401 lines
52 KiB
XML
401 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="6226C2614BD7DD91A9CB6902D7982BEE" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.191333" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d065b1cd-9bc6-4045-bda9-efc2c9e480b5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="191333" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461126854840" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Brunetti, Riccardo" docDate="2009" docId="CE6787AD4D0FFF9841FEFD243DA6FD44" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02289p032.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2289" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Botrylloides leachii Savigny 1816" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="325EFFD54D0EFF9B4169FFF03933FFB2" masterDocTitle="Botryllid species (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) from the Mediterranean coast of Israel, with some considerations on the systematics of Botryllinae *" masterLastPageNumber="32" masterPageNumber="18" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1698597007481" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="6334D742D4EC48502CC05F20C16587BA">Botryllid species (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) from the Mediterranean coast of Israel, with some considerations on the systematics of Botryllinae *</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1AA103918AB6F92F422A2C549B4FC1D7">Brunetti, Riccardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="712384372B8206D64CFFE704B65C4C5D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D3350A81B2E8E1E1F2671D355DC118D8">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="68C40F4298C72B912F07A96D206FECFE">2289</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="EF934B3DDFB76E64D6D766D76838A95A" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.191333</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B121A3C4EBBDBDCFDCAAB383A086E85C" type="Zenodo-Dep">191333</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="CE6787AD4D0FFF9841FEFD243DA6FD44" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6223698" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119626464" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6223698" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE6787AD4D0FFF9841FEFD243DA6FD44" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE6787AD4D0FFF9841FEFD243DA6FD44" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
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<subSubSection id="0ED465304D0FFF9A41FEFD243B75FD5F" box="[151,582,723,750]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="467136BB4D0FFF9A41FEFD243B75FD5F" blockId="1.[151,582,723,750]" box="[151,582,723,750]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
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<heading id="1D3981D74D0FFF9A41FEFD243B75FD5F" bold="true" box="[151,582,723,750]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0FFF9A41FEFD243B75FD5F" ID-CoL="MPMV" authority="Savigny, 1816" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,582,723,750]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
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<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A41FEFD243B75FD5F" bold="true" box="[151,582,723,750]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A41FEFD2438B2FD5C" bold="true" box="[151,385,724,750]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Botrylloides leachii</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0FFF9A40F9FD233B0DFD5F" author="Savigny" box="[400,574,723,749]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" refString="Savigny, J. C. (1816) Memoires sur les Animaux sans vertebres. Seconde partie. Panckoucke C. L. F., Paris, 239 pp." type="book" year="1816">Savigny, 1816</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0ED465304D0FFF9A41FEFCED3D39FC46" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="467136BB4D0FFF9A41FEFCED3AD4FC86" blockId="1.[151,1436,797,1012]" box="[151,999,797,820]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="66DE11954D0FFF9A41FEFCED3AD4FC86" box="[151,999,797,820]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0FFF9A41FEFCED3B2CFC86" authority="Savigny, 1816: 199" authorityName="Savigny" authorityPageNumber="199" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,543,797,820]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
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<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A41FEFCED387BFC86" box="[151,328,797,820]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Botryllus leachii</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="C76F10AA4D0FFF9A4027FCED3B2CFC86" author="Savigny" box="[334,543,797,820]" page="199" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" year="1816">
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<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0FFF9A4027FCED38D9FC86" author="Savigny" box="[334,490,797,820]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" refString="Savigny, J. C. (1816) Memoires sur les Animaux sans vertebres. Seconde partie. Panckoucke C. L. F., Paris, 239 pp." type="book" year="1816">Savigny, 1816</bibRefCitation>
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: 199
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. IV, fig. 6; pl. XX, fig. 4,
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<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0FFF9A423DFCED3AD0FC86" box="[852,995,797,820]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="467136BB4D0FFF9A41FEFCCD3886FCC6" blockId="1.[151,1436,797,1012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="66DE11954D0FFF9A41FEFCCD3886FCC6" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0FFF9A41FEFCCD3BFEFCE6" ID-CoL="MPQ9" authority="Ritter & Forsyth, 1917: 462" authorityName="Ritter & Forsyth" authorityPageNumber="462" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,717,829,852]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diegense">
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<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A41FEFCCD38B1FCE6" box="[151,386,829,852]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Botrylloides diegense</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="C76F10AA4D0FFF9A40E7FCCD3BFEFCE6" author="Ritter" box="[398,717,829,852]" page="462" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" year="1917">
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<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0FFF9A40E7FCCD3BA0FCE6" author="Ritter" box="[398,659,829,852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" refString="Ritter, W. E. & Forsyth R. A. (1917) Ascidians of the littoral zone of Southern California. University of California Publications in Zoology, 16 (24), 439 - 512." type="journal article" year="1917">Ritter & Forsyth, 1917</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 462
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 43, figs. 46–49, San Diego Bay;
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<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0FFF9A4516FCCD3C0DFCE6" author="Van" box="[1151,1342,829,852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" refString="Van Name, W. G. (1945) The North and South American ascidians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 84, 1 - 476." type="journal article" year="1945">Van Name, 1945</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 229, synonymy, California.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="467136BB4D0FFF9A41FEFC8D3A96FC26" blockId="1.[151,1436,797,1012]" box="[151,933,893,916]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="66DE11954D0FFF9A41FEFC8D3A96FC26" box="[151,933,893,916]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0FFF9A41FEFC8D3B2CFC26" ID-CoL="MPNB" authority="Kott, 1973:252" authorityName="Kott" authorityPageNumber="252" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,543,893,916]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
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<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A41FEFC8D385EFC26" box="[151,365,893,916]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Botrylloides nigrum</emphasis>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="C76F10AA4D0FFF9A4012FC8D3B2CFC26" author="Kott" box="[379,543,893,916]" page="252" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" year="1973">
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<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0FFF9A4012FC8D38DCFC26" author="Kott" box="[379,495,893,916]" pageId="1" pageNumber="31" refString="Kott, P. (1973) Notes on some Ascidians from Port Jackson, Botany Bay and Port Hacking, New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 97, 241 - 257." type="journal article" year="1973">Kott, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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||
:252
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, Bare Island, Botany Bay,
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<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0FFF9A4252FC8D3A93FC26" box="[827,928,893,916]" name="Australia" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Australia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="467136BB4D0FFF9A41FEFC6C3A1FFC06" blockId="1.[151,1436,797,1012]" box="[151,812,924,948]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="66DE11954D0FFF9A41FEFC6C3A1FFC06" box="[151,812,924,948]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
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||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A41FEFC6C3997FC06" bold="true" box="[151,164,924,948]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">?</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0FFF9A41C2FC6D3B0AFC06" ID-CoL="MPNB" authority="Kott, 1952: 257" authorityName="Kott" authorityPageNumber="257" authorityYear="1952" box="[171,569,925,948]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
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||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A41C2FC6D38B2FC06" box="[171,385,925,948]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Botrylloides nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
:
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<treatmentCitation id="C76F10AA4D0FFF9A40E6FC6D3B0AFC06" author="Kott" box="[399,569,925,948]" page="257" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" year="1952">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0FFF9A40E6FC6D3B36FC06" author="Kott" box="[399,517,925,948]" pageId="1" pageNumber="31" refString="Kott, P. (1952) The Ascidians of Australia. I. Stolidobranchiata Lahille and Phlebobranchiata Lahille. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 3, 205 - 335." type="journal article" year="1952">Kott, 1952</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 257
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, figs. 73, 74,
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<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0FFF9A43A3FC6D3A1FFC06" box="[714,812,925,948]" name="Australia" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Australia</collectingCountry>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="467136BB4D0FFF9A41FEFC4C3C3AFC66" blockId="1.[151,1436,797,1012]" box="[151,1289,956,980]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="66DE11954D0FFF9A41FEFC4C3C3AFC66" box="[151,1289,956,980]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
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||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A41FEFC4C3997FC66" bold="true" box="[151,164,956,980]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">?</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0FFF9A41C2FC4D3B0CFC66" ID-CoL="a5fa2e8a-4798-4f78-b68c-cde07ce57c42" authority="Peres, 1949: 204" authorityName="Peres" authorityPageNumber="204" authorityYear="1949" box="[171,575,957,980]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Metrocarpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
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<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A41C2FC4D384EFC66" box="[171,381,957,980]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Metrocarpa nigrum</emphasis>
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||
:
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<treatmentCitation id="C76F10AA4D0FFF9A40E2FC4D3B0CFC66" author="Peres" box="[395,575,957,980]" page="204" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" year="1949">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0FFF9A40E2FC4D3B38FC66" author="Peres" box="[395,523,957,980]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" refString="Peres, J. M. (1949) Contribution l'etude des Ascidies de la cote occidentale d'Afrique. Bulletin de l'Institut francais d'Afrique noire, 11, 159 - 207." type="journal article" year="1949">Pérès, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 204
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, fig. 25, Dakar,
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<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0FFF9A4382FC4D3A70FC66" box="[747,835,957,980]" name="Senegal" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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||
; 1958: 150 (only record), Caesarea,
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<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0FFF9A45AFFC4D3C36FC66" box="[1222,1285,957,980]" name="Israel" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Israel</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="467136BB4D0FFF9A41FEFC2C3D39FC46" blockId="1.[151,1436,797,1012]" box="[151,1034,988,1012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="66DE11954D0FFF9A41FEFC2C3D39FC46" box="[151,1034,988,1012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A41FEFC2C3997FC46" bold="true" box="[151,164,988,1012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">?</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0FFF9A41C2FC2D384EFC46" ID-CoL="a5fa2e8a-4798-4f78-b68c-cde07ce57c42" box="[171,381,989,1012]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Metrocarpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A41C2FC2D384EFC46" box="[171,381,989,1012]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Metrocarpa nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0FFF9A40EDFC2D3BE2FC46" authority="Peres, 1949: 205" authorityName="Peres" authorityPageNumber="205" authorityYear="1949" box="[388,721,989,1012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" rank="variety" variety="giganteun">
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||
var giganteun
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||
<treatmentCitation id="C76F10AA4D0FFF9A4375FC2D3BE2FC46" author="Peres" box="[540,721,989,1012]" page="205" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" year="1949">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0FFF9A4375FC2D3BAFFC46" author="Peres" box="[540,668,989,1012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" refString="Peres, J. M. (1949) Contribution l'etude des Ascidies de la cote occidentale d'Afrique. Bulletin de l'Institut francais d'Afrique noire, 11, 159 - 207." type="journal article" year="1949">Pérès, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 205
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, figs. 26, 27, Dakar,
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||
<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0FFF9A42C7FC2D3D35FC46" box="[942,1030,989,1012]" name="Senegal" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0ED465304D0FFF9A41FEFBD33BA6FBD6" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="467136BB4D0FFF9A41FEFBD33BA6FBD6" blockId="1.[151,1437,1059,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A41FEFBD338A0FB8F" bold="true" box="[151,403,1059,1085]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Material examined:</emphasis>
|
||
7 colonies from Bay of Àkko (
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||
<date id="3270107B4D0FFF9A4264FBD43ABEFB8C" box="[781,909,1060,1086]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" value="1991-05">May 1991</date>
|
||
), 2 colonies (? 2004) and 17 colonies (
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||
<date id="3270107B4D0FFF9A440AFBD43CABFB8C" box="[1379,1432,1060,1086]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" value="2007-07">July</date>
|
||
,
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||
<date id="3270107B4D0FFF9A41FEFBBA39DCFBD6" box="[151,239,1098,1124]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" value="2007-08">August</date>
|
||
,
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||
<date id="3270107B4D0FFF9A4193FBBA388AFBD6" box="[250,441,1098,1124]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" value="2007-11">November 2007</date>
|
||
) from Mikhmoret.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0ED465304D0FFF9941AFFB803BECFD30" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="467136BB4D0FFF9941AFFB803BECFD30" blockId="1.[151,1437,1059,2015]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,2035]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A41AFFB80386DFB38" bold="true" box="[198,350,1136,1162]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies are about 1.5 mm thick and, in preservative, are dark brown in colour. The living animals were recorded by the collector to have been orange with yellow bands, brownish-red, brown with white bands, or violet with white bands. The zooids, up to 1.5 mm tall, lie inclined up to perpendicularly to the colony surface. They lack atrial siphons and are arranged in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0FFF9A4211FB153AF9FB4C" box="[888,970,1253,1278]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0FFF9A4211FB153AF9FB4C" box="[888,970,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">leachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="997588194D0FFF9A42BAFB153D34FB4D" box="[979,1031,1253,1279]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
|
||
systems (see Discussion, 1). The distal portion of the dorsal lip of the atrial opening has two, very small, lateral pigmented spots, only visible when the zooid is observed by transparency at high magnification. There are usually 8 tentacles: 4 larger and more posterior, and 4 smaller alternating ones. Among the larger tentacles, two lateral and the ventral one have a vascular lacuna filled with pigmented blood cells at the base; exceptionally, some cells also occur at the base of the dorsal tentacle, which is usually much less developed. These cell masses are sometimes visible through the external surface. There are other smaller tentacles, usually
|
||
<quantity id="81369B5E4D0FFF9A4568FA3D3D03FA55" box="[1025,1072,1485,1511]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="7.0">7 in</quantity>
|
||
the dorsal sector and
|
||
<quantity id="81369B5E4D0FFF9A4456FA3D3C5CFA55" box="[1343,1391,1485,1511]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
|
||
the ventral one (Plate 1, c). However, the number and size of tentacles are not regular (i.e., all tentacles may be equal in size, or there may be only three large and three small ones). The dorsal tubercle has a small, more or less oval, longitudinal opening (Plate 1, c). The posterior edges of the pre-pharyngeal groove end, as two wing-shaped expansions, at the sides of the longitudinal dorsal vessel. The dorsal lamina rises on the latter, at the level of the third row of stigmata, as a relatively short double membrane (Plate 1, c). The branchial sac is cylindrical, with 9 rows of stigmata, the second row being dorsally incomplete (Plate 1, a, b). Around the middle of the branchial sac, the stigmata are arranged between the three inner longitudinal vessels, usually as follows: 4,3,3,5 DL 5,3,3,4. A mass of pigmented blood cells is usually found on each side of the endostyle, at the level of the stigmata rows (Plate 1, a). The stomach is bell-shaped with 8 folds, excluding the typhlosolis (Plate 1, d, e1, e2). The folds, extending the whole length of the stomach, are slightly spiral and not very deep, but with a large ovoid swelling at their cardiac end. The last posterior quarter of the glandular epithelium of the folds is drastically reduced, sometimes giving the impression that they are not posteriorly closed (Plate 1, e1, e2). Between the typhlosolis and the 8th fold (folds, observed from the cardiac end, are numbered clockwise from the typhlosolis) there is a more or less wide smooth rhomboid area. The typhlosolis does not extend over the pyloric end of the stomach. A pyloric caecum rises from its posterior half, as long as half the length of the stomach, slightly directed into the intestinal loop. The caecum ends with an ovoid swelling, as large as the cardiac ones of the stomach folds (Plate 1, d, e1, e2). The duct of the pyloric gland is connected to the base of the pyloric caecum (Plate 1, d). The anterior edge of the intestinal loop reaches the penultimate row of stigmata, and the smooth-edged anus is only slightly further forward. In buds, several oocytes per side are present posteriorly to the testis primordia. However, in adult (i.e., filtering) zooids, only one egg per side is found, located along the anterior edge of the secondary intestinal loop on the left side and at the level of the stomach on the right side. The testis, situated anteriorly and ventrally to the eggs, consists of several lobes, usually about 10, forming a rosette (Plate 1, a, b). Sometimes only one egg is present apparently without a preferential side. Unfertilised eggs are about 30 μm in diameter; embryos develop in an incubatory pouch, located posteriorly and dorsal-ventrally, growing outwards from the body wall (Plate 1, b). Developing embryos were found in a colony collected in July.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0ED465304D0CFF9941AFFD7E3A69F880" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="467136BB4D0CFF9941AFFD7E38E2FBB6" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2035]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9941AFFD7E3873FD1A" bold="true" box="[198,320,654,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The present species may be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF9943D9FD7F3AAEFD1A" box="[688,925,655,680]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Metrocarpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9943D9FD7F3AAEFD1A" box="[688,925,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Metrocarpa nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF9942AAFD7F3D80FD1A" box="[963,1203,655,680]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9942AAFD7F3D80FD1A" box="[963,1203,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Botrylloides nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) recorded, but not described or illustrated, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF9940BEFD453B41FD7D" author="Peres" box="[471,626,693,719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="32" refString="Peres, J. M. (1958 a) Ascidies recoltees sur les cotes mediterraneennes d'Israel. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel, 7 B, 143 - 150." type="journal article" year="1958" yearSuffix="a">Pérès (1958a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF994317FD453BBDFD7D" author="Peres" box="[638,654,693,719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="32" refString="Peres, J. M. (1958 b) Ascidies de la Baie de Haifa collectees par E. Gottlieb. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel, 7 B, 151 - 164." type="journal article" year="1958" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) from Caesarea.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF99423FFD463AF8FD7D" box="[854,971,694,719]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF99423FFD463AF8FD7D" box="[854,971,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">B. nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, originally described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0CFF994462FD453C45FD7D" box="[1291,1398,693,719]" name="Bermuda" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF9941FEFD2C3B4FFD44" author="Herdman" box="[151,636,732,758]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1886) Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Part. 2. Ascidiae compositae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H. M. S. " Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 14, 429 pp." type="book chapter" year="1886" yearSuffix="p">Herdman (1886, p. 52, pl. III, fig. 21)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, was re-described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF9942FBFD2C3D46FD44" author="Hartmeyer" box="[914,1141,732,758]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Hartmeyer, R. (1912) Die Ascidien der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftiche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer Valdivia 1898 - 1899, 16, 223 - 392." type="journal article" year="1912">Hartmeyer (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF9945DCFD2C3CAAFD44" box="[1205,1433,732,758]" pageId="2" pageNumber="32" refString="Van Name, W. G. (1945) The North and South American ascidians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 84, 1 - 476." type="journal article">Van Name (1945)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. According to the last author (p. 228) the most characteristic morphological aspect of the species are the
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9941FEFCD93A0BFCF0" box="[151,824,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">conspicuous and prominent rounded bulbous projections</emphasis>
|
||
of the cardiac ends of the stomach folds. However, cardiac swellings are also present in other species, particularly in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF9942C8FCA03DBAFCDB" box="[929,1161,848,873]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9942C8FCA03DBAFCDB" box="[929,1161,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Botrylloides leachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These two species are so closely related that Michaelsen (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF994304FC873AC5FC23" author="Hartmeyer" box="[621,1014,887,913]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Hartmeyer, R. & Michaelsen, W. (1928) Ascidiae Diktyobranchiae und Ptychobranchiae. Fauna Sudwest-australiens, 5, 251 - 460." type="journal article" year="1928">Hartmeyer & Michaelsen, 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pag. 323) believe it is difficult to consider them different.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF9940A2FC6E3BF6FC05" box="[459,709,926,951]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9940A2FC6E3BF6FC05" box="[459,709,926,951]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Botrylloides nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF9942DFFC6E3D1CFC05" box="[950,1071,926,951]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9942DFFC6E3D1CFC05" box="[950,1071,926,951]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">B. leachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a lower number of stigmata rows (10 versus 13–14) and a larger pyloric caecum, which in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF99428DFC343D66FC6F" box="[996,1109,964,989]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF99428DFC343D66FC6F" box="[996,1109,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">B. leachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is stated to be so small that it may appear to be absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="467136BB4D0CFF9941ACFBE13A59FA1D" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2035]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
|
||
As regards the number of stomach folds in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF9943B0FBE13D1DFB99" authority="Herdman (1886)" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1886" box="[729,1070,1041,1067]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9943B0FBE13A60FB98" box="[729,851,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">B. nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF99420DFBE13D1DFB99" author="Herdman" box="[868,1070,1041,1067]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1886) Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Part. 2. Ascidiae compositae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H. M. S. " Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 14, 429 pp." type="book chapter" year="1886">Herdman (1886)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mentioned 10–12,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF994472FBE139D7FBE0" author="Hartmeyer" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Hartmeyer, R. (1912) Die Ascidien der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftiche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer Valdivia 1898 - 1899, 16, 223 - 392." type="journal article" year="1912">Hartmeyer (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF994077FBC838C3FBE0" box="[286,496,1080,1106]" pageId="2" pageNumber="32" refString="Van Name, W. G. (1945) The North and South American ascidians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 84, 1 - 476." type="journal article">Van Name (1945)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
counted 9–10 and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF9943B9FBC83A6AFBE0" author="Kott" box="[720,857,1080,1106]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Kott, P. (1952) The Ascidians of Australia. I. Stolidobranchiata Lahille and Phlebobranchiata Lahille. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 3, 205 - 335." type="journal article" year="1952">Kott (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
10. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF9942C4FBC83D2DFBE3" box="[941,1054,1080,1105]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9942C4FBC83D2DFBE3" box="[941,1054,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">B. leachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, of which I have analysed many colonies from both the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas, the number of stomach folds are 9, although the 9th is smaller and may be difficult to make out without staining (Plate 1, e3, e4). The pyloric caecum is small, but, not always as small as that drawn by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF99430DFB5D3AFEFB75" author="Michaelsen" box="[612,973,1197,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1921) Die Botrylliden und Didemniden der Nordsee und der zur Ostsee fuhrenden Meeresgebiete. In: Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, herausgegeben von der Kommission zur Untersuchung der deutschen Meere in Kiel und der Biologischen Anstalt auf Helgoland, 14, 97 - 124." type="journal article" year="1921">Michaelsen (1921, text fig 1)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, finger-like or slightly curved, with a slightly swollen tip and it does not really differ from that described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF994299FB243D5BFB5F" box="[1008,1128,1236,1261]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF994299FB243D5BFB5F" box="[1008,1128,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">B. nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by all authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF99444DFB2439E5FAA6" author="Herdman" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1886) Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Part. 2. Ascidiae compositae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H. M. S. " Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 14, 429 pp." type="book chapter" year="1886">Herdman, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF99418AFB0A3883FAA6" author="Hartmeyer" box="[227,432,1274,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Hartmeyer, R. (1912) Die Ascidien der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftiche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer Valdivia 1898 - 1899, 16, 223 - 392." type="journal article" year="1912">Hartmeyer, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF9940D4FB0A3BBAFAA6" author="Van" box="[445,649,1274,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="32" refString="Van Name, W. G. (1945) The North and South American ascidians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 84, 1 - 476." type="journal article" year="1945">Van Name, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF9943FFFB0A3A6CFAA6" author="Rodrigues" box="[662,863,1274,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="32" refString="Rodrigues, S. de A. (1962) Algunas ascidias do litoral sul do Brasil. Boletim da Facultade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universitade de Sao Paulo, 261, 193 - 215." type="journal article" year="1962">Rodrigues, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF994205FB0A3D25FAA6" author="Vasseur" box="[876,1046,1274,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="32" refString="Vasseur, P. (1970) Contribution a l'etude des ascidies de Madagascar (Region de Tulear) III: La faune ascidiologique des herbiers de phanerogames marines. Recueil des Traveaux de la Station marine d'Endoume. Suppl. N 10: 209 - 221." type="journal article" year="1970">Vasseur, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF99454AFB0A3DEAFAA6" author="Monniot" box="[1059,1241,1274,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Monniot, C. (1983) Ascidies littorals de Guadaloupe IV. Styelidae. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 5: 423 - 456." type="journal article" year="1983">Monniot, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As regards the branchial structure, the second row of stigmata in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF99438EFAD13A6BFA88" box="[743,856,1313,1338]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF99438EFAD13A6BFA88" box="[743,856,1313,1338]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">B. leachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is dorsally incomplete, but a comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF9944EAFAD139DFFAD3" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9944EAFAD139DFFAD3" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">B. nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not possible, because the previous authors did not specify whether it is complete or not in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF994449FAB83CA7FAD3" box="[1312,1428,1352,1377]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF994449FAB83CA7FAD3" box="[1312,1428,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">B. nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Van Name’s fig. 137 (1945, p. 228) shows it complete, but the author, who did not report the number of rows of stigmata, probably did not examine the branchial structure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="467136BB4D0CFF9941ACFA4C39D5F991" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2035]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
|
||
On the basis of this knowledge only, it is practically impossible to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF99450DFA4C3DE6FA67" box="[1124,1237,1468,1493]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF99450DFA4C3DE6FA67" box="[1124,1237,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">B. leachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF994477FA4C3CAFFA67" box="[1310,1436,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF994477FA4C3CAAFA67" box="[1310,1433,1468,1493]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">B. nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However, I believe that the two species are different and may be recognised by the mode of incubation of the larvae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="467136BB4D0CFF9941ACF9C03A69F880" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2035]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0CFF994181F9C03868F9F8" box="[232,347,1584,1610]" name="Bermuda" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
animals, Van Name states that a single egg, on each side, develops
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9945ADF9C03B82F9C2" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">in a more or less protruding brood pouch posterior to the testis</emphasis>
|
||
(p. 228), but his fig. 137 shows an egg located anteriorly to the intestinal loop and no real brood pouch is present. The same condition is illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF9945F0F98D3C67F925" author="Monniot" box="[1177,1364,1661,1687]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Monniot, C. (1983) Ascidies littorals de Guadaloupe IV. Styelidae. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 5: 423 - 456." type="journal article" year="1983">Monniot (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in his fig 1. Instead, in
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF994036F95438EBF90F" box="[351,472,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF994036F95438E0F90F" box="[351,467,1700,1725]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">B. leachii</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the single egg develops in a brood pouch located in the posterior dorsal corner of the peribranchial cavity, below the intestinal loop, beside the stomach; and this structure is clearly present already in the last developmental stages of the bud, as already described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF994542F9013DDEF8B9" author="Arnback" box="[1067,1261,1777,1803]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" refString="Arnback, A. (1923) Northern and Arctic invertebrates in the collection of the Swedish State Museum (Riksmuseum). IX Tunicata. 2. Botryllidae: reproductive organs of Metrocarpa (n. gen.) leachi Savigny and Botryllus schlosseri Pallas. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 63 (9), 25 pp." type="book" year="1923">Ärnbäck (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Therefore the two species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF994044F8E838B1F883" box="[301,386,1816,1841]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF994044F8E838B1F883" box="[301,386,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF9940D2F8E83B38F883" box="[443,523,1816,1841]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9940D2F8E83B38F883" box="[443,523,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">leachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must be considered distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0ED465304D0CFF9841ACF8CF3DC7FE2B" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="467136BB4D0CFF9841ACF8CF3A85FF00" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2035]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1438,152,758]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF9941ACF8CF3B69F8EB" authority="Kott (1952)" authorityName="Kott" authorityYear="1952" box="[197,602,1855,1881]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9941ACF8CF388AF8EA" box="[197,441,1855,1880]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Botrylloides nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF9940A3F8CF3B69F8EB" author="Kott" box="[458,602,1855,1881]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Kott, P. (1952) The Ascidians of Australia. I. Stolidobranchiata Lahille and Phlebobranchiata Lahille. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 3, 205 - 335." type="journal article" year="1952">Kott (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is doubtful: the author noted the cell masses at the base of the main tentacles, if I correctly interpret her sentence
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9943DFF8953C15F8CC" box="[694,1318,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Four statocysts lie at the base of perradial tentacles</emphasis>
|
||
. (p. 257). However, in describing the stomach, she did not mention the cardiac swellings, but a later description (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0CFF994436F87C39E0F87E" author="Kott" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" refString="Kott, P. (1973) Notes on some Ascidians from Port Jackson, Botany Bay and Port Hacking, New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 97, 241 - 257." type="journal article" year="1973">Kott, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) almost certainly refers to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0CFF99437CF8433BF7F87E" authority="The" authorityName="The" box="[533,708,1970,1996]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF99437CF8433BB4F87E" box="[533,647,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">B. leachii</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9943F1F8433BF7F87E" box="[664,708,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">The</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9943BEF8433862F840" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">tomach is expanded at the cardiac end and narrows toward the pyloric ends</emphasis>
|
||
…” (p. 252),
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF99409BF8293D77F840" box="[498,1092,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">The stomach caecum is only barely distinguishable</emphasis>
|
||
. (p. 253),
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0CFF9845D5F8293A2AFF03" italics="true" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="20">Eggs are present in a pouch evaginated from the posterior part of the body</emphasis>
|
||
…” (p. 253).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="467136BB4D0DFF9841ACFF4E3DC7FE2B" blockId="3.[151,1438,152,758]" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0DFF98418CFF4E381DFF6A" box="[229,302,190,216]" name="Israel" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">Israeli</collectingCountry>
|
||
species the appearance of the stomach and caecum is the same as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0DFF984530FF4F3DFAFF6A" box="[1113,1225,191,216]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0DFF984530FF4F3DFAFF6A" box="[1113,1225,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">B. leachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although there is one stomach fold less and, in both species, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0DFF9843D2FF153A37FF4D" box="[699,772,229,255]" name="Israel" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">Israeli</collectingCountry>
|
||
colonies and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0DFF9842CCFF153D26FF4C" box="[933,1045,229,254]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0DFF9842CCFF153D26FF4C" box="[933,1045,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">B. leachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there is a smooth rhomboid area between the typhlosolis and the last fold (Plate 1, e1–e4). A similar morphological aspect has never been reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0DFF984040FEC338ADFEFE" box="[297,414,307,332]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0DFF984040FEC338ADFEFE" box="[297,414,307,332]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">B. nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by previous authors. It was described in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0DFF984217FEC33D36FEFE" box="[894,1029,307,332]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diegense">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0DFF984217FEC33D36FEFE" box="[894,1029,307,332]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">B. diegense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0DFF98457DFEC23C10FEFE" author="Ritter" box="[1044,1315,306,332]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" refString="Ritter, W. E. & Forsyth R. A. (1917) Ascidians of the littoral zone of Southern California. University of California Publications in Zoology, 16 (24), 439 - 512." type="journal article" year="1917">Ritter & Forsyth, 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pag. 463;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0DFF9841FEFEA9386EFEC1" author="Van" box="[151,349,345,371]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" refString="Van Name, W. G. (1945) The North and South American ascidians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 84, 1 - 476." type="journal article" year="1945">Van Name, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 230), a species which I believe must be considered a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0DFF9845A6FEA93C0CFEC0" box="[1231,1343,345,370]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0DFF9845A6FEA93C0CFEC0" box="[1231,1343,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">B. leachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Lastly, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0DFF9841DCFE7039CDFE28" box="[181,254,384,410]" name="Israel" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">Israeli</collectingCountry>
|
||
animals, the embryo develops in a true brood pouch like/identical to that in
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0DFF984515FE703DC7FE2B" box="[1148,1268,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0DFF984515FE703DC3FE2B" box="[1148,1264,384,409]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">B. leachii</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0ED465304D0DFF9841ACFE573DA6FD44" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="467136BB4D0DFF9841ACFE573DA6FD44" blockId="3.[151,1438,152,758]" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">
|
||
In conclusion, I believe that the analysed colonies from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0DFF98420AFE573A96FE73" box="[867,933,423,449]" name="Israel" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
belong to the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0DFF9845D9FE573C32FE72" box="[1200,1281,423,448]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0DFF9845D9FE573C32FE72" box="[1200,1281,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">leachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and that the observed differences (fewer rows of stigmata and only 8 stomach folds) are due to the particular environmental parameters of the collecting site, especially temperature (29–30°C), which is at the limit of tolerance for the species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0DFF9840A2FDEA3BA2FD86" author="Bancroft" box="[459,657,538,564]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" refString="Bancroft, F. W. (1903 a) Aestivation of Botrylloides gascoi Della Valle. In: Mark Anniversary Volume, Henry, H. and Co., New York, pp. 147 - 166." type="book chapter" year="1903" yearSuffix="a">Bancroft, 1903a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Brunetti, 1976;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0DFF984235FDEA3D64FD86" author="Burighel" box="[860,1111,538,564]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" refString="Burighel, P., Brunetti, R. & Zaniolo, G. (1976) Hibernation of the colonial ascidian Botrylloides leachi (Savigny): histological observations. Bollettino di Zoologia, 43, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1976">Burighel et al., 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A reduction in body size, due to high salinity and/or high temperature, is known to occur in several species of marine taxa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0DFF984420FDB139E5FD30" author="Kinne" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" refString="Kinne, O. (1971) Salinity: Animals: Invertebrates. In: Kinne, O. (Ed.), Marine Ecology, vol. 1, Environmental Factors, Part 2. Wiley, London, pp. 821 - 995." type="journal article" year="1971">Kinne, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (although it should be noted that the reduction in stomach size does not regard the pyloric caecum).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="225F4B4A4D0DFF9841FEFD7F3844FD1B" box="[151,375,655,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" refString="Sonin, O., Spainer, E., Levi, D., Patti, B., Rizzo, P., Andreoli, M. G. (2007) Nanism (dwarfism) in fish: a comparison between red mullet Mullus barbatus from the southern and the central Mediterranean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 343, 221 - 228." type="journal article">Sonin et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, comparing two fish populations living in the Strait of Sicily and along the coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0DFF984432FD7F3CAFFD1B" box="[1371,1436,655,681]" name="Israel" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
respectively, recently evidenced a statistically significant reduction in the body size of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0DFF9845AFFD453C23FD7D" box="[1222,1296,693,719]" name="Israel" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">Israeli</collectingCountry>
|
||
population. This result confirms our hypothesis that the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3ED9762B4D0DFF9843F5FD2C3BD6FD44" box="[668,741,732,758]" name="Israel" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">Israeli</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CE4D384D0DFF984385FD2C3AE0FD47" box="[748,979,732,757]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
|
||
<emphasis id="74BAEAA94D0DFF984385FD2C3AE0FD47" box="[748,979,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="21">Botrylloides leachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a dwarf form.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |