203 lines
22 KiB
XML
203 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FA3CDBA8DF8782AE64D74EEA4F7373AD">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A51AEC5659BC9E7AA2F2F2A41A6187FB">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0B7144FE9B0565F4915A52B305FB7912">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8BC702DB9EF89145E9F9491E996BF25D">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="3B90B7A4240812447588D5430105B4EE">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="1A6F707F7B1C6A075F1CEE6672D18D92">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="692C906C125887E96BAF964BD036978E">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="A028E003810C0F66BD4ABF59371872E3">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FF8BFF8EFAFE678CF72AF3D2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863331" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824602" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863331" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FF8BFF8EFAFE678CF72AF3D2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FF8BFF8EFAFE678CF72AF3D2" lastPageNumber="702" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EFAFE678CFA57FD36" box="[1447,1504,668,714]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EFAFE678CFA57FD36" blockId="74.[1444,2640,668,795]" box="[1447,1504,668,714]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8BFF8EFAFE678CFA57FD36" box="[1447,1504,668,714]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FF8BFF8EFAFE678CFA57FD36" box="[1447,1504,668,714]" captionStart="Plate 45: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="71.[123,153,3457,3478]" captionTargetBox="[14,2747,15,3643]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="82. Angolan Colobus (Colobus angolensis), 83. Guereza (Colobus guereza), 84. King Colobus (Colobus polykomos), 85. Black Colobus (Colobus satanas), 86. White-thighed Colobus (Colobus vellerosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867455/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">86.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EFAB6678CF863FD36" box="[1519,2004,668,714]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EFAB6678CF863FD36" blockId="74.[1444,2640,668,795]" box="[1519,2004,668,714]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8BFF8EFAB6678CF863FD36" box="[1519,2004,668,714]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8BFF8EFAB6678CF863FD36" box="[1519,2004,668,714]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">White-thighed Colobus</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EF747678CF6E2FD36" box="[2078,2389,668,714]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EF747678CF6E2FD36" blockId="74.[1444,2640,668,795]" box="[2078,2389,668,714]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8BFF8EF747678CF6E2FD36" box="[2078,2389,668,714]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF747678CF6E2FD36" ID-CoL="X6S9" baseAuthorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[2078,2389,668,714]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vellerosus">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EF747678CF6E2FD36" box="[2078,2389,668,714]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Colobus vellerosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EFAFF67CCF5F8FCE5" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EFAFF67CCF665FD0D" blockId="74.[1444,2640,668,795]" box="[1446,2514,732,753]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8BFF8EFAFF67CCF665FD0D" box="[1446,2514,732,753]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EFAFF67CCFA44FD0D" bold="true" box="[1446,1523,732,753]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8BFF8EFAA567CCF977FD0D" box="[1532,1728,732,753]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Colobe de Geoffroy</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EF98D67CCF887FD0D" bold="true" box="[1748,1840,732,753]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8BFF8EF86167CCF7E7FD0D" box="[1848,2128,732,753]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">WeiRschenkel-Stummelaffe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EF73C67CCF777FD0D" bold="true" box="[2149,2240,732,753]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8BFF8EF79367CCF665FD0D" box="[2250,2514,732,753]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Colobo de muslos blancos</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EFAFF6614F5F8FCE5" blockId="74.[1444,2640,668,795]" box="[1446,2639,772,793]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8BFF8EFAFF6614F5F8FCE5" box="[1446,2639,772,793]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EFAFF6614F92BFCE5" bold="true" box="[1446,1692,772,793]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8BFF8EF9FF6614F7BAFCE5" box="[1702,2061,772,793]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Geoffroy’s Black-and-white Colobus</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8BFF8EF7456614F703FCE5" box="[2076,2228,772,793]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Ursine Colobus</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8BFF8EF79B6614F5F8FCE5" box="[2242,2639,772,793]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">White-thighed Black-and-white Colobus</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EF7566659F6EDFC72" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EF7566659F6EDFC72" blockId="74.[2062,2652,841,1264]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EF7566659F71DFC9A" bold="true" box="[2063,2218,841,870]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF7EF6659F6E2FC72" authorityName="I.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1834" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vellerosus">Semnopithecus vellerosus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1834</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EF63A667DF662FC72" box="[2403,2517,877,910]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EF63A667DF662FC72" blockId="74.[2062,2652,841,1264]" box="[2403,2517,877,910]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFF8BFF8EF63A667DF662FC72" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421312" box="[2403,2517,877,910]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Afrique.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EF7576684F601FB5E" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EF7576684F601FB5E" blockId="74.[2062,2652,841,1264]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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A form known as “Dollman’s
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF6806684F5FEFC49" box="[2521,2633,916,949]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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” dollmani (a cross of C.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF61066D0F609FC21" authorityName="I.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1834" box="[2377,2494,960,989]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vellerosus">vellerosus</taxonomicName>
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x C. polykomos, although phenotypically much closer to C.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF73E611BF76AFBD0" authorityName="I.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1834" box="[2151,2269,1035,1068]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vellerosus">vellerosus</taxonomicName>
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) formerly occurred in an area between the Sassandra River and the Nzi-Bandama River system in Ivory Coast as a hybrid swarm. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EF75661BCF800FAE5" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FF8BFF8EF75661BCF800FAE5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867273" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867273/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" targetBox="[1449,2031,851,1258]" targetPageId="74">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EF75661BCF800FAE5" blockId="74.[2062,2652,841,1264]" lastBlockId="74.[1446,2653,1272,3118]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EF75661BCF708FB35" bold="true" box="[2063,2239,1196,1225]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E Ivory Coast (E of Nuzi-Bandama River system), S Burkina-Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, and SW Nigeria.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EFAFE6033F6EEF936" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="description">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EFAFE6033F6EEF936" blockId="74.[1446,2653,1272,3118]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EFAFE6033F916FABC" bold="true" box="[1447,1697,1315,1344]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 56—64-5 cm (males) and 58-66 cm (females), tail 81-97 cm; weight 8:4.9-9 kg (males) and 7.8-3 kg (females). The White-thighed
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF6BE6056F5EEFA9B" box="[2535,2649,1350,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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is largely black, with a broad, bushy, snowy-white circumfacial ruff (not extending back onto the crown or far back under the throat) and either no epaulettes or just a few white hairs on shoulders. There is no whorl on the crown. Tail is not as long as that of the King
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF97E60F4F92EF9F9" box="[1575,1689,1508,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF9F660F4F8E4F9F9" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[1711,1875,1508,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polykomos">C. polykomos</taxonomicName>
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), being somewhat less than 160% of head—body length; it is also entirely white, with a slight tuft. There is a white patch on each upper thigh that extends all around ischial callosities in males and around ventral and lateral margins in females. Hair on the throat is thick. Nose is long and convex. In its cranium and mtDNA, the White-thighed Colobusis very similar to the King
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF67D6391F62FF95E" box="[2340,2456,1665,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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, but the loud call of the male is derived and shared with the
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF76163B9F71BF936" box="[2104,2220,1705,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Guereza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Guereza</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF79B63B9F6FAF936" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1835" box="[2242,2381,1705,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="700" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guereza">C. guereza</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EFAFE63C4F839F894" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EFAFE63C4F839F894" blockId="74.[1446,2653,1272,3118]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EFAFE63C4F9A1F90D" bold="true" box="[1447,1558,1748,1777]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Habitat.</emphasis>
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L.owland rainforest and deciduous gallery, swamp, semi-deciduous, gallery, and dry forest. In the northern part of its distribution, the White-thighed Colobusis also found in forest patches in savanna areas, where groups have been known to travel across open ground between trees.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EFAFE627DF829F84B" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EFAFE627DF829F84B" blockId="74.[1446,2653,1272,3118]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EFAFE627DF906F872" bold="true" box="[1447,1713,1901,1934]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The White-thighed
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF881627DF7FDF872" box="[2008,2122,1901,1934]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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eats mainly young leaves, along with mature leaves, seeds, and fruit pulp.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EFAF162ACF5A5F7F9" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EFAF162ACF5A5F7F9" blockId="74.[1446,2653,1272,3118]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
|
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EFAF162ACF999F821" bold="true" box="[1448,1582,1980,2013]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Female White-thighed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF8D962ACF845F821" box="[1920,2034,1980,2013]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack a perineal sexual swelling, and infants are born with a white coat that darkens to the adult pattern within a few months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EFAFF6D1BF668F787" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EFAFF6D1BF668F787" blockId="74.[1446,2653,1272,3118]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EFAFF6D1BF926F7D0" bold="true" box="[1446,1681,2059,2092]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
White-thighed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF8286D1BF854F7D0" box="[1905,2019,2059,2092]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are diurnal and arboreal. At Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary, J. Teichroeb and colleagues found them to spend 59% of their time resting, 24% feeding, 14% moving, and 3% engaging in social behavior.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EFAF16D91F6C2F6E5" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EFAF16D91F6C2F6E5" blockId="74.[1446,2653,1272,3118]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EFAF16D91F735F75E" bold="true" box="[1448,2178,2177,2210]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Daily movements of the Whitethighed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF9796DB8F925F735" box="[1568,1682,2216,2249]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are 250-367 m, with home ranges of 1148 ha. Group sizes vary from two to 33 individuals, with multiple adult males and females. Dispersal is sex-biased,; males leave their natal group, but females are also known to disperse.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EFAF06C0FF9A1F473" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EFAF06C0FF9A1F473" blockId="74.[1446,2653,1272,3118]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EFAF06C0FF8B5F6BC" bold="true" box="[1449,1794,2335,2368]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The White-thighed Colobusislisted as Class A in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. It is threatened primarily by hunting and secondarily by habitat loss. The region it inhabits has a dense and rapidly growing human population, forest destruction has been extensive, and wildlife hunting is uncontrolled in most places. There has been no systematic survey of the White-thighed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EFAF36F1BF9A9F5D0" box="[1450,1566,2571,2604]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is known to have become rare in several national parks in Ghana where it had been assumed to be secure. It is now also very rare in Benin, Togo, and Nigeria. It occurs in 18 protected areas:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8BFF8EF83D6F72F636F587" authority=", Bui, Digya, Mole, and Nini-Suhien" authorityName="Bui, Digya, Mole, and Nini-Suhien" box="[1892,2433,2658,2683]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Bia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bia, Bui, Digya, Mole, and Nini-Suhien</taxonomicName>
|
||
national parks, Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary, Bomfobiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Ankasa and Kalakpa game reserves, Kogyae Strict Nature Reserve and Willi Falls Reserve in Ghana; Comoe National Park in Ivory Coast; Kainji Lake National Park, Igangan Ohosu and Olokemeji forest reserves and Upper Ogun game reserve in Nigeria; and Fazao-Malfakassa National Park and Keran Reserve in Togo. It is most secure in Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary where monkeys are considered sacred by the local community and are not hunted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8BFF8EFAF36E8EF72AF3D2" pageId="74" pageNumber="702" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8BFF8EFAF36E8EF72AF3D2" blockId="74.[1446,2653,1272,3118]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8BFF8EFAF36E8EF9F3F44B" bold="true" box="[1450,1604,2974,2999]" pageId="74" pageNumber="702">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Brent et al. (2008), Campbell, Teichroeb & Paterson (2008), Fashing (2011), Gonedelé Bi et al. (2006), Groves (2001, 2007b), Groves et al. (1993), Saj & Sicotte (2007a, 2007b), Saj, Marteinson et al. (2007), Saj, Mather & Sicotte (2006), Sicotte & Macintosh (2004), Sicotte et al. (2007), Teichroeb, Saj et al. (2003), Teichroeb, Wikberg & Sicotte (2009), Ting (2008), Wong et al. (2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |