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<mods:title>Hydromedusae observed during night dives in the Gulf Stream</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Schuchert, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Collins, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[942,1161,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="322">Pegantha martagon</emphasis>
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A-C
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<emphasis box="[831,1022,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="322">Pegantha martagon</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[831,1008,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="322">Polycalpa zonaria</emphasis>
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, Mediterranean.
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? 
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<emphasis box="[852,1027,1997,2018]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="322">Pegantha simplex</emphasis>
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, pl. 5 figs 19-20. – 
<treatmentCitation author="Bigelow H. B." box="[907,1089,2026,2048]" page="83" pageId="86" pageNumber="322" year="1909">
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.‒ 
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, synonym of 
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.
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Fig. 53. 
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<emphasis box="[238,431,1731,1753]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="323">Pegantha martagon</emphasis>
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. (A-B) Sample BFLA4109, diameter 8 mm. (A) Aboral view, the annular, more opaque structure was interpreted as food debris at the periphery of the stomach, the bright oval element is an out of focus crustacean. (B) Lateral view, note the clearly visible otoporpae and crustacean on the exumbrella. (C-D) BFLA4070, 10 mm. (C) Oral view. The bright, granular material is interpreted as partially digested food which fills the stomach and also the peripheral canal. Note also the closed mouth and the folds of the mouth margin. (D) Lateral view of bell margin. (E) BFLA4336, 6 mm, lateral view, the white matter in the gastric system is likely digested food.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis box="[151,349,257,279]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Pegantha martagon</emphasis>
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. ‒ 
<treatmentCitation author="Mayer A. G." box="[394,580,257,279]" page="443" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation author="Mayer" box="[394,580,257,279]" firstAuthor="Mayer" page="443" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref71665" refString="Mayer A. G. 1910. Medusae of the world. Hydromedusae, Vols. I &amp; II. Scyphomedusae, Vol III. Carnegie Institution, Washington, pp. 735, plates 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer, 1910: 443</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 295-296. – 
<treatmentCitation author="Bigelow H. B." box="[227,412,286,308]" page="83" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" box="[227,412,286,308]" firstAuthor="Bigelow" page="83" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 243" refId="ref64854" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1909. The Medusae. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; from October, 1904, to March, 1905. XVI. Memoirs of the Museum of comparative Zoology at Harvard College 37: 1 - 243, pls 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow, 1909: 83</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 18 figs 1-8. ‒ 
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<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" firstAuthor="Bigelow" page="396" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="363 - 442" refId="ref65028" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1918. Some Medusae and Siphonophora from the western Atlantic. Bulletin of the Museum of comparative Zoology of Harvard College 62: 363 - 442, pls 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1918">Bigelow, 1918: 396</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. ‒ 
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<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[299,493,315,337]" firstAuthor="Kramp" page="160" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="149 - 168" refId="ref69724" refString="Kramp P. L. 1955 a. A revision of Ernst Haeckel's determinations of a collection of Medusae belonging to the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Deep Sea Research 3: 149 - 168." type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="a">Kramp, 1955a: 160</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. ‒ 
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<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[526,697,315,337]" firstAuthor="Kramp" page="67" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref69791" refString="Kramp P. L. 1957. Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections. Discovery Reports 29: 1 - 128." type="journal article" year="1957">Kramp, 1957: 67</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 6 fig. 1, revision. ‒ 
<treatmentCitation author="Kramp P. L." box="[407,589,344,366]" page="64" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[407,589,344,366]" firstAuthor="Kramp" page="64" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 283" refId="ref69812" refString="Kramp P. L. 1959 a. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report 46: 1 - 283." type="book chapter" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Kramp, 1959a: 64</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 197, fig. 302. ‒ 
<treatmentCitation author="Kramp P. L." box="[227,414,373,395]" page="274" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" year="1961">
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[227,414,373,395]" firstAuthor="Kramp" page="274" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 469" refId="ref69868" refString="Kramp P. L. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K. 40: 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp, 1961: 274</bibRefCitation>
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. ‒ 
<treatmentCitation author="Kramp P. L." box="[450,636,373,395]" page="127" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" year="1968">
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[450,636,373,395]" firstAuthor="Kramp" page="127" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref69950" refString="Kramp P. L. 1968. The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Sections II and III. Dana Report 72: 1 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1968">Kramp, 1968: 127</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 342. ‒ 
<treatmentCitation author="Segura-Puertas L." box="[227,475,402,424]" page="45" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation author="Segura-Puertas" box="[227,475,402,424]" firstAuthor="Segura-Puertas" page="45" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 320" refId="ref74838" refString="Segura-Puertas L. 1984. Morfologia, sistematica y zoogeografia de las medusas (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa y Scyphozoa) del Pacifico Tropical Oriental. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Publicacion Especial 8: 1 - 320." type="journal article" year="1984">Segura-Puertas, 1984: 45</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 14 fig. 1. ‒ 
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<bibRefCitation author="Pages" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pages" page="41" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref73113" refString="Pages F., Gili J. M., Bouillon J. 1992. Medusae (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa) of the Benguela Current (southeastern Atlantic). Scientia Marina 56 (Suppl. 1): 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">
Pagès 
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, 1992: 41
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, fig. 49. – 
<treatmentCitation author="Larson R. J. &amp; Mills C. E. &amp; Harbison G. R." box="[415,646,432,453]" page="789" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" year="1989">
<bibRefCitation author="Larson" box="[415,646,432,453]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Larson" page="789" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="785 - 794" refId="ref70459" refString="Larson R. J., Mills C. E., Harbison G. R. 1989. In situ foraging and feeding behaviour of Narcomedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K. 69: 785 - 794." type="journal article" year="1989">
Larson 
<emphasis box="[487,536,432,453]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">et al.</emphasis>
, 1989: 789
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, fig. 1A.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,380,477,501]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Examined material:</emphasis>
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. 
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– 
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– 
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<quantity box="[379,451,703,727]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
, 9 tentacles; preserved in alcohol for DNA extraction; 16S sequence 
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</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3410574397" collectingDate="2018-02-26" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" specimenCount="1">
– 
<date box="[189,343,767,791]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" value="2018-02-26">
<collectingDate box="[189,343,767,791]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" value="2018-02-26">26-FEB-2018</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<specimenCount box="[372,514,767,791]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
photographed, not collected, 9 tentacles.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="88" pageNumber="324" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="88.[151,756,847,1354]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,315,847,871]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Observations:</emphasis>
Medusae hemispherical or slightly wider than high, diameter 
<quantity box="[469,577,879,903]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="6.0">6-10 mm</quantity>
, 8-10 tentacles and marginal lappets (
<figureCitation box="[401,573,911,936]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="87.[151,186,1731,1753]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,257,1686]" captionTargetId="figure-5@87.[151,1435,255,1686]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="Fig. 53. Pegantha martagon. (A-B) Sample BFLA4109, diameter 8 mm. (A) Aboral view, the annular, more opaque structure was interpreted as food debris at the periphery of the stomach, the bright oval element is an out of focus crustacean. (B) Lateral view, note the clearly visible otoporpae and crustacean on the exumbrella. (C-D) BFLA4070, 10 mm. (C) Oral view. The bright, granular material is interpreted as partially digested food which fills the stomach and also the peripheral canal. Note also the closed mouth and the folds of the mouth margin. (D) Lateral view of bell margin. (E) BFLA4336, 6 mm, lateral view, the white matter in the gastric system is likely digested food." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5640086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5640086/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Fig. 53A, C, E</figureCitation>
), stomach wide, up to 2/3 of bell diameter, no gastric jelly cone (
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="87.[151,186,1731,1753]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,257,1686]" captionTargetId="figure-5@87.[151,1435,255,1686]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="Fig. 53. Pegantha martagon. (A-B) Sample BFLA4109, diameter 8 mm. (A) Aboral view, the annular, more opaque structure was interpreted as food debris at the periphery of the stomach, the bright oval element is an out of focus crustacean. (B) Lateral view, note the clearly visible otoporpae and crustacean on the exumbrella. (C-D) BFLA4070, 10 mm. (C) Oral view. The bright, granular material is interpreted as partially digested food which fills the stomach and also the peripheral canal. Note also the closed mouth and the folds of the mouth margin. (D) Lateral view of bell margin. (E) BFLA4336, 6 mm, lateral view, the white matter in the gastric system is likely digested food." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5640086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5640086/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Fig. 53B, E</figureCitation>
), without manubrial pockets, peripheral canals originating below tentacles (
<figureCitation box="[463,562,1008,1032]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="87.[151,186,1731,1753]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,257,1686]" captionTargetId="figure-5@87.[151,1435,255,1686]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="Fig. 53. Pegantha martagon. (A-B) Sample BFLA4109, diameter 8 mm. (A) Aboral view, the annular, more opaque structure was interpreted as food debris at the periphery of the stomach, the bright oval element is an out of focus crustacean. (B) Lateral view, note the clearly visible otoporpae and crustacean on the exumbrella. (C-D) BFLA4070, 10 mm. (C) Oral view. The bright, granular material is interpreted as partially digested food which fills the stomach and also the peripheral canal. Note also the closed mouth and the folds of the mouth margin. (D) Lateral view of bell margin. (E) BFLA4336, 6 mm, lateral view, the white matter in the gastric system is likely digested food." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5640086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5640086/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Fig. 53C</figureCitation>
), first descending parallel along the peronial fold, then along lappet periphery, rather thin (1/6 of lappet width), width constant. Marginal lappets rectangular to rounded, with 4-5 otoporpae (
<figureCitation box="[325,426,1137,1161]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="87.[151,186,1731,1753]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,257,1686]" captionTargetId="figure-5@87.[151,1435,255,1686]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="Fig. 53. Pegantha martagon. (A-B) Sample BFLA4109, diameter 8 mm. (A) Aboral view, the annular, more opaque structure was interpreted as food debris at the periphery of the stomach, the bright oval element is an out of focus crustacean. (B) Lateral view, note the clearly visible otoporpae and crustacean on the exumbrella. (C-D) BFLA4070, 10 mm. (C) Oral view. The bright, granular material is interpreted as partially digested food which fills the stomach and also the peripheral canal. Note also the closed mouth and the folds of the mouth margin. (D) Lateral view of bell margin. (E) BFLA4336, 6 mm, lateral view, the white matter in the gastric system is likely digested food." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5640086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5640086/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Fig. 53B</figureCitation>
), these short, max. twice the size of the width of the peripheral canals. Statocysts near otoporpae, about as many as otoporpae. Tentacles curved, tapering, held at approximately 45° upwards, proximal end pointed and horizontal; below tentacles a slight furrow in the exumbrella with the peronium (
<figureCitation box="[159,259,1330,1354]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="87.[151,186,1731,1753]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,257,1686]" captionTargetId="figure-5@87.[151,1435,255,1686]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="Fig. 53. Pegantha martagon. (A-B) Sample BFLA4109, diameter 8 mm. (A) Aboral view, the annular, more opaque structure was interpreted as food debris at the periphery of the stomach, the bright oval element is an out of focus crustacean. (B) Lateral view, note the clearly visible otoporpae and crustacean on the exumbrella. (C-D) BFLA4070, 10 mm. (C) Oral view. The bright, granular material is interpreted as partially digested food which fills the stomach and also the peripheral canal. Note also the closed mouth and the folds of the mouth margin. (D) Lateral view of bell margin. (E) BFLA4336, 6 mm, lateral view, the white matter in the gastric system is likely digested food." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5640086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5640086/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Fig. 53A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="88" pageNumber="324" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="88.[151,756,1378,1531]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,264,1378,1402]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">16S Data:</emphasis>
The three obtained haplotypes have only low sequence divergences (
<tableCitation box="[403,486,1410,1434]" captionStart="Table 1. 16" captionStartId="4.[151,204,770,792]" captionTargetId="graphics-269@4.[151,1437,854,2063]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. 16S haplotype p-distances (% base pair differences in aligned sequence pairs) and number of haplotypes observed in the examined material. Only the species for which such a comparison was possible are listed." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0CC76BE25B080010FF58FC94FB897B14" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" tableUuid="0CC76BE25B080010FF58FC94FB897B14">Table 1</tableCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[503,585,1410,1434]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="81.[149,184,1643,1664]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,255,1609]" captionTargetId="graphics-82@81.[152,1431,265,1591]" captionText="Fig. 48. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Narcomedusae obtained with PhyML (GTR+G+I model) and based on about 600 bp positions of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if&gt; 70%). Sequence labels start with the GenBank numbers (except for identical haplotypes) permitting the retrieval of more information. Some proveniences were obtained from Lindsay et al. (2017) or through personal communications. Red ODEHOV DUH QHZ VHTXHQFHV IURP WKLV VWXG\. &amp;RORXUHG ER[HV LQGLFDWH IDPLO\ DI¿OLDWLRQV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH FXUUHQWO\ XVHG V\VWHP. (&quot;) 'HQRWHV SRVVLEOH PLVLGHQWL¿FDWLRQV." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5646465/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
), but there was no significant relationship to a sequence of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[625,756,1443,1466]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Pegantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="martagon">
<emphasis box="[625,756,1443,1466]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">P. martagon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Eastern Pacific (GenBank 
<accessionNumber box="[623,751,1475,1499]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MG979374" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">MG979374</accessionNumber>
, 
<figureCitation box="[151,230,1507,1531]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="81.[149,184,1643,1664]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,255,1609]" captionTargetId="graphics-82@81.[152,1431,265,1591]" captionText="Fig. 48. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Narcomedusae obtained with PhyML (GTR+G+I model) and based on about 600 bp positions of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if&gt; 70%). Sequence labels start with the GenBank numbers (except for identical haplotypes) permitting the retrieval of more information. Some proveniences were obtained from Lindsay et al. (2017) or through personal communications. Red ODEHOV DUH QHZ VHTXHQFHV IURP WKLV VWXG\. &amp;RORXUHG ER[HV LQGLFDWH IDPLO\ DI¿OLDWLRQV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH FXUUHQWO\ XVHG V\VWHP. (&quot;) 'HQRWHV SRVVLEOH PLVLGHQWL¿FDWLRQV." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5646465/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="88" pageNumber="324" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="88.[151,757,1554,1869]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,301,1554,1578]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Distribution:</emphasis>
Widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical parts of the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Ocean (
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" box="[159,335,1619,1643]" firstAuthor="Bigelow" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 243" refId="ref64854" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1909. The Medusae. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; from October, 1904, to March, 1905. XVI. Memoirs of the Museum of comparative Zoology at Harvard College 37: 1 - 243, pls 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow, 1909</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[361,534,1618,1642]" firstAuthor="Kramp" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 283" refId="ref69812" refString="Kramp P. L. 1959 a. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report 46: 1 - 283." type="book chapter" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Kramp, 1959a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon" box="[559,751,1619,1643]" firstAuthor="Bouillon" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="473 - 483" refId="ref65663" refString="Bouillon J. 1978 c. Hydromeduses de la mer de Bismarck (Papouasie, Nouvelle-Guinee). II. Limnomedusa, Narcomedusa, Trachymedusa et Laingiomedusa (sous classe nouv.). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 19: 473 - 483." type="journal article" year="1978" yearSuffix="c">Bouillon, 1978c</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bleeker &amp; Van der Spoel" box="[151,543,1651,1675]" firstAuthor="Bleeker" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="161 - 202" refId="ref75807" refString="Van Der Spoel S., Bleeker J. 1988. Medusae from the Banda Sea and Aru Sea plankton, collected during the Snellius II expeditions, 1984 - 1985. Indo Malayan Zoology 5: 161 - 202." type="journal article" year="1988">Bleeker &amp; Van der Spoel, 1988</bibRefCitation>
; Navas-Pereira &amp; Vannuci, 1991; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon &amp; Barnett" box="[320,595,1683,1707]" firstAuthor="Bouillon" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 136" refId="ref65924" refString="Bouillon J., Barnett T. J. 1999. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Hydromedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Niwa Biodiversity Memoir 113: 1 - 136." type="journal article" year="1999">Bouillon &amp; Barnett, 1999</bibRefCitation>
; Segura Puerta 
<emphasis box="[151,203,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">et al</emphasis>
., 2003, 2009; 
<bibRefCitation author="Oliveira" box="[371,605,1715,1739]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Oliveira" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref73069" refString="Oliveira O. M. P., et al .. 2016. Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters. Zootaxa 4194 (1): 1 - 256. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4194.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">
Oliveira 
<emphasis box="[471,536,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">et al.,</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
), surprisingly also in the cold waters around 
<collectingCountry box="[512,672,1748,1772]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">South Georgia</collectingCountry>
and in Antarctic waters (
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[356,521,1780,1804]" firstAuthor="Kramp" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 283" refId="ref69812" refString="Kramp P. L. 1959 a. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report 46: 1 - 283." type="book chapter" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Kramp, 1959a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Toda" box="[539,745,1780,1804]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Toda" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="269 - 289" refId="ref75447" refString="Toda R., Lindsay D. J., Fuentes V. L., Moteki M. 2008. Community structure of pelagic cnidarians off Adelie Land, East Antarctica, during austral summer 2008. Polar Biology 37 (2): 269 - 289." type="journal article" year="2008">
Toda 
<emphasis box="[606,667,1780,1804]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008
</bibRefCitation>
). Occurs in shallow waters, occasionally from 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" unit="m" value="200.0" valueMax="300.0" valueMin="100.0">100 to 300 m</quantity>
depth (
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[299,444,1844,1868]" firstAuthor="Kramp" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref69791" refString="Kramp P. L. 1957. Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections. Discovery Reports 29: 1 - 128." type="journal article" year="1957">Kramp, 1957</bibRefCitation>
). 
<typeStatus box="[462,515,1845,1869]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Type</typeStatus>
locality: 
<collectingCountry box="[616,680,1844,1868]" name="China" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">China</collectingCountry>
Sea.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="88" pageNumber="324" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="88.[151,756,1892,2077]" lastBlockId="88.[832,1437,257,1418]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,266,1892,1916]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Remarks:</emphasis>
Our samples had apparently not yet developed gonads, being thus not fully mature. The observed tentacle numbers of 8-10 were lower than the 16 given in 
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[346,511,1988,2012]" firstAuthor="Kramp" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 283" refId="ref69812" refString="Kramp P. L. 1959 a. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report 46: 1 - 283." type="book chapter" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Kramp (1959a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[529,586,1988,2012]" firstAuthor="Kramp" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref69950" refString="Kramp P. L. 1968. The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Sections II and III. Dana Report 72: 1 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
), but this is a maximal number and most animals have actually only 10-13 tentacles and lappets (
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" box="[487,656,2053,2077]" firstAuthor="Bigelow" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 243" refId="ref64854" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1909. The Medusae. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; from October, 1904, to March, 1905. XVI. Memoirs of the Museum of comparative Zoology at Harvard College 37: 1 - 243, pls 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow, 1909</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[674,888,257,2076]" firstAuthor="Kramp" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref69791" refString="Kramp P. L. 1957. Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections. Discovery Reports 29: 1 - 128." type="journal article" year="1957">Kramp, 1957</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[900,969,257,281]" firstAuthor="Kramp" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 283" refId="ref69812" refString="Kramp P. L. 1959 a. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report 46: 1 - 283." type="book chapter" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">1959a</bibRefCitation>
). According to 
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" box="[1137,1307,257,281]" firstAuthor="Bigelow" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 243" refId="ref64854" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1909. The Medusae. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; from October, 1904, to March, 1905. XVI. Memoirs of the Museum of comparative Zoology at Harvard College 37: 1 - 243, pls 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow (1909)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" firstAuthor="Kramp" page="64" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 283" refId="ref69812" refString="Kramp P. L. 1959 a. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report 46: 1 - 283." type="book chapter" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Kramp (1959a: 64)</bibRefCitation>
, the final tentacle number (10-11) is attained early in development, though during further growth some few tentacles and lappets may occasionally be added.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="88.[832,1437,257,1418]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp" box="[832,993,419,443]" firstAuthor="Kramp" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref69791" refString="Kramp P. L. 1957. Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections. Discovery Reports 29: 1 - 128." type="journal article" year="1957">Kramp (1957)</bibRefCitation>
observed that the lateral portions of peripheral canal in the lappets are broader than the transverse portions along the bell margin. This was not seen in the present material (
<figureCitation box="[1138,1215,517,541]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="87.[151,186,1731,1753]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,257,1686]" captionTargetId="figure-5@87.[151,1435,255,1686]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="Fig. 53. Pegantha martagon. (A-B) Sample BFLA4109, diameter 8 mm. (A) Aboral view, the annular, more opaque structure was interpreted as food debris at the periphery of the stomach, the bright oval element is an out of focus crustacean. (B) Lateral view, note the clearly visible otoporpae and crustacean on the exumbrella. (C-D) BFLA4070, 10 mm. (C) Oral view. The bright, granular material is interpreted as partially digested food which fills the stomach and also the peripheral canal. Note also the closed mouth and the folds of the mouth margin. (D) Lateral view of bell margin. (E) BFLA4336, 6 mm, lateral view, the white matter in the gastric system is likely digested food." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5640086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5640086/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
C-E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="88.[832,1437,257,1418]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicName authority="Bigelow, 1904" authorityName="Bigelow" authorityYear="1904" box="[832,1199,549,574]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Pegantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis box="[832,1027,549,573]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Pegantha simplex</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" box="[1039,1199,549,574]" firstAuthor="Bigelow" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="245 - 269" refId="ref64817" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1904. Medusae from the Maldive Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 39 (9): 245 - 269, pls 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="1904">Bigelow, 1904</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
– a nominal species based on a 
<typeStatus box="[947,993,583,607]" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">type</typeStatus>
specimen from the 
<collectingCountry box="[1200,1371,582,606]" name="Maldives" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Maldive Islands</collectingCountry>
– was later synonymized with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[1091,1305,614,638]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Pegantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="martagon">
<emphasis box="[1091,1305,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Pegantha martagon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Bigelow himself (
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" box="[927,1087,647,671]" firstAuthor="Bigelow" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 243" refId="ref64854" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1909. The Medusae. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; from October, 1904, to March, 1905. XVI. Memoirs of the Museum of comparative Zoology at Harvard College 37: 1 - 243, pls 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow, 1909</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" box="[1099,1156,647,671]" firstAuthor="Bigelow" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="363 - 442" refId="ref65028" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1918. Some Medusae and Siphonophora from the western Atlantic. Bulletin of the Museum of comparative Zoology of Harvard College 62: 363 - 442, pls 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1918">1918</bibRefCitation>
). We think that Bigelow’s specimen from the 
<collectingCountry box="[1041,1140,679,703]" name="Maldives" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Maldives</collectingCountry>
nevertheless deviates quite strongly from the scope of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[1150,1287,713,736]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Pegantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="martagon">
<emphasis box="[1150,1287,713,736]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">P. martagon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as described by later authors (see synonymy above). It was a small (
<quantity box="[840,906,777,801]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
) medusa but with fully developed, pendant-saclike gonads. It had 8 tentacles/lappets and reportedly 25 statocysts per lappet, more than twice the number usually seen in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[1005,1139,875,898]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Pegantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="martagon">
<emphasis box="[1005,1139,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">P. martagon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Later, 
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" box="[1226,1397,874,898]" firstAuthor="Bigelow" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 243" refId="ref64854" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1909. The Medusae. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; from October, 1904, to March, 1905. XVI. Memoirs of the Museum of comparative Zoology at Harvard College 37: 1 - 243, pls 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow (1909)</bibRefCitation>
reexamined this material and had to revise this number. The contraction of the alcohol preserved material feigned the presence of more statocysts. Actually, also 
<bibRefCitation author="Haeckel" firstAuthor="Haeckel" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref68751" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Teil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 1: I-XX, 1 - 360, 20 pls." type="book chapter" year="1879">Haeckel (1879)</bibRefCitation>
in his first description reported 13-15 statocysts per lappet. Because he also had preserved material, 
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow" box="[832,1000,1069,1093]" firstAuthor="Bigelow" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 243" refId="ref64854" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1909. The Medusae. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; from October, 1904, to March, 1905. XVI. Memoirs of the Museum of comparative Zoology at Harvard College 37: 1 - 243, pls 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow (1909)</bibRefCitation>
assumed that he was likewise mistaken. The gonads of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[1022,1163,1102,1125]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Pegantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="martagon">
<emphasis box="[1022,1163,1102,1125]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">P. martagon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are variably described as a simple ring at the periphery of the stomach, or as irregularly lobed, pendant sacs. While it is possible that these two stages are only different developmental stages, we nevertheless suspect that the wide variation of the current concept of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[1028,1157,1265,1288]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Pegantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="martagon">
<emphasis box="[1028,1157,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">P. martagon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
indicates that it comprises several species. Our 16S sequences are very different from a tentatively identified 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[1134,1264,1330,1353]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Pegantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="martagon">
<emphasis box="[1134,1264,1330,1353]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">P. martagon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from California found parasitizing a planktonic polychaete 
<taxonomicName authority="(Bentlage et al., 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Bentlage" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Polychaeta" family="Tomopteridae" genus="Tomopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1317,1436,1362,1385]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">Tomopteris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Bentlage" box="[839,1066,1394,1418]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bentlage" pageId="88" pageNumber="324" pagination="50 - 59" refId="ref64727" refString="Bentlage B., Osborn K. J., Lindsay D. J., Hopcroft R. R., Raskoff K. A., Collins A. G. 2018. Loss of metagenesis and evolution of a parasitic life style in a group of open-ocean jellyfish. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 124: 50 - 59." type="journal article" year="2018">
Bentlage 
<emphasis box="[942,996,1394,1418]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="324">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>