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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="53528" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c1955fd6-7616-4b63-a4fa-0d60894268b0" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-94-13" ID-Pensoft-UUID="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" ID-ZooBank="6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F" ModsDocID="1314-2607-94-13" checkinTime="1671601504499" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Burks, Roger, Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan, Fusu, Lucian, Heraty, John M., Jansta, Petr, Heydon, Steve, Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey, Peters, Ralph S., Tselikh, Ekaterina V., Woolley, James B., van Noort, Simon, Baur, Hannes, Cruaud, Astrid, Darling, Christopher, Haas, Michael, Hanson, Paul, Krogmann, Lars &amp; Rasplus, Jean-Yves" docDate="2022" docId="D2A7082A72DB587F82BE9CAA1AB43AF1" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 94: 13-88" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 94" docPubDate="2022-12-20" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263" docTitle="Huberina Boucek 1993" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" masterDocTitle="From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="13" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1732646478321" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5E344DD00F45ABBDCB55150006287473">From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="0666459014F08BC472E4008FAF60787F">Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland &amp; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="C0A2466E8D8DC8F91EA075152FD3CFD7">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3F11C2317CCDA1AE96FABA3335C7F26A">94</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="540DB4A90FB7A8834C4326A2C563F1C4">13</mods:start>
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<treatment id="D2A7082A72DB587F82BE9CAA1AB43AF1" ID-GBIF-Taxon="206461109" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D2A7082A72DB587F82BE9CAA1AB43AF1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D2A7082A72DB587F82BE9CAA1AB43AF1" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" scope_family="Pteromalidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_superFamily="Chalcidoidea">
<subSubSection id="1CEC89B2B01467519E53C669244817A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="FC01A591A8DA5C31C10334F6152EF89D" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="15D1E06F821FAB23CC1E7F0CAEED4F09" LSID="D2A7082A-72DB-587F-82BE-9CAA1AB43AF1" authority="new status" authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1993" class="Insecta" family="Pachyneuridae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachyneurinae">Pachyneurinae new status</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C4E31CD20BBF0A75C1B35376759C3249" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="199EB35AC32C6BD9281D8386AA7C11A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="CEA6B1FD5691E6C4CE0E3041145CABBF" class="Insecta" family="Pachyneuridae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachyneurini">Pachyneurini</taxonomicName>
Ashmead, 1904. Type genus:
<taxonomicName id="21CDE9714E4BE57B0464492254E4ED5B" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Pachyneuridae" genus="Pachyneuron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyneuron" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachyneuron</taxonomicName>
Walker, 1833.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF9C23F05D442240BC4F4728EAE13C08" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="0DEDB61F3FEDB0022261F33E133BE414" class="Insecta" family="Pachyneuridae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Austroterobiinae">Austroterobiinae</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="0B69479E83927CA3BF2A608E0F3250F0" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
, 1988 new synonymy. Type genus:
<taxonomicName id="DC3B3386E3E5A8F9DABF53AAB7F17FF4" authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Pachyneuridae" genus="Austroterobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austroterobia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austroterobia</taxonomicName>
Girault, 1938.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ADB87562A1266F45F24316E475894C7B" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="03F64C0FA5E58A424931928649139B29" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1017E8FDEBD3C60CC29762BDA3A1D25D" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
Antenna with 12 flagellomeres. Mandibles falcate (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2D4F2CCE062AD437E048E6DBB7C45BEA" captionStart="Figures 97102" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figures 97 - 102. 97 Halticoptera sp. (Sphegigastrini): petiole 98 Ormocerus latus Walker (Pteromalidae, Ormocerinae): head frontal view 99 Acroclisoides sinicus (Huang &amp; Liao) (Pteromalidae, Pachyneurinae): head frontal and mandibles 100, 101 Pachycrepoideus sp. (Pachyneurinae) 100 venation 101 propodeum and petiole dorsal view 102 Chlorocytus scandolensis Rasplus (Pteromalidae, Pteromalinae): mesosoma dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures97-102" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781080" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">99</figureCitation>
). Scapula not anteriorly exposed by pronotum. Axilla not strongly advanced. Axillula not enlarged. Fore wing marginal vein abruptly thickened at parastigmal break relative to submarginal vein thickness (Fig.
<figureCitation id="CAADE3A1C6624D2B87DC86061A75C694" captionStart="Figures 97102" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figures 97 - 102. 97 Halticoptera sp. (Sphegigastrini): petiole 98 Ormocerus latus Walker (Pteromalidae, Ormocerinae): head frontal view 99 Acroclisoides sinicus (Huang &amp; Liao) (Pteromalidae, Pachyneurinae): head frontal and mandibles 100, 101 Pachycrepoideus sp. (Pachyneurinae) 100 venation 101 propodeum and petiole dorsal view 102 Chlorocytus scandolensis Rasplus (Pteromalidae, Pteromalinae): mesosoma dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures97-102" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781080" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">100</figureCitation>
). Propodeum with or without plicae. Petiole (when distinct) anteroventrally either braced by a flange extending from the 1st gastral sternum that reaches anteriorly under the petiolar attachment, e.g.
<taxonomicName id="F7B50AE2AD1D2ED2226D39379892C4D4" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pachycrepoideus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachycrepoideus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="19B3BF595ACB3C83B927A49DC57B7F6A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Pachycrepoideus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ashmead (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3110A41CAACCA9712074857A3FEFD79A" captionStart="Figures 97102" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figures 97 - 102. 97 Halticoptera sp. (Sphegigastrini): petiole 98 Ormocerus latus Walker (Pteromalidae, Ormocerinae): head frontal view 99 Acroclisoides sinicus (Huang &amp; Liao) (Pteromalidae, Pachyneurinae): head frontal and mandibles 100, 101 Pachycrepoideus sp. (Pachyneurinae) 100 venation 101 propodeum and petiole dorsal view 102 Chlorocytus scandolensis Rasplus (Pteromalidae, Pteromalinae): mesosoma dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures97-102" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781080" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">101</figureCitation>
), or with a more or less developed lateral tooth-like process that extends perpendicular with the longitudinal axis of the petiole, e.g.
<taxonomicName id="B9920025277F32FD883CD739CB6B5ACC" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Pachyneuridae" genus="Pachyneuron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyneuron" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BAD7632A060D11379F7420745301040D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Pachyneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Walker.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CBD27835428132861C4401165DB005E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="9E2156D78933B037395B4337CB773944" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7775B0FFC86A8D1F121D345A0A752AD3" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="B57833F4FD454756B919A09D00D5E53C" class="Insecta" family="Pachyneuridae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Austroterobiinae">Austroterobiinae</taxonomicName>
new syn. was described to contain morphologically divergent parasitoids of margarodid scales (
<taxonomicName id="CAF694D4DDD31D52B1EB38CC28BDF9AB" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
). However, during this study it was observed that they have a recessed subforaminal bridge as in
<taxonomicName id="1CAAFA25DA2125D521C20240D9CE6B31" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pteromalinae">Pteromalinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6814E074D092242CE9D6DC42ADE9F9C8" authorityName="Van der Wulp" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachyneurinae">Pachyneurinae</taxonomicName>
. Next generation molecular data (Cruaud et al., submitted) place austroterobiines as a derived group inside
<taxonomicName id="B024031629BD0606075179C73E9A010A" authorityName="Van der Wulp" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachyneurinae">Pachyneurinae</taxonomicName>
. Although
<taxonomicName id="04177A761ACCD8F56A11491B90DE9499" authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Pachyneuridae" genus="Austroterobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austroterobia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CB4560BA6529B9149040F53749621C82" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Austroterobia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="F3BFA8E4434944D26912D6A8389C54D9" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
and
<taxonomicName id="4A0D68206364CEE10C947245B0098C9C" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Teasienna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Teasienna" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3C99C9BFCC703F3F82EF00044ED9FA96" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Teasienna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Heydon are morphologically divergent from other
<taxonomicName id="DE678548D5714AEEFCAAC19183D1FC36" authorityName="Van der Wulp" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachyneurinae">Pachyneurinae</taxonomicName>
in having complete notauli, this can be attributed to the switch to
<taxonomicName id="4B62E9608D2921C9B952206BB1551B30" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
as hosts.
<taxonomicName id="764EFE732993D6374F30B2461F3791A7" authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Pachyneuridae" genus="Austroterobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austroterobia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A9C6E272EB11FE0952688EEB0474B29B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Austroterobia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7FB2DC2C4836F51E89D752B8B9F01F7" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Teasienna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Teasienna" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E4AD9C3389D592D98C4A5E665B25394A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Teasienna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
agree with other
<taxonomicName id="F9D8BD5E3053D2C4656B5366CE8331AE" authorityName="Van der Wulp" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachyneurinae">Pachyneurinae</taxonomicName>
in having falcate mandibles. Given the derived position of these genera within
<taxonomicName id="3E8BA7D9893B18B9296A230C546D6461" authorityName="Van der Wulp" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachyneurinae">Pachyneurinae</taxonomicName>
, we see no value in preserving the group as a tribe. Other genera transferred to
<taxonomicName id="F94FA7F434021FD3589D12EB2183B3C2" authorityName="Van der Wulp" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachyneurinae">Pachyneurinae</taxonomicName>
, based on molecules and/or morphology, are listed in Appendix 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>