329 lines
31 KiB
XML
329 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.4546" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8e8e0959-397e-44ce-ab98-b9d717e1aae9" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-43-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFF1FFEBFF8EA51F192CFFEF2E470279" ID-ZBK="562D30D0D05A4F8D8CA1F3BED4B80A47" ID-Zenodo-Dep="292356" ID-ZooBank="562D30D0D05A4F8D8CA1F3BED4B80A47" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1314-2607-43-1" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 43" ModsDocTitle="A new Nearctic Scolioneura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) mining leaves of Vaccinium (Ericaceae)" checkinTime="1451252206483" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Smith, David R., Eiseman, Charles S., Charney, Noah D. & Record, Sydne" docDate="2015" docId="CE1ED3E9E30E97CCC8F7561247D508E4" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 43: 1-8" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 43" docPubDate="2015-03-27" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.4546" docTitle="Scolioneura vaccinii Smith & Eiseman 2015, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="CFC012B1-EFFC-4A90-B668-DE0430FC7D29" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="FFF1FFEBFF8EA51F192CFFEF2E470279" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFF1FFEBFF8EA51F192CFFEF2E470279" masterDocTitle="A new Nearctic Scolioneura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) mining leaves of Vaccinium (Ericaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="8" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1678745834205" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new Nearctic Scolioneura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) mining leaves of Vaccinium (Ericaceae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, David R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sawfly2@aol.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Eiseman, Charles S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5496-9114</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Charney, Noah D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Record, Sydne</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2015-03-27</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>43</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>8</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.4546</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.4546</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-43-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">562D30D0D05A4F8D8CA1F3BED4B80A47</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFF1FFEBFF8EA51F192CFFEF2E470279</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">292356</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152018021" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CFC012B1-EFFC-4A90-B668-DE0430FC7D29" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE1ED3E9E30E97CCC8F7561247D508E4" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/CFC012B1-EFFC-4A90-B668-DE0430FC7D29" authority="Smith & Eiseman" authorityName="Smith & Eiseman" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Scolioneura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolioneura vaccinii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vaccinii" status="sp. n.">Scolioneura vaccinii Smith & Eiseman</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–7" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 7. Scolioneura vaccinii. 1 Dorsal 2 Lateral 3 Antenna 4 Head front 5 Head dorsal 6 Hind tarsus 7 Sheath, lateral." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.43.4546.figures1-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/40888" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 1-7</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. 8 Scolioneura vaccinii, prepupa 9 Leaf mine of S. vaccinii 10 Cocoon of Shawiana sp. in leaf mine of S. vaccinii 11 Shawiana sp., lateral." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.43.4546.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/40889" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">, 8-9</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Female: Length, 3.0 mm. Antenna black; ventral surface, especially antennomeres 3-5 paler, dark orange. Head black; mandible reddish brown with apex black; palpi whitish. Thorax black. Legs yellowish with coxae and fore- and midtrochanters black; hind trochanter yellowish apically. Abdomen reddish brown with segments 1-3 and 9 black, tergite 4 slightly darker than 5-8; sheath black. Wings uniformly hyaline, veins and stigma black. Head and body smooth, shiny, without sculpture except for a few punctures at apex of mesoscutellum and very fine meshlike microsculpture on mesonotal lateral lobes. Head and thorax with short, fine white pubescence.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Antennal length 1.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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head width; 3rd antennomere 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of 4th antennomere and 3.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than apical width; 4th antennomere 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than apical width (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–7" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 7. Scolioneura vaccinii. 1 Dorsal 2 Lateral 3 Antenna 4 Head front 5 Head dorsal 6 Hind tarsus 7 Sheath, lateral." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.43.4546.figures1-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/40888" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</figureCitation>
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). Eyes slightly converging below; lower interocular distance about 1.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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eye height (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–7" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 7. Scolioneura vaccinii. 1 Dorsal 2 Lateral 3 Antenna 4 Head front 5 Head dorsal 6 Hind tarsus 7 Sheath, lateral." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.43.4546.figures1-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/40888" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</figureCitation>
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). Distances between eye and hind ocellus, between hind ocelli, and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head as 1.0: 0.9: 0.7. Postocellar area about 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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broader than long. Genal carina present. Forewing with first cubital crossvein absent, vein 2A+3A turned up at apex, almost meeting 1A; hind wing with cell R closed, anal cell present, cells Rs and M absent. Cenchri about as far apart as breadth of one. Hind basitarsomere subequal to length of remaining tarsomeres combined. Tarsal claw without inner tooth, with large, acute basal lobe. Tarsal pulvilli absent on hind tarsomeres 1 and 2, present only on hind tarsomeres 3 and 4 (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–7" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 7. Scolioneura vaccinii. 1 Dorsal 2 Lateral 3 Antenna 4 Head front 5 Head dorsal 6 Hind tarsus 7 Sheath, lateral." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.43.4546.figures1-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/40888" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6</figureCitation>
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). Sheath in lateral view straight above, rounded below, with long curved hairs (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–7" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 7. Scolioneura vaccinii. 1 Dorsal 2 Lateral 3 Antenna 4 Head front 5 Head dorsal 6 Hind tarsus 7 Sheath, lateral." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.43.4546.figures1-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/40888" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7</figureCitation>
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); from above broad, parallel sided and rounded at apex. Entire lancet not examined; apex protruding from sheath (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–7" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 7. Scolioneura vaccinii. 1 Dorsal 2 Lateral 3 Antenna 4 Head front 5 Head dorsal 6 Hind tarsus 7 Sheath, lateral." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.43.4546.figures1-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/40888" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7</figureCitation>
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) with rather deep, rounded serrulae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Male: Unknown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Prepupa: White to yellowish with slightly darker head and lateral and dorsal lines; eyespot and apex of mandible black (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. 8 Scolioneura vaccinii, prepupa 9 Leaf mine of S. vaccinii 10 Cocoon of Shawiana sp. in leaf mine of S. vaccinii 11 Shawiana sp., lateral." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.43.4546.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/40889" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">8</figureCitation>
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). Abdominal segments apparently with 3 dorsal annulets; apical tergum rounded at apex.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Female, labeled "Washington, Pierce Co., Tacoma, Point Defiance, 13.VIII.2013, em. 22.IV.2014, C. S. Eiseman, ex
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vaccinium parvifolium" order="Ericales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Vaccinium parvifolium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, #CSE 1092." Altitude ~60 m. Deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="other specimens">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">Other</pageBreakToken>
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specimens.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Three specimens were examined that appear identical to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. vaccinii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vaccinii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">S</pageBreakToken>
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. vaccinii
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but all have a black abdomen. The color could vary, especially in the western mountains where melanic forms of some species occur, e.g.,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Paracharactus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracharactus montivagus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paracharactus montivagus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Cresson, 1880) and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1880" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Lagonis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagonis nevadensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nevadensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lagonis nevadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Cresson, 1880) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1397" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="B9" refString="Smith, DR, 1969. Nearctic sawflies I. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1397" title="Nearctic sawflies I. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)." year="1969">Smith 1969</bibRefCitation>
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). However, we prefer to base the species on the reared specimen and, because of some doubts, not include the darker specimens in the type series. The data are as follows: WASHINGTON: Whatcom Co., Mt. Baker Ski area, VIII.2.1972, W. J. Turner,W. B. Garnett, collectors (altitude ~1,100-1,550 m) (1 ♂), same but additional label "dry ice Malaise Trap" (1 ♂); Skam. Co., 42 mi S.E. Randle, USFS Rt. N84, VII.29.1972, dry ice Malaise trap, W. J. Turner, W. B. Garnett collectors (altitude ~1,400 m) (1♀). All from the Washington State University collection, Pullman, Washington. The males are similar in color and structure to the female.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="host">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Host.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Adult reared from leaf mine in red huckleberry,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vaccinium parvifolium" order="Ericales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Vaccinium parvifolium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Sm. (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Ericales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
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). Sawfly larvae, probably also this species, found in leaf mines of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="V. membranaceum" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species" species="membranaceum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">V. membranaceum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Douglas ex Torr.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Based on the genus name of the host plant,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vaccinium" order="Ericales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Vaccinium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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This species is characterized by the short antennae, about 1.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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the head width; lower interocular distance slightly longer than eye height; mostly reddish-brown abdomen; absence of the first cubital crossvein in the forewing; presence of pulvilli on only hind tarsomeres 3 and 4; and smooth, shiny mesoscutellum with only a few punctures on the posterior margin.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<bibRefCitation author="Liston, AD" journalOrPublisher="Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="82 - 97" refId="B5" refString="Liston, AD, 2007. Notes on Palaearctic sawflies, with particular reference to the German fauna (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen 56: 82 - 97" title="Notes on Palaearctic sawflies, with particular reference to the German fauna (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)." volume="56" year="2007">Liston (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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separated
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tirolensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tirolensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. tirolensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. betuleti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betuleti">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. betuleti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. vicina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicina">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. vicina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as follows: In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tirolensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tirolensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. tirolensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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the leg color tends to be darker (but highly variable); first cubital crossvein present, though faint; shorter antenna, about 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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head width; third antennomere 3.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as apical width; third antennomere about 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as fourth. In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. betuleti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betuleti">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. betuleti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. vicina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicina">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. vicina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the leg color is lighter; first cubital crossvein absent; antennae longer, 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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the head width; and the third antennomere is 5-6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as its apical width and only slightly longer than the fourth.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith & Eiseman" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Scolioneura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolioneura vaccinii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vaccinii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scolioneura vaccinii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is closer to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tirolensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tirolensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. tirolensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, sharing the short antennae, but
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. vaccinii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vaccinii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. vaccinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs by the absence of the first cubital crossvein, even shorter antennae, presence of pulvilli only on hind basitarsomeres 3 and 4, the smooth, shiny mesoscutellum, and the mostly reddish-brown abdomen. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tirolensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tirolensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. tirolensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the first cubital crossvein is present, pulvilli are present on hind basitarsomeres 1-4, the mesoscutellum is densely punctate with punctures more numerous on the posterior half, and the abdomen is usually black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Scolioneura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolioneura hyrcana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyrcana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scolioneura hyrcana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not examined, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Benson, RB" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="4 - 207" refId="B3" refString="Benson, RB, 1968. Hymenoptera from Turkey Symphyta. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 22: 4 - 207" title="Hymenoptera from Turkey Symphyta." volume="22" year="1968">Benson (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
separated it from the European species by the enlarged eyes, which are strongly converging below with the lower interocular distance much less than the eye height, and by the presence of tarsal pulvilli only on the two apical tarsomeres.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith & Eiseman" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Scolioneura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolioneura vaccinii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vaccinii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scolioneura vaccinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares the presence of pulvilli only on hind basitarsomeres 3 and 4, but differs by the smaller eyes which are farther apart than the eye height.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="life history notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Life history notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Larvae are solitary and form simple, more or less full-depth blotch mines (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. 8 Scolioneura vaccinii, prepupa 9 Leaf mine of S. vaccinii 10 Cocoon of Shawiana sp. in leaf mine of S. vaccinii 11 Shawiana sp., lateral." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.43.4546.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/40889" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9</figureCitation>
|
||
), each completing development within a single leaf as is typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1906" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="tribe" tribe="Fenusini">Fenusini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Completed mines occupy 3.5 to 8.5 cm2, with smaller leaves being entirely mined out. Frass is in the form of discrete, elongate fecal pellets, up to about 0.4 mm by 0.2 mm, which are scattered through the mine at random. When mature, the ~7.0 mm larvae exit their mines and burrow into the ground to overwinter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Leaf mines on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vaccinium parvifolium" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">Vaccinium</pageBreakToken>
|
||
parvifolium
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. membranaceum" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="membranaceum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">V. membranaceum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
containing sawfly larvae were first noted from 4 to 10 October 2012, to the south of Mount Rainier (Pierce Co.) and at several locations on the Olympic Peninsula (Clallam, Jefferson, and Grays Harbor counties). The type specimen was reared from a larva found mining a
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. parvifolium" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">V. parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf on 13 August 2013. Since all collected larvae overwintered in soil, there is currently no indication of more than one generation per year. The April emergence date for the type specimen is undoubtedly abnormally early, due to the prepupa having been exposed to artificially warm temperatures. The other known specimens were trapped as adults between 29 July and 2 August, consistent with a single generation emerging in early summer and giving rise to larvae that mine from August to October.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vaccinium" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Vaccinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants were searched in northern Idaho in late September 2012 and in northern California in October 2012, but no leaf mines were found. Similar mines found on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhododendron menziesii" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="menziesii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rhododendron menziesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Craven (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) along Boulder Creek in Bonners Ferry, Idaho on 28 September 2012 possibly were made by the same or a related species. Only a few examples were found, and all were empty.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The 2012 collections yielded four braconid wasps, which emerged 18-27 November 2012 and 4-8 May 2013. The 2013 collection yielded one more, which emerged on 7 September. All had spun elongate, pale brown cocoons, 5 mm long by 1 mm wide, inside the leaf mines (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. 8 Scolioneura vaccinii, prepupa 9 Leaf mine of S. vaccinii 10 Cocoon of Shawiana sp. in leaf mine of S. vaccinii 11 Shawiana sp., lateral." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.43.4546.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/40889" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">10</figureCitation>
|
||
). All five braconids belonged in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="van Achterberg" authorityYear="1983" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Shawiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shawiana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Shawiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
van Achterberg (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. 8 Scolioneura vaccinii, prepupa 9 Leaf mine of S. vaccinii 10 Cocoon of Shawiana sp. in leaf mine of S. vaccinii 11 Shawiana sp., lateral." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.43.4546.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/40889" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Two described species in this genus are known from the Nearctic, both in the eastern United States.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Shawiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shawiana metalli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metalli">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Shawiana metalli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Muesebeck) is a parasitoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Metallus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallus rohweri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rohweri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Metallus rohweri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
MacGillivray;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. phyllotomae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phyllotomae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. phyllotomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Muesebeck) was introduced from Europe to control
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="Fallen" baseAuthorityYear="1808" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heterarthrus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heterarthrus nemoratus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nemoratus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Heterarthrus nemoratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fallén">Fallen</normalizedToken>
|
||
), and is also recorded from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Fenusa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fenusa pumila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumila">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fenusa pumila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Leach (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Muesebeck, CFW" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="81 - 83" refId="B8" refString="Muesebeck, CFW, 1932. Two new species of Phanomeris Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitic on leaf-mining sawflies. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 34: 81 - 83" title="Two new species of Phanomeris Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitic on leaf-mining sawflies." volume="34" year="1932">Muesebeck 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marsh, PM" editor="Krombein, KV" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="144 - 295" refId="B7" refString="Marsh, PM, 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico, Volume 1, Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.: 144 - 295" title="Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico, Volume 1, Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica)" year="1979">Marsh 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). All of these hosts, like those of most Palearctic species, are leaf-mining sawflies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Achterberg, C van" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="339 - 355" refId="B1" refString="Achterberg, C van, 1983. Revisionary notes on the Palaearctic genera and species of the tribe Exothecini Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Zoologische Mededelingen 57: 339 - 355" title="Revisionary notes on the Palaearctic genera and species of the tribe Exothecini Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)." volume="57" year="1983">Achterberg 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Three of our
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="van Achterberg" authorityYear="1983" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Shawiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shawiana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Shawiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens are deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Ontario.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |