plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/D0/64/4B/D0644B6BEC3AD66B29DDFF33FE069987.xml
maintenance b4f23f340e added D0
2024-06-21 12:52:32 +02:00

276 lines
32 KiB
XML
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="E958858F5CC1B27162B4B49FDB059CDA" ID-CLB-Dataset="42783" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e8513607-d8a1-4bd0-81fb-c9ff6608aa4d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="216375" ID-ZooBank="EA93BFB6-CE2F-4FDF-862E-18E1935DD6B4" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460703329702" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Soldán, Tomáš &amp; Godunko, Roman J." docDate="2013" docId="D0644B6BEC3AD66B29DDFF33FE069987" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03741p278.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3741 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Mortogenesia mesopotamica" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="277" masterDocId="2C5D3313EC31D667294AFFABFF949D6F" masterDocTitle="Description of larva, redescription of adults and biology of Mortogenesia mesopotamica (Morton, 1921) (Ephemeroptera: Palingeniidae)" masterLastPageNumber="278" masterPageNumber="265" pageNumber="276" updateTime="1698400207015" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="4333F172DA32F5CA8B459EAAF9F7C3B6" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="71993F806417E87D779733A6E3316AD4">
<mods:title id="143ED4A3298259A61C3A0FECEEA7EA2D">Description of larva, redescription of adults and biology of Mortogenesia mesopotamica (Morton, 1921) (Ephemeroptera: Palingeniidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="F6EBBB01A677DD1B14C79712259C5203" type="personal">
<mods:role id="A0FC241CDA32D134C7B26050CA74752B">
<mods:roleTerm id="3134846040D11C4821B4DFEF8E9C6B73">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="7AA89769349411542F121E14D57131E6">Soldán, Tomáš</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="74B29055DA5899A38A6D437D965060AE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="952FF5FFE3F9F75F31E784FBCB4248CB">
<mods:roleTerm id="99762EE042C53364D4C37EC0DCD92E03">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="97D28D005B2C8ECD14D260D6273BBB95">Godunko, Roman J.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="F069BE336A501EF68845664A878544B4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="D9D9E1849529110681CDF0DCDBDDDBCA" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="D2F2269B885CF034C60A4B5683F5CE01">
<mods:title id="3860C867A6FEB04F5EBF84BE3AD79A9E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="9A27687485D82C4CAD500F1D162E101F">
<mods:date id="32364C9DD7ED3EDCB76ACC811274D337">2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="0A94C5180054994569F6FD7456A7360B" type="volume">
<mods:number id="F6CA0D0134B0030D37A7141D457FF055">3741</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="819A4BDB7AC6BB2A09C2C7AD853FFB49" type="issue">
<mods:number id="5534FAB7D30549C8F2FBE3E162978E63">2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="715DD40091092FD7757D38B75637FC80" unit="page">
<mods:start id="B84FA1033A5E87F5767DBE970001FAE2">265</mods:start>
<mods:end id="F845ACC2430FDA682AE67B8E9E10ADFF">278</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="9CE65FAEA6CF1C2B620FF670E0E0B243">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="A11B8C4DACC00F5794750CE301683922" type="CLB-Dataset">42783</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2EF540E91B29016D05F0D1B528EC3D1E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.5</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="98B286CFBF99322F1BF2B10B8DC9C1A1" type="GBIF-Dataset">e8513607-d8a1-4bd0-81fb-c9ff6608aa4d</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FB0253BB77500421C19E7834239A0DD1" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E626167CD2F175EB54E907396065D3BA" type="Zenodo-Dep">216375</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E081B3E807BE4A17210B627B63B53F7C" type="ZooBank">EA93BFB6-CE2F-4FDF-862E-18E1935DD6B4</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="D0644B6BEC3AD66B29DDFF33FE069987" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6147937" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6147937" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D0644B6BEC3AD66B29DDFF33FE069987" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D0644B6BEC3AD66B29DDFF33FE069987" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="277" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">
<subSubSection id="10D7A9F6EC3AD66B29DDFF33FE069987" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="277" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3AD66C29DDFF33FDE29DDE" blockId="11.[151,630,151,178]" box="[151,630,151,178]" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">
<heading id="033A4D11EC3AD66C29DDFF33FDE29DDE" bold="true" box="[151,630,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" reason="1">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C29DDFF33FDE29DDE" bold="true" box="[151,630,151,178]" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">
Biology of
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2856FF3CFDE29DDE" ID-CoL="44FB5" box="[284,630,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Mortogenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesopotamica">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2856FF3CFDE29DDE" bold="true" box="[284,630,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Mortogenesia mesopotamica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3AD66C29DDFF75FC219F77" blockId="11.[151,1437,222,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C29DDFF75FE049D98" bold="true" box="[151,400,222,247]" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Habitat preferences.</emphasis>
Like other genera of the family
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2A6FFF75FC299D98" box="[805,957,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Palingeniidae</taxonomicName>
(note that only
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2DCDFF75FA969D99" box="[1159,1282,222,246]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2DCDFF75FA969D99" box="[1159,1282,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Palingenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and perhaps
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C29DDFEA8FE3A9C74" authority="Eaton, 1883" authorityName="Eaton" authorityYear="1883" box="[151,430,259,283]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Anagenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C29DDFEA8FE8E9C75" box="[151,282,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Anagenesia</emphasis>
Eaton, 1883
</taxonomicName>
are known from the ecological/ethological point of view), larvae of
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2D98FEA8FA089C75" box="[1234,1436,259,282]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Mortogenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesopotamica">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2D98FEA8FA089C75" box="[1234,1436,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">M. mesopotamica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur solely in large permanent lowland rivers and adequate substrate. These rivers exhibit rather variable physical-chemical characteristics. The river depth ranges within at least
<quantity id="9F355798EC3AD66C2A82FEE2FB869C0E" box="[968,1042,329,354]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" unit="m" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 m</quantity>
, with maximum in April and May. Maximal depth can reach exceptionally more than
<quantity id="9F355798EC3AD66C2BA6FEC5FCBD9CEA" box="[748,809,366,390]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
(e.g. the Tigris River in spring 1987). Naturally, this fluctuation is accompanied by changes of current velocity and turbidity. Tubes of larvae do not occur at places with current velocity lower than about
<quantity id="9F355798EC3AD66C2B5CFE13FDF59CA0" box="[534,609,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
.s -l or at places with intensive sedimentation of solid particles and organic debris. Water temperatures reach 22–23°C in summer and drop to 14°C in winter; water remains slightly alkaline or neutral all year round (Dr. Emad Almukhtar, personal communication).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3AD66C298DFD88FAF99FA4" blockId="11.[151,1437,222,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">
Judging from morphological characters, the larvae of
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2A7BFD8FFC599F54" box="[817,973,548,571]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Mortogenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2A7BFD8FFC599F54" box="[817,973,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Mortogenesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs, analogously to other genera of the family (and superfamily), to the “burrowing” larval
<typeStatus id="877644DFEC3AD66C2A4DFDE3FCA39F0F" box="[775,823,584,608]" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">type</typeStatus>
(see mandibular tusk and heavily sclerotized spines of foretibiae in
<figureCitation id="C0F6E6F8EC3AD66C2861FDC1FE069FEC" box="[299,402,618,643]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1302,1325]" captionTargetBox="[169,1427,222,1271]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[159,1427,193,1282]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Mortogenesia mesopotamica (Morton, 1921), male larval exuvia: 2, head and pronotum (dorsally); 3, head and pronotum (laterally); 4 head, clypeal spines (dorsally); 5, abdominal segments and genitalia (ventrally)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216377/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Figs 2–4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="C0F6E6F8EC3AD66C28D5FDC0FE5A9FEC" box="[415,462,619,643]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1751,1774]" captionTargetBox="[181,1407,210,1724]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[169,1418,193,1730]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 8. Mortogenesia mesopotamica (Morton, 1921), male larval exuvia: 6, labrum (dorsally; right part without setae); 7, 8, right and left mandibles (ventrally)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216378/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">7, 8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="C0F6E6F8EC3AD66C2897FDC0FE689FEC" box="[477,508,619,643]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1648,1670]" captionTargetBox="[238,1339,202,1647]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[238,1348,193,1651]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 13. Mortogenesia mesopotamica (Morton, 1921), male larval exuvia, foreleg (dorsally)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216380/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">13</figureCitation>
). They make U-shaped tubes in clayey or muddy sediments. At some places the whole bottom surface of the Tigris River is covered with pairs of tube openings. However, larvae do not inhabit sediments with particles exceeding
<quantity id="9F355798EC3AD66C2B6FFD19FD729FA5" box="[549,742,690,715]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" unit="mm" value="0.05" valueMax="0.075" valueMin="0.025">0.025–0.075 mm</quantity>
, simply because they are not able to construct their tubes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3AD66C298DFD7EFE549E87" blockId="11.[151,1437,222,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">
Nevertheless, the question of the density of larvae in respective habitats is rather enigmatic. Despite mass occurrence of adults and locally numerous tubes, which are quite analogous to those made by
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2D87FD52FADC9E7E" box="[1229,1352,761,785]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2D87FD52FADC9E7E" box="[1229,1352,761,785]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Palingenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae, nobody has managed to sample fully grown larvae. The characters described above are based on exuviae collected by chance at Huwaish locality, because despite a considerable collecting effort and time spent there, we failed to collect living larvae. Moreover, several tens of dredge (Ruttger) samples regularly taken from the Tigris River bottom have not included any larvae of
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2BCBFC22FCDB9ECF" box="[641,847,905,928]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Mortogenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesopotamica">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2BCBFC22FCDB9ECF" box="[641,847,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">M. mesopotamica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Dr. Emad Almukhtar, personal communication). Nevertheless, larval density can be roughly estimated at least one or two hundreds per square meter in places with dense occurrence of tubes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3AD66C298DFC58FBF399D0" blockId="11.[151,1437,222,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C298DFC58FEF59963" bold="true" box="[199,353,1011,1036]" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Life history.</emphasis>
Our knowledge on life history of
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2A56FC5FFC789964" box="[796,1004,1012,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Mortogenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesopotamica">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2A56FC5FFC789964" box="[796,1004,1012,1035]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">M. mesopotamica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very fragmentary. Judging from approximately the same size of the eggs and females body in
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2A33FBBCFC609940" box="[889,1012,1047,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2A33FBBCFC609940" box="[889,1012,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Palingenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2D7EFBB3FB449940" box="[1076,1232,1048,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Mortogenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2D7EFBB3FB449940" box="[1076,1232,1048,1071]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Mortogenesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the fecundity of females is most probably equal (about 6000–8000 eggs per female; Soldán &amp;
<collectingCountry id="20DABAEDEC3AD66C2AB4FB90FBD0993B" box="[1022,1092,1083,1108]" name="Netherlands" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Landa</collectingCountry>
1986), probably being smaller in populations from
<collectingCountry id="20DABAEDEC3AD66C28C7FBCBFE2E9918" box="[397,442,1120,1143]" name="Iran" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Iran</collectingCountry>
and the Euphrates River. Morphological characters of egg surface (presence of an adhesive membrane) indicate that the mechanism of fixing the eggs to substrate is the same as in
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2DB8FB29FAF999F5" box="[1266,1389,1154,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2DB8FB29FAF999F5" box="[1266,1389,1154,1178]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Palingenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf. Soldán &amp;
<collectingCountry id="20DABAEDEC3AD66C2842FB0DFEDA99D0" box="[264,334,1190,1215]" name="Netherlands" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Landa</collectingCountry>
1986; Russev 1987; Gaino &amp; Bongiovanni 1993; Landolt
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2A95FB0CFB8C99D1" box="[991,1048,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">et al.</emphasis>
1995).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3AD66C298DFB61FDF598D6" blockId="11.[151,1437,222,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">
Nothing is known about the embryonic and larval development. Within the
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2D79FB61FB5A998C" box="[1075,1230,1226,1251]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Palingeniidae</taxonomicName>
, there are 3-years cycles in
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C284DFB46FE16986A" box="[263,386,1261,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C284DFB46FE16986A" box="[263,386,1261,1285]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Palingenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, much shorter, probably one-year cycle at least in some species of
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2DD1FB45FA8A986A" box="[1179,1310,1262,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Anagenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2DD1FB45FA8A986A" box="[1179,1310,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Anagenesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and tropic genera
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C29A0FABAFE189846" box="[234,396,1297,1321]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Cheirogenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C29A0FABAFE189846" box="[234,396,1297,1321]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Cheirogenesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C288CFABAFDF19846" box="[454,613,1297,1321]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Plethogenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C288CFABAFDF19846" box="[454,613,1297,1321]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Plethogenesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Clifford 1982; Soldán &amp;
<collectingCountry id="20DABAEDEC3AD66C2ADDFABAFC499845" box="[919,989,1297,1322]" name="Netherlands" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Landa</collectingCountry>
1986; Russev 1987; Sartori &amp; Elouard 1999; Soldán
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2878FA9DFEFE9822" box="[306,362,1333,1357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">et al.</emphasis>
2009). It is also possible that some aspects of
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2A3AFA9DFB989822" box="[880,1036,1334,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Mortogenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2A3AFA9DFB989822" box="[880,1036,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Mortogenesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
biology, e.g. feeding and swarming behavior, characteristics of growth and spatial distribution, habitat preference of larvae, as also as the data on adults biology, are closely related to those of the North American palingeniid’ genus Pentagenia (Keltner 1983; Keltner &amp; McCafferty 1986; Braaten &amp; Guy 1997).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3AD66C298DFA6FFC9D9B6F" blockId="11.[151,1437,222,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">
Since
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2844FA6EFE3E98B3" box="[270,426,1477,1500]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Mortogenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2844FA6EFE3E98B3" box="[270,426,1477,1500]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Mortogenesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adults emerge regularly each year, 1–2 year but strictly seasonal and fixed cycle can be supposed (see life cycle classification in Clifford 1982).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3AD66C298DF9A0FD099A72" blockId="11.[151,1437,222,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">
Adults are known to occur only several days in March in the Tigris river-basin. All the material being at disposal was collected solely in March in
<collectingCountry id="20DABAEDEC3AD66C2B27F99BFD0A9B28" box="[621,670,1584,1607]" name="Iraq" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Iraq</collectingCountry>
. However, in
<collectingCountry id="20DABAEDEC3AD66C2A72F99BFCF19B28" box="[824,869,1584,1607]" name="Iran" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Iran</collectingCountry>
(Karkheh River) the swarming evidently occurred in February. Although the emergence of adults was not studied in detail, a typical behaviour very similar to those of the genus
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C285AF9DCFE1F9BE0" box="[272,395,1655,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C285AF9DCFE1F9BE0" box="[272,395,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Palingenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf. Russev 1987; Landolt
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2B85F9D3FC9F9BE0" box="[719,779,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">et al.</emphasis>
1997) was observed by Dr. M. S. Abdul Rassoul (pers. comm.). Adult emerged from water surface using larval exuviae as rafts. Males exhibited a typical “patrol” flight in a very short distance from the water surface. Some specimens were observed to flight in
<quantity id="9F355798EC3AD66C2DD6F914FB729BB9" box="[1180,1254,1727,1751]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 m</quantity>
above the river (most probably compensatory upstream flight of females after copulation). It is unknown if males are sitting during subimaginal molting like males in
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2B51F8ADFD029A71" box="[539,662,1798,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2B51F8ADFD029A71" box="[539,662,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Palingenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3AD66C298DF881FEE49A9A" blockId="11.[151,1437,222,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">
Emergence, mating flight and oviposition take place at daylight from about 10 a.m. in the morning to the noon or very early in the afternoon. This pattern is similar to some subtropic and tropic species (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2C6BF8E6FE0B9AE6" authority="Sartori 1992" authorityName="Sartori" authorityYear="1992" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2C6BF8E6FE969AE6" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Palingenia orientalis</emphasis>
, Sartori 1992
</taxonomicName>
) and different from temperate representatives of
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2A85F8DAFBDE9AE6" box="[975,1098,1905,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2A85F8DAFBDE9AE6" box="[975,1098,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">Palingenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2D11F8D9FB629AE6" box="[1115,1270,1905,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2D11F8D9FB629AE6" box="[1115,1270,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">P. longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3AD66C2C4CF8D9FA079AE6" box="[1286,1427,1905,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3AD66C2C4CF8D9FA079AE6" box="[1286,1427,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="276">P. fuliginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) which emerge and swarm before sunset or shortly later (Soldán 1978; Russev 1987). Emergence is very early also from the seasonal point of view; it occurs practically by the end of winter when both water and air temperatures are relatively very low.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3DD66B298DFF3CFD629C9A" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">
The unique phenomenon in
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3DD66B2B55FF33FD2F9DC0" box="[543,699,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Mortogenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3DD66B2B55FF33FD2F9DC0" box="[543,699,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Mortogenesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be possible reduction of imaginal stage. The only (subimaginal) winged instar is known to occur in
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3DD66B2B94FF17FCCD9DBB" box="[734,857,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3DD66B2B94FF17FCCD9DBB" box="[734,857,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Palingenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Edmunds &amp; McCafferty 1988; Kluge 2004), but solely in females. Also Kluge (2004: 254) noted that “some specimens [of males of
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3DD66B2D12FF4BFB4F9D98" box="[1112,1243,224,247]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Anagenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3DD66B2D12FF4BFB4F9D98" box="[1112,1243,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Anagenesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] do not moult at all”; on the other hand for all species of
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3DD66B2B30FEAFFCB39C73" box="[634,807,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Chankagenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3DD66B2B30FEAFFCB39C73" box="[634,807,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Chankagenesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the presence of male imago is confirmed (Buldovsky 1935a: 834; 1935b: 160; 1935c: 124; Tshernova 1952: 243–246). Preliminary dissection of some male body parts (wings, legs, cerci and forceps) of
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3DD66B2B56FEE6FD2C9C0B" box="[540,696,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Mortogenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3DD66B2B56FEE6FD2C9C0B" box="[540,696,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Mortogenesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to indicate that teneral adult cuticle is missing. Neoteny of males is documented also by simultaneous occurrence of male “subimagoes” and females (with no or only several eggs in abdominal cavity) after oviposition, which never occurs in related genus
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3DD66B2D07FE3FFB5C9CC3" box="[1101,1224,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3DD66B2D07FE3FFB5C9CC3" box="[1101,1224,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Palingenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Soldán &amp;
<collectingCountry id="20DABAEDEC3DD66B2C1CFE3FFA089CC2" box="[1366,1436,404,429]" name="Netherlands" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Landa</collectingCountry>
1986; Russev 1987; Bauerfeind &amp; Soldán 2012). This hypothesis should be verified by electron micrographs of transversal sections through male subimaginal cuticle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3DD66B298DFE54FA8F9E7B" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">
The early daily and seasonal emergence, and neoteny could be explained as an adaptation to extreme climatic conditions (arid or even desert abiotic factors) and/or protection from predators. While the aquatic environment is relatively constant and comparable to that of other
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3DD66B2A4BFDECFC089F0F" box="[769,924,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Palingeniidae</taxonomicName>
, “terrestrial” conditions, where mating and compensatory flight is realized, exert a very strong environmental pressure of extreme temperatures (even more than 45°C) and extremely low humidity which can be tolerated by adult mayflies only for several minutes. Moreover, most predators (including fish and birds) are active after the sunset. These would be the reasons for the general elimination of subimaginal instar and shift of emergence to the morning and to early spring months. Similar tendency to reduce a subimaginal stage was documented in
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3DD66B2A7EFD57FC119E7B" box="[820,901,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Baetidae" genus="Cloeon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3DD66B2A7EFD57FC119E7B" box="[820,901,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Cloeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in arid areas (Soldán 1987).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3DD66B29DDFCCCFEEB9EEF" blockId="12.[151,383,871,896]" box="[151,383,871,896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3DD66B29DDFCCCFEEB9EEF" bold="true" box="[151,383,871,896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Acknowledgements</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3DD66B29DDFC1BFE759937" blockId="12.[151,1436,943,1256]" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">
We are grateful to Drs Zohair H. Mohsen, Emad H. Almukhtar and Nazair A. Ouda of the Biological Research Centre, Baghdad,
<collectingCountry id="20DABAEDEC3DD66B2823FC7EFE029E83" box="[361,406,981,1004]" name="Iraq" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Iraq</collectingCountry>
who provided us with material and valuable information on
<taxonomicName id="9FCD81FEEC3DD66B2D2EFC7EFA949E83" box="[1124,1280,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Mortogenesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6AB9266FEC3DD66B2D2EFC7EFA949E83" box="[1124,1280,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Mortogenesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
biology. The material and biology data provided by Dr. M.S. Abdul-Rassoul of the
<collectingCountry id="20DABAEDEC3DD66B2AFBFC53FC4A9960" box="[945,990,1016,1039]" name="Iraq" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Iraq</collectingCountry>
Natural History Museum, Baghdad are much appreciated. We would like to thank Dr. Jindřiška Bojková of the Masaryk University, Brno for valuable comments on the manuscript.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5872FA7DEC3DD66B298DFBCFFE069987" blockId="12.[151,1436,943,1256]" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">
This study was supported by the Grant Agency of the
<collectingCountry id="20DABAEDEC3DD66B2A0CFBCFFC6F9912" box="[838,1019,1124,1149]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
(Project No. 206/08/1389) and was conducted with institutional support RVO:60077344; it was possible thanks to the interacademic exchange between the Academy of Sciences of
<collectingCountry id="20DABAEDEC3DD66B28A9FB07FD0399AA" box="[483,663,1196,1221]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
and the Russian Academy of Sciences (Southern Scientific Center, Rostov-na-Donu,
<collectingCountry id="20DABAEDEC3DD66B2815FB7BFE129987" box="[351,390,1232,1256]" name="Russia" pageId="12" pageNumber="277">RF</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink