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<document id="468256E7FCC53D09029BBD4B2A90BB22" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5359.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10147920" ID-ZooBank="11CC5175-7CCE-453F-88EB-3490E82F4972" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1700203423776" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wanke, Dominic, Hausmann, Axel, Lee, Kyung Min, Murillo-Ramos, Leidys, Sihvonen, Pasi &amp; Rajaei, Hossein" docDate="2023" docId="D52D6D50FFA3FFE1FF6FFA43FAA7DDA5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5359.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5359 (1)" docSource="https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5359.1.1/52094" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Scopula immutata" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="29141528FF83FFC0FFF8FFADFFC3DF68" masterDocTitle="Systematics and integrative taxonomic revision of the tribe Scopulini Duponchel, 1845 in Iran (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae)" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="33" updateTime="1700204211901" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="26D3B52932FF372E1CA9030C8AAFFCEC">Systematics and integrative taxonomic revision of the tribe Scopulini Duponchel, 1845 in Iran (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D589CFE0D8530D09A49A301B0811208C">Wanke, Dominic</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="080F90BECFA752507705A5FDF7F929B7">State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Entomology, Rosenstein &amp; D- 70191 Stuttgart, Germany. &amp; University of Hohenheim, Systematic Entomology (190 n), Garbenstr. 30, D- 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F9A56F79C62672AAD8BB7B92EA4422F2">Hausmann, Axel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="23F95FC15CC25A061E8E288CAD333E29">SNSB-ZSM, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstr. 21, D- 81247 Munich, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7A25A147424131CCCC1DD2C0070E7192">Lee, Kyung Min</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5DF1C277B45F0784C43B5AC293D4FF72">Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C0DABDF3619EB7FB57081F7E0ABC1D0D">Murillo-Ramos, Leidys</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="28630DD84DF6EDA40E8AEA4745C9962D">Grupo Biologi ́ a Evolutiva, Department of Biology, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia. Corresponding author.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="ED132717AEEE31D8D2834D2E7B554BAE">Sihvonen, Pasi</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D3E732A99EF586D93F9D4BD957E407F0">Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7E29A9EF8DEEFE8395E2ACA864E78BFD">Rajaei, Hossein</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="94AB0CE1C079005BC43973F2AA60E750">State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Entomology, Rosenstein &amp; D- 70191 Stuttgart, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="A62EEC7CDEE9F2B3A365C406AF6C2EAA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6D4645229B2C77EA633634C4FBB47F64">2023</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFFA3FFE0FF6FFA43FD8FD960" box="[151,588,1518,1545]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA3FFE0FF6FFA43FD8FD960" blockId="32.[151,728,1518,1581]" box="[151,588,1518,1545]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<heading id="06736B2AFFA3FFE0FF6FFA43FD8FD960" bold="true" box="[151,588,1518,1545]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA3FFE0FF6FFA43FD8FD960" ID-CoL="4VW3N" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,588,1518,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immutata">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA3FFE0FF6FFA43FD8FD960" bold="true" box="[151,588,1518,1545]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA3FFE0FF6FFA43FEB7D960" bold="true" box="[151,372,1518,1545]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scopula immutata</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFFA3FFE0FF6FF9BFFD10D82D" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA3FFE0FF6FF9BFFD1BD944" blockId="32.[151,728,1518,1581]" box="[151,728,1554,1581]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
(
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FFA3FFE0FF67F9BFFF2CD944" box="[159,239,1554,1580]" captionStart="PLATE 8" captionStartId="52.[152,238,1603,1627]" captionText="PLATE 8: Figures 119. Wing pattern of Scopula species. 12: S. immutata ([Hungary], Bükk̂sd, 1: 1246/2021 D. Wanke, 2: 1247/2021 D. Wanke); 34: S. flaccidaria (3: N-Iran, Masandaran, Schasavar, g. prep. 1053/2021 D. Wanke; 4: N Iran, Bandar Pahlavi, g. prep. 1054/2021 D. Wanke); 56: S. iranaria syn. nov. of S. flaccidaria (Iran, Kerdej, 5: g. prep. 11060, 6: Cotype, g. prep. 2299/2020 H. Rajaei); 79: S. minorata (Spain, Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, 7: g. prep. 1248/2021 D. Wanke, 8: g. prep. 1249/2021 D. Wanke; 9: Yemen, Sana, Makaban, g. prep. 1304/2022 D. Wanke); 1013: S. adelpharia (10: S Iran, Hormozgan, Sirki, g. prep. 1309/2022 D. Wanke; 1113: Sudan, Ed Damer, Hudeiba, 11: g. prep. 1268/2022 D. Wanke, 12: g. prep. 1270/2022 D. Wanke, 13: g. prep. 1271/2022 D. Wanke); 1415: S. albiceraria (14: Mongolia, Selenge aimag, near Ochron, g. prep. 1305/2022 D. Wanke; 15: SW Mongolia, Gobi-Altai aimak, SSW Zhargalan, g. prep. 1301/2022 D. Wanke); 1617: S. immistaria (16: N Iran, Masandaran, Damavand, g. prep. 0830/2020 D. Wanke; 17: Iran, Esfahan, Fereydunshahr, g. prep. 0814/2020 D. Wanke); 1819: S. lactarioides (18: Iran, Baloutchistan, Bender Tchahbahar, g. prep. 11057; 19: Iran, Makran, Chahbar Küste, g. prep. 0879/2020 D. Wanke). a = upperside; b = underside. Scale-bar 1 cm." pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Plate 8</figureCitation>
, Figs 12;
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FFA3FFE0FE94F9BFFE0AD944" box="[364,457,1554,1580]" captionStart="PLATE 17" captionStartId="63.[152,238,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[229,1360,161,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-20@63.[219,1369,151,1889]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="PLATE 17: Figures 14. Male genitalia of Scopula species. 1: S. incanata ([Iran], Tacht i Suleiman, g. prep. 1275/2022 D. Wanke); 2: S. marginepunctata terrigena (Iran, Mazandaran, Gonbad Qabus, g. prep. 0903/2020 D. Wanke); 3: S. luridata (Syria, Marasch, g. prep. 1295/2022 D. Wanke); 4: S. immutata ([Hungary], Bükk̂sd, 1246/2021 D. Wanke). a = genitalia capsule; b = aedeagus; c = 8th sternite. Scale-bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10147942" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10147942/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Plate 17</figureCitation>
, Fig. 4;
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FFA3FFE0FDDDF9BFFD41D945" box="[549,642,1554,1581]" captionStart="PLATE 25" captionStartId="71.[152,237,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[207,1381,168,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-20@71.[197,1390,151,1889]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="PLATE 25: Figures 15. Female genitalia of Scopula species. 1: S. incanata ([Iran], Tacht i Suleiman, g. prep. 1277/2022 D. Wanke); 2: S. marginepunctata terrigena (N-Iran, Amarlu, Rudbar, g. prep. 0875/2020 D. Wanke); 3: S. luridata ([Israel], Jaffa, g. prep. 1240/2021 D. Wanke); 4: S. immutata ([Hungary], Bükk̂sd, 1247/2021 D. Wanke); 5: S. flaccidaria (N-Iran, Bandar Pahlavi, g. prep. 1054/2021 D. Wanke); 6: S. iranaria syn. nov. of S. flaccidaria (Iran, Kerdej, g. prep. 11061). Scale-bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10147962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10147962/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Plate 25</figureCitation>
, Fig. 4)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA3FFE0FF6FF9FAFECFD9C4" blockId="32.[151,1437,1622,1861]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA3FFE0FF6FF9FAFF3BD907" box="[151,248,1623,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phalaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA3FFE0FF6FF9FAFF3BD907" box="[151,248,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Phalaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA3FFE0FEFAF9FAFDBCD906" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[258,639,1622,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Geometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immutata">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA3FFE0FEFAF9FAFE11D906" box="[258,466,1623,1646]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Geometra immutata</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="EDECD61BFFA3FFE0FE23F9FAFDBCD906" box="[475,639,1622,1647]" collectionCode="LSL" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">Linnaeus, 1758</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: Caroli Linnaei...Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (Ed. 10) 1: 528 (Europe).
<typeStatus id="823F62E4FFA3FFE0FB24F9D8FAFAD9E5" box="[1244,1337,1653,1677]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
(Europe) (LSL).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA3FFE0FF6FF91EFC75D84F" blockId="32.[151,1437,1622,1861]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Synonymies (for more details on nomenclature see
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FFA3FFE0FD56F91EFCEDD9A3" author="Scoble, M. J." box="[686,814,1715,1739]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref45008" refString="Scoble, M. J. (1999) Geometrid Moths of the World: A Catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Vols. 1 &amp; 2. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria and Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 1200 pp." type="book" year="1999">Scoble 1999</bibRefCitation>
and Hausmann 2004):
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA3FFE0FBDAF91EFA97D9A3" box="[1058,1364,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA3FFE0FBDAF91EFB40D9A3" box="[1058,1155,1715,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phalaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phalaena</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA3FFE0FB74F91EFA97D9A3" authorityName="Denis &amp; Schiffermuller" authorityYear="1775" box="[1164,1364,1715,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Geometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidata">Geometra pallidata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
: sensu Borkhausen, 1794 (according to Hausmann (2004: 316): misidentification);
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA3FFE0FC31F97CFAE9D981" authority="Hubner, 1825" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[969,1322,1745,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arrhostia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immutaria">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA3FFE0FC31F97CFB59D981" box="[969,1178,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Arrhostia immutaria</emphasis>
Hübner, 1825
</taxonomicName>
(according to Hausmann (2004: 317): incorrect subsequent spelling and partly misidentification);
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA3FFE0FBACF95DFF3ED84F" authority="Boisduval, 1840" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1840" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Acidalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caespitaria">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA3FFE0FBACF95DFAE5D860" box="[1108,1318,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Acidalia caespitaria</emphasis>
Boisduval, 1840
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA3FFE0FEFFF8A2FD80D84F" authority="Dadd, 1911" authorityName="Dadd" authorityYear="1911" box="[263,579,1807,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Acidalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrtillata">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA3FFE0FEFFF8A2FE04D84F" box="[263,455,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Acidalia myrtillata</emphasis>
Dadd, 1911
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FFA3FFE0FDA8F8A2FD77D84F" box="[592,692,1807,1831]" name="Germany" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Germany</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="9F4012A4FFA3FFE0FD45F8A2FD3CD84F" box="[701,767,1807,1831]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Berlin</collectingRegion>
, Spandau Forest).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA3FFE0FF6FF883FD10D82D" blockId="32.[151,1437,1622,1861]" box="[151,723,1837,1861]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">For the list of unavailable names, see Hausmann (2004).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFFA3FFE0FF6FF8DEFD40D8E5" box="[151,643,1907,1936]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA3FFE0FF6FF8DEFD40D8E5" blockId="32.[151,1436,1907,2041]" box="[151,643,1907,1936]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA3FFE0FF6FF8DEFE40D8E5" bold="true" box="[151,387,1907,1933]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Material examined:</emphasis>
2 ♁/
<specimenCount id="4B8217CFFFA3FFE0FE46F8D8FE12D8F8" box="[446,465,1909,1936]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="female"></specimenCount>
(see appendix).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFFA3FFE1FF3FF83AFB90DE29" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA3FFE0FF3FF83AFEDCD891" blockId="32.[151,1436,1907,2041]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA3FFE0FF3FF83AFE81D8D9" bold="true" box="[199,322,1943,1969]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Wingspan ♁
<specimenCount id="4B8217CFFFA3FFE0FE22F834FE2CD8DC" box="[474,495,1945,1972]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="female"></specimenCount>
<quantity id="9A7C71A3FFA3FFE0FE01F83AFDB6D8DA" box="[505,629,1943,1970]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="23.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="22.0">2225 mm</quantity>
(Hausmann 2004). Due to its unique wing pattern,
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA3FFE0FB36F83AFA5FD8D9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1230,1436,1943,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immutata">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA3FFE0FB36F83AFA5FD8D9" box="[1230,1436,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scopula immutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be confused externally with any other
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA3FFE0FD58F816FC90D8BD" box="[672,851,1979,2005]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA3FFE0FD58F816FD39D8BD" box="[672,762,1979,2005]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scopula</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FFA3FFE0FC82F811FC68D8BE" box="[890,939,1980,2006]" name="Iran" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Iran</collectingCountry>
. Ground colour (
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FFA3FFE0FB94F816FB7ED8BE" box="[1132,1213,1979,2006]" captionStart="PLATE 8" captionStartId="52.[152,238,1603,1627]" captionText="PLATE 8: Figures 119. Wing pattern of Scopula species. 12: S. immutata ([Hungary], Bükk̂sd, 1: 1246/2021 D. Wanke, 2: 1247/2021 D. Wanke); 34: S. flaccidaria (3: N-Iran, Masandaran, Schasavar, g. prep. 1053/2021 D. Wanke; 4: N Iran, Bandar Pahlavi, g. prep. 1054/2021 D. Wanke); 56: S. iranaria syn. nov. of S. flaccidaria (Iran, Kerdej, 5: g. prep. 11060, 6: Cotype, g. prep. 2299/2020 H. Rajaei); 79: S. minorata (Spain, Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, 7: g. prep. 1248/2021 D. Wanke, 8: g. prep. 1249/2021 D. Wanke; 9: Yemen, Sana, Makaban, g. prep. 1304/2022 D. Wanke); 1013: S. adelpharia (10: S Iran, Hormozgan, Sirki, g. prep. 1309/2022 D. Wanke; 1113: Sudan, Ed Damer, Hudeiba, 11: g. prep. 1268/2022 D. Wanke, 12: g. prep. 1270/2022 D. Wanke, 13: g. prep. 1271/2022 D. Wanke); 1415: S. albiceraria (14: Mongolia, Selenge aimag, near Ochron, g. prep. 1305/2022 D. Wanke; 15: SW Mongolia, Gobi-Altai aimak, SSW Zhargalan, g. prep. 1301/2022 D. Wanke); 1617: S. immistaria (16: N Iran, Masandaran, Damavand, g. prep. 0830/2020 D. Wanke; 17: Iran, Esfahan, Fereydunshahr, g. prep. 0814/2020 D. Wanke); 1819: S. lactarioides (18: Iran, Baloutchistan, Bender Tchahbahar, g. prep. 11057; 19: Iran, Makran, Chahbar Küste, g. prep. 0879/2020 D. Wanke). a = upperside; b = underside. Scale-bar 1 cm." pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Plate 8</figureCitation>
, Figs 12) white to pale yellow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA2FFE1FF3FFF3AFE8FDFBD" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
In the male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FFA2FFE1FE3AFF3AFDE0DFD9" box="[450,547,151,177]" captionStart="PLATE 17" captionStartId="63.[152,238,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[229,1360,161,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-20@63.[219,1369,151,1889]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="PLATE 17: Figures 14. Male genitalia of Scopula species. 1: S. incanata ([Iran], Tacht i Suleiman, g. prep. 1275/2022 D. Wanke); 2: S. marginepunctata terrigena (Iran, Mazandaran, Gonbad Qabus, g. prep. 0903/2020 D. Wanke); 3: S. luridata (Syria, Marasch, g. prep. 1295/2022 D. Wanke); 4: S. immutata ([Hungary], Bükk̂sd, 1246/2021 D. Wanke). a = genitalia capsule; b = aedeagus; c = 8th sternite. Scale-bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10147942" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10147942/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Plate 17</figureCitation>
, Fig. 4) 8th sternite basally convex, cerata curved variable in size, often right ceras shortened.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA2FFE1FF3FFF72FDF9DE75" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
In the female genitalia (
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FFA2FFE1FE26FF72FD83DF91" box="[478,576,222,249]" captionStart="PLATE 25" captionStartId="71.[152,237,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[207,1381,168,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-20@71.[197,1390,151,1889]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="PLATE 25: Figures 15. Female genitalia of Scopula species. 1: S. incanata ([Iran], Tacht i Suleiman, g. prep. 1277/2022 D. Wanke); 2: S. marginepunctata terrigena (N-Iran, Amarlu, Rudbar, g. prep. 0875/2020 D. Wanke); 3: S. luridata ([Israel], Jaffa, g. prep. 1240/2021 D. Wanke); 4: S. immutata ([Hungary], Bükk̂sd, 1247/2021 D. Wanke); 5: S. flaccidaria (N-Iran, Bandar Pahlavi, g. prep. 1054/2021 D. Wanke); 6: S. iranaria syn. nov. of S. flaccidaria (Iran, Kerdej, g. prep. 11061). Scale-bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10147962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10147962/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Plate 25</figureCitation>
, Fig. 4) antrum with small circular sclerite. Lamella antevaginalis weakly sclerotized. Signum long and narrow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA2FFE1FF3FFE8AFB90DE29" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,717]" box="[199,1107,295,321]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA2FFE1FF3FFE8AFE8ADE29" bold="true" box="[199,329,295,321]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Phenology.</emphasis>
Uni- or bivoltine species depending on the region (Hausmann 2004).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFFA2FFE1FF3FFEE7FE46DEB9" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA2FFE1FF3FFEE7FC20DEE1" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA2FFE1FF3FFEE7FEE4DE0C" bold="true" box="[199,295,330,356]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Biology.</emphasis>
Larva polyphagous on a wide range of plant species of different families (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA2FFE1FB7EFEE6FAD0DE0D" box="[1158,1299,331,357]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Primulaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA2FFE1FAE2FEE6FA5BDE0D" box="[1306,1432,331,357]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA2FFE1FF6FFEC2FED0DEE1" box="[151,275,367,393]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA2FFE1FEE6FEC2FE49DEE1" box="[286,394,367,393]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
) (see Hausmann 2004;
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FFA2FFE1FD6AFEC2FCE8DEE1" author="Beljaev, E. A." box="[658,811,367,393]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref41705" refString="Beljaev, E. A. (2016) Fam. Geometridae - Pyadenitzi. In: Lelei, A. S. (Ed.), Annotated catalogue of the insects of Russian Far East. Vol. 2. Lepidoptera. Dal'nauka, Vladivostok, pp. 518 - 666. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2016">Beljaev 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FFA2FFE1FCCDFEC2FC14DEE1" author="Makhov, I." box="[821,983,367,393]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref43418" refString="Makhov, I. (2023) Geometridae (Lepidoptera) of the Baikal region: identification keys and annotated catalogue with notes to DNA barcoding. Part 2. Archiearinae, Geometrinae, Sterrhinae. Zootaxa, 5294 (1), 1 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5294.1.1" type="journal article" year="2023">Makhov 2023</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA2FFE1FF3FFE3FFE46DEB9" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA2FFE1FF3FFE3FFEE9DEC4" bold="true" box="[199,298,402,428]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Habitat.</emphasis>
Generally, at altitudes from 0 m to
<quantity id="9A7C71A3FFA2FFE1FD57FE3EFD34DEC5" box="[687,759,403,429]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="700.0">700 m</quantity>
, occasionally to
<quantity id="9A7C71A3FFA2FFE1FC57FE3EFC36DEC5" box="[943,1013,403,429]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
in southern Europe and rarely to
<quantity id="9A7C71A3FFA2FFE1FA9CFE3FFF6EDEB9" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="1850.0">1850 m</quantity>
(Hausmann 2004).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFFA2FFE1FF3FFE77FC1FDD09" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA2FFE1FF3FFE77FC1FDD09" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA2FFE1FF3FFE77FEA2DE9C" bold="true" box="[199,353,474,500]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Distribution.</emphasis>
Widely distributed in Europe, from
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FFA2FFE1FD0AFE76FCFDDE9D" box="[754,830,475,501]" name="France" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">France</collectingCountry>
to the Urals, and in the Caucasus,
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FFA2FFE1FB45FE76FA80DE9D" box="[1213,1347,475,501]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
, Siberia and
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FFA2FFE1FF3EFE52FEF0DD71" box="[198,307,511,537]" name="Mongolia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
to Far East of Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FFA2FFE1FDE0FE52FD0ADD71" author="Viidalepp, J." box="[536,713,511,537]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref45709" refString="Viidalepp, J. (1996) Checklist of the Geometridae (Lepidoptera) of the former U. S. S. R. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 111 pp." type="book" year="1996">Viidalepp 1996</bibRefCitation>
; Hausmann 2004;
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FFA2FFE1FC62FE52FBF8DD71" author="Makhov, I." box="[922,1083,511,537]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref43418" refString="Makhov, I. (2023) Geometridae (Lepidoptera) of the Baikal region: identification keys and annotated catalogue with notes to DNA barcoding. Part 2. Archiearinae, Geometrinae, Sterrhinae. Zootaxa, 5294 (1), 1 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5294.1.1" type="journal article" year="2023">Makhov 2023</bibRefCitation>
). Reported for Siaret [Ziarat] in the Iranian province
<collectingRegion id="9F4012A4FFA2FFE1FE7CFD8EFE2BDD55" box="[388,488,547,573]" country="Iran" name="Golestan" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Golestan</collectingRegion>
by
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FFA2FFE1FDECFD8EFD78DD55" author="Bienert, Th." box="[532,699,547,573]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref41763" refString="Bienert, Th. (1869) Lepidopterologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Persien in den Jahren 1858 und 1859. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der philosophischen Doctorwurde, an der Universitat Leipzig, Leipzig, 56 pp." type="book" year="1869">Bienert (1869)</bibRefCitation>
, but its occurrence in
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FFA2FFE1FC40FD8EFC26DD55" box="[952,997,547,573]" name="Iran" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Iran</collectingCountry>
has not been confirmed by Hausmann (2004). Here we also cannot confirm the occurrence of this species in
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FFA2FFE1FC50FDEAFC1ADD09" box="[936,985,583,609]" name="Iran" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFFA2FFE1FF3FFDC6FAA7DDA5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA2FFE1FF3FFDC6FAB8DDC1" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA2FFE1FF3FFDC6FEF8DDED" bold="true" box="[199,315,619,645]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FFA2FFE1FEB0FDC6FE30DDED" author="Bienert, Th." box="[328,499,619,645]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref41763" refString="Bienert, Th. (1869) Lepidopterologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Persien in den Jahren 1858 und 1859. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der philosophischen Doctorwurde, an der Universitat Leipzig, Leipzig, 56 pp." type="book" year="1869">Bienert (1869)</bibRefCitation>
reported this species as an element for the Iranian fauna. Though during our investigation no specimens from
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FFA2FFE1FDF3FD22FDFBDDC1" box="[523,568,655,681]" name="Iran" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Iran</collectingCountry>
could be traced. It can be assumed that this species does not occur in
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FFA2FFE1FABEFD22FAB4DDC1" box="[1350,1399,655,681]" name="Iran" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FFA2FFE1FF3FFD1FFAA7DDA5" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,717]" box="[199,1380,690,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA2FFE1FF3FFD1FFE4EDDA4" bold="true" box="[199,397,690,716]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">DNA-barcoding.</emphasis>
Nearest species:
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FFA2FFE1FDA8FD1EFC46DDA5" authority="Hausmann, 1999" authorityName="Hausmann" authorityYear="1999" box="[592,901,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hackeri">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA2FFE1FDA8FD1EFD9DDDA5" box="[592,606,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="6FF00054FFA2FFE1FD94FD1EFD03DDA5" box="[620,704,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">hackeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FFA2FFE1FD3FFD1EFC46DDA5" author="Hausmann, A. &amp; Laszlo G. M." box="[711,901,691,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="317 - 324" refId="ref42587" refString="Hausmann, A. &amp; Laszlo G. M. (1999) Taxonomic and faunistic studies on Turkmenian Sterrhinae. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 60, 317 - 324." type="journal article" year="1999">Hausmann, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
with 6.1 % (see Supplementary Table S1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>