treatments-xml/data/CF/0A/B8/CF0AB852FFEAE930FF03FDB397DEE1D4.xml

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<mods:title id="1D18BAEA661EE4D9C9CCE2CAA69EA431">Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu &amp; Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu &amp; Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CF0AB852FFEAE930FF03FDB397DEE1D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6017316" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132632408" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6017316" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF0AB852FFEAE930FF03FDB397DEE1D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CF0AB852FFEAE930FF03FDB397DEE1D4" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<subSubSection id="0FB95ACFFFEAE93CFF03FDB3943FE6B3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="471C0944FFEAE93CFF03FDB39706E651" blockId="20.[151,597,582,642]" box="[151,597,582,608]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<heading id="1C54BE28FFEAE93CFF03FDB39706E651" bold="true" box="[151,597,582,608]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFEAE93CFF03FDB39706E651" ID-CoL="3DKG4" authority="(Osburn, 1927)" baseAuthorityName="Osburn" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[151,597,582,608]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFF03FDB39706E651" bold="true" box="[151,597,582,608]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFF03FDB394C3E651" bold="true" box="[151,400,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Exechonella antillea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFE34FDB3971FE651" author="Osburn" box="[416,588,582,608]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1927) The Bryozoa of Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Amsterdam, 25, 123 - 132." type="journal article" year="1927">Osburn, 1927</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFEAE93CFF03FD9C943FE6B3" blockId="20.[151,597,582,642]" box="[151,364,617,642]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
(
<figureCitation id="DF9815C1FFEAE93CFF0BFD9C9457E6B3" box="[159,260,617,642]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="21.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionStartId-1="22.[151,250,1730,1752]" captionTargetBox-0="[225,1367,195,1830]" captionTargetBox-1="[274,1305,193,1705]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[225,1367,195,1830]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[274,1305,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Exechonella antillea (Osburn, 1927). Caribbean Sea, Curaçao (A ‒ G: lectotype USNM 11960, non-cleaned colony). A, C, D, general view of lectotype from above. Some lateralmost foramina shown by arrows in D. B, close-up of autozooid with an operculum removed. E, close-up of autozooid with two lateralmost foramina bearing avicularia, each associated with kenozooid (k). Two more kenozooids (k) are seen proximally. F, avicularium with a mandible closing a foraminal lumen (arrowhead points to mandible edge). G, primary orifice with a peristome and condyles. Kenozooid (k) is seen in the upper left corner. Scale bars: A, B, F, G = 100 µm; C = 500 µm; D, E = 200 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. Exechonella antillea (Osburn, 1927). Caribbean Sea, Curaçao (A ‒ H: NNHML Coll. N ° 2997, total mounts). A, autozooid with forming polypide and ovary (ov). B, autozooid containing polypide and 2 - blastomers embryo (e) inside the internal brood sac (its wall shown by arrows). C ‒ D, autozooids with their frontal shield showing radiating sutures connecting foramina. Large lateralmost foramina bearing avicularia (not-recognizable in this magnification) are associated with kenozoidal (k) chamber. E, autozooid with polypide and lateral avicularium (arrowhead). F, avicularium showing semi-circular mandible (outline shown by arrowheads), rounded sclerite (s) and nipple-like structure with central opening (arrow). Granular tissue is visible. G, part of the frontal shield showing avicularium with semi-circular mandible (outline shown by arrowheads), rounded sclerite (s) and tendons of two muscles (arrow). Several foramina occluded by diatomeans are seen too. H, avicularian internal chamber with granular tissue and central body—presumed rudimentary polypide with retractor muscles below (arrows). Scale bars: A ‒ E = 100 µm; F = 50 µm; G, H = 20 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/842601/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/842603/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs 7–8</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="0A213CFFFFEAE93CFE9BFD9C9430E6B3" box="[271,355,617,642]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 7. Measurements (in µm, except number of foramina) of the lectotype specimen of Exechonella antillea (Osburn, 1927). Abbreviations: autozooid length (AzL), autozooid width (AzW), diameter of a foramen including rim (FoD), number of frontal foramina (FoN), diameter of the opening of a foramen (OD), primary orifice length (OrL), primary orifice width (OrW). Mean (m), standard deviation (sd), range (r) and number of measurements (n)." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Table 7</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0FB95ACFFFEAE93CFF03FD4496FEE7AF" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="471C0944FFEAE93CFF03FD4497E4E6F6" blockId="20.[151,1437,689,926]" box="[151,695,689,711]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFEAE93CFF03FD449486E6F6" authority=": Osburn 1927" authorityName=": Osburn" authorityYear="1927" box="[151,469,689,711]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bryocryptellidae" genus="Lepralia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFF03FD449412E6F6" box="[151,321,689,711]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Lepralia antillea</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFEDBFD449486E6F6" author="Osburn" box="[335,469,689,711]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1927) The Bryozoa of Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Amsterdam, 25, 123 - 132." type="journal article" year="1927">Osburn 1927</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, p. 128–129, figs 6–7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFEAE93CFF03FD25978DE6D7" blockId="20.[151,1437,689,926]" box="[151,734,720,742]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFEAE93CFF03FD259752E6D7" ID-CoL="3DKG4" authority=": Fransen 1986" authorityName="Fransen" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,513,720,742]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFF03FD259434E6D7" box="[151,359,720,742]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Exechonella antillea</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFEE1FD249752E6D7" author="Fransen" box="[373,513,720,742]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Fransen, C. H. J. M. (1986) Caribbean Bryozoa: Anasca and Ascophora Imperfecta of the inner bays of Curacao and Bonaire. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 68, 3 - 119." type="journal article" year="1986">Fransen 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, p. 87–90, fig. 29a–g.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFEAE93CFF03FD1B9068E735" blockId="20.[151,1437,689,926]" box="[151,1339,750,772]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
? 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFEAE93CFF3CFD1B94A4E735" ID-CoL="3DKG4" authority=": Shier 1964" authorityName="Shier" authorityYear="1964" box="[168,503,750,772]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFF3CFD1B942AE735" box="[168,377,750,772]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Exechonella antillea</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFE12FD1B94A4E735" author="Shier" box="[390,503,750,772]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Shier, D. E. (1964) Marine Bryozoa from northwest Florida. Bulletin of Marine Sciences, 14, 603 - 662." type="journal article" year="1964">Shier 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, p. 616; 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFDDAFD1B97B5E735" author="Hayward" box="[590,742,750,772]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Hayward, P. J. (1988) Mauritian cheilostome Bryozoa. Journal of Zoology, London, 215, 269 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1988. tb 04900. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Hayward 1988</bibRefCitation>
, p. 293; 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFCA9FD1B91CFE735" author="Di" box="[829,1180,750,772]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Di Martino, E., Taylor, P. D. &amp; Portell, R. W. (2017) Bryozoans from the lower Miocene Chipola Formation, Calhoun County, Florida, USA. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 53, 97 - 200." type="journal article" year="2017">Di Martino, Taylor &amp; Portell 2017</bibRefCitation>
, p. 140, fig. 34.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFEAE93CFF03FCFB973EE712" blockId="20.[151,1437,689,926]" box="[151,621,781,803]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Not 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFEAE93CFF57FCF8974FE712" ID-CoL="4GZ7S" authority=": Osburn 1914" authorityName=": Osburn" authorityYear="1914" box="[195,540,781,803]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Phylactella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="labrosa">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFF57FCF894DAE712" box="[195,393,781,803]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Phylactella labrosa</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFE02FCF8974FE712" author="Osburn" box="[406,540,781,803]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1914) Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida. Carnegie Intitution of Washington Publication, 182, 181 - 222." type="journal article" year="1914">Osburn 1914</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, p. 213.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFEAE93CFF03FCD896CBE74E" blockId="20.[151,1437,689,926]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<collectingRegion id="8567C7A6FFEAE93CFF03FCD895EEE773" box="[151,189,813,834]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Not</collectingRegion>
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFEAE93CFF57FCD99774E773" ID-CoL="3DKG4" authority=": Osburn 1940" authorityName=": Osburn" authorityYear="1940" box="[195,551,812,834]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFF57FCD994C0E773" box="[195,403,812,834]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Exechonella antillea</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFE35FCD99774E773" author="Osburn" box="[417,551,812,834]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1940) Bryozoa of Porto Rico with a resume of West Indian Bryozoan fauna. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, 16, 321 - 486." type="journal article" year="1940">Osburn 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, p. 366–367; 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFD24FCD99665E773" author="Osburn" box="[688,822,812,834]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1950) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America, Part 1. Cheilostomata - Anasca. Report of the Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 14, 1 - 269." type="journal article" year="1950">Osburn 1950</bibRefCitation>
, p.95–96, pl.10, figs 9–10; 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFBDFFCD991EEE773" author="Cook" box="[1099,1213,812,834]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Cook, P. L. (1967) Polyzoa (Bryozoa) from West Africa. The Pseudostega, the Cribrimorpha and some Ascophora Imperfecta. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 15, 321 - 351." type="journal article" year="1967">Cook 1967</bibRefCitation>
, p. 337–339, pl.1, fig. e; 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFF4BFCBF9425E751" author="Hayward" box="[223,374,842,864]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Hayward, P. J. (1974) Studies on the cheilostome bryozoan fauna of the Aegean Island of Chios. Journal of Natural History, 8, 369 - 402." type="journal article" year="1974">Hayward 1974</bibRefCitation>
, p. 377, fig. 4c; 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFD8CFCBE97F5E751" author="Dumont" box="[536,678,842,864]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Dumont, J. P. C. (1981) A Report on the cheilostome Bryozoa of the Sudanese Red Sea. Journal of Natural History, 15, 623 - 637." type="journal article" year="1981">Dumont 1981</bibRefCitation>
, p. 635; 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFD6FFCBF963FE751" author="Cook" box="[763,876,842,864]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Cook, P. L. (1985) Bryozoa from Ghana, a preliminary survey. Annales des Musee Royal de l´Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Sciences Zoologiques, 238, 1 - 315." type="journal article" year="1985">Cook 1985</bibRefCitation>
, 129–131, fig. 38, pl. 15, figs a, b; Winston 1986, p. 19, fig. 40; Vieira 2008, p. 82–83, pl. 19, figs a–c; Vieira 
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFD72FC9F964AE74E" box="[742,793,873,895]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
2008, p. 24.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFEAE93CFF03FC7C96FEE7AF" blockId="20.[151,1437,689,926]" box="[151,941,904,926]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<collectingRegion id="8567C7A6FFEAE93CFF03FC7C95EEE7AF" box="[151,189,905,926]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Not</collectingRegion>
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFEAE93CFF57FC7D97F2E7AF" ID-CoL="6HL83" authority=": Osburn 1940" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1940" box="[195,673,904,926]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="variety" species="antillea" variety="spinosa">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFF57FC7D94C7E7AF" box="[195,404,904,926]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Exechonella antillea</emphasis>
var 
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFE55FC7C975DE7AF" box="[449,526,905,926]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">spinosa</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFEAE93CFD88FC7D97F2E7AF" author="Osburn" box="[540,673,904,926]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1940) Bryozoa of Porto Rico with a resume of West Indian Bryozoan fauna. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, 16, 321 - 486." type="journal article" year="1940">Osburn 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, p. 367–368, pl. 4, fig. 35.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0FB95ACFFFEAE93CFF03FC3F9612E043" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="471C0944FFEAE93CFF03FC3F9612E043" blockId="20.[151,1437,970,1967]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<materialsCitation id="F7CB0319FFEAE93CFF03FC3F9612E043" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1657176808" collectingDate="1920-04-18" collectingDateMax="1982-10-04" collectingDateMin="1920-04-18" collectionCode="USNM, NNHML" collectorName="Dr C. J. &amp; Caribbean Sea &amp; Spanishwater &amp; Coll. N &amp; C. H. J. M. Fransen." country="Curaçao" location="Curacao" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" specimenCode="USNM 11960, USNM 545920" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="St. Joris" typeStatus="lectotype">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFF03FC3F94D3E7D2" bold="true" box="[151,384,970,995]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFE12FC3994A0E7D2" box="[390,499,972,995]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<typeStatus id="9818B7E6FFEAE93CFE12FC3994A0E7D2" box="[390,499,972,995]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: 
<specimenCode id="1705A13FFFEAE93CFD95FC3E97F2E7D2" box="[513,673,970,995]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<collectionCode id="21B29181FFEAE93CFD95FC3E9701E7D2" box="[513,594,971,995]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">USNM</collectionCode>
11960
</specimenCode>
, on a pottery shard. Caribbean Sea, Curaçao, Spanishwater, 
<date id="331D2F84FFEAE93CFAABFC3E9581E036" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1920-04-19">
<collectingDate id="2359D66CFFEAE93CFAABFC3E9581E036" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1920-04-19">19 April 1920</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll. by 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFEAE93CFEABFC1A94C1E036" box="[319,402,1007,1031]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Dr C.J.</collectorName>
van der Horst. 
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFDDDFC1B97B5E036" box="[585,742,1006,1031]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<typeStatus id="9818B7E6FFEAE93CFDDDFC1B97B5E036" box="[585,742,1006,1031]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: 
<specimenCode id="1705A13FFFEAE93CFD63FC1A96FAE036" box="[759,937,1006,1031]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<collectionCode id="21B29181FFEAE93CFD63FC1A961BE036" box="[759,840,1007,1031]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">USNM</collectionCode>
545920
</specimenCode>
, 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFEAE93CFC22FC1B910DE036" box="[950,1118,1006,1031]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Caribbean Sea</collectorName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="3FB449D4FFEAE93CFBF8FC1A919FE036" box="[1132,1228,1007,1031]" name="Curaçao" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFEAE93CFB4DFC1B9021E036" box="[1241,1394,1006,1031]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Spanishwater</collectorName>
, 
<date id="331D2F84FFEAE93CFA14FC1A9445E01A" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1920-04-18">
<collectingDate id="2359D66CFFEAE93CFA14FC1A9445E01A" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1920-04-18">18 April 1920</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll. by 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFEAE93CFE10FBE69485E01A" box="[388,470,1043,1067]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Dr C.J.</collectorName>
van der Horst. 
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFD1AFBE796FFE01A" box="[654,940,1042,1067]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Other material examined</emphasis>
: 
<collectionCode id="21B29181FFEAE93CFC2AFBE69176E01B" box="[958,1061,1043,1066]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">NNHML</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFEAE93CFBBAFBE791D6E01A" box="[1070,1157,1042,1067]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Coll. N</collectorName>
° 2997, two slides, eight colony fragments embedded in 
<collectingCountry id="3FB449D4FFEAE93CFE6CFBC3971FE07E" box="[504,588,1078,1103]" name="Canada" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Canada</collectingCountry>
balsam, Sta. Cur82.093, 
<collectingCountry id="3FB449D4FFEAE93CFCFCFBC39101E07E" box="[872,1106,1078,1103]" name="Curaçao" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Netherlands Antilles</collectingCountry>
, 
<location id="427C5F9FFFEAE93CFBC9FBC291EEE07E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF0AB852FFEAE930FF03FDB397DEE1D4:427C5F9FFFEAE93CFBC9FBC291EEE07E" box="[1117,1213,1079,1103]" country="Curaçao" name="Curacao" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" stateProvince="St. Joris">Curaçao</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="8567C7A6FFEAE93CFB5CFBC29071E07E" box="[1224,1314,1078,1103]" country="Bermuda" name="Saint George" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">St. Joris</collectingRegion>
Bay, inner bay, eastern part, 
<date id="331D2F84FFEAE93CFECFFBAE975FE042" box="[347,524,1114,1139]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1982-10-04">
<collectingDate id="2359D66CFFEAE93CFECFFBAE975FE042" box="[347,524,1114,1139]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1982-10-04">4 October 1982</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll. by 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFEAE93CFDE6FBAE9612E043" box="[626,833,1115,1139]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C.H.J.M. Fransen.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0FB95ACFFFEAE930FF53FB8B9786E13C" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
<paragraph id="471C0944FFEAE93CFF53FB8B94AAE39E" blockId="20.[151,1437,970,1967]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEAE93CFF53FB8B940AE0A6" bold="true" box="[199,345,1150,1175]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Description.</emphasis>
Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial. Autozooids pentagonal, hexagonal or oval in shape, separated by narrow grooves. Primary orifice wide pear-shaped, slightly longer than wide, poster (one-third) tending to be more quadrate (angular) than the anter (two-thirds) which has a rounded outline; anter wall underlain by an inner lamina which ends at well-defined triangular condyles, their tips directed to the orifice midline, extending beyond the edge a step-like curved area below. Operculum dark brown in non-cleaned material. Peristome low, collar-like, with relatively thin wall having 1–2 lateral blunt projections in some zooids. Peristome is often parallel-sided laterally or sometimes oval, its wall proximally lower and more narrow than distally with small medial blunt projection, areas either side of this projection wrinkled. Frontal shield smooth or slightly pustulose, perforated by 34–52 well-separated rounded or oval foramina, each with a wide smooth (often wrinkled) gymnocystal rim, raised slightly above the frontal shield and sloping towards the small central opening; fusions between the rims of 2–3, up to 5, foramina are not rare, sometimes common. Small marginal pores are predominantly oval. Lateral areas in some zooids are separated by a poorly developed narrow gymnocystal rim. Avicularia, when present, are placed on the outer raised wall of the two lateralmost foramina which are larger than the rest of the foramina and sometimes have a ‘double’ opening as a result of fusion of the opposite sides of foraminal gymnocystal rim. Each avicularium has a central nipple-like skeletal structure with a central pore through which the tendons of two muscles are passing towards a membranous mandible with a ring sclerite laying above the nipple-like structure. Mandible is thin, semi-round or semi-oval, closes the lumen of the foramen. Internal chamber of avicularium from where the muscles arise is filled with trilobate (?) granular tissue of unknown nature. There is also a central round body (presumed vestigial polypide with a ganglion) from which at least two bundles (presumably reduced retractor-muscles) go towards the bottom of the avicularian chamber. Adventitious kenozooids with 3–8 pores sometimes seen near autozooidal margins, these are often associated with the avicularia or may be alone. Vertical zooidal walls represented by multiporous mural septula with 1–2 rows of communication pores. Ancestrula not observed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="13DC59CCFFEBE93DFF03F8CA9152E3DE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842601/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[225,1367,195,1830]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="471C0944FFEBE93DFF03F8CA9152E3DE" blockId="21.[151,1436,1855,2031]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEBE93DFF03F8CA944BE364" bold="true" box="[151,280,1855,1877]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFEBE93DFEB7F8CA97FFE364" authority="(Osburn, 1927)" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Osburn" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[291,684,1855,1877]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEBE93DFEB7F8CA94ABE364" box="[291,504,1855,1877]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Exechonella antillea</emphasis>
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFEBE93DFD90F8CA97FFE364" bold="true" box="[516,684,1855,1877]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">(Osburn, 1927)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Caribbean Sea, Curaçao (A‒G: lectotype USNM 11960, non-cleaned colony). A, C, D, general view of lectotype from above. Some lateralmost foramina shown by arrows in D. B, close-up of autozooid with an operculum removed. E, close-up of autozooid with two lateralmost foramina bearing avicularia, each associated with kenozooid (k). Two more kenozooids (k) are seen proximally. F, avicularium with a mandible closing a foraminal lumen (arrowhead points to mandible edge). G, primary orifice with a peristome and condyles. Kenozooid (k) is seen in the upper left corner. Scale bars: A, B, F, G = 100 µm; C = 500 µm; D, E = 200 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="13DC59CCFFE8E93EFF03F9379728E3DA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842603/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" targetBox="[274,1305,193,1705]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE8E93EFF03F9379728E3DA" blockId="22.[151,1436,1730,2027]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE8E93EFF03F9379447E2E9" bold="true" box="[151,276,1730,1752]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE8E93EFE8FF93797CAE2E9" authority="(Osburn, 1927)" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Osburn" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[283,665,1730,1752]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE8E93EFE8FF93794BEE2E9" box="[283,493,1730,1752]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Exechonella antillea</emphasis>
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE8E93EFE60F93797CAE2E9" bold="true" box="[500,665,1730,1752]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">(Osburn, 1927)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Caribbean Sea, Curaçao (A‒H: NNHML Coll. N° 2997, total mounts). A, autozooid with forming polypide and ovary (ov). B, autozooid containing polypide and 2-blastomers embryo (e) inside the internal brood sac (its wall shown by arrows). C‒D, autozooids with their frontal shield showing radiating sutures connecting foramina. Large lateralmost foramina bearing avicularia (not-recognizable in this magnification) are associated with kenozoidal (k) chamber. E, autozooid with polypide and lateral avicularium (arrowhead). F, avicularium showing semi-circular mandible (outline shown by arrowheads), rounded sclerite (s) and nipple-like structure with central opening (arrow). Granular tissue is visible. G, part of the frontal shield showing avicularium with semi-circular mandible (outline shown by arrowheads), rounded sclerite (s) and tendons of two muscles (arrow). Several foramina occluded by diatomeans are seen too. H, avicularian internal chamber with granular tissue and central body—presumed rudimentary polypide with retractor muscles below (arrows). Scale bars: A‒E = 100 µm; F = 50 µm; G, H = 20 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="13DC59CCFFE9E93FFF03FF6D904BE53E" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE9E93FFF03FF6D904BE53E" blockId="23.[151,1435,151,271]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFF03FF6D945CE49E" bold="true" box="[151,271,152,175]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">TABLE 7.</emphasis>
Measurements (in µm, except number of foramina) of the lectotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE9E93FFB2FFF62946CE4FE" authority="(Osburn, 1927)" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Osburn" baseAuthorityYear="1927" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFB2FFF6290C8E49E" box="[1211,1435,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Exechonella antillea</emphasis>
(Osburn, 1927)
</taxonomicName>
. Abbreviations: autozooid length (AzL), autozooid width (AzW), diameter of a foramen including rim (FoD), number of frontal foramina (FoN), diameter of the opening of a foramen (OD), primary orifice length (OrL), primary orifice width (OrW). Mean (m), standard deviation (sd), range (r) and number of measurements (n).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE9E93FFCAAFEDF9161E571" blockId="23.[159,1285,298,651]" box="[830,1074,298,320]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Curaçao, Caribbean Sea</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE9E93FFDC8FEA1958CE7F1" blockId="23.[159,1285,298,651]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,719,2007]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
m±sd r n AzL 793±82.3 650–927 14 AzW 580±42.4 530–650 15 OrL 210±12.1 190–238 19 OrW 198±13.7 169–220 19 FoN 43±5.5 34–52 15 FoD 52±6.8 36–60 33 OD 17±3.7 19–37 33 
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFF53FD3A9468E6D9" bold="true" box="[199,315,719,744]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE9E93FFED6FD3A9788E6D9" authority="(Osburn, 1927)" baseAuthorityName="Osburn" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[322,731,719,744]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFED6FD3A977BE6D9" box="[322,552,719,744]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Exechonella antillea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFDA3FD3A9780E6D9" author="Osburn" box="[567,723,719,744]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1927) The Bryozoa of Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Amsterdam, 25, 123 - 132." type="journal article" year="1927">Osburn, 1927</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
was originally described as 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE9E93FFB8DFD3A9185E6D9" authorityName=": Osburn" authorityYear="1927" box="[1049,1238,719,744]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bryocryptellidae" genus="Lepralia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFB8DFD3A9185E6D9" box="[1049,1238,719,744]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lepralia antillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Curaçao, in the Caribbean Sea. It has subsequently been recorded by many authors from many tropical and subtropical areas: the Caribbean Sea and western Atlantic—Puerto Rico (
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFD69FCE296C0E701" author="Osburn" box="[765,915,791,816]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1940) Bryozoa of Porto Rico with a resume of West Indian Bryozoan fauna. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, 16, 321 - 486." type="journal article" year="1940">Osburn 1940</bibRefCitation>
), Florida (
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFB91FCE291D7E701" author="Shier" box="[1029,1156,791,816]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Shier, D. E. (1964) Marine Bryozoa from northwest Florida. Bulletin of Marine Sciences, 14, 603 - 662." type="journal article" year="1964">Shier 1964</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFB1BFCE2907CE701" author="Winston" box="[1167,1327,791,816]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Winston, J. E. (1982) Marine bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of the Indian River area (Florida). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 173, 99 - 176." type="journal article" year="1982">Winston 1982</bibRefCitation>
), Jamaica (Winston 1986), Curaçao (
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFE2BFCC9970FE764" author="Fransen" box="[447,604,828,853]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Fransen, C. H. J. M. (1986) Caribbean Bryozoa: Anasca and Ascophora Imperfecta of the inner bays of Curacao and Bonaire. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 68, 3 - 119." type="journal article" year="1986">Fransen 1986</bibRefCitation>
), Coast of Alagoas, Bahia and São Paulo, Brazil (Vieira 2008; Vieira 
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFAF0FCC890CFE764" box="[1380,1436,828,853]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
2008), eastern Atlantic—Senegal and Ghana (
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFD3EFCAA967EE749" author="Cook" box="[682,813,863,888]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Cook, P. L. (1967) Polyzoa (Bryozoa) from West Africa. The Pseudostega, the Cribrimorpha and some Ascophora Imperfecta. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 15, 321 - 351." type="journal article" year="1967">Cook 1967</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFCA8FCAA9624E749" author="Cook" box="[828,887,863,888]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Cook, P. L. (1985) Bryozoa from Ghana, a preliminary survey. Annales des Musee Royal de l´Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Sciences Zoologiques, 238, 1 - 315." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
), Mediterranean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFBE3FCAA9076E749" author="Hayward" box="[1143,1317,863,888]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Hayward, P. J. (1974) Studies on the cheilostome bryozoan fauna of the Aegean Island of Chios. Journal of Natural History, 8, 369 - 402." type="journal article" year="1974">Hayward 1974</bibRefCitation>
), Red Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFF0AFC71944DE7AC" author="Cook" box="[158,286,900,925]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Cook, P. L. (1967) Polyzoa (Bryozoa) from West Africa. The Pseudostega, the Cribrimorpha and some Ascophora Imperfecta. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 15, 321 - 351." type="journal article" year="1967">Cook 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFEBDFC709494E7AD" author="Dumont" box="[297,455,900,924]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Dumont, J. P. C. (1981) A Report on the cheilostome Bryozoa of the Sudanese Red Sea. Journal of Natural History, 15, 623 - 637." type="journal article" year="1981">Dumont 1981</bibRefCitation>
; Winston 1986 [based on Dumont’s paper]), and the Pacific Ocean—California (
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFADCFC719580E7F1" author="Osburn" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1950) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America, Part 1. Cheilostomata - Anasca. Report of the Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 14, 1 - 269." type="journal article" year="1950">Osburn 1950</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE9E93FFF53FC3897E3E11A" blockId="23.[151,1437,719,2007]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<materialsCitation id="F7CB0319FFE9E93FFF53FC389166E044" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1657176818" collectingDate="1919-04" collectingDateMax="1920-05-18" collectingDateMin="1919-04" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="In &amp; Osburn &amp; Osburn's &amp; The" location="Osburn" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="USNM 11960" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFE9E93FFF53FC38958DE7D5" box="[199,222,973,996]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">In</collectorName>
his 1927 paper 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFE9E93FFE01FC3994BBE7D4" box="[405,488,972,997]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Osburn</collectorName>
mentioned nine colonies of what he described as 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE9E93FFB8AFC3891C7E7D4" authorityName=": Osburn" authorityYear="1927" box="[1054,1172,972,997]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bryocryptellidae" genus="Lepralia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFB8AFC3891C7E7D4" box="[1054,1172,972,997]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E. antillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(“ 
<date id="331D2F84FFE9E93FFB39FC399041E7D5" box="[1197,1298,972,997]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1919-04">
<collectingDate id="2359D66CFFE9E93FFB39FC399041E7D5" box="[1197,1298,972,997]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1919-04">April 19</collectingDate>
</date>
, one colony on an oyster shell, and 
<date id="331D2F84FFE9E93FFE03FC059765E039" box="[407,566,1008,1032]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1920-05-18">
<collectingDate id="2359D66CFFE9E93FFE03FC059765E039" box="[407,566,1008,1032]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1920-05-18">May 18, 1920</collectingDate>
</date>
, eight colonies on a broken piece of pottery”, p. 128), but only two specimens were found in the 
<collectionCode id="21B29181FFE9E93FFE14FBE19482E01D" box="[384,465,1044,1068]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">USNM</collectionCode>
collection that were received by the 
<collectionCode id="21B29181FFE9E93FFC34FBE196A2E01D" box="[928,1009,1044,1068]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">USNM</collectionCode>
in 1968 after 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFE9E93FFB3FFBE19043E01C" box="[1195,1296,1044,1069]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Osburn’s</collectorName>
death. 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFE9E93FFAE5FBE190CEE01C" box="[1393,1437,1044,1069]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">The</collectorName>
information on his hand written labels differs, however, from what is in the 1927 paper. 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFE9E93FFB07FBC291ECE061" box="[1171,1215,1079,1104]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">The</collectorName>
<specimenCode id="1705A13FFFE9E93FFB5CFBCD903BE061" box="[1224,1384,1079,1104]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<collectionCode id="21B29181FFE9E93FFB5CFBCD904AE061" box="[1224,1305,1080,1104]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">USNM</collectionCode>
11960
</specimenCode>
was indicated as ‘ 
<typeStatus id="9818B7E6FFE9E93FFEB2FBA99408E045" box="[294,347,1116,1140]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
specimen’ on the label by 
<location id="427C5F9FFFE9E93FFD13FBA9978FE044" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF0AB852FFEAE930FF03FDB397DEE1D4:427C5F9FFFE9E93FFD13FBA9978FE044" box="[647,732,1116,1141]" name="Osburn" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Osburn</location>
, and we select it as a 
<typeStatus id="9818B7E6FFE9E93FFC5EFBA99166E044" box="[970,1077,1116,1141]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="F7CB0319FFE9E93FFBAAFBA997FFE11A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1657176797" collectingDate="1918-04" collectingDateMax="1919-04-21" collectingDateMin="1918-04" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="The &amp; April &amp; Osburn's &amp; C. J. van der Horst &amp; This" country="Canada" location="Osburn" municipality="We" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="USNM 545920" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paralectotype">
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFE9E93FFBAAFBA99139E044" box="[1086,1130,1116,1141]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">The</collectorName>
collecting date was written by him as 
<date id="331D2F84FFE9E93FFE81FB7694D8E0AA" box="[277,395,1155,1179]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1919-04-21">
<collectingDate id="2359D66CFFE9E93FFE81FB7694D8E0AA" box="[277,395,1155,1179]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1919-04-21">Apr-19-21</collectingDate>
</date>
that we interpret as between 19th and 21th of 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFE9E93FFC3FFB7796B5E0AA" box="[939,998,1154,1179]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">April</collectorName>
since all the species described in the 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFE9E93FFF03FB5395AFE08E" box="[151,252,1190,1215]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Osburn’s</collectorName>
(1927) paper were collected during spring, 1920 (by 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFE9E93FFCC3FB52917BE08E" box="[855,1064,1190,1215]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C.J. van der Horst</collectorName>
). 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFE9E93FFBAFFB53913EE08E" box="[1083,1133,1190,1215]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">This</collectorName>
specimen, despite the date of collecting, grows on the pottery shard, not on oyster. 
<collectorName id="EA566C92FFE9E93FFC80FB3F9613E0D2" box="[788,832,1226,1251]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">The</collectorName>
second existing colony 
<specimenCode id="1705A13FFFE9E93FFBC7FB3E9053E0D2" box="[1107,1280,1226,1251]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<collectionCode id="21B29181FFE9E93FFBC7FB3E91F7E0D2" box="[1107,1188,1227,1251]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">USNM</collectionCode>
545920
</specimenCode>
judging from the label was collected on 
<date id="331D2F84FFE9E93FFE53FB1A977AE136" box="[455,553,1262,1287]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1918-04">
<collectingDate id="2359D66CFFE9E93FFE53FB1A977AE136" box="[455,553,1262,1287]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1918-04">18 April</collectingDate>
</date>
, 1920. 
<location id="427C5F9FFFE9E93FFDE9FB1B9783E136" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF0AB852FFEAE930FF03FDB397DEE1D4:427C5F9FFFE9E93FFDE9FB1B9783E136" box="[637,720,1262,1287]" country="Canada" municipality="We" name="Osburn" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Osburn</location>
detached it from its substrate and glued it to a glass slide with 
<collectingCountry id="3FB449D4FFE9E93FFF03FAE795B8E11A" box="[151,235,1298,1323]" name="Canada" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Canada</collectingCountry>
balsam. 
<collectingMunicipality id="A778933EFFE9E93FFEDBFAE69420E11B" box="[335,371,1299,1322]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">We</collectingMunicipality>
selected it as 
<typeStatus id="9818B7E6FFE9E93FFD85FAE797FFE11A" box="[529,684,1298,1323]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE9E93FFF53FAC3941FE18A" blockId="23.[151,1437,719,2007]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The above description is based on the 
<typeStatus id="9818B7E6FFE9E93FFDE1FAC3978CE17E" box="[629,735,1334,1359]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, whereas the 
<typeStatus id="9818B7E6FFE9E93FFCE3FAC3915DE17E" box="[887,1038,1334,1359]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
has no avicularia, and some zooids have a peristome with flat pointed lateral processes. This specimen also shows the early developmental stages of the frontal shield with foramina being round elevated projections. In older zooids foraminal rims become wider and sometimes fuse.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE9E93FFF53FA3D9732E25E" blockId="23.[151,1437,719,2007]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<materialsCitation id="F7CB0319FFE9E93FFF53FA3D9732E25E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1657176817" collectionCode="USNM" country="Puerto Rico" county="Later Osburn" location="Examination" municipality="Dry Tortugas" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="USNM 545921, USNM 545922" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida">
<collectingCounty id="AE7D71C8FFE9E93FFF53FA3D940EE1EE" box="[199,349,1478,1503]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Later 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFE9FFA33940EE1EE" author="Osburn" box="[267,349,1478,1503]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1940) Bryozoa of Porto Rico with a resume of West Indian Bryozoan fauna. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, 16, 321 - 486." type="journal article" year="1940">Osburn</bibRefCitation>
</collectingCounty>
(1940) reported without illustration as 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE9E93FFC8BFA3D96C6E1EE" authorityName=": Osburn" authorityYear="1927" box="[799,917,1478,1503]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bryocryptellidae" genus="Lepralia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFC8BFA3D96C6E1EE" box="[799,917,1478,1503]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E. antillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a specimen from 
<collectingCountry id="3FB449D4FFE9E93FFBF0FA3D91BDE1EE" box="[1124,1262,1478,1503]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
. In addition, in this and also in 1927 paper he mentioned that the specimen that he briefly described as 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE9E93FFBFBFA1F958BE216" authority="(Busk, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Phylactella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="labrosa">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFBFBFA1F9019E232" box="[1135,1354,1514,1539]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Phylactella labrosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFACEFA1F9583E216" author="Busk" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Busk, G. (1854) Catalogue of marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Cheilostomata (part.). Printed by the order of the Trustees, London, pp. iii - viii + 55 - 120." type="book chapter" year="1854">Busk, 1854</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from the 
<collectingMunicipality id="A778933EFFE9E93FFED2F9E5948DE219" box="[326,478,1552,1576]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dry Tortugas</collectingMunicipality>
, off 
<collectingRegion id="8567C7A6FFE9E93FFD84F9FB9737E216" box="[528,612,1550,1575]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Florida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Florida</collectingRegion>
, in 1914 belongs to this species too. 
<location id="427C5F9FFFE9E93FFB95F9FB91C3E216" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF0AB852FFEAE930FF03FDB397DEE1D4:427C5F9FFFE9E93FFB95F9FB91C3E216" box="[1025,1168,1550,1575]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Later Osburn" municipality="Dry Tortugas" name="Examination" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="Florida">Examination</location>
of these two specimens showed that 
<specimenCode id="1705A13FFFE9E93FFEBFF9C69489E27A" box="[299,474,1586,1611]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<collectionCode id="21B29181FFE9E93FFEBFF9C6942FE27A" box="[299,380,1587,1611]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">USNM</collectionCode>
545921
</specimenCode>
(
<collectingCountry id="3FB449D4FFE9E93FFE7FF9C69724E27A" box="[491,631,1586,1611]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
) belongs to 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE9E93FFC9EF9C19626E27A" authority="Cáceres-Chamizo &amp; Sanner &amp; Tilbrook &amp; Ostrovsky, 2017" authorityName="Cáceres-Chamizo &amp; Sanner &amp; Tilbrook &amp; Ostrovsky" authorityYear="2017" box="[778,885,1588,1611]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="vieirai" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFC9EF9C19626E27A" box="[778,885,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E. vieirai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFCEBF9C79692E27A" bold="true" box="[895,961,1586,1611]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6EE4682DFFE9E93FFCEBF9C79692E27A" box="[895,961,1586,1611]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, whereas 
<specimenCode id="1705A13FFFE9E93FFBADF9C691BBE27A" box="[1081,1256,1586,1611]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<collectionCode id="21B29181FFE9E93FFBADF9C691D9E27A" box="[1081,1162,1587,1611]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">USNM</collectionCode>
545922
</specimenCode>
(Dry Tortugas) belongs to 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE9E93FFE86F9AD94CEE25E" authorityName=": Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1928" box="[274,413,1624,1647]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="pumicosa">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFE86F9AD94CEE25E" box="[274,413,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E. pumicosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see also below).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE9E93FFF53F98F97A9E2EA" blockId="23.[151,1437,719,2007]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<materialsCitation id="F7CB0319FFE9E93FFF53F98F97A9E2EA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1657176802" collectionCode="USNM" country="Curaçao" location="Osburn" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="USNM 10741" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="holotype">
Comparison of the specimen 
<specimenCode id="1705A13FFFE9E93FFD9AF98E97FEE2A2" box="[526,685,1659,1683]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<collectionCode id="21B29181FFE9E93FFD9AF98E970CE2A2" box="[526,607,1659,1683]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">USNM</collectionCode>
10741
</specimenCode>
, described as 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE9E93FFCDCF98F917DE2A2" baseAuthorityName="Osburn" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[840,1070,1658,1683]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFCDCF98F917DE2A2" box="[840,1070,1658,1683]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Exechonella antillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFBCCF98F91AFE2A2" author="Osburn" box="[1112,1276,1658,1683]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1950) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America, Part 1. Cheilostomata - Anasca. Report of the Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 14, 1 - 269." type="journal article" year="1950">
<location id="427C5F9FFFE9E93FFBCCF98F91F8E2A2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF0AB852FFEAE930FF03FDB397DEE1D4:427C5F9FFFE9E93FFBCCF98F91F8E2A2" box="[1112,1195,1658,1683]" country="Curaçao" name="Osburn" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="California">Osburn</location>
(1950)
</bibRefCitation>
from the Gulf of 
<collectingRegion id="8567C7A6FFE9E93FFF20F96B947AE286" box="[180,297,1694,1719]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">California</collectingRegion>
, with the 
<typeStatus id="9818B7E6FFE9E93FFE00F96B94A5E286" box="[404,502,1694,1719]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
from 
<collectingCountry id="3FB449D4FFE9E93FFDAEF96A97C9E286" box="[570,666,1695,1719]" name="Curaçao" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
, showed several important differences and resulted in the description of the new species 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE9E93FFEF8F9319770E2EA" authority="Cáceres-Chamizo &amp; Sanner &amp; Tilbrook &amp; Ostrovsky, 2017" authorityName="Cáceres-Chamizo &amp; Sanner &amp; Tilbrook &amp; Ostrovsky" authorityYear="2017" box="[364,547,1730,1755]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="californiensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFEF8F9319770E2EA" box="[364,547,1730,1755]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E. californiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFDBEF937973AE2EA" bold="true" box="[554,617,1730,1755]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6EE4682DFFE9E93FFDBEF937973AE2EA" box="[554,617,1730,1755]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(see below).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE9E93FFF5AF91395A9E376" blockId="23.[151,1437,719,2007]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFF5AF913940FE2CE" author="Shier" box="[206,348,1766,1791]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Shier, D. E. (1964) Marine Bryozoa from northwest Florida. Bulletin of Marine Sciences, 14, 603 - 662." type="journal article" year="1964">Shier (1964)</bibRefCitation>
also reported 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE9E93FFE69F91D9721E2CE" baseAuthorityName="Osburn" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[509,626,1766,1791]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFE69F91D9721E2CE" box="[509,626,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E. antillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from northwest Florida. The description of his specimen is reminiscent of that of the holotype, but unfortunately there are no illustrations in the paper to make a more precise comparison possible.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE9E930FF53F8A6907AE5B9" blockId="23.[151,1437,719,2007]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,1509]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFF53F8A69422E35A" author="Fransen" box="[199,369,1874,1899]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Fransen, C. H. J. M. (1986) Caribbean Bryozoa: Anasca and Ascophora Imperfecta of the inner bays of Curacao and Bonaire. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 68, 3 - 119." type="journal article" year="1986">Fransen (1986)</bibRefCitation>
redescribed 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE9E93FFD94F8A797BBE35A" baseAuthorityName="Osburn" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[512,744,1874,1899]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE9E93FFD94F8A797BBE35A" box="[512,744,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Exechonella antillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on specimens from the 
<typeStatus id="9818B7E6FFE9E93FFBAFF8A69138E35A" box="[1083,1131,1875,1899]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
locality (
<collectingCountry id="3FB449D4FFE9E93FFB42F8A6906AE35A" box="[1238,1337,1875,1899]" name="Curaçao" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
), and his description fits well to our observations. However, comparing his material (colony fragments mounted on slides embedded in Canadian balsam) with that described by 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFCB4F86F969AE382" author="Osburn" box="[800,969,1946,1971]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1927) The Bryozoa of Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Amsterdam, 25, 123 - 132." type="journal article" year="1927">Osburn (1927)</bibRefCitation>
we detected some differences that may reflect the variation mentioned by 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE9E93FFD8BF835979EE3E6" author="Fransen" box="[543,717,1982,2007]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Fransen, C. H. J. M. (1986) Caribbean Bryozoa: Anasca and Ascophora Imperfecta of the inner bays of Curacao and Bonaire. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 68, 3 - 119." type="journal article" year="1986">Fransen (1986)</bibRefCitation>
. These differences are: (1) primary orifice shape was described as wide as long by Fransen, but it is slightly longer than wider in the 
<typeStatus id="9818B7E6FFE6E930FC3BFF629147E481" box="[943,1044,151,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; (2) the frontal shield bears 40–86 foramina in the Fransen’s material, while the maximal number in the 
<typeStatus id="9818B7E6FFE6E930FC50FF499175E4E4" box="[964,1062,188,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is 52. Unfortunately, due to the preservation method there are no specimens for the SEM study among the Fransen’s material available. On the other hand, the semitransparent fragments in whole mounts make the investigation of internal structures possible; the internal brooding sacs containing an embryo each are clearly visible, as are the muscle ascending from the avicularium chamber and passing through the opening of the nipple structure (see below). Fransen also described and illustrated the tubular “attachment organs” situated on the basal side of zooids (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FB0AFE9A904EE5B9" author="Shier" box="[1182,1309,367,392]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Shier, D. E. (1964) Marine Bryozoa from northwest Florida. Bulletin of Marine Sciences, 14, 603 - 662." type="journal article" year="1964">Shier 1964</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE6E930FF53FE61902AE5C4" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Fossil specimens were recently described (as 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE6E930FD5CFE60966EE59C" baseAuthorityName="Osburn" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[712,829,404,429]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FD5CFE60966EE59C" box="[712,829,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">E. antillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from the early Miocene of 
<collectingRegion id="8567C7A6FFE6E930FBE9FE61919DE59C" box="[1149,1230,404,429]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Florida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Florida</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FB49FE619587E5E1" author="Di" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Di Martino, E., Taylor, P. D. &amp; Portell, R. W. (2017) Bryozoans from the lower Miocene Chipola Formation, Calhoun County, Florida, USA. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 53, 97 - 200." type="journal article" year="2017">
Di Martino 
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FAF0FE6090C6E59C" box="[1380,1429,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
). While general morphology and zooidal size are similar, the primary orifice is distinctly smaller in the fossil material that also shows no medial blunt process of the peristome as well as no lateral foramina with avicularia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE6E930FF53FE0A915FE6FC" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FF53FE0A941CE629" author="Cook" box="[199,335,511,536]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Cook, P. L. (1967) Polyzoa (Bryozoa) from West Africa. The Pseudostega, the Cribrimorpha and some Ascophora Imperfecta. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 15, 321 - 351." type="journal article" year="1967">Cook (1967</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FECEFE0A94C0E629" author="Cook" box="[346,403,511,536]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Cook, P. L. (1968) Bryozoa (Polyzoa) from the coast of tropical West Africa. Atlantide Reports, 10, 115 - 262." type="journal article" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
) reported as 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE6E930FDB1FE0A965FE629" baseAuthorityName="Osburn" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[549,780,511,536]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FDB1FE0A965FE629" box="[549,780,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Exechonella antillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
several specimens from Senegal, Ghana, Guinea, Red Sea and Caribbean, mentioning the wide range of variation in many characters. Later on she admitted, however, that the east Atlantic material significantly differs from the specimens of Fransen from the Caribbean (pers. comm. in 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FF03FD989461E6B4" author="Fransen" box="[151,306,620,645]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Fransen, C. H. J. M. (1986) Caribbean Bryozoa: Anasca and Ascophora Imperfecta of the inner bays of Curacao and Bonaire. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 68, 3 - 119." type="journal article" year="1986">Fransen 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Also, the optical photo published by 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FD74FD9996EEE6B5" author="Cook" box="[736,957,620,645]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Cook, P. L. (1967) Polyzoa (Bryozoa) from West Africa. The Pseudostega, the Cribrimorpha and some Ascophora Imperfecta. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 15, 321 - 351." type="journal article" year="1967">Cook (1967, pl. 1E)</bibRefCitation>
is of very poor quality. We believe that the specimens above mentioned (stored at the Natural History Museum, London, and Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen) belong to different species and require careful re-examination.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE6E930FF53FD2D9039E021" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Later 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FE9DFD2294CBE6C1" author="Cook" box="[265,408,727,752]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Cook, P. L. (1985) Bryozoa from Ghana, a preliminary survey. Annales des Musee Royal de l´Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Sciences Zoologiques, 238, 1 - 315." type="journal article" year="1985">Cook (1985)</bibRefCitation>
again reported 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE6E930FDDCFD2C97EDE6C1" baseAuthorityName="Osburn" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[584,702,727,752]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FDDCFD2C97EDE6C1" box="[584,702,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">E. antillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="3FB449D4FFE6E930FC97FD22961CE6C1" box="[771,847,727,752]" name="Ghana" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ghana</collectingCountry>
, two specimens of which she illustrated using SEM. These both differ significantly from the 
<typeStatus id="9818B7E6FFE6E930FDFAFD099783E724" box="[622,720,764,789]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE6E930FD69FD089626E724" baseAuthorityName="Osburn" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[765,885,764,789]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FD69FD089626E724" box="[765,885,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">E. antillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in fact we believe that there are two different species included in her paper. The first specimen seen (
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FCBAFCEA9108E709" author="Cook" box="[814,1115,799,824]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Cook, P. L. (1985) Bryozoa from Ghana, a preliminary survey. Annales des Musee Royal de l´Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Sciences Zoologiques, 238, 1 - 315." type="journal article" year="1985" yearSuffix="a">Cook 1985, pl. 15, fig. a</bibRefCitation>
) shows (in contrast with a 
<typeStatus id="9818B7E6FFE6E930FF03FCB195A8E76C" box="[151,251,836,861]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) the orifice wider proximally than distally and with fewer frontal foramina merged in short ‘chains’ (similar to 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE6E930FE87FC9C94CDE7B1" authorityName=": Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1928" box="[275,414,873,896]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="pumicosa">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FE87FC9C94CDE7B1" box="[275,414,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">E. pumicosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Caribbean, see below). The Figure 38 also demonstrates the spine-like processes on the peristome of the “typical” form that are reminiscent those in 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE6E930FC02FC7896A4E795" box="[918,1015,909,932]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="vierai">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FC02FC7896A4E795" box="[918,1015,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">E. vierai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="3FB449D4FFE6E930FBA9FC7991D2E794" box="[1085,1153,908,933]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(see below). The second specimen shown, the so-called “cribrimorph form” (
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FD70FC5A9153E7F9" author="Cook" box="[740,1024,943,968]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Cook, P. L. (1985) Bryozoa from Ghana, a preliminary survey. Annales des Musee Royal de l´Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Sciences Zoologiques, 238, 1 - 315." type="journal article" year="1985" yearSuffix="b">Cook 1985, pl. 15, fig. b</bibRefCitation>
), has a characteristic radial series of foramina with fused rims (see 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FE63FC2197CDE7DC" author="Tilbrook" box="[503,670,980,1005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Tilbrook, K. J. (2006) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monographs Number 4, Studies in Biodiversity, 3, 1 - 386." type="journal article" year="2006">Tilbrook 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Whilst neither of these specimens can be attributed to 
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FAB1FC209477E021" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE6E930FAB1FC2090C8E7DC" authority="Cáceres-Chamizo &amp; Sanner &amp; Tilbrook &amp; Ostrovsky, 2017" authorityName="Cáceres-Chamizo &amp; Sanner &amp; Tilbrook &amp; Ostrovsky" authorityYear="2017" box="[1317,1435,980,1005]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="antillea">E. antillea</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6EE4682DFFE6E930FF03FC0C9477E021" box="[151,292,1017,1040]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
both should be restudied and compared with those described by 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FC6DFC0291D4E021" author="Cook" box="[1017,1159,1015,1040]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Cook, P. L. (1967) Polyzoa (Bryozoa) from West Africa. The Pseudostega, the Cribrimorpha and some Ascophora Imperfecta. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 15, 321 - 351." type="journal article" year="1967">Cook (1967)</bibRefCitation>
from 
<collectingCountry id="3FB449D4FFE6E930FB58FC029046E021" box="[1228,1301,1015,1040]" name="Ghana" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ghana</collectingCountry>
earlier.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE6E930FF53FBE994CEE0F4" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FF53FBE99404E004" author="Cook" box="[199,343,1052,1077]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Cook, P. L. (1967) Polyzoa (Bryozoa) from West Africa. The Pseudostega, the Cribrimorpha and some Ascophora Imperfecta. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 15, 321 - 351." type="journal article" year="1967">Cook (1967)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FEF7FBE8975CE005" author="Dumont" box="[355,527,1052,1076]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Dumont, J. P. C. (1981) A Report on the cheilostome Bryozoa of the Sudanese Red Sea. Journal of Natural History, 15, 623 - 637." type="journal article" year="1981">Dumont (1981)</bibRefCitation>
and Winston (1986) [based on Dumont’s paper] mentioned 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE6E930FB3AFBE89071E004" authorityName="Cáceres-Chamizo &amp; Sanner &amp; Tilbrook &amp; Ostrovsky" authorityYear="2017" box="[1198,1314,1052,1077]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FB3AFBE89071E004" box="[1198,1314,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">E. antillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the 
<collectingRegion id="8567C7A6FFE6E930FAFBFBE99591E069" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
, but the analysis of the literature, illustrations and available specimens can not confirm this distribution (see discussions elsewhere in this paper). 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FDDDFB919656E04D" author="Hayward" box="[585,773,1124,1149]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Hayward, P. J. (1988) Mauritian cheilostome Bryozoa. Journal of Zoology, London, 215, 269 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1988. tb 04900. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Hayward (1988)</bibRefCitation>
noted this species from Mauritian waters, but again this record devoid of the description and illustration, similar to the specimens described by 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FBF5FB7291BBE091" author="Cook" box="[1121,1256,1159,1184]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Cook, P. L. (1967) Polyzoa (Bryozoa) from West Africa. The Pseudostega, the Cribrimorpha and some Ascophora Imperfecta. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 15, 321 - 351." type="journal article" year="1967">Cook (1967</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FB67FB72907DE091" author="Cook" box="[1267,1326,1159,1184]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Cook, P. L. (1985) Bryozoa from Ghana, a preliminary survey. Annales des Musee Royal de l´Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Sciences Zoologiques, 238, 1 - 315." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
), requires critical re-examination.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE6E930FF53FB3A9786E13C" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Finally, 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE6E930FEB7FB3A94FDE0D9" baseAuthorityName="Cook &amp; Bock" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[291,430,1231,1256]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FEB7FB3A94FDE0D9" box="[291,430,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Exechonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘ 
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE6E930FE2BFB3A9747E0D9" authorityName="Cáceres-Chamizo &amp; Sanner &amp; Tilbrook &amp; Ostrovsky" authorityYear="2017" box="[447,532,1231,1256]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FE2BFB3A9747E0D9" box="[447,532,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">antillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ was recorded by Vieira (2008) and Vieira 
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FB97FB24916FE0D9" box="[1027,1084,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
(2008) in Brazilian waters; we attribute this material to a new species (see below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0FB95ACFFFE6E930FF53FAE297DEE1D4" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="471C0944FFE6E930FF53FAE297DEE1D4" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FF53FAE29433E101" bold="true" box="[199,352,1303,1328]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE6E930FEFDFAE29702E101" authorityName="Cáceres-Chamizo &amp; Sanner &amp; Tilbrook &amp; Ostrovsky" authorityYear="2017" box="[361,593,1303,1328]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="antillea">
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FEFDFAE29702E101" box="[361,593,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Exechonella antillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been attributed a wide distribution previously. However, our analyses have determined the presence of several morphologically distinct species, with geographically-limited distributions, within material formerly assigned to Osburn’s (1927) species. This species complex has been noted previously (
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FE8FFA7194A9E1AD" author="Cook" box="[283,506,1412,1437]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Cook, P. L. &amp; Bock, P. E. (2004) Exechonella (Exechonellidae: Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from the recent and Miocene of Southern Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 116, 265 - 282." type="journal article" year="2004">Cook &amp; Bock 2004</bibRefCitation>
), and is similar to that found in other genera with supposedly “well-known, widelydistributed” species (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FE54FA52973BE1F1" author="Tilbrook" box="[448,616,1447,1472]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Tilbrook, K. J. (1999) Description of Hippopodina feegeensis and three other species of Hippopodina Levinsen, 1909 (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida). Journal of Zoology, 247, 449 - 456." type="journal article" year="1999">Tilbrook 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FDECFA52967AE1F1" author="Harmelin" box="[632,809,1447,1472]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Harmelin, J. - G. (2006) The Puellina flabellifera species complex: a remarkable example of worldwide species radiation in cribrimorph bryozoans. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 257, 73 - 91." type="journal article" year="2006">Harmelin 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="233274B5FFE6E930FCACFA52917DE1F1" author="Harmelin" box="[824,1070,1447,1472]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Harmelin, J. - G., Vieira, L. M., Ostrovsky, A. N., Caceres-Chamizo, J. P. &amp; Sanner, J. (2012) Scorpiodinipora costulata (Canu &amp; Bassler, 1929) (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), a taxonomic and biogeographic dilemma: complex of cryptic species or humanmediated cosmopolitan colonizer? Zoosystema, 34, 123 - 138." type="journal article" year="2012">
Harmelin 
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FC39FA5C96B1E1F1" box="[941,994,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, 
<emphasis id="75D7D556FFE6E930FB5EFA5C902EE1F1" box="[1226,1405,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="80A372C7FFE6E930FB5EFA5C9011E1F1" authority="Cáceres-Chamizo &amp; Sanner &amp; Tilbrook &amp; Ostrovsky, 2017" authorityName="Cáceres-Chamizo &amp; Sanner &amp; Tilbrook &amp; Ostrovsky" authorityYear="2017" box="[1226,1346,1447,1472]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exechonellidae" genus="Exechonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="antillea">E. antillea</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6EE4682DFFE6E930FADAFA5C902EE1F1" box="[1358,1405,1449,1472]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" sensu="stricto">s. s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is restricted in its distribution to the Caribbean.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>