437 lines
49 KiB
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437 lines
49 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="6699" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.5.60626" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7f31298b-0207-4075-8f69-aed0dae95a87" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0730-1-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FC6EA48BD8895451BD00A16263EF5FF7" ID-ZooBank="0370721B4F604177BE3B823242A8B820" ModsDocID="2535-0730-5-1-1" checkinTime="1621372739282" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Jadin, Robert C., Jowers, Michael J., Orlofske, Sarah A., Duellman, William E., Christopher Blair, & Murphy, John C." docDate="2021" docId="DCD3CE744C085D9D9714010E01C206CE" docLanguage="en" docName="EvolutSyst 5(1): 1-12" docOrigin="Evolutionary Systematics 5 (1)" docPubDate="2021-01-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.5.60626" docTitle="Oxybelis inkaterra Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="CC9C2A2E-8173-4F34-AC47-948543262969" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="FC6EA48BD8895451BD00A16263EF5FF7" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="FC6EA48BD8895451BD00A16263EF5FF7" masterDocTitle="A new vine snake (Reptilia, Colubridae, Oxybelis) from Peru and redescription of O. acuminatus" masterLastPageNumber="12" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732939550663" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6C3CDA35420F16BD1E10CBA2B9740739">A new vine snake (Reptilia, Colubridae, Oxybelis) from Peru and redescription of O. acuminatus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F62293470C9A7B2DF7450B90403B40E1">Jadin, Robert C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="DA02CB5712281E494B4DEB75DE0F5232" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3028-3315</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="2BCDD9F03A23601D98DFF10A4CC13665">Department of Biology and Museum of Natural History, University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6582E3FEB590B34504CA1E167194FC84" type="email">rcjadin@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="3497F121BE9C3D1BFB3B2EBDBF3CB1EE">Jowers, Michael J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="65C893A09E75C768ECF42244267A1386" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8935-5913</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="25A156566124037C52573EF4FDE78850">CIBIO / InBIO (Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos), Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrario De Vairao, 4485 - 661, Vairao, Portugal</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="806681AB28BB613127A47678AD809B32" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D8FBC25A020537073566EE23DD89444C">Orlofske, Sarah A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="27F3C545C196FA3B3C749F648F4817E5">Department of Biology and Museum of Natural History, University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F9D3F6194A7FEF12E0AC3F449C5953AA">Duellman, William E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="866C391600AB1D9A236FDFACF4418D2F">Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045 - 7593, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="85FBE71C1E26CB313D6AF83A5482C6E9">Christopher Blair,</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="820ADF92D7F2D75441C42667A7DF04E5">Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York, 285 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY 112015, USA & Biology PhD Program, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 5 th Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="055F86558657D63A0D41A514A895DD4D">Murphy, John C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D631C3AD234B2EF032A2758C4830C4BB">Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA & Present address: 2564 E. Murdoch Ct., Green Valley, AZ 85614, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5B86D44232CE7AA0B90F188E3C900014">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="80FA0521A155E615959DDC356131C280">Evolutionary Systematics</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C1F7DD7FF755F2A9AD6B0D2D2CAC24BB">
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<mods:date id="47874FFC8598D33BE984BDB0546B63C3">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0540998C47E7AC272320FC3E60769DE0">2021-01-14</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D03495C5674CC7D5942D9385E12D724A">5</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C3D3E682372C6627B5E906A7B3321286">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="AA98B65ADECD8E4E26ABD86734EFAECC">1</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="7E33F6EFA42735C19F6F5B9452B5749B" type="Pensoft-Pub">2535-0730-1-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="DCD3CE744C085D9D9714010E01C206CE" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182223976" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CC9C2A2E-8173-4F34-AC47-948543262969" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DCD3CE744C085D9D9714010E01C206CE" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Colubridae">
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<subSubSection id="82C2BB5151CADFA1DA4D36D56E0B5EF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F7402CB1C5041FDA284F23C384212374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="FDF74322B799EABD36C21918592347FB" ID-CoL="8KPM7" LSID="http://zoobank.org/CC9C2A2E-8173-4F34-AC47-948543262969" authority="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy, 2021" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis inkaterra" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="inkaterra" status="sp. nov.">Oxybelis inkaterra</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="60147E9E53CA7898C47DC94B4323FA5C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation id="1BDDA6F802A4835FF11F7D826D27AF64" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Holotype of Oxybelis inkaterra sp. nov., KU 220196 in life from Reserva Amazonica, formerly Cusco Amazonico, Peru (W. E. Duellman)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497421" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="D5F40F1A228D6CD74740820839B6F5B4" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Holotype of Oxybelis inkaterra sp. nov., KU 220196 preserved. A, Dorsal whole specimen; B, ventral whole specimen views; C, top of the head; D, profile. Scale bar: 1 cm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 6</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="A12593677F5980B0707CF628DCDF6D98" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A comparison between the snout shapes of Oxybelis aeneus (FMNH 64417) (top) and O. inkaterra (FMNH 56141) (bottom) (JCM)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497423" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 7</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="A3660A7D55BE5D671B62F0AEE798FD9A" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Referred specimen of Oxybelis inkaterra sp. nov., FMNH 56141 from Peru, Loreto, Rio Ucayali, Yarinacocha. A, profile; B, top of the head; C, bottom of the head." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497424" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 8</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="B47F8CAE7F670FDABFC020EFC6B1F87E" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Referred specimen of Oxybelis inkaterra sp. nov., FMNH 56141 displaying eyespots on posterior ventral scales (left) and on subcaudal scales (right)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497425" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 9; Suggested English Name: Inkaterra Vine Snake; Suggested Spanish Name: Inkaterra Serpiente de vid</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3E3B6DEB4D5688CD6FC3AC153141CAD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="D6AF9E9FEB6DDCFB036279D90B64D06E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E92B6F47FE0E79864BFD9F1F3C70FEDE" authority="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy, 2021" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis aeneus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="aeneus" status="sp. nov.">Oxybelis aeneus</taxonomicName>
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- Keiser, 1974:7;
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3D0446377BC3C5F3A31F5E4BDC91808D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="D3C3E147A5056A584F111DD06C2316BC" authority="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy, 2021" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis aeneus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="aeneus" status="sp. nov.">Oxybelis aeneus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="F5A55F57F579205348CA34062404E40E" author="Duellman, WE" journalOrPublisher="British Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B13" refString="Duellman, WE, 2005. Cusco Amazonico: the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Ithaca: Cornell University Press." title="Cusco Amazonico: the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Ithaca: Cornell University Press." year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
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: 363, pl 205 has a photograph of a live specimen
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="85F81E23AC4E3B7F2A35E497A7108862" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="740BCEA1828F8A0A3E662115D2C52FE0" authority="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy, 2021" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis aeneus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="aeneus" status="sp. nov.">Oxybelis aeneus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="89E42DE9AC32F7F913E3219EA2E20A57" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00461-0" author="Jadin, RC" journalOrPublisher="Organisms, Diversity, and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="723 - 746" refId="B25" refString="Jadin, RC, Blair, C, Orlofske, SA, Jowers, MJ, Rivas, GA, Vitt, LJ, Ray, JM, Smith, EN, Murphy, JC, 2020. Not withering on the evolutionary vine: Systematic revision of New World Vine Snakes. Organisms, Diversity, and Evolution 20: 723 - 746, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00461-0" title="Not withering on the evolutionary vine: Systematic revision of New World Vine Snakes." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00461-0" volume="20" year="2020">Jadin et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
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: Fig.
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<figureCitation id="23D56E1EA375F8FEC832A7B21F24D951" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Illustration reproduced from Bell 1825 of Dryinus auratus from " Mexico "." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497417" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1</figureCitation>
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. has a photograph of a live specimen.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3290F90F839115B7B7A2771E10F76040" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="holotype">
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<paragraph id="B703F538F4D78F93FA94DC4964E0CD81" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="18EA711469E0D033088F5E0872F3F42F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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KU 220196 (Figs
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<figureCitation id="BE9C6A5843AFD6FCD35DEE6E9F8C3DCB" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Holotype of Oxybelis inkaterra sp. nov., KU 220196 in life from Reserva Amazonica, formerly Cusco Amazonico, Peru (W. E. Duellman)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497421" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="66DAA3E95EC96A250DC7F0A0A8A09D73" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Holotype of Oxybelis inkaterra sp. nov., KU 220196 preserved. A, Dorsal whole specimen; B, ventral whole specimen views; C, top of the head; D, profile. Scale bar: 1 cm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
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), from Peru, Madre de Dios: Cusco
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<normalizedToken id="4DD74A0C306BEFC2805747B9953F475E" originalValue="Amazónico">Amazonico</normalizedToken>
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(now Reserva
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<normalizedToken id="BA975D94E3F0D4E85B740B3B0A635FA6" originalValue="Amazónica">Amazonica</normalizedToken>
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),
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<normalizedToken id="0C31366C926BFA4A9A5423B9F16CCDB4" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Madre de Dios, c. 15 km E Puerto Maldonado, 200 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="5EAA8A62B6C2767A1F003847B86F68D1" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="34" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="59" value="-12.5830555">12°34'59"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="706F814F126C9840D4BED70DA0B413E2" degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="4" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="59" value="-69.08305">69°4'59"W</geoCoordinate>
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; collected by William E. Duellman (WED 59561), 21 December 1991.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="707FF653E9395E4361481DD38B7C7CD5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497421" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
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<paragraph id="44A87B9C16AB552950B5BFA039AAD14B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="DF91AB698590FBB98D739FE45E0D5BFF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 5.</emphasis>
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Holotype of
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<taxonomicName id="80E53CFB584C487F77ED677D32DFD890" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis inkaterra" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="inkaterra">
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<emphasis id="EE681D22AF0354F78D01D0FB726736DC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oxybelis inkaterra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov., KU 220196 in life from Reserva Amazonica, formerly Cusco Amazonico, Peru (W.E. Duellman).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="0E85F5399A25819934FC6DB19740C920" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
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<paragraph id="BC061320E11535BB06870D790CD27C6F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="A7546CB1240DAADD3AD2643B765633CD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 6.</emphasis>
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Holotype of
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<taxonomicName id="F0DDF08A39617D433846B742B112C413" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis inkaterra" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="inkaterra">
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<emphasis id="C4DC7D925AC864BF8B6A40A37730E20B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oxybelis inkaterra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov., KU 220196 preserved.
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<emphasis id="BE95C73E16A6F477604424F20201EB70" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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, Dorsal whole specimen;
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<emphasis id="818D6B8BCE7AEFE49393AE573D4A45B0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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, ventral whole specimen views;
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<emphasis id="CBC636788EE281082B05F93FB79CFB41" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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, top of the head;
|
|
<emphasis id="EA091CB20B699159EB33F8D9B2FC7595" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
|
, profile. Scale bar: 1 cm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="90E929AB1F6BF012BFE52FFF438FE76B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis id="7B166EBFE97AC30502C7584DF9A55236" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paratypes.</emphasis>
|
|
KU 214887, Peru, Madre de Dios: Cusco
|
|
<normalizedToken id="43FBA7D0EDB91745CA1D6C019ABDF311" originalValue="Amazónico">Amazonico</normalizedToken>
|
|
,
|
|
<normalizedToken id="CB5290F4DA55FA41864DA474D1C8AC3B" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
Madre de Dios, c. 15 km E Puerto Maldonado, 200 m,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="4E1723867E8BC218069BA38AA600CF85" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="34" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="59.88" value="-12.5833">12°34'59.88"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="403B95986CB7A2C5AB476043499AEC44" degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="4" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="59.879" value="-69.0833">69°4'59.879"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
; collected by Erik R. Wild (Field number WED 59004), 23 December 1989; ZMH R01702, Peru,
|
|
<normalizedToken id="01BEA142E29917168F781DD3AC792684" originalValue="Huánuco">Huanuco</normalizedToken>
|
|
: Pachitea, Panguana Biological Fieldstation, Rio Yuyapichis [= Rio Llullapichis], 260 m, approx.
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="F932F824310ADBBC2D365D2C5D7D4343" degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-9.683333">9°41'S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="99C7790ECFD5E2D0F8B127599F45FCD2" degrees="74" direction="west" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-74.95">74°57'W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, collected by
|
|
<normalizedToken id="CFB06FAF7D02612E5E1D183D94FCF8A1" originalValue="János">Janos</normalizedToken>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="92CC7C3370B4C88AA39094220B40EC9B" originalValue="Regös">Regoes</normalizedToken>
|
|
July 1980.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="08450F31AD23E575163299D11FFD6D61" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
|
<paragraph id="0D8892FE5D0174F9AD13ACBA1D7B8F13" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Other material examined.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C8C65D30C7F6EE8B0A386C8D4828A43F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<materialsCitation id="81AAA6D634965DBDF624195CCC42C313" collectingDate="1946-09-05" collectorName="J. M. Schunke" country="Peru" latitude="-13.85" location="Yarinacocha" longLatPrecision="1289" longitude="-71.01667" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Loreto">
|
|
FMNH 56141, from
|
|
<collectingCountry id="B56F1BE076DFEB837DA0798F1FE8220F" name="Peru">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingRegion id="A6B57722E20DCED3943517E9F289B3FB" country="Peru" name="Loreto">Loreto</collectingRegion>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingRegion id="EEC2839E04D0677113A3C2C9C275413E" country="Peru" name="Ucayali">
|
|
<normalizedToken id="A4E8C9C409B8B9FB9B549DF825CB4718" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
Ucayali
|
|
</collectingRegion>
|
|
:
|
|
<location id="E72CEAB9F81FBEDA2E057366CB343C85" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DCD3CE744C085D9D9714010E01C206CE:E72CEAB9F81FBEDA2E057366CB343C85" country="Peru" latitude="-13.85" longLatPrecision="1289" longitude="-71.01667" name="Yarinacocha" stateProvince="Loreto">Yarinacocha</location>
|
|
(c.
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="B069DB53225BFD953BAC02CF846290FA" degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="51" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-13.85">13°51'S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="2583B748D1A6365C033882D964B3C585" degrees="71" direction="west" minutes="1" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-71.01667">71°1'W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
), collected by
|
|
<collectorName id="8B8277933713E9E921A324C0FFB3DDE5">J.M. Schunke</collectorName>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingDate id="E57B46D4761C471D6B7E0F9AAED2A960" value="1946-09-05">05 Sep 1946</collectingDate>
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
<materialsCitation id="89CA500C68ABA3E86F345991240E87C6" accessionNumber="R01611" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectorName="Carlos Vasquez Modena" country="Peru" county="Rio Yuyapichis" elevation="260" latitude="-9.583333" location="Pachitea" longLatPrecision="1299" longitude="-74.933334" municipality="Panguana Biological Fieldstation" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Madre de Dios">
|
|
FMNH 40085 (female), from the
|
|
<collectingRegion id="BA6B9F66E2D08B3CF3E5FE92DAF0C299" country="Peru" name="Madre de Dios">Madre de Dios</collectingRegion>
|
|
area of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="73483102A12AB8E8B999D3997B6C3906" name="Peru">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
|
(no specific locality). ZMH
|
|
<accessionNumber id="A271AFF021296D50DFC6FD872D26E8D5" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/R01611">R01611</accessionNumber>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="8ED65E41205E7214F206720207FF8373" name="Peru">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<normalizedToken id="F33F7E3CBCCFF42F476F90EE6BDC1D3C" originalValue="Huánuco">
|
|
<collectingRegion id="004C93B9A6D498751BE5ADB4269FC656" country="Peru" name="Huanuco">Huanuco</collectingRegion>
|
|
</normalizedToken>
|
|
:
|
|
<location id="861A4F8252D699515A18E916FB33D472" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DCD3CE744C085D9D9714010E01C206CE:861A4F8252D699515A18E916FB33D472" country="Peru" county="Rio Yuyapichis" latitude="-9.583333" longLatPrecision="1299" longitude="-74.933334" municipality="Panguana Biological Fieldstation" name="Pachitea" stateProvince="Madre de Dios">Pachitea</location>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingMunicipality id="9E31BB2AE82537C50DD397F8325945AE">Panguana Biological Fieldstation</collectingMunicipality>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCounty id="AB73D12C8481DAE93B9615CA91C70EE0">Rio Yuyapichis</collectingCounty>
|
|
[= Rio Llullapichis],
|
|
<quantity id="D8512331EAFEE89B203D09EC9805CD74" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" unit="m" value="260.0">
|
|
<elevation id="ACDA1EABEA4C432671E462585D1EF275" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" unit="m" value="260.0">260 m</elevation>
|
|
</quantity>
|
|
, approx.
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="EBE6645FC49F8BD4CA9EF8A1F2E8A239" degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="35" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-9.583333">9°35'S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="788AD49F4505E5B84078FADBBC52F139" degrees="74" direction="west" minutes="56" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-74.933334">74°56'W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, collected by
|
|
<collectorName id="203589172B0D0C5AAE065817413C21CC">Carlos Vasquez Modena</collectorName>
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|
1980.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D7B64626853C99D50B55BE998D6E76B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Like other members of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="74798088F0B7D2D4C742C0956BFEB205" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis aeneus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="aeneus">
|
|
<emphasis id="C1F3927081D117D664338E0CA21B07B3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oxybelis aeneus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
complex
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A7F3BAAE85920A8E839D0D9B7E7BCB02" lsidName="O. inkaterra" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="inkaterra">
|
|
<emphasis id="88395A97AB7ECFC3895233EE0402FB10" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. inkaterra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has an elongated head and body, 8-9 upper labials, four lower labials contacting the first pair of chin shields, 173-205 ventrals and 158-203 subcaudals; a divided anal plate, dorsal scales in 17-17-13 rows, and undivided hemipenes.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="7EC23AA7EF3578D8D49141ACA3073F86" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
|
<paragraph id="27934979CFD02D3AFC6DA0AC8072DBC9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4CEA692D1D6B66D3F1285C5670808355" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A vine snake with (1) three upper labials (4-5-6) bordering the orbit; (2) numerous bold black bars and spots present on the body; (3) ventral surface mottled with dense black spots; (4) preocular shorter than eye diameter; (5) second pair of chin shields separated by smaller scales posteriorly; (6) nine upper labials, three located behind the orbit; (7) snout from above relatively broad, tapered, and flat rostrum; (8) supraocular and prefrontal are about the same length; (9) last upper labial about same length as primary temporal; (10) much of the lower surface of the head infused with black pigment; (11) second upper labial not in contact with preocular.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="87E7999A5F21632370C9AF9C909E86D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comparisons">
|
|
<paragraph id="D16484818AE8A827F0AA830B50383851" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="375E8E8030014881A0CB7A86F04EAF1F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9DCE9D14AAF969AA499EBAD420092DC0" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis inkaterra" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="inkaterra">
|
|
<emphasis id="686DD4E938408015D872A1C8E30679AC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oxybelis inkaterra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
can be distinguished from the seven other members of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A24F6BB9BDC20DDCFA78750F2EE5CCCC" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis aeneus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="aeneus">
|
|
<emphasis id="F3BA51E3AC5CC6D916EDC4EA05015C75" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oxybelis aeneus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
complex by the presence of, upper labials three and four are in contact the preocular; a head with an irregular, darkly pigmented ventral surface with pale spots; and eyespot markings on the posterior ventral surface of the body and tail; the snout of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3A6878192511CC4C53713372C26B7E3E" lsidName="O. inkaterra" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="inkaterra">
|
|
<emphasis id="D6CA4982099078BF618BEF8ECE12768E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. inkaterra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is also relatively short and broad compared to other species in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A7B5055074129D49E40BD46EFC0E40AA" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis aeneus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="aeneus">
|
|
<emphasis id="1876DE0EA2ADF134E71AFD034E7738D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oxybelis aeneus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
complex (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="75E3D2381F44050DACD9103C5AE67547" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A comparison between the snout shapes of Oxybelis aeneus (FMNH 64417) (top) and O. inkaterra (FMNH 56141) (bottom) (JCM)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497423" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7</figureCitation>
|
|
); the lack the brown-gray dorsal coloration seen in the other members of the complex. The dorsum is instead a dirty cream with black flecking (Figs
|
|
<figureCitation id="1C29B5CE8B8E69B69803312E9F9F9F71" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Holotype of Oxybelis inkaterra sp. nov., KU 220196 preserved. A, Dorsal whole specimen; B, ventral whole specimen views; C, top of the head; D, profile. Scale bar: 1 cm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<figureCitation id="D6FE53D7EA3F547AB9F407A617D5B42A" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Referred specimen of Oxybelis inkaterra sp. nov., FMNH 56141 from Peru, Loreto, Rio Ucayali, Yarinacocha. A, profile; B, top of the head; C, bottom of the head." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497424" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="9AF7FDA9166C331C9C0386FFD176BF6B" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497423" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
|
<paragraph id="3436085708D85B5CEBD4580F2725D75A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis id="CEB947240AE6F4E425258BFF526D2035" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
|
A comparison between the snout shapes of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F80A2D75EF53FC88EE31567476B19239" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis aeneus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="aeneus">
|
|
<emphasis id="DFE637484599126892B29F7950083DAF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oxybelis aeneus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(FMNH 64417) (top) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EA8E0EA7C4C038FA7E51F426FA1EE394" lsidName="O. inkaterra" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="inkaterra">
|
|
<emphasis id="B425DB32FE6B788917FEE30D98C152D2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. inkaterra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(FMNH 56141) (bottom) (JCM).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="A760B92EB3823C011226C8A76FBB257B" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497424" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
|
<paragraph id="670525CCB5B660222D077C5673EF6969" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis id="A9B56DDC78CD8D7453787AD54DD4F8CD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
|
Referred specimen of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EBFF98875885FBF3D25B178EAAD504E5" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis inkaterra" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="inkaterra">
|
|
<emphasis id="9A8E92431E567780B26B0B98DB8ED7CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oxybelis inkaterra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov., FMNH 56141 from Peru, Loreto, Rio Ucayali, Yarinacocha.
|
|
<emphasis id="DBDDB1B0C684405342D79CE6F7EFB5E6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
|
, profile;
|
|
<emphasis id="D3AC2F151331B7527FF7E8D9F36E2D0A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
|
, top of the head;
|
|
<emphasis id="0233B761792682D7D88600DEBF1B3B41" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
|
, bottom of the head.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="AA3E50D2CC491B4FD0A28D5CB02DC347" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="53B3F73CC7F15BC739DBE74ECC29D1D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of the holotype.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="69B98B720DA0AA44F05F4EF3EECDC9A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
A male with everted hemipenes (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="67D80D878CE74B1EA2B85010B1B01C38" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Holotype of Oxybelis inkaterra sp. nov., KU 220196 preserved. A, Dorsal whole specimen; B, ventral whole specimen views; C, top of the head; D, profile. Scale bar: 1 cm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
|
|
), SVL 732 mm, tail length 498 mm. Rostral broader than high, barely visible from above; upper labials 9/9; internasals paired, not extending past the posterior border of the first upper labial; prefrontals paired, in contact with upper labials 2 and 3; frontal, paired parietals, and supraoculars elongated and about 6 mm long, and in contact with supraoculars and upper postocular; postoculars 2/2; upper labials in contact with the preocular; 4-5-6 enter the orbit; 7-8-9 contact the primary temporal; 9 interrictals; one preocular less than the diameter of the eye; lower labials 10/10, first four in contact with the first pair of chin shields; second pair of chin shields longest; five paired gulars. Dorsal scales smooth in 17-17-13 rows. Ventrals 182; 165 divided subcaudals; anal plate divided.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="1542362C73FF15CCA45F22B16B2490E0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="in alcohol">
|
|
<paragraph id="41BC02C776D472A7C3C90AA0EC4DA1D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">In alcohol.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="B3D9EEF3708C2295DCAA12DC0082634E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Top of the head is brown with dark brown to black mottling (Figs
|
|
<figureCitation id="7C76658A21C1D29D679205DE1265BEDF" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A comparison between the snout shapes of Oxybelis aeneus (FMNH 64417) (top) and O. inkaterra (FMNH 56141) (bottom) (JCM)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497423" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<figureCitation id="AFA56A7513F6E6D1982F2E7FC54B8972" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Referred specimen of Oxybelis inkaterra sp. nov., FMNH 56141 from Peru, Loreto, Rio Ucayali, Yarinacocha. A, profile; B, top of the head; C, bottom of the head." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497424" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8</figureCitation>
|
|
); black spot on posterior edge of nasal, and on preocular; black mottling on temporals forming an irregular postocular stripe that extends to second or third ventral; upper labials with mottling on borders, lower labials heavily mottled; mental, first pair of lower labials, and chin shields black with white spots; dorsal scales mottled with black and brown pigment in all rows; on anterior third of the body, some scales have heavy black pigment on their borders and form about 48 irregular transverse bands; anterior ventrals heavily mottled becoming fine stippling posteriorly; some ventrals mottled with scattered black spots anteriorly; posteriorly, these spots encircled with white pigment to form eye spot-like markings near the vent; some of these markings also occur on the ventral and lateral portions of the tail.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="97869DD679103923B3BF40B4C3D820B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="coloration of the holotype in life">
|
|
<paragraph id="D1B5804B33BFC1F72997C47A7EF7C919" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Coloration of the holotype in life</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6C404F5E143A41969FB880BC1A89FB17" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis id="0357E863BAAD0ADB95DBAEF44F702C0A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
(Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="1537DF5C7F3300A9797833D49CD66372" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Holotype of Oxybelis inkaterra sp. nov., KU 220196 in life from Reserva Amazonica, formerly Cusco Amazonico, Peru (W. E. Duellman)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497421" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Field notes by W.E. Duellman on 21 December 1991: Dorsum and venter grayish tan with dark brown flecks and streaks. Top of head brown; lateral stripe on head dark brown, bordered below by white. Iris cream with horizontal dark brown stripe. Lining of mouth and throat black.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
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|
<subSubSection id="3DE15E97355AB118059FB44EBCD81B55" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="variation">
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|
<paragraph id="D0B6732A9F6A3A5B91B021A7F2ED7F72" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Variation.</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="520B217EEBF54ECF8250428774B31C2A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Whereas surrounding the black spots was not as pronounced in smaller individuals, KU 220196 has the first 33 ventral scales almost completely black (in preservative), but the stripes are still visible (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="A737FC87A67A3EC0681ED229E0057376" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Holotype of Oxybelis inkaterra sp. nov., KU 220196 preserved. A, Dorsal whole specimen; B, ventral whole specimen views; C, top of the head; D, profile. Scale bar: 1 cm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
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|
). The black pigment extends onto the chin shields in varying amounts. The largest female was 1075 mm in total length; the largest male was 1278 mm. Two females had SVLs of 484 and 660 mm (x- = 572 mm SD = 88.0) with tails that were 0.62 and 0.63 of the SVL (x- =358.5, SD = 56.50). Two females (FMNH 40085, 56141) (had 184 and 191 ventrals (x- = 187.5, SD = 1.5). Eight upper labials, with 4-5-6 bordering the orbit. Usually 8-9 (nine on one side) lower labials, with four (usually) at first chin shield.
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|
</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
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|
<subSubSection id="6FCA016A1A1367BC78070A136B72BB49" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="DEDB28954374CA9FF13BCE0B40823E2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="97A874A315BAD299B52E3D2539657406" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
This species occurs in the Amazonian rainforest of Peru in the departments of
|
|
<normalizedToken id="97865D1150BBDC63B29768093CDA779F" originalValue="Huánuco">Huanuco</normalizedToken>
|
|
, Loreto, and Madre de Dios. It is likely the species also occurs in Ucayali between these departments and possibly adjacent Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia.
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</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
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|
<subSubSection id="84EC468803D388E0CE1C1E200DF3EE43" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
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|
<paragraph id="5EAB65D1767B89DAE0EF7871D6139FE5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="96607B0C151011D68FA3AEB3A9FDDF28" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
At Reserva
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|
<normalizedToken id="28CB00DBA1583EE71B38F8479B929605" originalValue="Amazónica">Amazonica</normalizedToken>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9063D55DD7DD85505DEE7BD9F124E9DD" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis inkaterra" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="inkaterra">
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|
<emphasis id="ADBAB1968DC160BFA15E9A5B12ECBBBF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oxybelis inkaterra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is found in the dense vegetation on the bank of the
|
|
<normalizedToken id="86616EF4970510AF7ABBD9BDDDD5A4E0" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
Madre de Dios and in an adjacent clearing. The steep riverbank has vegetation unlike that of the adjacent rainforest. There are shrubby plants and no canopy; adjacent to the river are stands of the cane-like
|
|
<taxonomicName id="77065F9CEBED50FD67F9FB8D89339E3F" family="Ponaceae" genus="Gynerium" lsidName="Gynerium saggitatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="saggitatum">
|
|
<emphasis id="0FE52985986B9B022E9E4C7958A40599" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Gynerium saggitatum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C15BCC96F8777BF5441968C7CDC1AF37" family="Ponaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Ponaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8DB161E02097E7581EBC69B05DAE2897" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis inkaterra" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="inkaterra">
|
|
<emphasis id="1858EF539383E2AAB6795E3C107453A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oxybelis inkaterra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a diurnal arboreal snake, which, if like other members of the genus, has a fondness for small lizards. In the scrub forest adjacent to the river two species,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="696A14A2E9B8FE2E077A686D9A49BF72" baseAuthorityName="Guichenot" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Amphibia" family="Sphaerodactylidae" genus="Gonatodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonatodes humeralis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">
|
|
<emphasis id="BE8FAADEF53960ADE67EEBF4FAF14F6F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Gonatodes humeralis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E004220A5D280D658B1EB16E94975B44" authorityName="Underwood" authorityYear="1954" class="Amphibia" family="Sphaerodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sphaerodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="76504558F413BEF56E4C658B57B96388" class="Reptilia" family="Dactyloidae" genus="Anolis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anolis fuscoauratus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscoauratus">
|
|
<emphasis id="30C142DEE2C3F2976ECDE72146ADE376" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anolis fuscoauratus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6C99411EB2A678794B259D89D82C1AF6" class="Reptilia" family="Dactyloidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dactyloidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
), inhabit the scrub and probably are primary prey of the vine snake.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="F4AA0F5E849317D822BFA873C4C0A6FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="field notes">
|
|
<paragraph id="16364DECEFE56AB93C20E44BA5F6D973" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Field notes.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5D5703942AABB44482C0AC6A6AA379F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">KU 220196, weight 30.5 g, caught on the ground in camp during the day. Dorsum and venter grayish tan with dark brown flecks and streaks. Top of head brown; lateral stripe on head dark brown, bordered below by white. Iris cream with horizontal dark brown stripe. Lining of mouth and throat black. KU 214887, caught in bush 1.5 m above ground by day edge of river in camp. Mass 15 g, 895 mm TL.</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="5DD1DCF683EF39410FDFDB864E335479" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
|
|
<paragraph id="5BD9F087F76456DE1B7E6977BC914482" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="FFA229AB11698FBAFA3E8802CEB3B1AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
The specific epithet honors the ecotourism company Inkaterra (https://www.inkaterra.com/) and its non-profit NGO counterpart Inkaterra
|
|
<normalizedToken id="333BFFBEFB0D58B13489D8D573579AD1" originalValue="Asociación">Asociacion</normalizedToken>
|
|
. These two institutions started in 1975 and 1978, respectively, were founded by
|
|
<normalizedToken id="F4749D556827E0C8D8AB041BB0FFC19C" originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
|
|
E. Koechlin von Stein to promote education and conservation of Peruvian culture and ecosystems. Inkaterra and Mr. Koechlin have been recognized numerous times with awards and accolades for providing sustainable ecotourism and research opportunities for scientists. The type locality, Cusco
|
|
<normalizedToken id="49EC09BEB449AF49CE1CCE3F4FF4A355" originalValue="Amazónico">Amazonico</normalizedToken>
|
|
(now Reserva
|
|
<normalizedToken id="843934D5D74493A0690B47321A22B1B2" originalValue="Amazónica">Amazonica</normalizedToken>
|
|
), is owned and operated by Inkaterra and is the site of one of the most thoroughly studied areas in the Neotropics, particularly for amphibian and reptile natural history (e.g. Duellman, 2005;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="3DC27882C6ADEF190F41F2280FE21412" author="Orlofske, SA" journalOrPublisher="IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="254 - 262" refId="B35" refString="Orlofske, SA, Hedman, HD, Koechlin, JE, Jadin, RC, 2012. Herpetological ecotourism and conservation. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 19: 254 - 262" title="Herpetological ecotourism and conservation." volume="19" year="2012">Orlofske et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="14D682E682317AEAA7AA2922F890E8C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes on potential eyespots">
|
|
<paragraph id="9D26DA65829B2666157AD57E85EA8BBE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Notes on potential eyespots.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0B30AA47FE3F587387EF26035785E22E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Anti-predator adaptations in snakes are numerous and diurnal species can be expected to use visual coloration and behaviors to deter predators (Green, 1997). Eyespots are circular markings, often with concentric rings and conspicuous colors, that occur in many animals. They have been hypothesized to work as a way to startle or intimidate predators or they may work by being highly salient stimuli that promote sensory overload, biases, or neophobic reactions (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B24967E86B37A2210FB5D140C6BC9CE9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.1.26" author="Stevens, M" journalOrPublisher="1] Partie generale, xxviii, 251 pp. [Vol. 2] Partie descriptive" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B43" refString="Stevens, M, Ruxron, GD, 2014. Do animal eyespots really mimic eyes? Current Zoology 60: 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.1.26" title="Do animal eyespots really mimic eyes? Current Zoology 60: 26 - 36." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.1.26" year="2014">Stevens and Ruxron 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Few snakes have been reported to have eyespots but
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ABD05A193270F0E6095811D12E49CC69" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis inkaterra" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="inkaterra">
|
|
<emphasis id="C8DB4EEBB767B2D0F56851F87DBE205A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oxybelis inkaterra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
appears to be an exception and does exhibit ventral eyespots (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="F1D8FA700199FA0C357318D5CD1FA889" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Referred specimen of Oxybelis inkaterra sp. nov., FMNH 56141 displaying eyespots on posterior ventral scales (left) and on subcaudal scales (right)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497425" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9</figureCitation>
|
|
). Although the markings are quite variable in size and definition, they are best developed in specimen FMNH 56141 from Yarinacocha, Peru. Given the absence of information in terms of how the snake uses these markings it is entirely possible that they simply make the snake more cryptic in its arboreal environment. However, the placement of the eyespots on the posterior ventral side of the body and on the tail suggests that they may be displayed in response to a predator.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="460D3BAF18561FC8FE4F6CDA23C0558C" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/497425" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
|
<paragraph id="9D484BB09AC83725EB6400F1DC6499E9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis id="2B5FC4FF82E31432C4194FE58A030544" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
|
Referred specimen of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B825A32D6C7A6951779E523E378ADC08" authorityName="Jadin & Jowers & Orlofske & Duellman & Christopher Blair & Murphy" authorityYear="2021" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxybelis inkaterra" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="inkaterra">
|
|
<emphasis id="9116F65C3894FDE26B3E2FC4F97D4258" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oxybelis inkaterra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov., FMNH 56141 displaying eyespots on posterior ventral scales (left) and on subcaudal scales (right).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |