538 lines
55 KiB
XML
538 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.427.7618" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7ff4e90a-d601-4933-9e0b-fc7377e63dbc" ID-PMC="PMC4137312" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-427-21" ID-PubMed="25147463" ID-ZBK="FE1E99BF29D84751BB92F460E06BD84A" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-427-21" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 427" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the East Mediterranean Orthomus (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichini), with description of Parorthomus gen. n. socotranus sp. n. from Socotra Island and key to the Old World genera of subtribe Euchroina" checkinTime="1451245594833" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gueorguiev, Borislav, Wrase, David W. & Farkac, Jan" docDate="2014" docId="D51FA6A6C99D7D99DF57F3E697A3F528" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 427: 21-57" docOrigin="ZooKeys 427" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.427.7618" docTitle="Parorthomus socotranus Gueorguiev, Wrase & Farkac, 2014, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="3D5BF7E1-9EB4-47FB-92C5-7E2C7D958916" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="FFFCFFA6D31DFFBF3719FA19D2613A34" masterDocTitle="Revision of the East Mediterranean Orthomus (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichini), with description of Parorthomus gen. n. socotranus sp. n. from Socotra Island and key to the Old World genera of subtribe Euchroina" masterLastPageNumber="57" masterPageNumber="21" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1668159006726" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the East Mediterranean Orthomus (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichini), with description of Parorthomus gen. n. socotranus sp. n. from Socotra Island and key to the Old World genera of subtribe Euchroina</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gueorguiev, Borislav</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wrase, David W.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Farkac, Jan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>427</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>21</mods:start>
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<mods:end>57</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.427.7618</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.427.7618</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-427-21</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">FE1E99BF29D84751BB92F460E06BD84A</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">FE1E99BF29D84751BB92F460E06BD84A</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152054449" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3D5BF7E1-9EB4-47FB-92C5-7E2C7D958916" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D51FA6A6C99D7D99DF57F3E697A3F528" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="40" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Carabidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/3D5BF7E1-9EB4-47FB-92C5-7E2C7D958916" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">Parorthomus socotranus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="19" pageNumber="40">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 18-24, 28, Table 1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="40" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Orthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orthomus</taxonomicName>
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sp.:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wranik, W" journalOrPublisher="Universitaetsdruckerei, Rostock" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" title="Fauna of the Socotra Archipelago: field guide." year="2003">Wranik 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 442, plate 170, Fig. f.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
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Holotype ♂, "Yemen, Socotra Isl., Fimihin, GPS
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="12.474">12.474N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="54.015">54.015E</geoCoordinate>
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, 530 m, x.2000, leg. V.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bejček">Bejcek</normalizedToken>
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& K.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Št’astný”">St'astny"</normalizedToken>
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(DWBG) / "HOLOTYPE
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="41" start="start">Parorthomus</pageBreakToken>
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socotranus
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guéorguiev">Gueorguiev</normalizedToken>
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, Wrase &
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Farkač">Farkac</normalizedToken>
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des. 2014" [black print on red label, black framed]. Paratypes 24 ♂♂, 29 ♀♀, labelled as follow: 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, with the same data as the holotype (DWBG, JFPC, JSAG, NMNHS); 6 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀, "Soqotra-Archipel: Soqotra Hoq,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Küstenebene">Kuestenebene</normalizedToken>
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bis
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Höhleneing">Hoehleneing</normalizedToken>
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., Kalk mit einigen Granitfelsen, dichte Veg., 50-320 m
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="12.6">12°36'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="54.35">54°21'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 5.-6.2.1999 leg.: H. Pohl, SOQ 08" (BMNH, DWBG, HLMD, MPHG); 3 ♀♀, "YEMEN: Socotra Isl. Haghier, 4.-8.X.2000 lgt. V.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bejček">Bejcek</normalizedToken>
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& K.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Št’astný”">St'astny"</normalizedToken>
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(JFPC); 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, "Yemen, Soqotra-Archipel, Soqotra, Wadi Danegan, Barberfallen, 90 m
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="12.616389">12°36'59"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="54.06333">54°03'48"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 28.-30.10.2000 leg.: T. VAN HARTEN & H. POHL SOQ 2000/02a" (HDLM); 2 ♂♂, "Yemen, Soqotra-Archipel, Soqotra, Homhil, Quelle mit Ficus, Licht
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="12.570278">12°34'13"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="54.308887">54°18'32"E</geoCoordinate>
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/leg. H. Pohl, 29.10.2000/SOQ 2000/13" (HDLM, MPHG); 1 ♂, "Yemen, Soqotra-Archipel, Soqotra, Wadi Danegan, 90 m
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="12.616389">12°36'59"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="54.06333">54°03'48"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 30.10.2000 leg.: T. VAN HARTEN" "SOQ 2000/02" (HDLM); 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, "Yemen, Soqotra Is.; 28.-29.ix.2003 HOMHIL protected area N 12°34'27" E 54°18'32" 364 m [GPS]; Jan
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Farkač">Farkac</normalizedToken>
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lgt." / "YEMEN - SOQOTRA 2003 Expedition; Jan
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Farkač">Farkac</normalizedToken>
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, Petr
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kabátek">Kabatek</normalizedToken>
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& David
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Král”">Kral"</normalizedToken>
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(JFPC, NMNHS); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, "Yemen, Socotra Is., WADI AYHAFT, 24.-26.xi.2003,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="12.610556">
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12°36'38
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<normalizedToken originalValue="’’">''</normalizedToken>
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N
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</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="53.980278">
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53°58'49
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<normalizedToken originalValue="’’">''</normalizedToken>
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E
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</geoCoordinate>
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, 190 m, [GPS], leg. P.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kabátek”">Kabatek"</normalizedToken>
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/ "YEMEN - SOQOTRA 2003 Expedition; Jan
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Farkač">Farkac</normalizedToken>
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, Petr
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kabátek">Kabatek</normalizedToken>
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& David
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Král”">Kral"</normalizedToken>
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(DWBG); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, "Yemen, Soqotra Is., 2.xii.2003, Al Haghier mts. W slopes, skant area
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="12.597777">12°35'52"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="54.00028">54°00'01"E</geoCoordinate>
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1240 m [GPS], D.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Král">Kral</normalizedToken>
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leg." / "YEMEN - SOQOTRA 2003 Expedition; Jan
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Farkač">Farkac</normalizedToken>
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, Petr
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kabátek">Kabatek</normalizedToken>
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& David
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Král”">Kral"</normalizedToken>
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(NMPC, RFBN); 1 ♂, "Yemen, Soqotra Is., QAAREH (waterfall), Noged plain, 5.-6.xii.2003,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="12.336111">12°20'10"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="53.465557">53°27'56"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 57 m [GPS], leg. P.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kabátek”">Kabatek"</normalizedToken>
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/ "YEMEN - SOQOTRA 2003 Expedition; Jan
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Farkač">Farkac</normalizedToken>
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, Petr
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kabátek">Kabatek</normalizedToken>
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& David
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Král”">Kral"</normalizedToken>
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(DWBG); 1 ♀, "Yemen, Soqotra Is., 6.-7.xii.2003 Noged plain: WADI IREEH N12°23'11", 53°59'47"E, 96 m [GPS]; Jan
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Farkač">Farkac</normalizedToken>
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lgt." / "YEMEN - SOQOTRA 2003 Expedition; Jan
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Farkač">Farkac</normalizedToken>
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, Petr
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kabátek">Kabatek</normalizedToken>
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& David
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Král”">Kral"</normalizedToken>
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(DWBG); 2 ♀♀, "Yemen: Socotra Isl., Wadi Ayhaft, lat. +1395751.449, lon +824616.2897, 27-30.10.2007, pitfall traps, F. Pella leg." (MBAP); 1 ♀, "YEMEN: Socotra Island E 410 m, 3. ii. 2010 N12°29'41", E 54°09'30" L. Purchart & J.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Vybíral">Vybiral</normalizedToken>
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lgt." (NMPC); 1 ♀, "YEMEN: Socotra Island E Homhil area, 410-510 m,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="12.573611">12°34'25"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="54.31472">54°18'53"E</geoCoordinate>
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9-10. ii. 2010 L. Purchart & J.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Vybíral">Vybiral</normalizedToken>
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lgt." (NMPC); 1 ♂, "YEMEN: Socotra Island Aloove area, Hassan vill. env.
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="12.52">12°31.2'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="54.123333">54°07.4'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 221 m
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jiři">Jiri</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hájek">Hajek</normalizedToken>
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leg. 9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–10.xi.2010”">-10.xi.2010"</normalizedToken>
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(NMPC); 2 ♀♀, "YEMEN: Socotra Island Al Haghier Mts. Scant Mt. env.
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="12.576667">12°34.6'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="54.025">54°01.5'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 1450 m J.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bezděk">Bezdek</normalizedToken>
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12-13.xi.2010" (NMPC); 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, "YEMEN, Socotra Island Hagher Mts., Scand Mt. env. montane evergreen woodland 16.-18.vi.2012
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="12.576667">12°34.6'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="54.025">54°01.5'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 1450 m" / "SOCOTRA expedition 2012 J.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bezděk">Bezdek</normalizedToken>
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, J.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hájek">Hajek</normalizedToken>
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, V. Hula, P. Kment, I.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Malenovský">Malenovsky</normalizedToken>
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, J.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Niedobová">Niedobova</normalizedToken>
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& L. Purchart leg." (NMNHS, NMPC). All paratypes with label: "PARATYPE
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">Parorthomus socotranus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guéorguiev">Gueorguiev</normalizedToken>
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, Wrase &
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Farkač">Farkac</normalizedToken>
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des. 2014" [black print on red label, black framed].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="41">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">
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A brachypterous, black coloured species of
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<taxonomicName genus="Euchroina" lsidName="Euchroina" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" rank="genus">Euchroina</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 18), with moderately convex, amariform facies, with testaceus appendages, convex eyes, segment 11 of antennae not reaching basal margin of pronotum, elytra with very slight or reduced humeral denticle, elytral interval 3 with three to four (rarely two or five) discal setiferous punctures adjoining stria 3, with last puncture on posterior third of elytron,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="21" pageNumber="42" start="start">metaepisterna</pageBreakToken>
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as long as wide, and median lobe of aedeagus curved to left distally, with apical lamella slightly emarginated at tip.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
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Figure 18.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">Parorthomus socotranus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., female paratype, habitus.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="42">Values for sizes and ratios among specimens from the type series are shown in Table 1.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
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Table 1. Data on variation in some values among type specimens of
|
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">Parorthomus socotranus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
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<table pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
|
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<tr pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left">type</th>
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||
<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">sex</th>
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||
<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">n</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">BL/mm</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">PW/HW</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ø">O</normalizedToken>
|
||
</th>
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||
<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">PW/PL</th>
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||
<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ø">O</normalizedToken>
|
||
</th>
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||
<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">PW/PBW</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ø">O</normalizedToken>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">PL/EL</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ø">O</normalizedToken>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">EL/EW</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ø">O</normalizedToken>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1">HT</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1">PT</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1">PT</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="22" pageNumber="43" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Body length 8.2-10.0 mm (9.2 mm in holotype); width 3.2-3.9 mm (3.6 mm in holotype), maximum width behind the middle of elytra. Head, pronotum, elytra, segments
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="III–IV">III-IV</normalizedToken>
|
||
(in the most cases) of antennae, and ventral surface (without mouthparts) black in mature specimens, light to dark brown in immature specimens; labrum, mandibles, mentum, segments
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–II">I-II</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="V–XI">V-XI</normalizedToken>
|
||
of antennae, and sometimes sides of pronotum testaceus; maxillary palpomeres, labial palpomeres, and labium rufous; coxae, femora, and tibiae of legs dark brown or testaceus, trochanters and tarsomeres mostly rufous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="43">Microsculpture distinct on the whole dorsal and ventral surfaces (including coxae, trochanters and femora), consisting of isodiametric and slight transversal meshes, more apparent in females (female specimens almost matt on dorsal surface, males somewhat shiny), reduced on the most part of the clypeus and gula.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="43">Head noticeably longer and narrower with respect to the pronotum, frons smooth, frontal furrows well-marked, divergent posteriorly, reaching the level of anterior supraorbital punctures; neck without constriction posteriorly; eyes fairly large, convex, moderately prominent, with diameter as long as the combined length of segment I-II of the antennae, temporae short, as long as or shorter than half of eye diameter; paraorbital sulci moderately deep, encircling eyes behind; clypeus trapezoidal, separated from frons by fine suture, with anterior margin slightly concave; labrum rectangular; antennae moderately long, pubescent from second fourth of segment IV, the apex of terminal segment not reaching basal margin of pronotum; mentum transverse, deeply emarginate, with large labial pits, median tooth slightly bifid at tip, epilobes narrow, slightly projecting beyond lobes; submentum with medial setae, without lateral ones (Fig. 28).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="43">Pronotum wide, transverse, sub-trapezoid, widest about middle, with margins distinctly, narrowly bordered (the bordering reduced in the middle quarter of apical margin, and sometimes in the middle of basal margin, just between the internal basal impressions); sides somewhat more constricted apically than basally, with two pairs of setiferous punctures, lateral punctures situated at about end of apical third, posterolateral ones situated near hind angles, near to lateral margin and close to basal margin; apical margin moderately emarginate, narrower than basal margin, fore angles rounded, moderately projecting; basal margin nearly straight, slightly concave in the middle, hind angles almost rectangular, rounded at tip; basal impressions somewhat variable in extension and size, internal ones always present, linear, narrow and falcate, diverging toward base, impunctate, deeper and longer than the outer ones, outer impression present or reduced becoming evanescent, when present then mostly faint, foveolate, somewhat punctate; disc slightly convex, midline well-impressed, long, not reaching both anterior and posterior margins.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="43">Elytra sub-elongate, moderately convex, widest at about the second third, fused at suture; shoulders well-marked, obtusely angulate; basal margin complete, reaching stria 1 inwards, forming a very minute denticle at humerus; discal striae moderately impressed, impunctate, parascutellar striae distinct, striae 1-8 joining basal margin; intervals slightly flat, smooth, interval 3 with three to four (rarely two or five) setiferous punctures adjoining stria 3, with last puncture in posterior third of elytron, rarely in about middle of interval 3 (see also Variability); scutellar setiferous puncture present; hind wings reduced to small scales.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="43">Prosternum, mesosternum, middle of metasternum, proepipleura, epipleura of elytra, and abdominal sternites (excl. sides of sternites 1-3) smooth, impunctate, proepisterna and sides of sternites 1-3 slightly punctured, mesepisterna, metepisterna, and sides of metasternum more or less roughly punctured; intercoxal process of prothorax subquadrate, distinctly bordered at sides and backwards; metaepisterna short, sub-quadrate, moderately narrowed toward behind, its anterior border longer than internal and posterior ones, as long as external border.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="43">Abdominal sternites IV-VI with transverse basal sulci complete (continuous) and well-impressed, abdominal sternum VI with posterior margin rimmed throughout, with one pair of foveate setigerous punctures medially in males and two pairs in females.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="43">Legs slender, relatively long; protibia apically moderately but abruptly enlarged at internal margin in males; mesotibia and metatibia straight in both sexes, mesotibia with slight inner callus distally in males; tarsomeres 1-5 glabrous dorsally, segment 5 setose ventrally; segments 1-3 of male protarsi moderately expanded.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="43">Male genitalia (5 specimens dissected). Median lobe of aedeagus slender (Figs 19-20), narrower at middle, with basal part long, almost rectangularly bent behind apical part, narrowest at middle, from there toward apical lamella rectilinear, right external angle of apical lamella somewhat bent down, left external angle elevated (left lateral view), median lobe from middle part shifted to left, with right margin moderately convex, lengthwise appreciably elevated over left margin, left margin concave towards apex, apical lamella wide, rounded on left side, obtusely angled on right side, with a slight front concavity (dorsal view), ostium slightly deflected to right; right paramere narrow and elongate, smaller than left one, with a slanting lateral process (Fig. 21); left paramere conchoid (Fig. 22).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="22" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Figures 19-22.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">Parorthomus socotranus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., paratype, male genitalia: 19 median lobe of aedeagus, left lateral aspect 20 median lobe of aedeagus, dorsal aspect 21 right paramere, internal face 22 left paramere, internal face. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (Figs 19-20), 0.2 mm (Figs 21-22).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="22" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Female genitalia (3 specimens dissected). Ovipositor (Fig. 23), with valvifer more chitinized proximally and less distally, its distal margin having a setose and moderately chitinized area, basal stylomere large, conical, apical stylomere smaller, falcate, with two dorsolateral ensiform setae and one dorsomedial ensiform seta, sensorial pit distinct with two long nematiform setae; spermathecal complex (Fig. 24) with copulatory bursa proximally slightly gooseneck-like (this character not visible in Fig. 24), sper
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="23" pageNumber="44" start="start">matheca</pageBreakToken>
|
||
with seminal canal and receptaculum slightly differentiated [undifferentiated type, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bousquet, Y" journalOrPublisher="Fabreries, Supplement" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 292" title="Supraspecific classification of the Nearctic Pterostichini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." volume="9" year="1999">Bousquet 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 35-36], receptaculum shorter than seminal canal, widened and slightly curved apically, appended spermathecal gland spherical, with elongate diverticulum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="23" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Figures 23-24.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">Parorthomus socotranus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., paratype, female genitalia, ventral view: 23 left ovipositor 24 female reproductive tract (spermathecal complex and ovipositor). Legend: as apical stylomere; bc bursa copulatrix; bs basal stylomere; co common oviduct; di diverticulum; es ensiform setae; ns nematiform setae; ov ovipositor; rc receptaculum of spermatheca; smc seminal canal of spermatheca; sg appended gland of spermatheca; spc spermathecal canal; vf valvifer. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (Fig. 23), 0.5 mm (Fig. 24).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="44" type="variability">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="44">Variability.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="44">Interval 3 with three to four (rarely two or five) setiferous punctures adjoining stria 3, with last puncture in posterior third of elytron, rarely in about middle of interval 3. The number of punctures can increase to five or decrease to two, often the number of punctures of the left and the right elytron is unequal. Also the position of the punctures can somewhat vary. While the first two discal punctures always adjoin stria 3 (and so also the majority of the following punctures), sometimes the third puncture is located on the middle of interval or adjoins stria 2, rarely, the fourth discal pore is located on the middle of interval 3 or adjoins stria 2.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="44">
|
||
For variability of body size and indices see
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Description’">'Description'</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Table 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="44" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="44">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="44">The specific epithet is an adjective, referring to Socotra, the island where the new species was collected.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="44" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="44">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="44">Up to present only known from Socotra.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="23" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Figures 29-31. Habitats of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">Parorthomus socotranus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. in Socotra. 29 Homhil protected area, November 2003 30 Al Haghier Mts., December 2003 31 Wadi Ayhaft, January 2004 (all photographs by JF).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="44">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">
|
||
A mesotopic to eurytopic epigeic beetle, collected from the end of September to the first ten days of February, and on higher ground (Hagher Mts., Scand Mt.
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="24" pageNumber="45" start="start">env</pageBreakToken>
|
||
., 1450 m) some specimens were also found in June. From the list of localities, the species seems to be quite widespread across Socotra from the mouths of wadis (near or far off the water) till the highest mountains. Referring on
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bezděk">Bezdek</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the dominant habitat at most of the mentioned localities is high shrubland with dominant
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton socotranus" order="Malpighiales" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="socotranus">Croton socotranus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Jatropha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Jatropha unicostata" order="Malpighiales" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unicostata">Jatropha unicostata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in higher altitude with intermixed
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Boswellia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Boswellia" order="Sapindales" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Boswellia</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dracaena cinnabari" order="Asparagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cinnabari">Dracaena cinnabari</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euphorbia arbuscula" order="Malpighiales" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arbuscula">Euphorbia arbuscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
, etc.) (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jiří">Jiri</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hájek">Hajek</normalizedToken>
|
||
, personal communication).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" type="systematic and biogeographic considerations">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Systematic and biogeographic considerations.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
The Socotra Archipelago is a Gondwanan continental fragment, which has experienced a long period of geological isolation. This landmass was separated from the Arabian plate during the rifting which began to open the Gulf of Aden in the Oligocene to Miocene epochs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="d'Acremont, E" journalOrPublisher="Geophysical Journal International" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="786 - 803" title="Structure and evolution of the eastern Gulf of Aden: insigths from magnetic and gravity data (Encens Sheba Cruise)." url="10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02950.x" volume="165" year="2006">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Acremont">d'Acremont</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is supposed that Socotra was isolated from Arabia at least 16 million years ago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="d'Acremont, E" journalOrPublisher="Geophysical Journal International" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="535 - 551" title="Volcanism, jump and propagation on the Sheba ridge, eastern Gulf of Aden: segmentation evolution and implications for oceanic accretion processes." url="10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04448.x" volume="180" year="2010">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Acremont">d'Acremont</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The high level of endemism found among the insects in Socotra (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Batelka, J" editor="Hajek, J" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 20" title="Socotra Archipelago - a lifeboat in the sea of changes: advancement in Socotran insect biodiversity survey." url="http://www.aemnp.eu/PDF/52_s2/52_s2_1.pdf" volume="52" volumeTitle="Insect biodiversity of the Socotra Archipelago." year="2012">Batelka 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is in accordance with the estimated geological age and the supposedly continuous stability of its ecosystems.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
At present, it is difficult to ascertain whether
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="25" pageNumber="46" start="start">Parorthomus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
socotranus
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. derived from ancestral populations on the Arabian mainland that probably reached Socotra by transoceanic dispersal in relatively recent geological times, or it is a descendent of an ancestor and evolved in situ in the course and after the separation of the island. Notwithstanding, a few taxonomic and biogeographic facts are consistent with the hypothesis that the species is not a phyletically young descendant of continental populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Combinations of distinguishing features (see
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Diagnosis’">'Diagnosis'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Key to the genera of the "African Series" of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Euchroina" lsidName="Euchroina" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" rank="genus">Euchroina</taxonomicName>
|
||
) clearly distinguish the new genus from the other related genera. However, some character states: 1/ mentum tooth bifid (Fig. 28); 2/ sides of pronotum straight or slightly convex posteriorly (Fig. 18); 3/ elytra with setiferous punctures in interval 3 (Fig. 18); 4/ intercoxal process of prothorax bordered; 5/ abdominal sternites V-VII with transverse sulci, complete and well-impressed; 6/ tarsomeres 1-5 of all legs glabrous dorsally; 7/ segment 5 of tarsomeres setose ventrally; 8/ aedeagus with sides nearly equally broadened in the distal half, with apical lamella wide, nearly rounded at tip (Fig. 20); 9/ appended spermathecal gland with diverticulum (Fig. 24), show that the new species may be related to two geographically
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“close”">"close"</normalizedToken>
|
||
genera, the Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Abacillodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abacillodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Abacillodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Mediterranean
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Orthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orthomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The two species from the first genus and the new species share characters 1-3 and 5-8. Some species from the second genus and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">Parorthomus socotranus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. divide states 1-7 and 9 between, while the last taxon and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Orthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomus velocissimus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="velocissimus">Orthomus velocissimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
s.l. possess all the listed character states.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="25" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Figures 25-28. Mentum and submentum, ventral aspect (gray arrow indicating labial pits): 25
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Orthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomus barbarus subsp. barbarus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="barbarus" subSpecies="barbarus">Orthomus barbarus barbarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dejean, 1828), female, Spain, "Laguna Salinas (Alicante)" 26
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Abacillius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abacillius basilewskyi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">Abacillius basilewskyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Straneo, 1962, holotype 27
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Abacillodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abacillodes jocquei" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jocquei">Abacillodes jocquei</taxonomicName>
|
||
Straneo, 1988, holotype 28
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">Parorthomus socotranus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., male paratype,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Fimihin”">"Fimihin"</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="46">
|
||
The median lobe with sides nearly equally broadened along the distal half and apical lamella wide, rounded or semi-rounded at tip in the new species looks alike the median lobe in the Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Abacillodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abacillodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Abacillodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Straneo, SL" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Zoologie africaine" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" pagination="481 - 485" title="Sur quelques Pterostichides (Coleoptera, Carabidae) du Malawi." volume="102" year="1988">Straneo 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 482, Fig. 1d, 484, Fig. 2b), as well as those in some Mediterranean taxa of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Orthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orthomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mateu, J" journalOrPublisher="Eos, Revista Espanola de Entomologia" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="87 - 112" title="Notas sobre los Orthomus Chaudoir (tercera nota)." volume="33" year="1957">Mateu 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, laminas I-IV,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Machado, A" journalOrPublisher="Instituto de Estudios Canarios, La Laguna" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" title="Monografia de los Carabidos de las Islas Canarias (Insecta, Coleoptera)." year="1992">Machado 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 262, Fig. 100,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wrase, DW" journalOrPublisher="Linzer biologische Beitraege" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="875 - 898" title="Synopsis of the Orthomus rubicundus group with description of two new species and a new subspecies from Morocco and Algeria (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichini)." url="http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/LBB_0037_1_0875-0898.pdf" volume="37 / 1" year="2005">Wrase and Jeanne 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 894-896, Figs 1b, 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pupier, R" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" pagination="215 - 228" title="Etude des organes genitaux des femelles et considerations sur la taxonomie de deux groupes d'Orthomus Chaudoir hispano-maghrebins (Coleoptera, Harpalidae, Pterostichini)." volume="82" year="2013">Pupier and Coulon 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 224, Figs 1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="c–e">c-e</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 225, present paper Figs 5-8). In contrast, the median lobe of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">Parorthomus socotranus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. has the distal half considerably curved to the left in dorsal aspect. Hitherto all the representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Orthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orthomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Abacillodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abacillodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Abacillodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the median lobe of the aedeagus straight or nearly straight. Based upon the condition in the other continental, African and Eurasian euchroines (aedeagus of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Abacillius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abacillius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Abacillius</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Trichopedius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichopedius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trichopedius</taxonomicName>
|
||
not yet known or described), we consider the bent aedeagus to be an apotypic character in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parorthomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. n. The median lobes in the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“gracilipes”">"gracilipes"</normalizedToken>
|
||
group of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Nesorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesorthomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nesorthomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Nesorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesorthomus gracillipes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracillipes">Nesorthomus gracillipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Wollaston, 1854) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Nesorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesorthomus berrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berrai">Nesorthomus berrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
Battoni, 1987, have also the above discussed character state, more pronounced in the former and less pronounced in the second species (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sciaky, R" journalOrPublisher="R. Sciaky" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" title="Nesorthomus martini, a new species from Madeira (Coleoptera Carabidae Pterostichinae) (XX contribution to the knowledge of Coleoptera Carabidae)" year="1988">Sciaky 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Figs 1b, 2b,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Machado, A" journalOrPublisher="Instituto de Estudios Canarios, La Laguna" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" title="Monografia de los Carabidos de las Islas Canarias (Insecta, Coleoptera)." year="1992">Machado 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 264, Fig. 101A,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Donabauer, M" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift Arbeitsgemeinschaft Oesterreichischer Entomologen" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="117 - 120" title="Zwei neue Arten der Gattungen Nesorthomus und Eutrichopus (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Pterostichini)." url="http://www.azoresbioportal.angra.uac.pt/files/publicacoes_Donabauer08_ZweineueArtenGattungenNesorthomusEutrichopusColeopteraCarabidaePterostichini.pdf" volume="60" year="2008">Donabauer 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 111, Figs 1b, 2b,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Serrano, ARM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" pagination="20 - 34" title="A new species of Orthomus Chaudoir, 1838 (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Madeira island (Macaronesia) and notes on related species." volume="1972" year="2009">Serrano et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 30, Figs 9b, 9d). This case is an instance of convergency. Change in this state has taken place independently in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Nesorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesorthomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nesorthomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, since the other six species from the genus have a straight median lobe of the aedeagus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Besides, we infer that the presence of three to four discal setiferous punctures (by exception, two or five punctures on one elytron only) in the elytral interval 3 or stria 3, with the last puncture in posterior third of elytron, is another clear apotypic feature in the new taxon. This state occurs in no other species among the Old World
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Euchroina" lsidName="Euchroina" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" rank="genus">Euchroina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="26" pageNumber="47" start="start">Parorthomus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
socotranus
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. The most species of the subtribe have two discal punctures in the elytral interval 3, as the second one lies at the posterior third of elytron. The species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Abacillius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abacillius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Abacillius</taxonomicName>
|
||
have no discal punctures on the elytron.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">Parorthomus socotranus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. has a unique combination of two apotypic characters, distal third of the aedeagus considerably curved to the left in dorsal aspect (i), and presence of 3-4 discal setiferous puncture in elytral stria 3/interval 3, with the last puncture situated in the posterior third of elytron (ii), which is indication for a long-time existing isolation and merit surely the erection of an own genus. The absence of close relative/s sharing together with the new species these two marked structural features exclude a close relationships and suggests that we deal with an ancient lineage which most probably arisen within the basic stem of the "African Series" of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Euchroina" lsidName="Euchroina" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" rank="genus">Euchroina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Will, K" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Carnegie Museum" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" title="Euchroina. Version 21 October 2006 (temporary)" url="http://tolweb.org/Euchroina/51298/2006.10.21" year="2006">Will 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) long time ago. As well, the lack of extant relatives, akin to the new species, in the Arabian Peninsula or somewhere else is a strong biogeographic argument, which certainly excludes geologically recent migration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="47">
|
||
In spite of all, special character states and main ecologic preference in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">Parorthomus socotranus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. suggest that it is phylogenetically closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Orthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orthomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Abacillodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abacillodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Abacillodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to any other genus. The exact phylogenetic position within the euchroines can be disclosed only after investigation of more taxa, especially from the Old World, including also genetic technics and providing cladistic analysis, this could probably also identify its sister taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="27" pageNumber="48" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||
presence of large labial pits on the mentum is a trait in the new taxon that is worth noting. Each pit has a distinct, deep aperture, its diameter wider than the diameter of the labial pore, and both are situated more medially (Fig. 28). The distinct labial pits, destined to a particular function of use, seem to be a plesiotypic condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" rank="tribe" tribe="Pterostichini">Pterostichini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bousquet, Y" journalOrPublisher="Fabreries, Supplement" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 292" title="Supraspecific classification of the Nearctic Pterostichini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." volume="9" year="1999">Bousquet 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 33), as well in the Nearctic euchroines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Frania, HE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 125" title="Taxonomy and evolution of species of the genus Euchroa Brulle (subgenus Dyschromus Chaudoir) of Central Mexico and the island of Hispaniola (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Pterostichini: Euchroina)." url="10.2992/0145-9058(2007)38[1:TAEOSO]2.0.CO;2" volume="38" year="2007">Frania and Ball 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 120). The species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Abacillius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abacillius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Abacillius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Abacillodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abacillodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Abacillodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Orthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orthomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess no or small labial pits (Figs 25-27). In the second case, they have indistinct, shallow apertures, diameters similar to or smaller than the diameters of the labial pores, and both are situated more basally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="48">
|
||
So far, 53 species of ground beetles have been recorded from the Socotra Archipelago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Felix, RFFL" editor="Hajek, J" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="75 - 106" title="Annotated checklist of the Carabidae (Coleoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago." url="http://www.friendsofsoqotra.org/Bibliography/pdfs/FELIX_et_al_2012%20CarabidaeSocotra.pdf" volume="52" volumeTitle="Insect biodiversity of the Socotra Archipelago." year="2012">Felix et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, present work).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Parorthomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parorthomus socotranus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socotranus">Parorthomus socotranus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is the only representative of the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" rank="tribe" tribe="Pterostichini">Pterostichini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the second carabid endemic form at genus level found in this insular fragment (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wranik, W" journalOrPublisher="Universitaetsdruckerei, Rostock" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" title="Fauna of the Socotra Archipelago: field guide." year="2003">Wranik 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Felix ibid.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |