bothrochacis</taxonomicName>
(synonyms
<taxonomicName id="5C44CA54DAFAB09A3C20303D6A8BD346" genus="Ditrupaspis" lsidName="Ditrupaspis" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Ditrupaspis</taxonomicName>
Kieffer, 1910d,
<taxonomicName id="948966DB78981C13C4FCCABE8573705A" genus="Salpictes" lsidName="Salpictes" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Salpictes</taxonomicName>
Kieffer, 1913b,
<taxonomicName id="C4E895007B5A0E26ECDF1A41E3BCFC83" genus="Stirencoela" lsidName="Stirencoela" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Stirencoela</taxonomicName>
Cameron, 1910)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEC92D763F3EEA6B7AE0717BD7F48418" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="3BFDF1402B09FE1D52133447A5EEC9FD" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6304383072B1E09130827C1F973D56AF" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Not uncommon.
<taxonomicName id="52C59DE793B59895435EDE5605C25D18" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Bothrochacis</taxonomicName>
has been a small and easily recognisable genus since its original description.
<normalizedToken id="CB39127602A27A006BBB6314E75CD12C" originalValue="Quinlans">Quinlan's</normalizedToken>
Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="A9A426CDB855896150B5AA2AE0331325" genus="Eucoila" lsidName="Eucoila" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
species have been known for some time to not fit into
<taxonomicName id="DAEC2EEADAD5302651405250CA71E088" genus="Eucoila" lsidName="Eucoila" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
, but nothing has been published about them since their original description. Here we note that they share all the important characteristics of
<taxonomicName id="680258515E68CB281F90BA8CF273B5C9" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Bothrochacis</taxonomicName>
except the very peculiar notched scutellum, and include them here. Most of the characteristics of the genus in the wider sense are also found in the genera
<taxonomicName id="17A8D48680727345B73071744B2140D0" genus="Afrodontaspis" lsidName="Afrodontaspis" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Afrodontaspis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="414529DDCE6F9CEBDF2A070C1582D320" genus="Linoeucoila" lsidName="Linoeucoila" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Linoeucoila</taxonomicName>
, but preliminary phylogenetic analyses (
<normalizedToken id="AEE86A75887CBFEE334CE4411687C00C" originalValue="Baião">Baiao</normalizedToken>
and Forshage, unpubl.) have not supported their merging into one genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8532ADD1D8DF9E19E196B85B46E1ED0D" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="F554E2E10C584BB7AEDBC10192717713" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7200345DA331B950D01CF00A4BFAEDF9" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Most of the large and dark (black or distinctly bicolored) eucoilines in the Afrotropical region belong to
<taxonomicName id="2162BE1E064B95EAFC3F1A17E621A1A2" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Bothrochacis</taxonomicName>
. They can be distinguished from the few others (
<taxonomicName id="2A2C5DA4752F493B6BE2DF16B4E2698B" genus="Afrodontaspis" lsidName="Afrodontaspis" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Afrodontaspis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="674B03ACBCB577534A8FBC271D2F589D" genus="Linoeucoila" lsidName="Linoeucoila" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Linoeucoila</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6373900D838D342F8AE952915467BBE2" genus="Aganaspis" lsidName="Aganaspis" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Aganaspis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1C438E14E5D26796747467CEFC786A57" genus="Trybliographa" lsidName="Trybliographa" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Trybliographa</taxonomicName>
and perhaps some
<taxonomicName id="EF0A375F2476E3969FA3A9A8968570A4" genus="Trichoplasta" lsidName="Trichoplasta" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Trichoplasta</taxonomicName>
) by having plenty of large truncate setae on pronotum and mesoscutum, and stout setae on the subcosta of the wing. Like other genera of
<taxonomicName id="B292EBB651A63FFDBEDA8752929421D8" lsidName="" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="tribe" tribe="Eucoilini">Eucoilini</taxonomicName>
, they have subalar pits and glabrous oblique metapleural corners. They have a striate vertex, often have vermiculate-reticulate sculpture on the coxae and large scutellar foveae, usually strong reduction of wing pubescence, and sometimes a notched scutellum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7DEB9DE67A39FAD3B4829F827C340D21" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
The core group are the &quot;
<taxonomicName id="8550F9E1D34AC95C353C02E95798E5EE" genus="Muscomorpha" lsidName="Muscomorpha erythropoda" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="species" species="erythropoda">erythropoda</taxonomicName>
species group&quot;, coinciding with
<taxonomicName id="929E66A91A844F58109A18934FCCD0D6" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Bothrochacis</taxonomicName>
sensu Quinlan, the species possessing a notched scutellar plate. These are large, typically bicolored, have hairless wings, smooth coxae, and large scutellar foveae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03B0041301153F511F5917F07B451149" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Appearing like a less modified stem group there is the &quot;
<taxonomicName id="F41D7AB01A4B01997EF09724B1387D77" genus="Muscomorpha" lsidName="Muscomorpha veleda" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="species" species="veleda">veleda</taxonomicName>
species group&quot;, consisting of species described by Quinlan in
<taxonomicName id="D062966C4785A7A441BA28545EDE4BE0" genus="Eucoila" lsidName="Eucoila" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
, typically of smaller size, with an evenly arched scutellar plate and smaller scutellar foveae, often with some pubescence on wings. Specimens belonging to this group are sometimes quite similar to
<taxonomicName id="6778EB1437B9EE552853A1D45A4CDC9B" genus="Trybliographa" lsidName="Trybliographa" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">Trybliographa</taxonomicName>
, rare in the region, common elsewhere, but easily separated by the characters listed above.
</paragraph>
<caption id="78A0637195647B0FDBF35F8FD64867DD" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<paragraph id="A3106D220D15A4D18C0464791E99919F" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Figure 25.
<taxonomicName id="5EE84348D39348C63C1A3BA885C9260D" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis marina" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="species" species="marina">Bothrochacis marina</taxonomicName>
(Uganda). A habitus lateral view B head and mesosoma dorsal view C head, anterior view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4146268F20F20B4EC0A45A0DC5E273F4" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="67C7F77A0DF4B6AA508DC83CE524354D" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C8876EC2944D1A92DFAE536B793FE1B1" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Mainly Afrotropical but also occuring in the Oriental and Oceanic regions (hitherto unpublished). Afrotropical records: Kenya (
<bibRefCitation id="518C94EDE8C2DDD8C28F5406C6DC7CC8" author="Kieffer, JJ" editor="Voyage, de Ch" journalOrPublisher="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 35" title="Proctotrupidae, Cynipidae et Evaniidae." volume="1" volumeTitle="Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique Orientale (1911 - 1912). Resultats scientifiques." year="1913 b">Kieffer 1913b</bibRefCitation>
), Rwanda
<pageBreakToken id="FA8E139FC51335751CDD2FBBC187B085" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
<bibRefCitation id="DD659EC07520BDFA599449FE7A27187F" author="Benoit, PLG" journalOrPublisher="Annales Musee Royal du Congo Belge, Tervuren (serie 8)" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="532 - 550" title="Contributions a l'etude de la faune entomologique du Ruanda-Urundi (Mission P. Basilewsky 1953). CIX. HymenopteraCynipidae." volume="51" year="1956 a">Benoit 1956a</bibRefCitation>
), Ethiopia (
<bibRefCitation id="8B314B8CB803CC0B425848D26BF752DB" author="Belizin, VI" journalOrPublisher="Entomologicheskoe obozrenie" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="29 - 38" volume="52" year="1973">Belizin 1973</bibRefCitation>
), Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe (
<bibRefCitation id="332EF2625A1B20FBEB0E6AED2CE863D0" author="Quinlan, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="171 - 229" title="A revision of some Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera)." volume="56" year="1988">Quinlan 1988</bibRefCitation>
), Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Namibia, Somalia, Tanzania, Zambia (here).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7046F879AD103072E69FEC2F468238B5" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="biology">
<paragraph id="D24C1E5A42C9642F79F3B56E3C2F57AD" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="77F23039904F0AD4C21DD49203FF08E1" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
One species is recorded as attacking
<taxonomicName id="4E75B51E5DB4DED102C17A0C76E28653" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Muscidae</taxonomicName>
in dung (
<bibRefCitation id="397A14F0D9490D7C148F845BFD697C06" author="Bridwell, JC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="166 - 179" title="Descriptions of new species of hymenopterous parasites of Muscoid Diptera with notes on their Habits." volume="4" year="1919">Bridwell 1919</bibRefCitation>
), and due to phylogenetic inference as well as inference based on parallell occurrence of morphological particularities (elsewhere in the
<taxonomicName id="E1DCC00F7ECB4B32061AAE52CF8DEFDE" lsidName="" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Eucoilinae">Eucoilinae</taxonomicName>
as well as in the
<taxonomicName id="587AF8670D07097640C923E4D72F6F64" lsidName="" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Figitinae">Figitinae</taxonomicName>
) it seems reasonable to assume that most of them have similar habits.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="42047FCC1C49F9395D1F2D1A883AA020" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="species richness">
<paragraph id="4315BB083ED9FD62A77119E5E79523B5" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<pageBreakToken id="5B742BC8E9F8EB75871D6605A3652453" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" start="start">Species</pageBreakToken>
richness.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4481C4426517CF69AC3002072BD98A30" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="B0C910E70618280A1EE8AA934844B56C" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis erythropoda" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species" species="erythropoda">Bothrochacis erythropoda</taxonomicName>
species group
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23EC9E9DD1B5E365CADCEC3C12CCCD59" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="9F0FACD0EB4481134D632648FFCB663E" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis erythropoda" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species" species="erythropoda">Bothrochacis erythropoda</taxonomicName>
Cameron, 1904 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF47C9B4B0496FB28991975D76F276DE" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
syn
<taxonomicName id="CF82E033D9D0734E75EA28E42A125B04" genus="Ditrupaspis" lsidName="Ditrupaspis semirufa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species" species="semirufa">Ditrupaspis semirufa</taxonomicName>
Kieffer, 1910d
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="56A38BFE454886F74E9278909F5BC268" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
syn
<taxonomicName id="8FD88632CBFFA286D289E774C2C0C563" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis stercoraria" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species" species="stercoraria">Bothrochacis stercoraria</taxonomicName>
Bridwell, 1919
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C20DA8DA2D51161A67BE3DCD4D685847" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
syn
<taxonomicName id="320903AA758B968EAB3AA6A67B1EB774" genus="Stirencoela" lsidName="Stirencoela striaticollis" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species" species="striaticollis">Stirencoela striaticollis</taxonomicName>
Cameron, 1910
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DAC78BD39A6F837BDBD5211D621194AC" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="C599C27050EDAA8AF7275E0A2F59BB08" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis rufiventris" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species" species="rufiventris">Bothrochacis rufiventris</taxonomicName>
(Kieffer, 1913b) (
<taxonomicName id="648AB3DBD1568E3A7BB77BDBC3200EF3" genus="Salpictes" lsidName="Salpictes" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="genus">Salpictes</taxonomicName>
) (Kenya)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C56D1E54A28C26BAFF8D29ED6088E43B" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="E74541E24C33C5E425560F9934777626" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis septenaria" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species" species="septenaria">Bothrochacis septenaria</taxonomicName>
Belizin, 1973 (Ethiopia)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7463A09F0A49E3A5A799D47A7A02A393" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="F13AE57B5D702FC2971CCF472ED5C689" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis serratepilosa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species" species="serratepilosa">Bothrochacis serratepilosa</taxonomicName>
Benoit, 1956a (Rwanda)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="39AFA998AAB8F08AEE99C4AE7F690D01" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="B96AD2E640F28A3CD84F2AB65DB914A3" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis veleda" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species" species="veleda">Bothrochacis veleda</taxonomicName>
species group
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE86D4BAD03D0D38BCB2951820C2FBF9" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="FCB0039257723C0663E626A4CD4538A9" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis bantia" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species" species="bantia">Bothrochacis bantia</taxonomicName>
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
<taxonomicName id="4831AB8AC58836D8C9C88E38D2855FB3" genus="Eucoila" lsidName="Eucoila" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
) Type in BMNH studied by MF (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Kenya, Madagascar, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1637B585BDBC2E9FC8602113427015B" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="8FC502F9B0F2B429B7F56BB442A8B3A9" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis erinna" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species" species="erinna">Bothrochacis erinna</taxonomicName>
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
<taxonomicName id="B72EB429AB5B764979C7D1111CD3DADB" genus="Eucoila" lsidName="Eucoila" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
) Type in RMCA studied by MB (Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03212BF3B12D93ED76B475CFEEED50AC" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="971E75B035C89F99FD019F9A8D370FAD" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis marina" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species" species="marina">Bothrochacis marina</taxonomicName>
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
<taxonomicName id="1EAF7403BB9FEDCA504EA83D48010076" genus="Eucoila" lsidName="Eucoila" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
) Type in BMNH studied by MF (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B2AEFFA5ACE1ADCC760EEC50B6993286" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="EB6F25B4597ED70156E25909D6AA5BC4" genus="Bothrochacis" lsidName="Bothrochacis veleda" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species" species="veleda">Bothrochacis veleda</taxonomicName>
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
<taxonomicName id="7F01897406F277FFB824D6EA4E8CD81D" genus="Eucoila" lsidName="Eucoila" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
) Type in BMNH studied by MF (Botswana, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>