196 lines
23 KiB
XML
196 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="944C0058EBA145894163463F9B51438E">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DC75A4BC5B4D78F073205D1D6ACFDDA9">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F4611FE9CD4DD1C0CEBCB4837C95BA6C">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A4B92336A7F569D9CF8E0DEB7BB559D5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="3F3972A6C20F41AF0E43E330E9612E4C">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="2A9B0A729176DD1133A0346F3C32DF3D">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="2BB3BAC34CA87AB05BFF800991DCD3AA">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="656CF7E9F028061AB7C432DD815C7953">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FF9FFF9BFAF56313FBCFFA6A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867101" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824728" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867101" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FF9FFF9BFAF56313FBCFFA6A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FF9FFF9BFAF56313FBCFFA6A" lastPageId="95" lastPageNumber="723" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9FFF9AFAF56313FA4BF9CD" box="[1452,1532,1539,1585]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AFAF56313FA4BF9CD" blockId="94.[1448,2645,1539,1745]" box="[1452,1532,1539,1585]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF9FFF9AFAF56313FA4BF9CD" box="[1452,1532,1539,1585]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FF9FFF9AFAF56313FA4BF9CD" box="[1452,1532,1539,1585]" captionStart="Plate 48: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="93.[105,135,3447,3472]" captionTargetBox="[14,2744,17,3643]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="116. Mentawai Langur (Presbytis potenziani), 117. Siberut Langur (Presbytis siberu), 118. Maroon Langur (Presbytis rubicunda), 119. Pale-thighed Langur (Presbytis stamensus), 120. Natuna Islands Langur (Presbytis natunae), 121. Thomas's 9 Langur Presbytis. thomas (null)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867465/files/figure.png" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">119.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9FFF9AF9546313F80DF9CD" box="[1549,1978,1539,1585]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AF9546313F80DF9CD" blockId="94.[1448,2645,1539,1745]" box="[1549,1978,1539,1585]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF9FFF9AF9546313F80DF9CD" box="[1549,1978,1539,1585]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9FFF9AF9546313F80DF9CD" box="[1549,1978,1539,1585]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">Pale-thighed Langur</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9FFF9AF8A56313F6F0F9CD" box="[2044,2375,1539,1585]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AF8A56313F6F0F9CD" blockId="94.[1448,2645,1539,1745]" box="[2044,2375,1539,1585]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF9FFF9AF8A56313F6F0F9CD" box="[2044,2375,1539,1585]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9FFF9AF8A56313F6F0F9CD" baseAuthorityName="S. Miiller & Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[2044,2375,1539,1585]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suamensis">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9FFF9AF8A56313F6F0F9CD" box="[2044,2375,1539,1585]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">Presbytis stamensus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9FFF9AFAF06353F9D2F933" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AFAF06353F610F9A4" blockId="94.[1448,2645,1539,1745]" box="[1449,2471,1603,1624]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF9FFF9AFAF06353F610F9A4" box="[1449,2471,1603,1624]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9FFF9AFAF06353FA41F9A4" bold="true" box="[1449,1526,1603,1624]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9FFF9AF9596353F955F9A4" box="[1536,1762,1603,1624]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">Langur a cuisses pales</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9FFF9AF9AE6353F8E5F9A4" bold="true" box="[1783,1874,1603,1624]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9FFF9AF8026353F790F9A4" box="[1883,2087,1603,1624]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">Weil3schenkellangur</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9FFF9AF7656353F72FF9A4" bold="true" box="[2108,2200,1603,1624]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9FFF9AF7F86353F610F9A4" box="[2209,2471,1603,1624]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">Langur de muslos blancos</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AFAF0637AF9D2F933" blockId="94.[1448,2645,1539,1745]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF9FFF9AFAF0637AF9D2F933" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9FFF9AFAF0637AF917F983" bold="true" box="[1449,1696,1642,1663]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9FFF9AF9F1637AF836F983" box="[1704,1921,1642,1663]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">White-thighed Langur</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9FFF9AF8D7637AF5E6F983" box="[1934,2641,1642,1663]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">White-thighed Surili; Bintan Island/Bintan Pale-thighed Langur (rhionis)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9FFF9AFAF06381F814F95A" box="[1449,1955,1681,1702]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">Chasen’s/Mantled Pale-thighed Langur (paenulata)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9FFF9AF8E86381F682F95A" box="[1969,2357,1681,1702]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">Lyon's/Riau Pale-thighed Langur (cana)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9FFF9AF61A6381F9D2F933" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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Malayan Pale-thighed Langur (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9FFF9AFAA563AAF9EAF933" baseAuthorityName="Muller & Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1532,1629,1722,1743]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siamensis">siamensis</taxonomicName>
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)
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9FFF9AF74B63EEF6D0F8BF" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AF74B63EEF6D0F8BF" blockId="94.[2066,2652,1790,2214]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9FFF9AF74B63EEF71AF8E7" bold="true" box="[2066,2221,1790,1819]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9FFF9AF78A63EEF6D5F8BF" authority="S. Miiller & Schlegel, 1841" authorityName="S. Miiller & Schlegel" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siamensis">Semnopithecus siamensis S. Miiller & Schlegel, 1841</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9FFF9AF62B623AF5ECF8BF" box="[2418,2651,1834,1859]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AF62B623AF5ECF8BF" blockId="94.[2066,2652,1790,2214]" box="[2418,2651,1834,1859]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFF9FFF9AF62B623AF5ECF8BF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421303" box="[2418,2651,1834,1859]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">Malaya, Malacca.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9FFF9AF74D625AF702F7A4" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AF74D625AF702F7A4" blockId="94.[2066,2652,1790,2214]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">In addition to the subspecies below, an extremely pale form, described as white with a little gray on its back and a blackish crest, has been reported from near Jambi in eastern Sumatra. The subspecies are rather poorly defined. Four subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9FFF9AF74D6D72F81DF5CE" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FF9FFF9AF74D6D72F81DF5CE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867343" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867343" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867343/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" targetBox="[1453,2034,1800,2207]" targetPageId="94">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AF74D6D72F613F783" blockId="94.[2066,2652,1790,2214]" box="[2068,2468,2146,2175]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9FFF9AF74D6D72F613F783" bold="true" box="[2068,2468,2146,2175]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AF74D6D9DF666F6E1" blockId="94.[2066,2652,1790,2214]" lastBlockId="94.[1450,2659,2221,3476]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9FFF9AF74D6D9DF5EDF75A" authority="S. Muller & Schlegel, 1841" authorityName="S. Muller & Schlegel" authorityYear="1841" box="[2068,2650,2189,2214]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stamensus" subSpecies="siamensis">P.s.siamensisS.Muller&Schlegel,1841</taxonomicName>
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—MalayPeninsula,inSThailand(populationisolatereportedat6°22"N,101°08E,wellwithinthedistributionofP.femoralisrobinsoni)andmostofPeninsularMalaysia(itisabsentintheNWtotheNtothePiahValleyinPerakState,andintheS).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AFAF56C33F869F691" blockId="94.[1450,2659,2221,3476]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9FFF9AFAF56C33F869F691" authority="G. S. Miller, 1906" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1907" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stamensus" subSpecies="cana">P.s.canaG.S.Miller,1906—CESumatra(betweentheSiakandIndragiririvers)andtheRiauArchipelago(PulauKundurI).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AFAF56C62F8D7F61F" blockId="94.[1450,2659,2221,3476]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9FFF9AFAF56C62F8D7F61F" authority="Chasen, 1940" authorityName="Chasen" authorityYear="1940" baseAuthorityName="Chasen" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stamensus" subSpecies="paenulata">P.s.paenulataChasen,1940—CESumatra(confinedtoasmallwedgeofcoastalforest,withapopulationisolatereportedfromnearLakeToba);itisseparatedfromP.femoralispercurabytheRokanRiver.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AFAF46CF8F81DF5CE" blockId="94.[1450,2659,2221,3476]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9FFF9AFAF46CF8F885F5F5" authority="G. S. Miller, 1903" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1903" box="[1453,1842,2536,2569]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stamensus" subSpecies="rhionis">P.s. rhionis G. S. Miller, 1903</taxonomicName>
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— Riau Archipelago (for certain only from Bintan but may occur also on Batam and Galang Is).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9FFF9AFAF56F26F8AFF268" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" type="description">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9FFF9AFAF56F26F8AFF268" blockId="94.[1450,2659,2221,3476]" pageId="94" pageNumber="722">
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Descriptive notes. Head-body 34-39 cm, tail 67-89 cm; weight 4.3-8.2 kg. The Palethighed Langur is similar to the Banded Langur (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9FFF9AF73D6F4EF74BF583" baseAuthorityName="Martin" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[2148,2300,2654,2687]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="femoralis">P. femoralis</taxonomicName>
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), but much paler grayishbrown in color and with a blackish brow, hands, and feet. Underside is whitish, continuous with a grayish-whitish zone on outsides of thighs. In general,it is pale brown-gray to buff above with a whitish underside (extending to inner surfaces of limbs and reaching down to wrists and ankles, and forward to throat and cheeks). Hands and feet are raven-black, asis tail, except for some white underits base. There is some slight clinal variation running north to south. The “Bintan Pale-thighed Langur” (FP. s. rhionis) 1s yellow-brown, with a gray fringe above and a white underside, the latter color reaching ankles but not under tail. Its head and lower limbs are blacker. There is usually a single whorl on forehead. Its buccal depigmentation extends up to the nose. The “Riau Pale-thighed Langur” (P. s. cana) is similar to the Bintan Pale-thighed Langur, but it has a rather darker tail and limbs. Its
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9FFF9AF778691FF7FDF3CC" box="[2081,2122,3087,3120]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Guereza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="94" pageNumber="722" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fur">fur</taxonomicName>
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is yellowish-gray above, with a darker head. Its white underside extends to chin, cheeks, wrists, and ankles, and backs of thighs have a wide gray area.Its tail is lighter below but not white. Its face is gray, with bluish eye-rings and a pinkish muzzle, and number of forehead whorls varies from two, one, or none. In the “Mantled Pale-thighed Langur” (P. s. paenulata), dorsal side is dark reddish-brown, while underside and inner surfaces of limbs are whitish to pale grayish-brown. Its outer limbs are brown, except for gray-white on backs of thighs and arms. Its hands and feet are black. Its tail is like its back above but paler below. Its face is black, with complete white eye-rings and pinkish lips, and its crest is small and black with a pale patch in front.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9EFF9BFF36643AFEC3FDF7" pageId="95" pageNumber="723" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9EFF9BFF36643AFEC3FDF7" blockId="95.[109,1317,298,1432]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9EFF9BFF36643AFF6DFEBB" box="[111,218,298,327]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
. Primary and secondary rainforest, swamp, mangrove forest, and rubber tree plantations. Only a little information on habitat and ecology is available for the Palethighed Langur, but it is most likely similar to closely related species. The Bintan Palethighed Langur occurs in lowland wet forest, swamp forests, secondary regrowth, and “rubber gardens” (fallow secondary forest in slash-and-burn agriculture that is planted with rubber trees).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9EFF9BFF366702FE19FDA5" pageId="95" pageNumber="723" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9EFF9BFF366702FE19FDA5" blockId="95.[109,1317,298,1432]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9EFF9BFF366702FEC5FDCF" bold="true" box="[111,370,530,563]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Pale-thighed Langur eats mainly young leaves and fruits, along with seeds and flowers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9EFF9BFF366771FE6AFD0B" pageId="95" pageNumber="723" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9EFF9BFF366771FE6AFD0B" blockId="95.[109,1317,298,1432]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9EFF9BFF366771FF46FD7E" box="[111,241,609,642]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723">Breeding</emphasis>
|
||
. There is no set breeding season for the Pale-thighed Langur. The female usually gives birth to a single young, although twins have been reported. The gestation period is c.168 days. Infants are whitish-gray, with a distinctive dark cross pattern along their backs and shoulders.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9EFF9BFF3467EEFBA0FCE3" box="[109,1047,766,799]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9EFF9BFF3467EEFBA0FCE3" blockId="95.[109,1317,298,1432]" box="[109,1047,766,799]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9EFF9BFF3467EEFEE3FCE3" box="[109,340,766,799]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723">Activity patterns</emphasis>
|
||
. The Pale-thighed Langur is diurnal and arboreal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9EFF9BFF366635FD44FC69" pageId="95" pageNumber="723" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9EFF9BFF366635FD44FC69" blockId="95.[109,1317,298,1432]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9EFF9BFF366635FC8FFCBA" bold="true" box="[111,824,805,838]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Pale-thighed Langur has not been studied in the wild. Social groups have up to 18 individuals, with a single adult male, up to eight females, and their offspring.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9EFF9BFF36668CFCD9FABA" pageId="95" pageNumber="723" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9EFF9BFF36668CFCD9FABA" blockId="95.[109,1317,298,1432]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9EFF9BFF36668CFE66FC41" bold="true" box="[111,465,924,957]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red Lust, including the subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9EFF9BFDF166DBFC97FC18" box="[680,800,971,996]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="95" pageNumber="723" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siamensis">siamensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, cana and paenulata, but the subspecies rhionis is classified as Data Deficient. Deforestation and conversion of habitat most likely are major threats to the Pale-thighed Langur, and hunting to a lesser extent. Oil palm plantations are fast replacing lowland forests whereit lives. The “Malayan Palethighed Langur” (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9EFF9BFE2C6171FD9BFB7E" box="[373,556,1121,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="95" pageNumber="723" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siamensis">Ps. siamensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) occurs in Taman Negara National Park in the states of Pahang, Kelantan, and Terengganu, and Krau Wildlife Reserve in Pahang, Malaysia. It is not clear if the other subspecies occur in any protected area. Their taxonomy is disputed and distributional boundaries are unknown, so that an assessment ofits protected status is difficult. Further research on the Pale-thighed Langur is urgently needed to clarify conservation needs of the subspecies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9EFF9BFF36604AFBCFFA6A" pageId="95" pageNumber="723" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9EFF9BFF36604AFBCFFA6A" blockId="95.[109,1317,298,1432]" pageId="95" pageNumber="723">Bibliography. Aimi & Bakar (1992, 1996), Brandon-Jones (1984), Brandon-Jones & Nijman (2011), Brandon-Jones et al. (2004), Groves (2001), Nijman, Geissman & Meijaard (2008b), Yanuar (1993/1994).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |