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<document id="DCB2AFE5A5A05BB2B5FB8F8B3007C8C2" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5359.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10147920" ID-ZooBank="11CC5175-7CCE-453F-88EB-3490E82F4972" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1700203423776" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wanke, Dominic, Hausmann, Axel, Lee, Kyung Min, Murillo-Ramos, Leidys, Sihvonen, Pasi &amp; Rajaei, Hossein" docDate="2023" docId="D52D6D50FF91FFD3FF6FFAA9FB7BDEB8" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5359.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5359 (1)" docSource="https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5359.1.1/52094" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Scopula caesaria" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="29141528FF83FFC0FFF8FFADFFC3DF68" masterDocTitle="Systematics and integrative taxonomic revision of the tribe Scopulini Duponchel, 1845 in Iran (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae)" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1700204211901" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="23F4F9E8894F4AA4A882A5E77B9A9D22">Systematics and integrative taxonomic revision of the tribe Scopulini Duponchel, 1845 in Iran (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F33775747240A07F6A1243E4D73E1675">Wanke, Dominic</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4E076FF6FB40E207EDC8AFEB508CF7CE">State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Entomology, Rosenstein &amp; D- 70191 Stuttgart, Germany. &amp; University of Hohenheim, Systematic Entomology (190 n), Garbenstr. 30, D- 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="583A4A551A12B863E23F355253616821">Hausmann, Axel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="11E0358569B01CCDA30A9193D06FA5E3">SNSB-ZSM, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstr. 21, D- 81247 Munich, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="02C6C1DF0CAD15A0B47EBAF236D8A0CD">Lee, Kyung Min</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="480AED1551DDBD469DE2D80FBB305688">Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5D3E5BBD9B752EECEAE612B228A51D87">Murillo-Ramos, Leidys</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BF0558350FAFB7AEF335CB6051DEC0B2">Grupo Biologi ́ a Evolutiva, Department of Biology, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia. Corresponding author.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9AB848FC9B91A6E67B62684E4401C2FC">Sihvonen, Pasi</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4A072F7540894F10333101DB039AA6ED">Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C331B9903D8B58781D1E7D4EB92C0440">Rajaei, Hossein</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="388D6321A1C423E9E8B14B713F220E11">State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Entomology, Rosenstein &amp; D- 70191 Stuttgart, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF91FFD2FF6FFAA9FDE0DA76" blockId="18.[151,767,1284,1347]" box="[151,547,1284,1311]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="06736B2AFF91FFD2FF6FFAA9FDE0DA76" bold="true" box="[151,547,1284,1311]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF91FFD2FF6FFAA9FDE0DA76" ID-CoL="4VVVX" authority="(Walker, 1861)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[151,547,1284,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesaria">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FF6FFAA9FDE0DA76" bold="true" box="[151,547,1284,1311]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FF6FFAA9FEA6DA76" bold="true" box="[151,357,1284,1311]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scopula caesaria</emphasis>
(Walker, 1861)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFF91FFD2FF6FFA85FC3ED955" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF91FFD2FF6FFA85FD3CDA2A" blockId="18.[151,767,1284,1347]" box="[151,767,1320,1347]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
(
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FF91FFD2FF67FA85FF33DA2B" box="[159,240,1320,1347]" captionStart="PLATE 5" captionStartId="49.[152,238,220,244]" captionText="PLATE 5: Figures 115. Wing pattern of Scopula species. 12: S. nigropunctata (Turkey, Giresun, 1: g. prep. 1236/2021 D. Wanke, 2: g. prep. 1235/2021 D. Wanke); 37: S. caesaria (3: Syntype, Ceylon, NHMUK014173570; 4: Oman, Dhofar, NHMUK014173572; 5: N. Oman, Khasab, NHMUK014173571; 6: South Africa, Gauteng, Ezemvelo, g. prep. 1224/2021 D. Wanke; 7: South Yemen, Lahej Governorate, Al Dhala, g. prep. 1287/2022 D. Wanke); 89: S. ornata enzela (8: W-Iran, Kordestan, Strasse Saghez-Baneh, g. prep. 0802/2020 D. Wanke; 9: N-Iran, Bandar Pahlavi, g. prep. 0796/2020 D. Wanke); 1011: S. orientalis (10: Iran, Elburz, g. prep. 1192/2022 D. Wanke; 11: S Iran, Didegan, g. prep. 0801/2020 D. Wanke); 1213: S. decorata (12: Iran, Masandaran, Damavand, g. prep. 0789/2020 D. Wanke; 13: Iran, Lorestan, E Borudjerd, g. prep. 0794/2020 D. Wanke); 1415: S. subtilata (14: Russia, Sarepta [Volgograd], g. prep. 1272/2022 D. Wanke; 15: S. Russia, NHMUK014173553). a = upperside; b = underside. Scale-bar 1 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Plate 5</figureCitation>
, Figs 37;
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FF91FFD2FE94FA85FE0ADA2B" box="[364,457,1320,1347]" captionStart="PLATE 13" captionStartId="59.[152,238,1906,1930]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,161,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-20@59.[192,1395,151,1890]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="PLATE 13: Figures 13. Male genitalia of Scopula species. 1: S. tessellaria ([Iran], Tacht i Suleiman, g. prep. 1260/2022 D. Wanke); 2: S. nigropunctata (Turkey, Giresun, 1: g. prep. 1236/2021 D. Wanke); 3: S. caesaria (a, b: South Africa, Gauteng, Ezemvelo, g. prep. 1224/2021 D. Wanke; c: Oman, Dhofar, Wadi Shaath, g. prep. NHMUK 010317472). a = genitalia capsule; b = aedeagus; c = 8th sternite. Scale-bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10147934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10147934/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Plate 13</figureCitation>
, Fig. 3;
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FF91FFD2FDDDFA85FD40DA2B" box="[549,643,1320,1347]" captionStart="PLATE 22" captionStartId="68.[152,238,1820,1844]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-20@68.[151,1436,181,1801]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="PLATE 22: Figures 17. Female genitalia of Scopula species. 1: S. ansulata (Iran, Ostan-e Khorasan, Haji Abad, g. prep. 0697/2020 D. Wanke); 2: S. adulteraria bona sp. (Iran, Ostan-e Khorasan, Izmansufla, g. prep. 1255/2022 D. Wanke); 3: S. immorata (Turkey, Erzurum, N-Askole, g. prep. 1226/2022 D. Wanke); 4: S. tessellaria (Kazakhstan, S Kirgyzsay, g. prep. 1242/2021 D. Wanke); 5: S. nigropunctata (Turkey, Giresun, 1: g. prep. 1235/2021 D. Wanke); 67: S. caesaria (6: Paratype, Ceylon, Slide NHMUK 012821272; 7: South Yemen, Lahej Governorate, Al Dhala, g. prep. 1287/2022 D. Wanke). Scale-bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10147956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10147956/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Plate 22</figureCitation>
, Figs 67).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF91FFD2FF6FFAC0FC4BDACB" blockId="18.[151,1437,1389,1597]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF91FFD2FF6FFAC0FE2BDAED" authority="Walker, 1861" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1861" box="[151,488,1389,1413]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Acidalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesaria">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FF6FFAC0FE90DAED" box="[151,339,1389,1413]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Acidalia caesaria</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="EDECD61BFF91FFD2FEA1FAC0FE2BDAED" box="[345,488,1389,1413]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="Sri Lanka" location="Sri Lanka" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">Walker, 1861</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum 22: 750.
<typeStatus id="823F62E4FF91FFD2FF05FA21FE9CDACC" box="[253,351,1420,1444]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
5 ♁ (Ceylon [
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF91FFD2FE0FFA26FDA5DACB" box="[503,614,1419,1443]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
]) (in NHMUK, examined).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF91FFD2FF6FFA07FDB8DA89" blockId="18.[151,1437,1389,1597]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF91FFD2FF6FFA07FE77DAAA" box="[151,436,1450,1474]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caesaria" subSpecies="walkeros">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FF6FFA07FE77DAAA" box="[151,436,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scopula caesaria walkeros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<materialsCitation id="EDECD61BFF91FFD2FE41FA07FDB8DA89" collectionCode="NMSZ" country="Oman" county="Murtafa'a" location="Wiltshire" municipality="Mu'askar" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<location id="585B8A9DFF91FFD2FE41FA07FDDDDAAA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D52D6D50FF91FFD3FF6FFAA9FB7BDEB8:585B8A9DFF91FFD2FE41FA07FDDDDAAA" box="[441,542,1450,1474]" country="Oman" county="Murtafa'a" municipality="Mu'askar" name="Wiltshire" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Wiltshire</location>
, [1981],
<location id="585B8A9DFF91FFD2FD83FA07FD39DAAA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D52D6D50FF91FFD3FF6FFAA9FB7BDEB8:585B8A9DFF91FFD2FD83FA07FD39DAAA" box="[635,762,1450,1474]" country="Oman" county="Murtafa'a" municipality="Mu'askar" name="The Journal" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">The Journal</location>
of
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF91FFD2FCE3FA07FC9FDAAA" box="[795,860,1450,1474]" name="Oman" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Oman</collectingCountry>
<location id="585B8A9DFF91FFD2FC9AFA07FC70DAAA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D52D6D50FF91FFD3FF6FFAA9FB7BDEB8:585B8A9DFF91FFD2FC9AFA07FC70DAAA" box="[866,947,1450,1474]" country="Oman" county="Murtafa'a" municipality="Mu'askar" name="Studies" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Studies</location>
,
<location id="585B8A9DFF91FFD2FC45FA07FB9EDAAA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D52D6D50FF91FFD3FF6FFAA9FB7BDEB8:585B8A9DFF91FFD2FC45FA07FB9EDAAA" box="[957,1117,1450,1474]" country="Oman" county="Murtafa'a" municipality="Mu'askar" name="Special Report" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Special Report</location>
, 2: 193.
<typeStatus id="823F62E4FF91FFD2FB4EFA07FADADAAA" box="[1206,1305,1450,1474]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
♁ (northern
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF91FFD2FF3FFA64FECFDA89" box="[199,268,1481,1505]" name="Oman" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Oman</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="BD5F463CFF91FFD2FEEEFA64FEBFDA89" box="[278,380,1481,1505]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Muaskar</collectingMunicipality>
al
<collectingCounty id="B45AA4CAFF91FFD2FE65FA64FDCADA89" box="[413,521,1481,1505]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Murtafaa</collectingCounty>
) (
<collectionCode id="3B954483FF91FFD2FDE7FA64FDACDA89" box="[543,623,1481,1505]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">NMSZ</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF91FFD2FF6FFA4AFC3ED955" blockId="18.[151,1437,1389,1597]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Synonymies (for more details on nomenclature see
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FF91FFD2FD31FA4AFC97D968" author="Scoble, M. J." box="[713,852,1511,1536]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref45008" refString="Scoble, M. J. (1999) Geometrid Moths of the World: A Catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Vols. 1 &amp; 2. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria and Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 1200 pp." type="book" year="1999">Scoble 1999</bibRefCitation>
):
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF91FFD2FC91FA4AFB3AD968" authority="Mabille, 1880" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1880" box="[873,1273,1511,1536]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Acidalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="faeculentaria">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FC91FA4AFB9ADA97" box="[873,1113,1511,1535]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Acidalia faeculentaria</emphasis>
Mabille, 1880
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF91FFD2FAF2FA4AFA52DA97" box="[1290,1425,1511,1535]" name="Madagascar" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
);
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF91FFD2FF3FF9ABFDE4D976" authority="Walker, 1861" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1861" box="[199,551,1542,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Acidalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obturbata">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FF3FF9ABFE51D976" box="[199,402,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Acidalia obturbata</emphasis>
Walker, 1861
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF91FFD2FDCEF9ABFD46D976" box="[566,645,1542,1566]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
[
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF91FFD2FD6AF9ABFCC6D976" box="[658,773,1542,1566]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
]);
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF91FFD2FCE6F9ABFB48D976" authority="Walker, 1861" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1861" box="[798,1163,1542,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Acidalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perfectaria">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FCE6F9ABFC35D976" box="[798,1014,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Acidalia perfectaria</emphasis>
Walker, 1861
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="823F62E4FF91FFD2FB62F9ABFB0AD976" box="[1178,1225,1542,1566]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
locality not given);
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF91FFD2FF3FF988FD97D955" authority="Warren, 1900" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1900" box="[199,596,1573,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Craspedia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufimixtaria">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FF3FF988FE7DD955" box="[199,446,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Craspedia rufimixtaria</emphasis>
Warren, 1900
</taxonomicName>
(Tenimber [Tanimbar] Islands: Selaru).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFF91FFD2FF6FF9C6FCF4D9C1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF91FFD2FF6FF9C6FA56D9EE" blockId="18.[151,1436,1643,2029]" box="[151,1429,1643,1670]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FF6FF9C6FE7CD9ED" bold="true" box="[151,447,1643,1669]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="EDECD61BFF91FFD2FE3EF9C1FC60D9EE" box="[454,931,1643,1670]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="Sri Lanka" location="Ceylon" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCode="NHMUK 014173570" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="823F62E4FF91FFD2FE3EF9C1FDEBD9EE" box="[454,552,1644,1670]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="4B8217CFFF91FFD2FDD7F9C1FD87D9EE" box="[559,580,1644,1670]" count="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="female"></specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF91FFD2FDAAF9C6FD65D9ED" box="[594,678,1643,1669]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
,
<specimenCode id="0D22743DFF91FFD2FD49F9C1FC60D9EE" box="[689,931,1643,1670]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">NHMUK 014173570</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="EDECD61BFF91FFD2FC56F9C1FB3FD9ED" box="[942,1276,1643,1670]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="Sri Lanka" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCode="NHMUK 012821272" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
g. prep.
<specimenCode id="0D22743DFF91FFD2FBF1F9C1FB3FD9ED" box="[1033,1276,1643,1670]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">NHMUK 012821272</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
; in
<collectionCode id="3B954483FF91FFD2FADCF9C1FA51D9EE" box="[1316,1426,1644,1670]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF91FFD2FF3FF922FCF4D9C1" blockId="18.[151,1436,1643,2029]" box="[199,823,1679,1707]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FF3FF922FDF5D9C1" bold="true" box="[199,566,1679,1705]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Additional material examined:</emphasis>
4 ♁/
<specimenCount id="4B8217CFFF91FFD2FD8AF93DFD46D9C3" box="[626,645,1680,1707]" count="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="female"></specimenCount>
(see appendix).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFF91FFD2FF3FF91EFD84D885" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF91FFD2FF3FF91EFE8FD87D" blockId="18.[151,1436,1643,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FF3FF91EFE81D9A5" bold="true" box="[199,322,1715,1741]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Wingspan ♁
<specimenCount id="4B8217CFFF91FFD2FE21F919FE2DD9A7" box="[473,494,1716,1743]" count="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="female"></specimenCount>
<quantity id="9A7C71A3FF91FFD2FE0FF91EFDB5D9A6" box="[503,630,1715,1742]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="19.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="17.0">1722 mm</quantity>
.
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF91FFD2FD7BF91EFC85D9A5" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[643,838,1715,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesaria">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FD7BF91EFC85D9A5" box="[643,838,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scopula caesaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a unique wing pattern and externally cannot be confused with any other
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF91FFD2FE44F97AFDB1D999" box="[444,626,1751,1777]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FE44F97AFDD5D999" box="[444,534,1751,1777]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scopula</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF91FFD2FD66F975FD0CD99A" box="[670,719,1752,1778]" name="Iran" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Iran</collectingCountry>
. Ground colour (
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FF91FFD2FC60F97AFC2ED99A" box="[920,1005,1751,1778]" captionStart="PLATE 5" captionStartId="49.[152,238,220,244]" captionText="PLATE 5: Figures 115. Wing pattern of Scopula species. 12: S. nigropunctata (Turkey, Giresun, 1: g. prep. 1236/2021 D. Wanke, 2: g. prep. 1235/2021 D. Wanke); 37: S. caesaria (3: Syntype, Ceylon, NHMUK014173570; 4: Oman, Dhofar, NHMUK014173572; 5: N. Oman, Khasab, NHMUK014173571; 6: South Africa, Gauteng, Ezemvelo, g. prep. 1224/2021 D. Wanke; 7: South Yemen, Lahej Governorate, Al Dhala, g. prep. 1287/2022 D. Wanke); 89: S. ornata enzela (8: W-Iran, Kordestan, Strasse Saghez-Baneh, g. prep. 0802/2020 D. Wanke; 9: N-Iran, Bandar Pahlavi, g. prep. 0796/2020 D. Wanke); 1011: S. orientalis (10: Iran, Elburz, g. prep. 1192/2022 D. Wanke; 11: S Iran, Didegan, g. prep. 0801/2020 D. Wanke); 1213: S. decorata (12: Iran, Masandaran, Damavand, g. prep. 0789/2020 D. Wanke; 13: Iran, Lorestan, E Borudjerd, g. prep. 0794/2020 D. Wanke); 1415: S. subtilata (14: Russia, Sarepta [Volgograd], g. prep. 1272/2022 D. Wanke; 15: S. Russia, NHMUK014173553). a = upperside; b = underside. Scale-bar 1 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Plate 5</figureCitation>
, Figs 37) beige to yellow, with red transverse lines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF91FFD2FF3FF88DFE7BD8CD" blockId="18.[151,1436,1643,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
In the male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FF91FFD2FE3AF8B2FDE0D851" box="[450,547,1823,1849]" captionStart="PLATE 13" captionStartId="59.[152,238,1906,1930]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,161,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-20@59.[192,1395,151,1890]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="PLATE 13: Figures 13. Male genitalia of Scopula species. 1: S. tessellaria ([Iran], Tacht i Suleiman, g. prep. 1260/2022 D. Wanke); 2: S. nigropunctata (Turkey, Giresun, 1: g. prep. 1236/2021 D. Wanke); 3: S. caesaria (a, b: South Africa, Gauteng, Ezemvelo, g. prep. 1224/2021 D. Wanke; c: Oman, Dhofar, Wadi Shaath, g. prep. NHMUK 010317472). a = genitalia capsule; b = aedeagus; c = 8th sternite. Scale-bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10147934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10147934/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Plate 13</figureCitation>
, Fig. 3), fibula curved, tapering. Aedeagus basally thin, broadening to the tip, vesica with rear small cornutus. 8th sternite hat-shaped, cerata absent. In the female genitalia (
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FF91FFD2FB3CF8EEFAE6D835" box="[1220,1317,1859,1885]" captionStart="PLATE 22" captionStartId="68.[152,238,1820,1844]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-20@68.[151,1436,181,1801]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="PLATE 22: Figures 17. Female genitalia of Scopula species. 1: S. ansulata (Iran, Ostan-e Khorasan, Haji Abad, g. prep. 0697/2020 D. Wanke); 2: S. adulteraria bona sp. (Iran, Ostan-e Khorasan, Izmansufla, g. prep. 1255/2022 D. Wanke); 3: S. immorata (Turkey, Erzurum, N-Askole, g. prep. 1226/2022 D. Wanke); 4: S. tessellaria (Kazakhstan, S Kirgyzsay, g. prep. 1242/2021 D. Wanke); 5: S. nigropunctata (Turkey, Giresun, 1: g. prep. 1235/2021 D. Wanke); 67: S. caesaria (6: Paratype, Ceylon, Slide NHMUK 012821272; 7: South Yemen, Lahej Governorate, Al Dhala, g. prep. 1287/2022 D. Wanke). Scale-bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10147956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10147956/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Plate 22</figureCitation>
, Figs 67) lamella antevaginalis weakly developed, centrally notched. Ductus bursae short. Signum large, numerous spines around the corpus bursae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF91FFD2FF3FF802FD84D885" blockId="18.[151,1436,1643,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF91FFD2FF3FF802FE8AD8A1" bold="true" box="[199,329,1967,1993]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Phenology.</emphasis>
Investigated specimens were collected in April (North
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF91FFD2FC18F802FBEAD8A1" box="[992,1065,1967,1993]" name="Oman" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Oman</collectingCountry>
), June (
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF91FFD2FB71F802FAE9D8A1" box="[1161,1322,1967,1993]" name="Yemen" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">South Yemen</collectingCountry>
), October (
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF91FFD2FF67F87EFF24D885" box="[159,231,2003,2029]" name="Oman" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Oman</collectingCountry>
) and December (
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF91FFD2FE5EF87EFDFFD885" box="[422,572,2003,2029]" name="South Africa" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">South Africa</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFF90FFD3FF3FFF3BFE84DF90" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF90FFD3FF3FFF3BFE67DFD8" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,465]" box="[199,420,150,176]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF90FFD3FF3FFF3BFEE4DFD8" bold="true" box="[199,295,150,176]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Biology.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF90FFD3FF3FFF17FE84DF90" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,465]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF90FFD3FF3FFF17FEE9DFBC" bold="true" box="[199,298,186,212]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Habitat.</emphasis>
Investigated specimens were collected at altitudes from
<quantity id="9A7C71A3FF90FFD3FC5FFF17FC3FDFBD" box="[935,1020,186,213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="1350.0">1350 m</quantity>
to
<quantity id="9A7C71A3FF90FFD3FBD8FF17FBB6DFBD" box="[1056,1141,186,213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
(
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF90FFD3FB7CFF17FADADFBC" box="[1156,1305,186,212]" name="South Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">South Africa</collectingCountry>
), at
<quantity id="9A7C71A3FF90FFD3FABFFF17FA5FDFBD" box="[1351,1436,186,213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
(
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF90FFD3FF67FF73FEFFDF90" box="[159,316,222,248]" name="Yemen" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">South Yemen</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFF90FFD3FF3FFEAFFDFEDE28" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF90FFD3FF3FFEAFFDFEDE28" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,465]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF90FFD3FF3FFEAFFEA2DE74" bold="true" box="[199,353,258,284]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution.</emphasis>
Investigated specimens in this study from
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF90FFD3FCCBFEAFFC47DE74" box="[819,900,258,284]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF90FFD3FC69FEAFFBC1DE74" box="[913,1026,258,284]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
), Africa,
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF90FFD3FB9CFEAEFB71DE75" box="[1124,1202,259,285]" name="Yemen" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Yemen</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF90FFD3FB1DFEAFFAEEDE74" box="[1253,1325,258,284]" name="Oman" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Oman</collectingCountry>
. Reported for southern
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF90FFD3FEDEFE8AFE90DE29" box="[294,339,295,321]" name="Iran" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Iran</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FF90FFD3FE85FE8BFDFADE28" author="Wiltshire, E. P." box="[381,569,294,320]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="187 - 216" refId="ref46646" refString="Wiltshire, E. P. (1980) The larger moths of Dhofar and their zoogeographic composition. Journal of Oman Studies, Special Report, 2, 187 - 216." type="journal article" year="1980">Wiltshire (1980)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFF90FFD3FF3FFEE7FB7BDEB8" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF90FFD3FF3FFEE7FEF3DEC4" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,465]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF90FFD3FF3FFEE7FEF8DE0C" bold="true" box="[199,315,330,356]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Remarks.</emphasis>
While the occurrence of this species in southern
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF90FFD3FC87FEE6FC6FDE0D" box="[895,940,331,357]" name="Iran" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Iran</collectingCountry>
has been reported by
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FF90FFD3FB4BFEE7FAB2DE0C" author="Wiltshire, E. P." box="[1203,1393,330,356]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="187 - 216" refId="ref46646" refString="Wiltshire, E. P. (1980) The larger moths of Dhofar and their zoogeographic composition. Journal of Oman Studies, Special Report, 2, 187 - 216." type="journal article" year="1980">Wiltshire (1980)</bibRefCitation>
, no specimens were found for for
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF90FFD3FE05FEC2FDE9DEE1" box="[509,554,367,393]" name="Iran" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Iran</collectingCountry>
in this study. Therefore, the presence of this species in
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF90FFD3FB3DFEC2FB31DEE1" box="[1221,1266,367,393]" name="Iran" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Iran</collectingCountry>
awaits further confirmation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF90FFD3FF3FFE1BFB7BDEB8" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,465]" box="[199,1208,438,465]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF90FFD3FF3FFE1BFE4EDEB8" bold="true" box="[199,397,438,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">DNA-barcoding.</emphasis>
Nearest species:
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF90FFD3FDA8FE1AFD1ADEB8" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[592,729,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immorata">
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF90FFD3FDA8FE1AFD1ADEB8" box="[592,729,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. immorata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 9.1 % (see Supplementary Table S1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>