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treatments-xml/data/DA/85/D9/DA85D9F6964C99016A784FACF5DB33B2.xml
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<mods:location id="9B042C070A1166424CB4AC6381503289">
<mods:url id="C08104B338A6634FDE0B1D51E5828973">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="439E507B1502ABCB8A017A1AA5888280">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="130183BC9C22E262C8293F709D60D025" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B22C7EEB3CD04C4CE13CC28C328CB5C0" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-240-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
<subSection id="63D8A3A7F6280AF8EBFB328C4382449A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="22. parkia clade">
<treatment id="DA85D9F6964C99016A784FACF5DB33B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DA85D9F6964C99016A784FACF5DB33B2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA85D9F6964C99016A784FACF5DB33B2" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="A6F24DCAFA18CE1912ACD1F745C2633F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="332A80D96921DD0E3A3379D0E2366D28" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="672106952A178CB641B72BF68C752133" ID-CoL="9CLM4" authority="R. Br. in Denham &amp; Clapperton, Narr. Travels Africa, App.: 234. 1826." authorityName="R. Br. in Denham &amp; Clapperton, Narr. Travels Africa, App.: 234. 1826." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Parkia R. Br. in Denham &amp; Clapperton, Narr. Travels Africa, App.: 234. 1826.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7D1EF3D5DE4DB865989DC86A26B8AA32" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="943B83197652809D7C743D77C61C0086" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="67E3525156FC0F92610CDBD9D66A02DF" captionStart="Figure 164" captionStartId="F171" captionText="Figure 164. Morphological features of Anadenanthera (A-I) and Parkia sect. Platyparkia (J-L) A A. colubrina (Vell.) Brenan capitulum cut in half, at anthesis B capitula at anthesis and in bud C shrub D Anadenanthera sp. foliage and petiolar nectary E A. colubrina mature pods F mammillate projections on trunk G dehisced pods H A. peregrina var. falcata (Benth.) Altschul mammillate trunks I A. peregrina (L.) Speg. var. peregrina trees with smooth trunks J Parkia pendula (Willd.) Benth. ex Walp. (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 273), Neotropics, tree crown K capitulum at anthesis, nectar exuding from apical flowers L pods with enlarged adaxial suture secreting gum into which the seeds have fallen. Photo credits A-I RT Queiroz https: // rubens-plantasdobrasil. blogspot. com / J-L MJG Hopkins and HCF Hopkins." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure164" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014836" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 164</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E00B79F838E8EF9A95CC5A2EB5B2C41D" captionStart="Figure 166" captionStartId="F173" captionText="Figure 166. Morphological features of Parkia sect. Parkia (A-L) and sect. Parkia Sphaeroparkia (M, N) A P. bicolor A. Chev. pendent capitulum approaching anthesis, Korup National Park, Cameroon B P. biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don pendent capitulum cut in half, Ibadan, Nigeria C P. decussata Ducke erect capitulum at anthesis, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 237) D P. timoriana (DC.) Merr. pendent capitulum, South East Asia (H. C. F. Hopkins 634) E P. gigantocarpa Ducke pendent capitulum and another cut in half, shortly post-anthesis, finger ring gives scale, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 298) F P. igneiflora Ducke pendent capitulum near anthesis, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 230) G P. speciosa Hassk., capitula at anthesis, Temburong, Brunei H P. discolor Spruce ex Benth. indehiscent pods nearing maturity, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 264) I, J P. bicolor I ripe indehiscent pod with yellow valves containing orange pulp, Bero Mts, Guinea-Conakry J immature pods, Korup National Park, Cameroon K P. cachimboensis H. C. Hopkins dehiscent pods lacking gum, the seeds attached by their funicles, Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil L P. igneiflora var. aurea Ducke vel aff. erect compound inflorescence axes projecting above the tree crown bearing pendent yellow capitula on short pendent peduncles, Cachoeira Berro d'Agua, AM, Brazil M, N P. multijuga Benth. M capitula at anthesis and in bud, Trombetas, Brazil N old pod from ground plus seeds, INPA, Manaus, Brazil. Photo credits A R Gruenmeier B HCF Hopkins C-F, H, K, N MJG Hopkins and HCF Hopkins G I Nielsen I M Cheek J X van der Burgt L L Mello M unknown." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure166" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014838" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 166</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="86AD62AFF411F643BAA7B996339D8212" captionStart="Figure 167" captionStartId="F174" captionText="Figure 167. Distribution of Parkia based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. The presence of the West African P. biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don in Haiti, where it is naturalised, is not shown. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure167" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014839" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 167</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7A81AD032BC7FB4A6BFB3DCF91147FD2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F5FF7AD0B2F27D29E51911D0E4B3FEBB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="5ACC47C17C2D9293272A9979D1E0B553" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Paryphosphaera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paryphosphaera" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Paryphosphaera</taxonomicName>
H. Karst., Fl. Columb. 2: 7, tab. 104. 1862. Type:
<taxonomicName id="69208A05C0A5E7256A4610419085E9CD" family="Fabaceae" genus="Paryphosphera" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paryphosphera arborea" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arborea">Paryphosphera arborea</taxonomicName>
H. Karst. [=
<taxonomicName id="30B8432131772EC89B9C3A3E4797A845" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia nitida" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitida">Parkia nitida</taxonomicName>
Miq.]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BA1C99C6BA9F1C4104E007BCA61F6CA6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5EA1F391CE71D75249CAE45A5B2E10C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="D4814F77DEBEDCADDA5D1170235B6C87">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="50BD49B847076C3A62E22F3C657BD273" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="593B34273A2B96BBEE86F1184044F0A5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia africana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="D56880EE4E4AEC3E77A828531D13C0F8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
R. Br., nom. superfl. [≡
<taxonomicName id="7571EDEFA87C78A87940D115E3DFC8C8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia biglobosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biglobosa">
<emphasis id="4833D3C02AFC548BE5DBBE9CF765362A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia biglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don (≡
<taxonomicName id="E95F7419F08D47BBD5E476B7E3D50BB4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Mimosa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Mimosa biglobosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biglobosa">
<emphasis id="8417FD72970A38EB46A75E5E93AAEC54" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mimosa biglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Jacq.)]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="45A0E390F70E167C88EA93EB2270B764" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="5EE3B6F9D7112F083F95CD5C3E89643A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="18B43B519379DA3C964D459167323701" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Unarmed trees or rarely shrubs, 3-40 m, evergreen or rarely deciduous; trunk sometimes buttressed, bark variable.
<emphasis id="EB79BC4DE58006078A06556F2858A2F9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stipules</emphasis>
small, caducous.
<emphasis id="59804E92334E3168DDAF9F17256F9E73" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Leaves</emphasis>
alternate, (sub)opposite or clustered at the ends of twigs; pinnae 1-55 pairs, opposite, subopposite or rarely alternate; leaflets 3-110 pairs per pinna, opposite or rarely alternate (
<taxonomicName id="7D3B5CC488B5A142DB860F4777E57737" lsidName="P. biglobosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="biglobosa">
<emphasis id="C541F62315AFB2B66A8D84BEF2B20E24" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. biglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), linear to oblong or slightly sigmoid or rarely elliptic and 3-45
<normalizedToken id="D149E5A32B283CA742AF97BB49B93A2A" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-13 mm, or rarely ovate (
<taxonomicName id="4C61AAA0565DF22045DD116BC19AA3A2" lsidName="P. singularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="singularis">
<emphasis id="244D65449B3C24AE1FE2E1F2C934A40C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. singularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Miq.) and then to 120
<normalizedToken id="9FF80C82DF54A3F96747649C041AF862" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
75 mm; main-vein central, straight or slightly sigmoid; extrafloral nectaries often present on petiole near the base, elliptic, single or double (or heart-shaped), and sometimes on the rachis between the pinnae, especially in seedlings, small, round.
<emphasis id="4C96EA0D70F45A558656396A13FE3E28" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Compound inflorescences</emphasis>
of pedunculate capitula arranged in axillary or terminal, short to very long racemes or panicles; principal axis 0.15-5 m long, erect, horizontal, pendent or projecting at all angles, within or beneath the crown to far-extending beyond it; peduncles alternate or (sub)opposite, 1-115 cm long, pendent, erect or projecting at all angles, tough, sometimes thick and robust; 4 caducous bracts enclosing the capitulum in young bud stage.
<emphasis id="DF40E5DE55DED0C5A912B4586A7858DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capitula</emphasis>
of 3 types: in sect.
<taxonomicName id="EF854B32042DD1DBB676678EA79CA520" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Sphaeroparkia">Parkia Sphaeroparkia</taxonomicName>
: globose, 1-5 cm diameter, with 120-650 flowers, all fertile, lacking specialised nectar-secreting flowers, red or yellow at anthesis; in sect.
<taxonomicName id="61A89CF9F09B262193D6B0EE0FC81497" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Platyparkia">Parkia Platyparkia</taxonomicName>
: oblate, 2.7-3.5
<normalizedToken id="072D1FE215C752D12952D16B4BA47D5C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4-5 cm, with 1060-1325 flowers, these of 2 sorts, those in the middle and at the base fertile, those at the apex modified and nectar-secreting, capitula red; in sect.
<taxonomicName id="52B467A3983400B145AEF0DA276343E0" authority="Parkia" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Parkia">Parkia Parkia</taxonomicName>
: clavate, subglobose or biglobose, 4-21.5
<normalizedToken id="AB01837973E93066119FA6AF5A3C4002" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-8 cm, with 1090-3240 flowers, these of 3 main sorts: fertile ones forming an apical ball, below this a constricted cylinder or depressed ring of nectar-secreting flowers, at the base a zone of staminodial flowers in which the filaments are short to far-projecting and then forming a wide fringe, capitula yellow (sometimes the fringe white), reddish (bright to dull red, pink, orange or purplish), or occasionally bicoloured (red at the base, apical ball yellow).
<emphasis id="EEF54368F619EC4A472D8A3BFFF5BEF0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowers</emphasis>
tubular, each subtended by an obdeltate-spathulate bract, slightly longer than the calyx.
<emphasis id="04C5B0C295429EBEC57CCEA25CAED767" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fertile flowers</emphasis>
hermaphroditic, functionally staminate, or a mixture; calyx almost bilabiate with 2 large lobes and 3 smaller ones, lobes imbricate in bud (or sub-equal and sub-imbricate in
<taxonomicName id="BE15E18BC387B6A6C80158B757535474" lsidName="P. ulei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ulei">
<emphasis id="9F62320F5D139A565AA4B3DB2A23A2DD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. ulei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Harms) Kuhlm.); corolla lobes with lower parts variously connate and often adnate to the filament-tube; stamens 10, shortly exserted, filaments usually connate proximally and free distally, anthers basifixed (most species) or dorsifixed (sect.
<taxonomicName id="B1A068C12AB70481FE0E07F3114E1CA5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Sphaeroparkia">Parkia Sphaeroparkia</taxonomicName>
), with or without an apical gland; pollen in polyads of 16, 28 or 32 grains, porate, exine granular or with columellae, variously ornamented (
<bibRefCitation id="4598D11EF807BC3E8DA2075BEF35C623" author="Guinet, P" editor="Polhill, RM" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="835 - 855" refId="B336" refString="Guinet, P, 1981b. Mimosoideae: the characters of their pollen grains. In: Polhill, RM, Raven, PH, Eds., Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom: 835 - 855" title="Mimosoideae: the characters of their pollen grains." volumeTitle="Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 2." year="1981 b">Guinet 1981b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="DD13FE029D6058EB9CD5D2C096633287" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08461.x" author="Feuer, S" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1871 - 1890" refId="B282" refString="Feuer, S, Niezgoda, CJ, Nevling, LI, 1985. Ultrastructure of Parkia polyads (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany 72 (12): 1871 - 1890, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08461.x" title="Ultrastructure of Parkia polyads (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08461.x" volume="72" year="1985">Feuer et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="67FF03C12E98EAC8F11CFF55308CACB2" author="Feuer, S" journalOrPublisher="INTA Serie Tecnica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" refId="B281" refString="Feuer, S, 1986. Pollen. In: Hopkins HCF, Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Flora Neotropica, Monograph 43. New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA, 29-39. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" title="Pollen. In: Hopkins HCF, Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Flora Neotropica, Monograph 43. New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA, 29 - 39." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" year="1986">Feuer 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="353F33762D45F2F4DD2097BF26A3ECFF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2446253" author="Luckow, MA" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1300 - 1320" refId="B514" refString="Luckow, MA, Hopkins, HCF, 1995. A cladistic analysis of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). American Journal of Botany 82 (10): 1300 - 1320, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2446253" title="A cladistic analysis of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2446253" volume="82" year="1995">Luckow and Hopkins 1995</bibRefCitation>
), polyads sometimes with a central cavity (
<bibRefCitation id="6A61B08575CE3497E52BEF89C152D822" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-014-1055-5" author="Capucho, LC" journalOrPublisher="Trees" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1507 - 1514" refId="B155" refString="Capucho, LC, Teixeira, SP, 2014. Morphology of the unusual polyad in Amazonian Parkia legume trees. Trees 28: 1507 - 1514, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-014-1055-5" title="Morphology of the unusual polyad in Amazonian Parkia legume trees." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-014-1055-5" volume="28" year="2014">Capucho and Teixeira 2014</bibRefCitation>
); nectary disc absent; ovary stipitate, gynoecium reduced in functionally staminate fertile flowers.
<emphasis id="C0524FD87D7190A31EE72DADC5D3E37E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nectar-secreting flowers</emphasis>
sterile, the basal parts of the calyx, corolla and androecium adnate, much thickened and nectariferous, gynoecium absent (sect.
<taxonomicName id="494BE269AFFE5423203F365E6293109B" authority="Parkia" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Parkia">Parkia Parkia</taxonomicName>
) or modified with the style exserted (sect.
<taxonomicName id="40291D99D91F2060D656073D5AD2E502" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Platyparkia">Parkia Platyparkia</taxonomicName>
).
<emphasis id="C40F41B1F162DBAE5E60D6C987213CE0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Staminodial flowers</emphasis>
sterile, the filaments often bearing minute, non-functional anthers, gynoecium absent.
<emphasis id="3AFE280CBEEDFA78BF6D634667669213" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fruits</emphasis>
borne on a large, woody, claviform to ellipsoid receptacle with a narrowly terete base (receptacle smaller in sect.
<taxonomicName id="D45EF36B5FFA81D367C5B12C9B9965DD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Sphaeroparkia">Parkia Sphaeroparkia</taxonomicName>
), stipitate, coriaceous to thick-woody, rarely tough-fleshy (
<taxonomicName id="B7A87C94207E77C5B54B742E8DEADCDC" lsidName="P. platycephala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="platycephala">
<emphasis id="393F8A89BD2571C98DB1E43C118ACB52" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. platycephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Benth.), to 60 cm long, indehiscent or dehiscent along the adaxial suture, strap-shaped, narrowly oblong, oblong or rarely terete (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="AEE44C5E016C8ECDAF436B21B97CBA55" lsidName="P. biglobosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="biglobosa">
<emphasis id="9ACA4D1EA6567DB605F31D69E543480D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. biglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), sub-moniliform (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="C377E83D0D7D19EC3AF2EC75F6C50BC9" lsidName="P. filicoidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="filicoidea">
<emphasis id="C159AFAF1AC8DF0F25522E373BB9D855" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. filicoidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Welw. ex Oliv. p.p.) or broadly crescent-shaped (
<taxonomicName id="806F32908506232BD6032E7220C897FA" lsidName="P. multijuga" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="multijuga">
<emphasis id="B7EBAE1856FAA609954B266E3756180D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. multijuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Benth.), sometimes twisted or rarely
<normalizedToken id="B8E3D0A0750FC401CA88E2F54ADAA692" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
curled, sometimes containing pulp (Paleotropics) or gum (Neotropics), or gum secreted along a laterally enlarged dehiscent adaxial suture (sect.
<taxonomicName id="D72A3D51C71A992EECC2B378D4DB12FE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Platyparkia">Parkia Platyparkia</taxonomicName>
p.p.).
<emphasis id="EE9B189207359FA8C58D1512CBC18078" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Seeds</emphasis>
6-34 per pod in 1 or rarely 2 rows (sect.
<taxonomicName id="E6DDC18EDF81FD4F3E08969E917E59EB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Platyparkia">Parkia Platyparkia</taxonomicName>
p.p.), flattened-ellipsoid or otherwise, 7-60 mm long; testa hard, thick, dark (rarely soft, green,
<taxonomicName id="3C4C3D62BA2A3E7671EA645425FF089C" lsidName="P. speciosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="speciosa">
<emphasis id="C4CF9A599B37C58E8C1D2B49EEA0F406" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. speciosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hassk.) with a pleurogram, or rarely thin and pleurogram lacking (Figs
<figureCitation id="A9F1E136F6E627BA89C757813C0F4D13" captionStart="Figure 164" captionStartId="F171" captionText="Figure 164. Morphological features of Anadenanthera (A-I) and Parkia sect. Platyparkia (J-L) A A. colubrina (Vell.) Brenan capitulum cut in half, at anthesis B capitula at anthesis and in bud C shrub D Anadenanthera sp. foliage and petiolar nectary E A. colubrina mature pods F mammillate projections on trunk G dehisced pods H A. peregrina var. falcata (Benth.) Altschul mammillate trunks I A. peregrina (L.) Speg. var. peregrina trees with smooth trunks J Parkia pendula (Willd.) Benth. ex Walp. (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 273), Neotropics, tree crown K capitulum at anthesis, nectar exuding from apical flowers L pods with enlarged adaxial suture secreting gum into which the seeds have fallen. Photo credits A-I RT Queiroz https: // rubens-plantasdobrasil. blogspot. com / J-L MJG Hopkins and HCF Hopkins." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure164" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014836" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">164</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="55ACB9E0F92FF9DBEFB90C6FD6C93CF9" captionStart="Figure 166" captionStartId="F173" captionText="Figure 166. Morphological features of Parkia sect. Parkia (A-L) and sect. Parkia Sphaeroparkia (M, N) A P. bicolor A. Chev. pendent capitulum approaching anthesis, Korup National Park, Cameroon B P. biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don pendent capitulum cut in half, Ibadan, Nigeria C P. decussata Ducke erect capitulum at anthesis, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 237) D P. timoriana (DC.) Merr. pendent capitulum, South East Asia (H. C. F. Hopkins 634) E P. gigantocarpa Ducke pendent capitulum and another cut in half, shortly post-anthesis, finger ring gives scale, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 298) F P. igneiflora Ducke pendent capitulum near anthesis, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 230) G P. speciosa Hassk., capitula at anthesis, Temburong, Brunei H P. discolor Spruce ex Benth. indehiscent pods nearing maturity, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 264) I, J P. bicolor I ripe indehiscent pod with yellow valves containing orange pulp, Bero Mts, Guinea-Conakry J immature pods, Korup National Park, Cameroon K P. cachimboensis H. C. Hopkins dehiscent pods lacking gum, the seeds attached by their funicles, Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil L P. igneiflora var. aurea Ducke vel aff. erect compound inflorescence axes projecting above the tree crown bearing pendent yellow capitula on short pendent peduncles, Cachoeira Berro d'Agua, AM, Brazil M, N P. multijuga Benth. M capitula at anthesis and in bud, Trombetas, Brazil N old pod from ground plus seeds, INPA, Manaus, Brazil. Photo credits A R Gruenmeier B HCF Hopkins C-F, H, K, N MJG Hopkins and HCF Hopkins G I Nielsen I M Cheek J X van der Burgt L L Mello M unknown." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure166" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014838" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">166</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="033969C8DA1292DA0284C3047C7C654E" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure166" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014838" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 166" startId="F173">
<paragraph id="78632911E58F5326BFAC55810D513CEF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="110641EEF10476D4F3480FA30CD67FEA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 166.</emphasis>
Morphological features of
<taxonomicName id="728767BE6E43E8CE1254AB70D9057F15" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia subsp. sect." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Parkia">Parkia sect. Parkia</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="A92BF97707292CB4EA3024C34CB89A42" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-L</emphasis>
) and sect.
<taxonomicName id="4F32E5DC09BCB2638E2CE9F61CE64D32" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Sphaeroparkia">Parkia Sphaeroparkia</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="F90EB66B7F317BEFCC6606004BDE6725" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M, N</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="3CBF4E8D26BC111B8DF8AFC3D48BE1FF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="186C2C8B0025E813D4E2C35AADA14CB0" lsidName="P. bicolor" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="AE38BCA2778CA3ABB9018D1315764DBA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A. Chev. pendent capitulum approaching anthesis, Korup National Park, Cameroon
<emphasis id="F6182A42160729E46742CE2FFA26A793" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C9BD39DA897933A650A9DC0423CC0EA3" lsidName="P. biglobosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="biglobosa">
<emphasis id="E49F39680A9FFD6C413A899654A81688" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. biglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don pendent capitulum cut in half, Ibadan, Nigeria
<emphasis id="145F9FFBED168A9062D6561B456B55C9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CC17CC435186C353E9BE3CBA432F38E6" lsidName="P. decussata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="decussata">
<emphasis id="530741CA995DD47131693A2FC03C25C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. decussata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ducke erect capitulum at anthesis, Neotropics (
<emphasis id="165E2D2649A072155301988D20A392BD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 237</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B976D6861B1B298F39FC007E2DE8A544" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="317B22DE0A03D8320D82FDE5D087E173" lsidName="P. timoriana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="timoriana">
<emphasis id="A14D3932389064EDC510ECFBDA0DFD09" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. timoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DC.) Merr. pendent capitulum, South East Asia (
<emphasis id="4D5239E14B6DA39402983A8814557FC2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H.C.F. Hopkins 634</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="631FBE56905259C2B7AD2F03549A4D6C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="144787D7ED58D74C962F7FF90064E2E3" lsidName="P. gigantocarpa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gigantocarpa">
<emphasis id="45E54A53FB67CDF21BF501F83007923A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gigantocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ducke pendent capitulum and another cut in half, shortly post-anthesis, finger ring gives scale, Neotropics (
<emphasis id="6A78702097FF305566A5381F2466FC99" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 298</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="E99E023F6B8FE5FA7FF19E809F023D2F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C906C30CD01CA7925C1B549DAC22E4F5" lsidName="P. igneiflora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="igneiflora">
<emphasis id="ABC6AB41F0981660D00DB656D375ED22" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. igneiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ducke pendent capitulum near anthesis, Neotropics (
<emphasis id="E17A0DB89A316EEDA61C9837F3EA61FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 230</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="99060BD133E27039A7E7576699E9633C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F88692C9604ED3CEFDDBDFD5B5D373CE" lsidName="P. speciosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="speciosa">
<emphasis id="9B2BB31FBF3FBE437A4DD8F6990EA645" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. speciosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hassk., capitula at anthesis, Temburong, Brunei
<emphasis id="A2CE1E7A9A8F553632628EF455A4F3EF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0CAD30354A4D00A3F682BBD870B71BAD" lsidName="P. discolor" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="discolor">
<emphasis id="1DAACD5612A16278161927B9EFE34776" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. discolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Spruce ex Benth. indehiscent pods nearing maturity, Neotropics (
<emphasis id="46E1561A631D4DC372BB1A1D9B35C762" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 264</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C708322141B879B32EE0F47C7A423798" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I, J</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0F303A5154E4B52D9342A207597CDFEF" lsidName="P. bicolor" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="CCDC539A33EC76D230541D08798DCE0A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="712DA32B6878330EC5C63287AB869CF0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
ripe indehiscent pod with yellow valves containing orange pulp, Bero Mts, Guinea-Conakry
<emphasis id="47030088A5BB76DC5EA8CA41E4CB6564" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
immature pods, Korup National Park, Cameroon
<emphasis id="41014A799CA37A0E3E23D96C2674F725" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="97EC465B172E70B0A5042125FDAC388F" lsidName="P. cachimboensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cachimboensis">
<emphasis id="97AB0C6156B2D4CE74E8E50F10BB963D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. cachimboensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
H.C. Hopkins dehiscent pods lacking gum, the seeds attached by their funicles, Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil
<emphasis id="17DA071F915D33445F3189CCC447AA34" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7FFFDF2604D22B9626D1DE873DBEAE54" lsidName="P. igneiflora subsp. var. var. aurea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="igneiflora" subSpecies="var." variety="aurea">P. igneiflora var. aurea</taxonomicName>
Ducke vel aff. erect compound inflorescence axes projecting above the tree crown bearing pendent yellow capitula on short pendent peduncles, Cachoeira Berro
<normalizedToken id="EE09E0FD45D189EEAA848B4AB5AFB835" originalValue="d’Agua">d'Agua</normalizedToken>
, AM, Brazil
<emphasis id="41B66AADF462D1AD3721380A91902ABB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M, N</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C80B886BA6F0C6E0F4E255A7092CB5C1" lsidName="P. multijuga" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="multijuga">
<emphasis id="22F1AB43858C5DCA7207298AB578FC82" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. multijuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Benth.
<emphasis id="01E2311831052BA106943F704DADEEE8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M</emphasis>
capitula at anthesis and in bud, Trombetas, Brazil
<emphasis id="C876A84AABBA4BF9803378201061FBFE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
old pod from ground plus seeds, INPA, Manaus, Brazil. Photo credits
<emphasis id="364193B62943B9B9B1FFBB419FA52F9D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
R
<normalizedToken id="7FFB427BB1562D928F2D09D09DDCA42C" originalValue="Grünmeier">Gruenmeier</normalizedToken>
<emphasis id="7B9F004CEDB0BF009B045D130E1429A0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
HCF Hopkins
<emphasis id="5E35C5481AEF2FA7E5CFF1D32FEA8E22" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C-F, H, K, N</emphasis>
MJG Hopkins and HCF Hopkins
<emphasis id="C09675277A5C010BB7A25B0F7A481094" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
I Nielsen
<emphasis id="7E88DEEC8D4857C924F72CFC026A731D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
M Cheek
<emphasis id="7D1EE0A610ACFC02B32918C4129683F4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
X van der Burgt
<emphasis id="C909C640AD87C93EBE43E71AEBF8CADF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
L Mello
<emphasis id="C0D7F210849C9AF6B13BF49055A3091A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M</emphasis>
unknown.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="93FB16C5A1916B5ABE380F718A72E63F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
<paragraph id="D2D5DC90269AD5F32B930D1EF08A24FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="671265A72F42F41659AC6B37C6AE82B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
2
<emphasis id="0F2AC894FDF395595CDBD7149C9EF54C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 26 (22, 24) (
<bibRefCitation id="62C940DF05472A866607843AFD4952BC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4238/2012.June.27.1" author="Santos, ECXR" journalOrPublisher="Genetics and Molecular Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="2451 - 2475" refId="B740" refString="Santos, ECXR, Carvalho, R, Almeida, EM, Felix, LP, 2012. Chromosome number variation and evolution in Neotropical Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) from northeastern Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Research 11 (3): 2451 - 2475, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4238/2012.June.27.1" title="Chromosome number variation and evolution in Neotropical Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) from northeastern Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.4238/2012.June.27.1" volume="11" year="2012">Santos et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="79618904C35955AF3BA9D0F62A7B8E50" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="87438AC8328CF65CB447D62F2B449F74" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Included species and geographic distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28F35562C881B5087AB72623B76AD697" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Currently ca. 35 species but more are likely to be recognised as a result of genetic studies (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="9F9413099943855E63AA2BA4BB70DC8D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-020-01463-x" author="Ahossou, OD" journalOrPublisher="Archives of Basic &amp; Applied Medicine" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B5" refString="Ahossou, OD, Dainou, K, Janssens, SB, Triest, L, Hardy, OJ, 2020. Species delimitation and phylogeography of African tree populations of the genus Parkia (Fabaceae). Tree Genetics &amp; Genomes 16: 68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-020-01463-x" title="Species delimitation and phylogeography of African tree populations of the genus Parkia (Fabaceae). Tree Genetics &amp; Genomes 16: 68." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-020-01463-x" year="2020">Ahossou et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
). Species are arranged in three sections: sect.
<taxonomicName id="F4A789CF39CD52E0434F51FA4A23D95B" authority="Parkia" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Parkia">Parkia Parkia</taxonomicName>
(ca. 30 species), pantropical; sect.
<taxonomicName id="399C4B26F74C059E8836D8AB3132EABC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Platyparkia">Parkia Platyparkia</taxonomicName>
[three species:
<taxonomicName id="29ECA0100E4D6F5F86566E03BC81E13B" lsidName="P. paraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="002B1F1174045B51C1F0690D11E4DB28" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ducke,
<taxonomicName id="1F7ECB7A638FA2C9F717641287D02BB1" lsidName="P. pendula" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pendula">
<emphasis id="34D3A4AB1D5D3D9BDE4F924485711BF5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. pendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Willd.) Benth. ex Walp.,
<taxonomicName id="886A2CCF78F73EC38BB477FCD9ED1950" lsidName="P. platycephala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="platycephala">
<emphasis id="523ADA4725AD68771AFFBB420CBF530C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. platycephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
], South and Central America; sect.
<taxonomicName id="DEB1E4BBEA13B66B03096F66FC1BEEF0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Sphaeroparkia">Parkia Sphaeroparkia</taxonomicName>
(three species:
<taxonomicName id="2478D4CBED338EE24A0A44B29E6DA246" lsidName="P. multijuga" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="multijuga">
<emphasis id="AB72D5CB9188FC712D2EDE156BBA3E43" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. multijuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="5EA702C96735CF949DBE0F8F8ADB3265" lsidName="P. ulei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ulei">
<emphasis id="C78FDA61FC15B4CEBAE6C3088B101184" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. ulei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A318E33A5AB8570104891F8CCF5EF6E6" lsidName="P. velutina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="velutina">
<emphasis id="D003019BBB0FE177702768066896E86D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. velutina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Benoist), South America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3CDB3DA8C929AAE468A243785EEA912F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The genus is pantropical (Fig.
<figureCitation id="094ED478AED4AFDE49030525705D8A3C" captionStart="Figure 167" captionStartId="F174" captionText="Figure 167. Distribution of Parkia based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. The presence of the West African P. biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don in Haiti, where it is naturalised, is not shown. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure167" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014839" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">167</figureCitation>
) and includes ca. 20 species in the Neotropics, all endemic, from Bolivia and coastal Brazil north to Honduras, plus one African species (
<taxonomicName id="D6893DE61C60CFB8534CF8145B301A12" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia biglobosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biglobosa">
<emphasis id="72E5462AA4C3B344CE9D063310BAFB4B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia biglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) naturalised in Haiti (omitted from map), introduced to this and other islands in the West Indies in the 17-18th century; most species are Amazonian and the genus is only rarely found west of the Andes. In mainland Africa: at least three species species, all endemic. In Madagascar: one species, endemic. In the Indo-Pacific: 11 species, including two probably extinct, all endemic, from north-east India eastwards to south-east China, and through South East Asia and Malesia into the Pacific as far east as Ponape and Fiji.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D9EE0C3511BF0D256210ACE3FB3893FD" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure167" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014839" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 167" startId="F174">
<paragraph id="74B2C6D3E0CC957EDAEDD83C07A4EE33" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="610ED09F515EFC57F83B6D878B67096A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 167.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="1F5C2DE1F001CA23C8AE86D8BC6B247E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="35F894A94A5149754A9E392EFA2B4FC7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. The presence of the West African
<taxonomicName id="E80B8A2105F0D1AAEFC75EF5DE58E832" lsidName="P. biglobosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="biglobosa">
<emphasis id="E39D98B70DE14856ECCEC4AB5FC48DA8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. biglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don in Haiti, where it is naturalised, is not shown. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E34D4DC45AC92E6DB3177157190F34EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="8BF547B36197F82974C3538B67F2D401" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D5E27E898EAC686B5B777454CBE6A2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Tropical, predominantly occurring in moist habitats; most species are found in lowland rainforest (occasionally to 1500 m elevation), others grow in riparian forest, fresh-water flooded forest (
<normalizedToken id="3BB5419CE41D7F97F9B9B796F1D632B1" originalValue="várzea">varzea</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken id="92F179A8FCF62B6BB53FD54F28D7E3CB" originalValue="igapó">igapo</normalizedToken>
), woodland and wooded grassland (cerrado, savanna), and campinarana. Less common habitats in South America include coastal restinga (
<taxonomicName id="3A415011B526AA4807972FB7A9FC9CB3" lsidName="P. bahiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bahiae">
<emphasis id="30E9788D803385AC5922E713C0A0BD36" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bahiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
H.C. Hopkins), rocky savanna (cerrado rupestre;
<taxonomicName id="58D1B149C9E4AF044EA201A3A7E93C88" lsidName="P. cachimboensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cachimboensis">
<emphasis id="831F9238BA250E91A44800D60F88A320" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. cachimboensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
H.C. Hopkins) and sub-Andean dwarf forest (
<taxonomicName id="AC33A6D83582E55C7BAC25270C3A9546" lsidName="P. nana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nana">
<emphasis id="8B24A25194FDEEE18709A5EE063DFBF7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. nana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
D.A. Neill), and in South East Asia and Malesia, peat swamp forest (
<taxonomicName id="A226D54FA8CF6ADC659173FCAAB27176" lsidName="P. paya" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="paya">
<emphasis id="699843DDFCEFABA7467BCCA8075C9891" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. paya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
H.C. Hopkins), tidal streams and
<taxonomicName id="C99EF4C2F2A0121507DDAC10DCCEB69D" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Nypa" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nypa" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D26A3CF9F14EC3D1D2DA208CB86E6BD8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
swamp (
<taxonomicName id="A74679F9FE0C051E5E944D9C5900FCD3" lsidName="P. sherfeseei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sherfeseei">
<emphasis id="64912FCFC872E0196DA80E49D1F274B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sherfeseei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Merr.), and dry evergreen and/or deciduous forest (
<taxonomicName id="0EFB4188FA2F420E4255149DAEBE49BF" lsidName="P. leiophylla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="leiophylla">
<emphasis id="93BB2C6C8347ED3E80A0431860DD2AAE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. leiophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kurz,
<taxonomicName id="89E821CB8B4DE8D9AE0CA851068F9C20" lsidName="P. sumatrana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sumatrana">
<emphasis id="E89414F95ACF6345A9F38424EE6F690B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sumatrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Miq.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="812B444F3CC7D144CC796800B9C29494" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="83651686EE07FB5CA6FAD3BECAAACDCD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B4DC12A803A591F07CD602E68F81E196" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Named for the Scottish explorer Mungo Park (1771-1806), who investigated the course of the Niger River in West Africa and mentioned what became
<taxonomicName id="FEA261E8FA98E09772647B1AE2A00562" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia biglobosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biglobosa">
<emphasis id="FDF00504ABF3AAAE9E10B541792884FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia biglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the nitta tree in the account of his first expedition to the region (
<bibRefCitation id="E9A188CBA82C726628C64AA72BA07B13" author="Park, M" journalOrPublisher=", London, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B642" refString="Park, M, 1799. Travels in the interior districts of Africa. W Bulmer and Co., London, United Kingdom" title="Travels in the interior districts of Africa. W Bulmer and Co." year="1799">Park 1799</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="75555FBC6E924A925615F9BE685C65AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="human uses">
<paragraph id="09BEC44AA3D9C3F38F477BBC6ADFBD99" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Human uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E009C4A7267AE8470800DA09DD432974" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In West Africa, the seeds of
<taxonomicName id="BA031125C6298F3117DCB3199DABE1A0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia biglobosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biglobosa">
<emphasis id="A1F2CA146A1AC068728079C4F5445904" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia biglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(African locust bean,
<normalizedToken id="DA9DA4320225A37A4E406495B8E8F8BA" originalValue="néré">nere</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="B09133FCD5F377DA4A4B09C63A68E4BD" originalValue="nété">nete</normalizedToken>
) are fermented into a widely used pungent condiment (dawadawa, soumbala, iru); the sweet mealy pulp around the seeds is also consumed (
<bibRefCitation id="7571B280DCF1275C1A57A0BEFB2DE437" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1980.9990590" author="Campbell-Platt, G" journalOrPublisher="Ecology of Food and Nutrition" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="123 - 132" refId="B150" refString="Campbell-Platt, G, 1980. African locust bean (Parkia species) and its West African fermented food product, dawadawa. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 9 (2): 123 - 132, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1980.9990590" title="African locust bean (Parkia species) and its West African fermented food product, dawadawa." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1980.9990590" volume="9" year="1980">Campbell-Platt 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8BFADAC47129ECCAA0CA953A917FA825" author="Hall, JB" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Neerlandica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B343" refString="Hall, JB, Tomlinson, HF, Oni, PI, Buchy, M, Aebischer, DP, 1997. Parkia biglobosa: a monograph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, UK." title="Parkia biglobosa: a monograph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, UK." year="1997">Hall et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B0EA69318A86E0C377FC6ECF1E7B3E72" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1813072" author="Termote, C" journalOrPublisher="Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="119 - 144" refId="B846" refString="Termote, C, Odongo, NO, Dreyer, BS, Guissou, B, Parkouda, C, Vinceti, B, 2022. Nutrient composition of Parkia biglobosa pulp, raw and fermented seeds: a systematic review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 62 (1): 119 - 144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1813072" title="Nutrient composition of Parkia biglobosa pulp, raw and fermented seeds: a systematic review." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1813072" volume="62" year="2022">Termote et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
). In South East Asia, the sulphurous smelling seeds of
<taxonomicName id="3EE40E4806F181B5ECBEE18C1F1BA79F" lsidName="P. speciosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="speciosa">
<emphasis id="3BE76A4E326E632AE28D9190E7218B13" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. speciosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are eaten fresh or tinned as a vegetable (petai, pete, sator, stinkbean) (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="1B79BB8F4F971068189D87307BA67223" author="Wiriadinata, H" editor="Siemonsma, JS" journalOrPublisher="PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="222 - 224" refId="B916" refString="Wiriadinata, H, Bamroongrugsa, N, 1993. Parkia speciosa Hassk. In: Siemonsma, JS, Piluek, K, Eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia 8: Vegetables. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia: 222 - 224" title="Parkia speciosa Hassk." volumeTitle="Plant Resources of South-East Asia 8: Vegetables." year="1993">Wiriadinata and Bamroongrugsa 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="56325BDDFD676F1CB91009AEF9109648" author="Woon, WC" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B920" refString="Woon, WC, 1995. The economic valuation of Parkia speciosa (petai) in peninsular Malaysia. PhD thesis, University College of North Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom." title="The economic valuation of Parkia speciosa (petai) in peninsular Malaysia. PhD thesis, University College of North Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom." year="1995">Woon 1995</bibRefCitation>
), and the seeds of
<taxonomicName id="99D6EDE7E80D75AB3D540BE1984DE7A0" lsidName="P. timoriana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="timoriana">
<emphasis id="71BDEDBEEAC0393523C20D83C5C51A52" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. timoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DC.) Merr. are consumed in a similar manner in north-east India (
<bibRefCitation id="2A65639D53C59FBD4AB94448E6F52704" author="Singh, MK" journalOrPublisher="Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, ICFRE, India" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B793" refString="Singh, MK, 2022. Monograph on Parkia timoriana. Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, ICFRE, India" title="Monograph on Parkia timoriana." year="2022">Singh 2022</bibRefCitation>
). The pods of
<taxonomicName id="16E8BBFB6F9F4EF299B6C8FFE198E0FB" lsidName="P. platycephala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="platycephala">
<emphasis id="BF51188030D493E7FE3DA831973BFBB5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. platycephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are used to feed cattle and goats in north-east Brazil (
<bibRefCitation id="14BCF99E58C933C1CC4DA6C7E21814A3" author="Hopkins, HCF" journalOrPublisher="Flora Neotropica, New York Botanical Garden," pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 124" publicationUrl="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" refId="B365" refString="Hopkins, HCF, 1986. Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Flora Neotropica, New York Botanical Garden, 43: 1 - 124, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" title="Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" volume="43" year="1986">Hopkins 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4DE50D66AD8A6ED6A38574C95E4A888F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20150302.11" author="Sousa, FD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Plant Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="45 - 53" refId="B812" refString="Sousa, FD, Araujo, MP, Lemos, JR, 2015. Ethnobotanical study with native species in a rural village in Piaui State, Northeast Brazil. Journal of Plant Sciences 3 (2): 45 - 53, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20150302.11" title="Ethnobotanical study with native species in a rural village in Piaui State, Northeast Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20150302.11" volume="3" year="2015">Sousa et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Numerous traditional medicinal uses have been reported, especially in Africa and Asia, and chemical characteristics suggest much wider medicinal potential (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="A2429553F17A5B2B2EEE01612EB0AFD1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020618" author="Saleh, MS" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Molecular Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination=": 618" refId="B735" refString="Saleh, MS, Jalil, J, Zainalabidin, S, Asmadi, AY, Mustafa, NH, Kamisah, Y, 2021. Genus Parkia: phytochemical, medicinal uses, and pharmacological properties. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22 (2): 618, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020618" title="Genus Parkia: phytochemical, medicinal uses, and pharmacological properties." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020618" volume="22" year="2021">Saleh et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4243C39531F405AE42F5EC71974EEC4E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
<paragraph id="E8D0588022562283F558F39ED6999882" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00177F5C4567EEFF2DE9283BDBEABD26" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Following
<bibRefCitation id="6E6A61F98E8F98AA4062DC87C60FDE07" author="Bentham, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="323 - 336" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6311#page/329/mode/1up" refId="B63" refString="Bentham, G, 1841a. Notes on Mimoseae, with a short synopsis of species. Journal of Botany 4 (30): 323 - 336, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6311#page/329/mode/1up" title="Notes on Mimoseae, with a short synopsis of species." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6311#page/329/mode/1up" volume="4" year="1841 a">Bentham (1841a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="B11853A1ABCF9FB469E450F7309E09A7" author="Bentham, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="335 - 664" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" refId="B74" refString="Bentham, G, 1875. Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30 (3): 335 - 664, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" title="Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" volume="30" year="1875">1875</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="62F9F76C97CB0CB46D8D89633C03E8AD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE6126548EB3479113E3C087CFCD7774" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was traditionally placed with
<taxonomicName id="7CC9175E9D61C75C5C324E6C23314BBA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pentaclethra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pentaclethra" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFADD7D7A2B6716600645418E937BE45" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pentaclethra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Benth. in the tribe
<taxonomicName id="5123247DC8961A4A76A7B9B611FD9827" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Parkieae">Parkieae</taxonomicName>
(Wight &amp; Arn.) Endl. because both genera have a calyx with imbricate lobes.
<bibRefCitation id="5D53751250A2875736517F93B2CFEAC4" author="Bentham, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="335 - 664" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" refId="B74" refString="Bentham, G, 1875. Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30 (3): 335 - 664, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" title="Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" volume="30" year="1875">Bentham (1875)</bibRefCitation>
listed this tribe first (e.g., page 358), presumably to reflect a basal position in his suborder
<taxonomicName id="3129E6C46FDC15CB40B290B02D305F8A" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Mimoseae">Mimoseae</taxonomicName>
, linking it to the caesalpinioids, but he was equivocal about the affinity of the two genera and sometimes elsewhere in this work he treated them separately. Although it was clear that
<taxonomicName id="D5A7A93F76F292E3A51DB2DD9456E743" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="81B8EC182F511543D47CABCAD3239EA3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="11C15AB8290F075F0E2B010E85007FBD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pentaclethra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pentaclethra" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9D43AB41F76EAD8F7E9A0C68C63A895" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pentaclethra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were unlikely to be closely related (
<bibRefCitation id="DA72AF086B175DBCB5257FAC7D88D328" author="Bentham, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="335 - 664" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" refId="B74" refString="Bentham, G, 1875. Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30 (3): 335 - 664, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" title="Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" volume="30" year="1875">Bentham 1875</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A615E946184A29F8A029FC57715A1E2C" author="Guinet, P" journalOrPublisher="Travaux de la Section Scientifique et Technique, Institut Francais de Pondichery" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 293" refId="B334" refString="Guinet, P, 1969. Les Mimosacees: etude de palynologie fondamentale, correlations, evolution. Travaux de la Section Scientifique et Technique, Institut Francais de Pondichery 9: 1 - 293" title="Les Mimosacees: etude de palynologie fondamentale, correlations, evolution." volume="9" year="1969">Guinet 1969</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A000676F4F63356F262A6B59C1F08973" author="Elias, TS" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B262" refString="Elias, TS, 1981b. Parkieae (Wight &amp; Arn.) Benth. (1842). In: Polhill RM, Raven PH (Eds) Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom, 153." title="Parkieae (Wight &amp; Arn.) Benth. (1842). In: Polhill RM, Raven PH (Eds) Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom, 153." year="1981 b">Elias 1981b</bibRefCitation>
), they were not formally separated until
<bibRefCitation id="FB852FB46FC4FC9D578B2D0223AE9918" author="Luckow, MA" editor="Klitgaard, B" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="197 - 220" refId="B516" refString="Luckow, MA, Miller, JT, Murphy, DJ, Livshultz, T, 2003. A phylogenetic analysis of the Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) based on chloroplast DNA sequence data. In: Klitgaard, B, Bruneau, A, Eds., Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 10, Higher Level Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom: 197 - 220" title="A phylogenetic analysis of the Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) based on chloroplast DNA sequence data." volumeTitle="Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 10, Higher Level Systematics." year="2003">Luckow et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="69C41F882DD98040944A44B76F8A972F" author="Luckow, MA" editor="Lewis, G" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="163 - 183" refId="B511" refString="Luckow, MA, 2005. Tribe Mimoseae. In: Lewis, G, Schrire, B, Mackinder, B, Lock, M, Eds., Legumes of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom: 163 - 183" title="Tribe Mimoseae." volumeTitle="Legumes of the World." year="2005">Luckow (2005)</bibRefCitation>
placed them in different parts of the
<taxonomicName id="9912A6318F3D9159CD16EF860BFB2BAF" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Mimoseae">Mimoseae</taxonomicName>
, although neither were assigned to a formal group within the tribe. The zygomorphic calyx with imbricate lobes that is so distinctive in
<taxonomicName id="2B414262289AF8A6797D98C8B1998D86" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DAF979B7B509C77C5C54030501E6BB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is clearly a derived character, probably related to floral packing in the large bud capitula.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1FE19894E01D6E22DB12A21F4425DF50" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The generic limits of
<taxonomicName id="7F7371049EB5CAECDBB64254DAA4CE5C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6165ADF5538CB161614EF2F980715D8F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unchanged from those of
<bibRefCitation id="D046A0788528644C83BBCD212B9A9BA8" author="Bentham, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="335 - 664" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" refId="B74" refString="Bentham, G, 1875. Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30 (3): 335 - 664, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" title="Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" volume="30" year="1875">Bentham (1875)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="D4C6CAA5CC1869B31FEDABB4576DD49C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/3994618" author="Ducke, A" journalOrPublisher="Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="471 - 483" refId="B238" refString="Ducke, A, 1932b. Neue Arten aus der Hylea Brasiliens. Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11: 471 - 483, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3994618" title="Neue Arten aus der Hylea Brasiliens." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3994618" volume="11" year="1932 b">Ducke (1932b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="5FB72DCD188AB1612BFB6C2D220BD6E6" author="Ducke, A" journalOrPublisher="Boletim Tecnico do Instituto Agronomico do Norte" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 248" refId="B240" refString="Ducke, A, 1949. Notas sobre a Flora Neotropica - II: As Leguminosas da Amazonia Brasileira (ed. 2). Boletim Tecnico do Instituto Agronomico do Norte 18: 1 - 248" title="Notas sobre a Flora Neotropica - II: As Leguminosas da Amazonia Brasileira (ed. 2)." volume="18" year="1949">1949</bibRefCitation>
), who devised the sectional classification, slightly modified by
<bibRefCitation id="C4AC40ADDCCFFBF773EADEFED34C1254" author="Hopkins, HCF" journalOrPublisher="Flora Neotropica, New York Botanical Garden," pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 124" publicationUrl="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" refId="B365" refString="Hopkins, HCF, 1986. Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Flora Neotropica, New York Botanical Garden, 43: 1 - 124, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" title="Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" volume="43" year="1986">Hopkins (1986)</bibRefCitation>
. Diagnostic characters for the genus include the form of the calyx, the large size of the usually densely-flowered capitula (except
<taxonomicName id="E2775D275840A19FA7D5BD2F22A5B197" lsidName="P. ulei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ulei">
<emphasis id="D9BBC223DB8739DF00CE873CF5320FA4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. ulei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and marked floral differentiation in sections
<taxonomicName id="0E309D60097C4C99C0B9DDCC8C2201F2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AC196877F8BD96CB280BDB4177A35EF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="3E3266DA4FBDB7B4B63149D4A8B282EB" genus="Platyparkia" lsidName="Platyparkia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D7F99481710E4231F238D90D4C96F730" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Platyparkia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The capitulum in sect.
<taxonomicName id="AA948D05999F819F3F37E5FE3F86A41A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Platyparkia">Parkia Platyparkia</taxonomicName>
, with nectar-secreting flowers at the apex (Fig.
<figureCitation id="506005A553C94EFD23FA17A5A87926C5" captionStart="Figure 164" captionStartId="F171" captionText="Figure 164. Morphological features of Anadenanthera (A-I) and Parkia sect. Platyparkia (J-L) A A. colubrina (Vell.) Brenan capitulum cut in half, at anthesis B capitula at anthesis and in bud C shrub D Anadenanthera sp. foliage and petiolar nectary E A. colubrina mature pods F mammillate projections on trunk G dehisced pods H A. peregrina var. falcata (Benth.) Altschul mammillate trunks I A. peregrina (L.) Speg. var. peregrina trees with smooth trunks J Parkia pendula (Willd.) Benth. ex Walp. (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 273), Neotropics, tree crown K capitulum at anthesis, nectar exuding from apical flowers L pods with enlarged adaxial suture secreting gum into which the seeds have fallen. Photo credits A-I RT Queiroz https: // rubens-plantasdobrasil. blogspot. com / J-L MJG Hopkins and HCF Hopkins." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure164" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014836" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">164K</figureCitation>
), is unique in
<taxonomicName id="F21FF06B90D9BEE35A27C87EA2B08C71" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Mimoseae">Mimoseae</taxonomicName>
. The fruits of two of its species (
<taxonomicName id="5B46FA02AAEF5D9C7E8F9D1137186C84" lsidName="P. paraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="6B6CD5D89631B17E54842155D5A6C4F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="82E9F7FADF450C98A9A63D87A2BC5158" lsidName="P. pendula" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pendula">
<emphasis id="8F1B7642A09805A0AFC26671BF20E1A8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. pendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), in which copious sticky gum is secreted along a laterally enlarged dehiscent adaxial suture, may also be unique (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8254F6DFCAEAE224D8C89DB041BAEF10" captionStart="Figure 164" captionStartId="F171" captionText="Figure 164. Morphological features of Anadenanthera (A-I) and Parkia sect. Platyparkia (J-L) A A. colubrina (Vell.) Brenan capitulum cut in half, at anthesis B capitula at anthesis and in bud C shrub D Anadenanthera sp. foliage and petiolar nectary E A. colubrina mature pods F mammillate projections on trunk G dehisced pods H A. peregrina var. falcata (Benth.) Altschul mammillate trunks I A. peregrina (L.) Speg. var. peregrina trees with smooth trunks J Parkia pendula (Willd.) Benth. ex Walp. (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 273), Neotropics, tree crown K capitulum at anthesis, nectar exuding from apical flowers L pods with enlarged adaxial suture secreting gum into which the seeds have fallen. Photo credits A-I RT Queiroz https: // rubens-plantasdobrasil. blogspot. com / J-L MJG Hopkins and HCF Hopkins." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure164" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014836" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">164L</figureCitation>
). The capitula of the species in sect.
<taxonomicName id="797ADDC651445C5D4B00495FB2BD147F" authority="Parkia" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Parkia">Parkia Parkia</taxonomicName>
that have long staminodes projecting from their basal flowers (Fig.
<figureCitation id="201EB2832D2094156290E28F410D1062" captionStart="Figure 166" captionStartId="F173" captionText="Figure 166. Morphological features of Parkia sect. Parkia (A-L) and sect. Parkia Sphaeroparkia (M, N) A P. bicolor A. Chev. pendent capitulum approaching anthesis, Korup National Park, Cameroon B P. biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don pendent capitulum cut in half, Ibadan, Nigeria C P. decussata Ducke erect capitulum at anthesis, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 237) D P. timoriana (DC.) Merr. pendent capitulum, South East Asia (H. C. F. Hopkins 634) E P. gigantocarpa Ducke pendent capitulum and another cut in half, shortly post-anthesis, finger ring gives scale, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 298) F P. igneiflora Ducke pendent capitulum near anthesis, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 230) G P. speciosa Hassk., capitula at anthesis, Temburong, Brunei H P. discolor Spruce ex Benth. indehiscent pods nearing maturity, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 264) I, J P. bicolor I ripe indehiscent pod with yellow valves containing orange pulp, Bero Mts, Guinea-Conakry J immature pods, Korup National Park, Cameroon K P. cachimboensis H. C. Hopkins dehiscent pods lacking gum, the seeds attached by their funicles, Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil L P. igneiflora var. aurea Ducke vel aff. erect compound inflorescence axes projecting above the tree crown bearing pendent yellow capitula on short pendent peduncles, Cachoeira Berro d'Agua, AM, Brazil M, N P. multijuga Benth. M capitula at anthesis and in bud, Trombetas, Brazil N old pod from ground plus seeds, INPA, Manaus, Brazil. Photo credits A R Gruenmeier B HCF Hopkins C-F, H, K, N MJG Hopkins and HCF Hopkins G I Nielsen I M Cheek J X van der Burgt L L Mello M unknown." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure166" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014838" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">166A, E, F, G</figureCitation>
) are superficially similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="3437A8B2BD0C7149EA34F19D222EB856" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Dichrostachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichrostachys cinerea" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cinerea">
<emphasis id="03E9FDB0EFD20E943DB222E9D5697865" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dichrostachys cinerea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Wight &amp; Arn., and the pale yellow capitula of
<taxonomicName id="E970F5A6509F800F1D5B0307FAD9C592" lsidName="P. ulei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ulei">
<emphasis id="BA4D473247BCD914AF3097AE6D20F2B2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. ulei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resemble those of some other
<taxonomicName id="454BA91FD831F9D3895402B0B26C4D5F" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Mimoseae">Mimoseae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="BE2572BCC7B1EE62F13D20DD3AC2625F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Leucaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leucaena" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CF2071C1724F27B92A05DDFFCB37FE36" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Leucaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Benth.) in size, colour and arrangement.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="11BAC2569DF8B125B65593817D3187D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E992A66E3EEF6CEFDD620E8FE8264E6D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0FE076CA7DD1D8D0BF06214E4B0B7838" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the most variable genera in the
<taxonomicName id="13C0C59B6680AF5CD1212FEAD4D29324" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Mimoseae">Mimoseae</taxonomicName>
. However, despite variation in the structure of the capitula, in the morphology of the flowers, fruits and seeds, in the type of germination (phaneroepigeal, phanerogeal or cryptohypogeal) and in pollen sculpturing (
<bibRefCitation id="B1F2468245F8ED48E5435474619CDE56" author="Hopkins, HCF" journalOrPublisher="Flora Neotropica, New York Botanical Garden," pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 124" publicationUrl="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" refId="B365" refString="Hopkins, HCF, 1986. Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Flora Neotropica, New York Botanical Garden, 43: 1 - 124, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" title="Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" volume="43" year="1986">Hopkins 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2698F448826885C9D720ACEB2DE80676" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2446253" author="Luckow, MA" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1300 - 1320" refId="B514" refString="Luckow, MA, Hopkins, HCF, 1995. A cladistic analysis of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). American Journal of Botany 82 (10): 1300 - 1320, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2446253" title="A cladistic analysis of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2446253" volume="82" year="1995">Luckow and Hopkins 1995</bibRefCitation>
), it has been shown to be monophyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="494BF3CBBFBBD4E802F1AC475F89CA84" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2446253" author="Luckow, MA" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1300 - 1320" refId="B514" refString="Luckow, MA, Hopkins, HCF, 1995. A cladistic analysis of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). American Journal of Botany 82 (10): 1300 - 1320, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2446253" title="A cladistic analysis of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2446253" volume="82" year="1995">Luckow and Hopkins 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="12D45923290DD6E6AD512129DEB4B324" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1568" author="Koenen, EJM" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1710 - 1735" refId="B441" refString="Koenen, EJM, Kidner, CA, Souza, ER, Simon, MF, Iganci, JRV, Nicholls, JA, Brown, GK, Queiroz, LP, Luckow, MA, Lewis, GP, Pennington, RT, Hughes, CE, 2020a. Hybrid capture of 964 nuclear genes resolves evolutionary relationships in the mimosoid legumes and reveals the polytomous origins of a large pantropical radiation. American Journal of Botany 107 (12): 1710 - 1735, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1568" title="Hybrid capture of 964 nuclear genes resolves evolutionary relationships in the mimosoid legumes and reveals the polytomous origins of a large pantropical radiation." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1568" volume="107" year="2020 a">Koenen et al. 2020a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C8BB87794093AFFDBF03088BA272F767" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107219" author="Oliveira, LC" journalOrPublisher="Inflammopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B630" refString="Oliveira, LC, Rodrigues, DP, Hopkins, HCF, Lewis, GP, Hopkins, MJG, 2021. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the pantropical genus Parkia (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 163: 107219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107219" title="Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the pantropical genus Parkia (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 163: 107219." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107219" year="2021">Oliveira et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A353E14781347F9E85EA33A89BE319FE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.85866" author="Ringelberg, JJ" editor="Hughes, CE" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="3 - 58" refId="B712" refString="Ringelberg, JJ, Koenen, EJM, Iganci, JR, Queiroz, LP, Murphy, DJ, Gaudeul, M, Bruneau, A, Luckow, M, Lewis, GP, Hughes, CE, 2022. Phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear genes reveals the need for extensive generic re-delimitation in Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae). In: Hughes, CE, Queiroz, LP, Lewis, GP, Eds., Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: New generic delimitations. PhytoKeys 205: 3 - 58, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.85866" title="Phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear genes reveals the need for extensive generic re-delimitation in Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.85866" volume="205" volumeTitle="Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: New generic delimitations." year="2022">Ringelberg et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
). The cradle of the genus is the Americas (
<bibRefCitation id="0AC4BEA9C38FDEF5AEEF13F511112241" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107219" author="Oliveira, LC" journalOrPublisher="Inflammopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B630" refString="Oliveira, LC, Rodrigues, DP, Hopkins, HCF, Lewis, GP, Hopkins, MJG, 2021. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the pantropical genus Parkia (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 163: 107219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107219" title="Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the pantropical genus Parkia (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 163: 107219." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107219" year="2021">Oliveira et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
), and the greatest morphological diversity and species richness also occur here. Inter-continental trans-oceanic dispersal has most likely been facilitated by an ability in some species (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="97B516B0CD74B6231166E6ED11E33C79" lsidName="P. discolor" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="discolor">
<emphasis id="C0BDDF2A2D1DC3EF3F1B968E9FC54B67" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. discolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Spruce ex Benth.) of the pods to float and the seeds to withstand prolonged immersion in salt water (
<bibRefCitation id="0E005DB507A90A30809EBA43A7419AD5" author="Hopkins, HCF" journalOrPublisher="Flora Neotropica, New York Botanical Garden," pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 124" publicationUrl="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" refId="B365" refString="Hopkins, HCF, 1986. Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Flora Neotropica, New York Botanical Garden, 43: 1 - 124, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" title="Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" volume="43" year="1986">Hopkins 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D12238438B77D7079C992BD421F68CC6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
This genus has a number of unusual characters compared with others in this and closely related clades. Some appear idiosyncratic, such as the opposite leaves in a few Neotropical and one Asian species, and the lack of root nodulation. However, many of its distinctive features can be related to reproductive biology, including the sometimes very elongated compound inflorescence axes, tough and sometimes long, pendent or erect peduncles, capitula commonly composed of very numerous, relatively large flowers, foetid floral odours, and crepuscular/nocturnal anthesis (diurnal only in
<taxonomicName id="71AFFB3F1EE623AA7661BF2A687D1170" lsidName="P. ulei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ulei">
<emphasis id="0E045628AAEC0EAF76C4BA0ACEA7FE61" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. ulei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Sections
<taxonomicName id="0F78427092B21AA707488A6477E735EB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41ECA77A0A8766C085BB1996A7B04BA9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="CFAEE9923D198C8FC18055B41EE5CEAF" genus="Platyparkia" lsidName="Platyparkia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="22BC9702396E3E6F8CEC15B98E1A29B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Platyparkia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are pollinated by bats that typically land on the capitula to lap nectar (rather than by hovering to feed), belonging to the
<taxonomicName id="3497103A52DB16708A8AD2CAED14442F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phyllostomidae</taxonomicName>
in the Americas and the
<taxonomicName id="D1AA823619B48DB77857D5533BE4ED62" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="family">Pteropodidae</taxonomicName>
in Africa, Asia and the Pacific; various non-volant mammals, insects including bees, and birds, are occasional pollen vectors and nectar and/or pollen thieves (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="AA57392A258906799F802DBEC709A6AC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1977.tb08249.x" author="Pettet, A" journalOrPublisher="Ibis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="291 - 308" refId="B657" refString="Pettet, A, 1977. Seasonal changes in nectar-feeding by birds at Zaria, Nigeria. Ibis 199 (3): 291 - 308, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1977.tb08249.x" title="Seasonal changes in nectar-feeding by birds at Zaria, Nigeria." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1977.tb08249.x" volume="199" year="1977">Pettet 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C260222D260294462E9C9DAB2E0E4194" author="Gruenmeier, R" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="83 - 104" refId="B330" refString="Gruenmeier, R, 1990. Pollination by bats and non-flying mammals of the African tree Parkia bicolor (Mimosaceae). Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 55: 83 - 104" title="Pollination by bats and non-flying mammals of the African tree Parkia bicolor (Mimosaceae)." volume="55" year="1990">
<normalizedToken id="5A05214033194F525DC45CB90F30AA4F" originalValue="Grünmeier">Gruenmeier</normalizedToken>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B3F4EAD3898F9E6364511271B47FF3B2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000021634" author="Birkinshaw, CR" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 259" refId="B82" refString="Birkinshaw, CR, Colquhoun, IC, 1998. Pollination of Ravenala madagascariensis and Parkia madagascariensis by Eulemur macaco in Madagascar. Folia Primatologica 69 (5): 252 - 259, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000021634" title="Pollination of Ravenala madagascariensis and Parkia madagascariensis by Eulemur macaco in Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000021634" volume="69" year="1998">Birkinshaw and Colquhoun 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA2BCADF28420484DBDCD6866CA22BD4" author="Hopkins, HCF" editor="Hopkins, HCF" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="31 - 55" refId="B367" refString="Hopkins, HCF, 1998. Bat pollination and taxonomy in Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). In: Hopkins, HCF, Huxley, CR, Pannell, CM, Prance, GT, White, F, Eds., The Biological Monograph: the importance of field studies and functional syndromes in the taxonomy of tropical plants. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom: 31 - 55" title="Bat pollination and taxonomy in Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." volumeTitle="The Biological Monograph: the importance of field studies and functional syndromes in the taxonomy of tropical plants." year="1998">Hopkins 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B8916A090D453BF4F75FF7A18D584ADE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00215.x" author="Piechowski, D" journalOrPublisher="Plant Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="172 - 182" refId="B659" refString="Piechowski, D, Dotterl, S, Gottsberger, G, 2010. Pollination biology and floral scent chemistry of the neotropical chiropterophilous Parkia pendula. Plant Biology 12 (1): 172 - 182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00215.x" title="Pollination biology and floral scent chemistry of the neotropical chiropterophilous Parkia pendula." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00215.x" volume="12" year="2010">Piechowski et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9C19335851C20E6EDF25B9338E9AAABD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9409-0" author="Lassen, KM" journalOrPublisher="Agroforestry Systems" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="465 - 475" refId="B453" refString="Lassen, KM, Raebild, A, Hansen, H, Brodsgaard, CJ, Eriksen, EN, 2012. Bats and bees are pollinating Parkia biglobosa in The Gambia. Agroforestry Systems 85 (3): 465 - 475, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9409-0" title="Bats and bees are pollinating Parkia biglobosa in The Gambia." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9409-0" volume="85" year="2012">Lassen et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D0BD85A1D382D84464545F5E35CE8FA8" author="Kobayashi, S" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="200 - 208" refId="B436" refString="Kobayashi, S, Panha, S, Plaksanoi, J, Waengsothorn, S, Denda, T, Izawa, M, 2021. Flower visitors of Parkia sumatrana (Leguminosae) in Northeastern Thailand. Tropical Natural History 21 (1): 200 - 208" title="Flower visitors of Parkia sumatrana (Leguminosae) in Northeastern Thailand." volume="21" year="2021">Kobayashi et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
). The smaller, less specialised capitula of sect.
<taxonomicName id="B92D835DFBDD39CC1126D49E540B04A1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Sphaeroparkia">Parkia Sphaeroparkia</taxonomicName>
are insect-pollinated (
<taxonomicName id="18F36560293C980F8E5B613111FD2B10" lsidName="P. ulei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ulei">
<emphasis id="89C2ABC32C7D5A83822674FC424BBE70" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. ulei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: diurnal bees;
<taxonomicName id="38BF6E99ECAD24AA4394ABCD4972D07A" lsidName="P. velutina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="velutina">
<emphasis id="5EAF746D0D064AB3C5794A0224F2AA74" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. velutina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: nocturnal bees;
<taxonomicName id="DC910ADC5CECDC00C5ECB08CBA4926EC" lsidName="P. multijuga" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="multijuga">
<emphasis id="8090B503CBB036BF53F0B33D7950FA65" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. multijuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: diverse small insects including beetles and thrips) (
<bibRefCitation id="6237BA3AFC9557E45E2E4CD6C8A71155" author="Hopkins, MJG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="733 - 746" publicationUrl="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/70753.pdf" refId="B370" refString="Hopkins, MJG, Hopkins, HCF, Sothers, CA, 2000. Nocturnal pollination of Parkia velutina by Megalopta bees in Amazonia and its possible significance in the evolution of chiropterophily. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16 (5): 733 - 746, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/70753.pdf" title="Nocturnal pollination of Parkia velutina by Megalopta bees in Amazonia and its possible significance in the evolution of chiropterophily." url="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/70753.pdf" volume="16" year="2000">Hopkins et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B0D30F7E7FE9A0A013C2479DA7A3D182" author="Chaves, SR" journalOrPublisher="Food Chemistry" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B176" refString="Chaves, SR, 2015. Biologia floral e polinizacao de Parkia ulei (Harms) Kuhlm. e Parkia multijuga Benth. (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae). Master dissertation, INPA, Manaus, Brazil." title="Biologia floral e polinizacao de Parkia ulei (Harms) Kuhlm. e Parkia multijuga Benth. (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae). Master dissertation, INPA, Manaus, Brazil." year="2015">Chaves 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Partial self-incompatibility has been demonstrated in
<taxonomicName id="AD7E0419B8A2A552A5FA71CF95B2EE83" lsidName="P. biglobosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="biglobosa">
<emphasis id="F33E73C8FDF919E34890F38249C92D56" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. biglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="07DD7494CCA187E6AADC24866A3A8302" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9409-0" author="Lassen, KM" journalOrPublisher="Agroforestry Systems" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="465 - 475" refId="B453" refString="Lassen, KM, Raebild, A, Hansen, H, Brodsgaard, CJ, Eriksen, EN, 2012. Bats and bees are pollinating Parkia biglobosa in The Gambia. Agroforestry Systems 85 (3): 465 - 475, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9409-0" title="Bats and bees are pollinating Parkia biglobosa in The Gambia." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9409-0" volume="85" year="2012">Lassen et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A98858C6A590EFB6E54ABDC177FC730" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The wide range in fruit characters is reflected in a variety of dispersal mechanisms. Seed-dispersers include chimpanzees, various Neotropical and Paleotropical monkeys and perhaps birds, and for fruits that fall to the ground readily at maturity, large rodents (
<taxonomicName id="27568A18E116FD2DAE9915CAEDB3FD95" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia multijuga" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multijuga">
<emphasis id="C675FFD2D8FE2F8B08BADD006357E5B6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Parkia multijuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Fig.
<figureCitation id="614BCE6E01A95987CC9D21EE119085BD" captionStart="Figure 166" captionStartId="F173" captionText="Figure 166. Morphological features of Parkia sect. Parkia (A-L) and sect. Parkia Sphaeroparkia (M, N) A P. bicolor A. Chev. pendent capitulum approaching anthesis, Korup National Park, Cameroon B P. biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don pendent capitulum cut in half, Ibadan, Nigeria C P. decussata Ducke erect capitulum at anthesis, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 237) D P. timoriana (DC.) Merr. pendent capitulum, South East Asia (H. C. F. Hopkins 634) E P. gigantocarpa Ducke pendent capitulum and another cut in half, shortly post-anthesis, finger ring gives scale, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 298) F P. igneiflora Ducke pendent capitulum near anthesis, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 230) G P. speciosa Hassk., capitula at anthesis, Temburong, Brunei H P. discolor Spruce ex Benth. indehiscent pods nearing maturity, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 264) I, J P. bicolor I ripe indehiscent pod with yellow valves containing orange pulp, Bero Mts, Guinea-Conakry J immature pods, Korup National Park, Cameroon K P. cachimboensis H. C. Hopkins dehiscent pods lacking gum, the seeds attached by their funicles, Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil L P. igneiflora var. aurea Ducke vel aff. erect compound inflorescence axes projecting above the tree crown bearing pendent yellow capitula on short pendent peduncles, Cachoeira Berro d'Agua, AM, Brazil M, N P. multijuga Benth. M capitula at anthesis and in bud, Trombetas, Brazil N old pod from ground plus seeds, INPA, Manaus, Brazil. Photo credits A R Gruenmeier B HCF Hopkins C-F, H, K, N MJG Hopkins and HCF Hopkins G I Nielsen I M Cheek J X van der Burgt L L Mello M unknown." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure166" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014838" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">166N</figureCitation>
), ruminants, and water (
<taxonomicName id="C74829096094EB7786E945D1F19725CC" lsidName="P. discolor" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="discolor">
<emphasis id="53736EBD17924FF7E360932BDC10DB59" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. discolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="F6097EE3DDDA0B2C36C92D6931F01D70" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00987.x" author="Hopkins, HCF" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="135 - 167" refId="B364" refString="Hopkins, HCF, 1983. The taxonomy, reproductive biology and economic potential of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Africa and Madagascar. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 87: 135 - 167, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00987.x" title="The taxonomy, reproductive biology and economic potential of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00987.x" volume="87" year="1983">Hopkins 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2C8FC2E40BFA88C938285DE58E1C70A3" author="Hopkins, HCF" editor="Sutton, SL" journalOrPublisher="Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="197 - 209" refId="B368" refString="Hopkins, HCF, Hopkins, MJG, 1983. Fruit and seed biology of the neotropical species of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). In: Sutton, SL, Whitmore, TC, Chadwick, AC, Eds., Tropical rain forest: ecology and management. Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom: 197 - 209" title="Fruit and seed biology of the neotropical species of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." volumeTitle="Tropical rain forest: ecology and management." year="1983">Hopkins and Hopkins 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E832588D5CE02EA69DC2A2E04D165B63" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9528-5" author="Bertolani, P" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Primatology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1123 - 1132" refId="B76" refString="Bertolani, P, Pruetz, JD, 2011. Seed reingestion in savannah chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal. International Journal of Primatology 32 (5): 1123 - 1132, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9528-5" title="Seed reingestion in savannah chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9528-5" volume="32" year="2011">Bertolani and Pruetz 2011</bibRefCitation>
). In Africa, the sweet pulp around the seeds (Fig.
<figureCitation id="542058114D5B49344E9CAE57590F74B3" captionStart="Figure 166" captionStartId="F173" captionText="Figure 166. Morphological features of Parkia sect. Parkia (A-L) and sect. Parkia Sphaeroparkia (M, N) A P. bicolor A. Chev. pendent capitulum approaching anthesis, Korup National Park, Cameroon B P. biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don pendent capitulum cut in half, Ibadan, Nigeria C P. decussata Ducke erect capitulum at anthesis, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 237) D P. timoriana (DC.) Merr. pendent capitulum, South East Asia (H. C. F. Hopkins 634) E P. gigantocarpa Ducke pendent capitulum and another cut in half, shortly post-anthesis, finger ring gives scale, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 298) F P. igneiflora Ducke pendent capitulum near anthesis, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 230) G P. speciosa Hassk., capitula at anthesis, Temburong, Brunei H P. discolor Spruce ex Benth. indehiscent pods nearing maturity, Neotropics (Hopkins &amp; Hopkins 264) I, J P. bicolor I ripe indehiscent pod with yellow valves containing orange pulp, Bero Mts, Guinea-Conakry J immature pods, Korup National Park, Cameroon K P. cachimboensis H. C. Hopkins dehiscent pods lacking gum, the seeds attached by their funicles, Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil L P. igneiflora var. aurea Ducke vel aff. erect compound inflorescence axes projecting above the tree crown bearing pendent yellow capitula on short pendent peduncles, Cachoeira Berro d'Agua, AM, Brazil M, N P. multijuga Benth. M capitula at anthesis and in bud, Trombetas, Brazil N old pod from ground plus seeds, INPA, Manaus, Brazil. Photo credits A R Gruenmeier B HCF Hopkins C-F, H, K, N MJG Hopkins and HCF Hopkins G I Nielsen I M Cheek J X van der Burgt L L Mello M unknown." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure166" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014838" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">166I</figureCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="39F88B96E673D24E155310DC4464C598" lsidName="P. bicolor" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="8387052DEBA8B7441CF54CA580F683F2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and to a lesser extent the seeds themselves are attractive to primates. Amongst Neotropical monkeys, marmosets and tamarins (
<taxonomicName id="EFBF670FAD437316FE0A2F201D2146F0" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Callitrichidae</taxonomicName>
) in particular consume the gum that is found inside the indehiscent fruits of many species in sect.
<taxonomicName id="88ECA42D94859386AF588370F8602192" authority="Parkia" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Parkia">Parkia Parkia</taxonomicName>
or exuded from the dehiscent ones of
<taxonomicName id="87CE13E3D762D32AFB4F850C2E3756A1" lsidName="P. pendula" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pendula">
<emphasis id="BB8910257009E960C97BEB9E5F3A757D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. pendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B2E908B0C347BB430AEEE8668D32ADBB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400001413" author="Peres, CA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="287 - 317" refId="B656" refString="Peres, CA, 2000. Identifying keystone plant resources in tropical forests: the case of gums from Parkia pods. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16 (2): 287 - 317, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400001413" title="Identifying keystone plant resources in tropical forests: the case of gums from Parkia pods." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400001413" volume="16" year="2000">Peres 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Some
<taxonomicName id="9B6D1DC55C5AA5182D36976174CE0C85" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Callitrichidae</taxonomicName>
also consume exudates from gouging the bark (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="D8E1E3F0ECF3C1D90C9353EA3334E384" author="Ramirez, MF" editor="Kleinman, DC" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, USA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="91 - 104" refId="B685" refString="Ramirez, MF, Freese, CH, Revilla, J, 1977. Feeding ecology of the pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea, in northeastern Peru. In: Kleinman, DC, Ed., Biology and conservation of the Callitrichidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, USA: 91 - 104" title="Feeding ecology of the pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea, in northeastern Peru." volumeTitle="Biology and conservation of the Callitrichidae." year="1977">
<normalizedToken id="EF532FCF8EC506FFD50CD4CE4CA07A2B" originalValue="Ramírez">Ramirez</normalizedToken>
et al. 1977
</bibRefCitation>
). Insect seed-predators include moths and, particularly in the Americas, bruchid beetles (
<taxonomicName id="E3B03DB5C6CEB9E8314E3E8CBBF53CD8" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysomelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Chrysomelidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="7DD80E9CBA9B1FE47C5C0277C555BCED" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bruchinae">Bruchinae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="1EA67844F6025397D934995F1B59F989" author="Hopkins, MJG" editor="Chadwick, AC" journalOrPublisher="Special publication of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="139 - 145" refId="B369" refString="Hopkins, MJG, 1984. The seed beetles (Bruchidae) of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Brazil: strategies of attack. In: Chadwick, AC, Sutton, SL, Eds., Tropical rain forest, the Leeds Symposium. Special publication of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds, United Kingdom: 139 - 145" title="The seed beetles (Bruchidae) of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Brazil: strategies of attack." volumeTitle="Tropical rain forest, the Leeds Symposium." year="1984">Hopkins 1984</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C8A67EE1E291FFCD41B750599CD8C21B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxonomic references">
<paragraph id="3064A511FBB5C9AF44D30D6D6D9FED05" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taxonomic references.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A0ECF1FB7B27DF91F7F9F2EFAE4F66C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="337DF2A4FB2927A43689BCDB94F03990" author="Ducke, A" journalOrPublisher="Boletim Tecnico do Instituto Agronomico do Norte" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 248" refId="B240" refString="Ducke, A, 1949. Notas sobre a Flora Neotropica - II: As Leguminosas da Amazonia Brasileira (ed. 2). Boletim Tecnico do Instituto Agronomico do Norte 18: 1 - 248" title="Notas sobre a Flora Neotropica - II: As Leguminosas da Amazonia Brasileira (ed. 2)." volume="18" year="1949">Ducke (1949)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0DAFD46E73BE1493FD88C8BCFD01C238" author="Hagos, TH" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Neerlandica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 265" publicationUrl="https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/539273" refId="B342" refString="Hagos, TH, 1962. A revision of the genus Parkia R. Br. (Mim.) in Africa. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 11 (3): 231 - 265, https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/539273" title="A revision of the genus Parkia R. Br. (Mim.) in Africa." url="https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/539273" volume="11" year="1962">Hagos (1962)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66C79D3B8A246DF245453E7F45DB0BFC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00987.x" author="Hopkins, HCF" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="135 - 167" refId="B364" refString="Hopkins, HCF, 1983. The taxonomy, reproductive biology and economic potential of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Africa and Madagascar. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 87: 135 - 167, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00987.x" title="The taxonomy, reproductive biology and economic potential of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00987.x" volume="87" year="1983">Hopkins (1983</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="419CD36AB710106B730B6C8691926410" author="Hopkins, HCF" journalOrPublisher="Flora Neotropica, New York Botanical Garden," pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 124" publicationUrl="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" refId="B365" refString="Hopkins, HCF, 1986. Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Flora Neotropica, New York Botanical Garden, 43: 1 - 124, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" title="Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790" volume="43" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4BB949FA1D6375E3F412AF6FDFA3864D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4110261" author="Hopkins, HCF" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="181 - 234" refId="B366" refString="Hopkins, HCF, 1994. The Indo-Pacific species of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Kew Bulletin 49 (2): 181 - 234, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4110261" title="The Indo-Pacific species of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4110261" volume="49" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
);
<bibRefCitation id="FDAB2F8EA853EA03B24B0C61D004DCA3" author="Nielsen, IC" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 159" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/276809#page/4/mode/1up" refId="B609" refString="Nielsen, IC, 1981b. Legumineuses-Mimosoidees. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J-F, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viet-Nam 19. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris: 1 - 159, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/276809#page/4/mode/1up" title="Legumineuses-Mimosoidees." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/276809#page/4/mode/1up" volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viet-Nam 19." year="1981 b">Nielsen (1981b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EB99F1172D48ABD9DAC9FACE14842B09" author="Nielsen, IC" editor="Smitinand, T" journalOrPublisher="Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="131 - 222" refId="B611" refString="Nielsen, IC, 1985a. Leguminosae - Mimosoideae. In: Smitinand, T, Larsen, K, Eds., Flora of Thailand 4(2). Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok: 131 - 222" title="Leguminosae - Mimosoideae." volumeTitle="Flora of Thailand 4 (2)." year="1985 a">1985a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="30A4FB66DAD7E183DCD7B8F8B77FAA0E" author="Nielsen, IC" journalOrPublisher="Opera Botanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/532645" refId="B613" refString="Nielsen, IC, 1992. Mimosaceae (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). In: de Wilde WJJO, Nooteboom HP, Kalkman C (Eds) Flora Malesiana, Series 1, Spermatophyta, Volume 11, Part 1 Foundation Flora Malesiana, Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 1-226. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/532645" title="Mimosaceae (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). In: de Wilde WJJO, Nooteboom HP, Kalkman C (Eds) Flora Malesiana, Series 1, Spermatophyta, Volume 11, Part 1 Foundation Flora Malesiana, Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 1 - 226." url="https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/532645" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
);
<bibRefCitation id="029DE8E833AA2F189FF8ECBD68490252" author="Villiers, J-F" editor="Du, Puy DJ" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="156 - 293" refId="B900" refString="Villiers, J-F, 2002. Subfamily Mimosoideae. In: Du, Puy DJ, Labat, J-N, Rabevohitra, R, Villiers, J-F, Eds., Leguminosae of Madagascar. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom: 156 - 293" title="Subfamily Mimosoideae." volumeTitle="Leguminosae of Madagascar." year="2002">Villiers (2002)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>
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