284 lines
38 KiB
XML
284 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="F8376FEE4A6A638DB72861E185D0A161" ID-CLB-Dataset="100956" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6867065" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3d520847-5163-4b5c-87bf-2cdceb781098" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-89-7" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867065" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1658256599114" checkinUser="jonas" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2013" docId="CE199B17FF86FF83FF236740FA0AF442" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_3_Cercopithecidae_0550.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Colobus angolensis Sclater 1860" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="699" masterDocId="3220E36FFFC1FFC4FF596510FFB7FFFC" masterDocTitle="Cercopithecidae" masterLastPageNumber="755" masterPageNumber="550" pageNumber="699" updateTime="1699359875441" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6462E2D8D20ACC73F32AABFCC40AEFB1">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EDA636D43DE465C99BF3FA8C38816BF4">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0CA59AA0D88F7E5569626D7D7373E506">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8A4BA070AA1D1A9B7F6357B40EEEB693">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="3F513334C62F589CD5B3DF432BF92458">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="58A24412E527A6D5153437C6D10DB4B2">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="AF40626BF3C4904041036CE7858BD733">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="9D158CAA2260E4D9D0B61EE49C85C608">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FF86FF83FF236740FA0AF442" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863325" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824604" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863325" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FF86FF83FF236740FA0AF442" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FF86FF83FF236740FA0AF442" lastPageNumber="699" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FF236740FF04FD7E" box="[122,179,592,642]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FF236740FF04FD7E" blockId="71.[120,1302,592,842]" box="[122,179,592,642]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF86FF83FF236740FF04FD7E" box="[122,179,592,642]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FF86FF83FF236740FF04FD7E" box="[122,179,592,642]" captionStart="Plate 45: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="71.[123,153,3457,3478]" captionTargetBox="[14,2747,15,3643]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="82. Angolan Colobus (Colobus angolensis), 83. Guereza (Colobus guereza), 84. King Colobus (Colobus polykomos), 85. Black Colobus (Colobus satanas), 86. White-thighed Colobus (Colobus vellerosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867455/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">82.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FF986740FD99FD7E" box="[193,558,592,642]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FF986740FD99FD7E" blockId="71.[120,1302,592,842]" box="[193,558,592,642]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF86FF83FF986740FD99FD7E" box="[193,558,592,642]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF86FF83FF986740FD99FD7E" box="[193,558,592,642]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Angolan Colobus</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FD2E6740FC76FD7E" box="[631,961,592,642]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FD2E6740FC76FD7E" blockId="71.[120,1302,592,842]" box="[631,961,592,642]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF86FF83FD2E6740FC76FD7E" box="[631,961,592,642]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FD2E6740FC76FD7E" ID-CoL="X6R3" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1860" box="[631,961,592,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angolensis">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FD2E6740FC76FD7E" box="[631,961,592,642]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Colobus angolensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FF236784FAA7FCBB" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FF236784FC54FD55" blockId="71.[120,1302,592,842]" box="[122,995,660,681]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF86FF83FF236784FC54FD55" box="[122,995,660,681]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FF236784FF70FD55" bold="true" box="[122,199,660,681]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF86FF83FF896784FEC4FD55" box="[208,371,660,681]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Colobe d'Angola</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FED16784FE54FD55" bold="true" box="[392,483,660,681]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF86FF83FEB56784FD0DFD55" box="[492,698,660,681]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Angola-Stummelaffe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FD966784FC9DFD55" bold="true" box="[719,810,660,681]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF86FF83FC6D6784FC54FD55" box="[820,995,660,681]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Colobo de Angola</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FF2067ACFAA7FCBB" blockId="71.[120,1302,592,842]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF86FF83FF2067ACFAA7FCBB" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FF2067ACFEC7FD2D" bold="true" box="[121,368,700,721]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF86FF83FE2067ACFDA1FD2D" box="[377,534,700,721]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Angola Colobus</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF86FF83FD7D67ACFE59FD05" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Angolan Black-and-white Colobus; Adolf Friedrich’s Angolan/Ruwenzori Black-and-white Colobus (ruwenzorii)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF86FF83FEA567F4FCD4FD05" box="[508,867,740,761]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Cordier’'s Angolan Colobus (cordieri)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF86FF83FC2B67F4FED8FCDC" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Peters’'s Angolan/Tanzanian Black-andwhite Colobus (palliatus)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF86FF83FE27661BFC92FCDC" box="[382,805,779,800]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Powell-Cotton’s Angolan Colobus (cottoni)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF86FF83FC6D661BFEF7FCBB" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Prigogine’s Angolan/Prigogine’s Black-and-white Colobus (prigoginel)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF86FF83FE176622FD64FCBB" box="[334,723,818,839]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Sclater's Angolan Colobus (angolensis)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF86FF83FDB86622FAA7FCBB" box="[737,1296,818,839]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Sharpe’s/Southern Highlands Angolan Colobus (sharpe))</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FDB96665FC9DFC41" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FDB96665FC9DFC41" blockId="71.[736,1325,885,1312]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FDB96665FCCCFC6A" bold="true" box="[736,891,885,918]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FCFA6665FC92FC41" ID-CoL="X6R3" authority="Sclater, 1860" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angolensis">Colobus angolensis Sclater, 1860</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FC6F66B0FC20FC18" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FC6F66B0FC20FC18" blockId="71.[736,1325,885,1312]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFF86FF83FC6F66B0FC20FC18" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421421" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Angola, 300 miles (483 km) inland from Bembe.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FDB866E3FD12F86A" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FDB866E3FD12F86A" blockId="71.[736,1325,885,1312]" lastBlockId="71.[120,1325,1318,3358]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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In 2001, C. P. Groves recognized all of the named subspecies listed here except for sharper, which he believed to be a junior synonym of palliatus.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FB546171FB3EFB7E" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[1037,1161,1121,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sharpei">C. sharpei</taxonomicName>
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was considered a valid subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FB026198FAB4FB55" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1860" box="[1115,1283,1160,1193]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angolensis">C. angolensis</taxonomicName>
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by U. Rahm in 1970, J. Kingdon in his 1971 review of East African primates, and P. Napier in 1985. In 1981, W. Rodgers provided information on the distributions of palliatus and
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FCD56036FC51FABB" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[908,998,1318,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sharpei">sharpei</taxonomicName>
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that showed they were not isolated as they were thought to be and suggested they were not distinct taxa. Nevertheless, a molecular genetic study of palliatus across its distribution by M. McDonald and H. Hamilton in 2010 demonstrated distinct haplotypes in Kenyan and Tanzanian populations, which, combined with pelage differences highlighted by Rahm, Napier, and Kingdon, supported the validity of
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FDF660FFFCBEF9F0" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[687,777,1519,1548]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sharpei">sharpei</taxonomicName>
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in central and southern Tanzania as a subspecies distinct from palliatus in Kenya. The
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FC7A6302FC5AF9CF" box="[803,1005,1554,1587]" form="prigogine" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" rank="form">form prigogine</taxonomicName>
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: could be synonymous with cordieri, but it is recognized as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FC3D6329FBB9F9A6" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1860" box="[868,1038,1593,1626]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angolensis">C. angolensis</taxonomicName>
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here. An unnamed subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FE666375FE50F97E" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1860" box="[319,487,1637,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angolensis">C. angolensis</taxonomicName>
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, the “Nkungwe’s Angolan
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FC3A6375FC60F97E" box="[867,983,1637,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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” or “Mahale Mountains Angola
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FFB36398FEECF955" box="[234,347,1672,1705]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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” was listed by Groves in 2001 and P. Grubb and colleagues in their taxonomic review in 2003. It is an isolated population reported by T. Nishida and colleagues in 1981 from Mount Nkwunge and ridges of the northern Mahale Mountains as far as Mount Pasagula to the north and Mount Kahoko and Mount Sibindi to the south. It wasillustrated and described in a field guide of primates of the Mahale Mountains by T. Butynski and Y. de Jong in 2009, but it remains without a formal scientific trinomial. Seven subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FF20628CFC88F5A6" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FF86FF83FF20628CFC88F5A6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867265" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867265/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" targetBox="[122,704,897,1305]" targetPageId="71">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FF20628CFDBEF841" blockId="71.[120,1325,1318,3358]" box="[121,521,1948,1981]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FF20628CFDBEF841" bold="true" box="[121,521,1948,1981]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FF2562D7FCCBF7F0" blockId="71.[120,1325,1318,3358]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FF2562D7FCCBF7F0" authority="Sclater, 1860" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="angolensis" subSpecies="angolensis">C.a.angolensisSclater,1860—DRCongo(SofthegreatbendoftheCongoRiver),NEAngola,andNWZambia,Stoc.12°SandWto¢.16°E.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FF256D0BFF46F755" blockId="71.[120,1325,1318,3358]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FF256D0BFF46F755" authority=": Rahm, 1959" authorityName=": Rahm" authorityYear="1959" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="angolensis" subSpecies="cordier">C.a.cordier:Rahm,1959—EDRCongoWoftheLualabaRiver,betweentheLowaandLuamariverstoclosetoLakeKivuintheEat¢.28°E(whereithybridizeswiththesubspeciesruwenzorii),andtothehighlandsWofLakeTanganyika,whereitextendstoc.6°S.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FF256DA0FE93F6BB" blockId="71.[120,1325,1318,3358]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FF256DA0FE93F6BB" authority=": Lydekker, 1905" authorityName=": Lydekker" authorityYear="1905" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="angolensis" subSpecies="cotton">C.a.cotton:Lydekker,1905—NEDRCongoEoftheCongo-L.ualabariversystem,fromtheNbankoftheCongoRiver(c.20°E)NtotheUeleRiver,EtoLakeAlbert,andStotheLindiRiver;formsahybridzonewiththesubspeciesruwenzoriiintheSofitsdistribution.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FF256C5DFC30F692" blockId="71.[120,1325,1318,3358]" box="[124,903,2381,2414]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FF256C5DFC30F692" authority="Peters, 1868" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[124,903,2381,2414]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="angolensis" subSpecies="palliatus">C.a.palliatusPeters,1868—SEKenyaandNETanzania.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FF256C64FC00F669" blockId="71.[120,1325,1318,3358]" box="[124,951,2420,2453]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FF256C64FC00F669" authority="Verheyen, 1959" authorityName="Verheyen" authorityYear="1959" box="[124,951,2420,2453]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="angolensis" subSpecies="prigoginei">C.a.prigogineiVerheyen,1959—EDRCongo(MtKabobo).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FF256CB4FCDDF5F0" blockId="71.[120,1325,1318,3358]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FF256CB4FCDDF5F0" authority="Thomas, 1901" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="angolensis" subSpecies="ruwenzorii">C.a.ruwenzoriiThomas,1901—SEDRCongo,SEUganda,WRwanda,WBurundi,andNWTanzania;alongbothsidesoftheWRift,fromtheSemlikiValley,theRuwenzoriMts,andMtKahuzitotheshoresofLakeTanganyika.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FF246F0AFC88F5A6" blockId="71.[120,1325,1318,3358]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FF246F0AFE5FF5CF" authority="Thomas, 1902" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[125,488,2586,2611]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="angolensis" subSpecies="sharpei">C. a. sharpei Thomas, 1902</taxonomicName>
|
||
— C & S Tanzania (as far W as Lake Rukwa), N Malawi, NW Zambia, and possibly occurring in N Mozambique.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FF206F75FAACF2E2" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FF206F75FAACF2E2" blockId="71.[120,1325,1318,3358]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FF206F75FEC1F57E" bold="true" box="[121,374,2661,2690]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 55-66 cm (males) and 48-59 cm (females), tail 76 92 cm (males) and 63-76 cm (females); weight 7.6-12.6 kg (males) and 6.4-9.2 kg (females). The Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FE876FA3FDE7F52C" box="[478,592,2739,2768]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally black and characterized by long white epaulettes on shoulders and fluffy white circumfacial hair, the latter forming laterally elongated tufts on cheeks that resolve into a crescent shape. Tail may be tufted in males (not tufted in females), with varying extents of white (sometimes entirely white or with white restricted to the tuft). Two subspecies groups are recognized. The first is characterized by large epaulettes and a white pubic band (“Sclater’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FBFD6E64FAA0F469" box="[1188,1303,2932,2965]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,” C. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FF9A6E8BFEF2F440" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1860" box="[195,325,2971,3004]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angolensis">angolensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
; “Peters’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FD0E6E8BFD7DF440" box="[599,714,2971,3004]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,” C. a. palliatus; “Adolf Friedrich’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FF236EDBFF47F418" box="[122,240,3019,3044]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,” C. a. ruwenzorii; and “Sharpe’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FC1A6EDBFC0EF418" box="[835,953,3019,3044]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,” C. a. sharper). The other subspecies group has thin epaulettes and no white band on the pubic region (“Cordier’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FE6F690AFE1AF3CF" box="[310,429,3098,3123]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,” C. a. cordieri; “Powell-Cotton’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FCAD690AFBDCF3CF" box="[1012,1131,3098,3123]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,” C. a. cottons; and “Prigogine’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FEB46929FDD7F3A6" box="[493,608,3129,3162]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,” C. a. prigoginei). These two subspecies groups are linked by the unnamed Nkungwe Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FD8C6970FCF0F37D" box="[725,839,3168,3201]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
that has well-developed epaulettes but lacks forehead and pubic bands. It is possible that some or all described subspecies may be distinct species. Sharpe’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FD8C69BFFCF0F32C" box="[725,839,3247,3280]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is notable for its particularly long epaulettes, extending to its forearms, and bushy white side-whiskers. Prigogine’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FF8B69EDFEF3F2E2" box="[210,324,3325,3358]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the smallest epaulettes and relatively reduced white side-whiskers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FA2D6435F716FE1F" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FA2D6435F716FE1F" blockId="71.[1393,2602,293,3007]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FA2D6435FA55FEBA" bold="true" box="[1396,1506,293,326]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
A variety of forest types, from primary and secondary lowland rainforest and gallery forest to montane forest up to elevations of 3000 m and as high as 4000 m on Mount Ruwenzori. Although Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F8FA6467F7A2FE68" box="[1955,2069,375,404]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefer the very highest levels of the forest canopy, including emergent trees, individuals will occasionally descend to the ground near streams to feed upon herbaceous vegetation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FA2D64F9F8D3FDA5" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FA2D64F9F8D3FDA5" blockId="71.[1393,2602,293,3007]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FA2D64F9F934FDF6" bold="true" box="[1396,1667,489,522]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Diets of Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F8C364F9F7BBFDF6" box="[1946,2060,489,522]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are mainly young leaves, along with shoots, seeds, unripe fruit, mature leaves, flowers, lichen, and termite clay. Water is obtained primarily from their food.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FA2D6770FA53FCE2" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FA2D6770FA53FCE2" blockId="71.[1393,2602,293,3007]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FA2D6770FA4DFD7D" bold="true" box="[1396,1530,608,641]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Female Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F9AE6770F8DEFD7D" box="[1783,1897,608,641]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not display a sexual swelling during the periovulatory period, and there is no perineal organ in the male. There is a definite birth season (May-December) in at least part of its distribution. A single young is born. The Natal coat is white, gradually changing through gray to black during the first six months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FA2B6635F949FBA5" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FA2B6635F949FBA5" blockId="71.[1393,2602,293,3007]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FA2B6635F9EAFCBA" bold="true" box="[1394,1629,805,838]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F8756635F829FCBA" box="[1836,1950,805,838]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diurnal and arboreal. At Nyungwe in Rwanda, its activity budget is 42% feeding, 32% resting, 20% moving, 5% engaging in social behavior, and 1% other activities. This population has unusually large group sizes (over 300 individuals), which may explain unusually high amounts of time spent feeding and moving and a relatively small amount of time devoted to resting, especially for a colobine. In a study in the Ituri forest of the DR Congo, groups of Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F6ED66FAF591FBF7" box="[2484,2598,1002,1035]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
rested 43% of their time, fed 27%, moved 24%, engaged in social behavior 5%, and showed other behaviors 1%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FA2D6174F956FA91" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FA2D6174F956FA91" blockId="71.[1393,2602,293,3007]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FA2D6174F79AFB7D" bold="true" box="[1396,2093,1124,1153]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Daily movement has been reported at 983 m, with a home range of 371 ha. The Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F7376197F757FB54" box="[2158,2272,1159,1192]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
generally lives in small family groups of 3—4 individuals, with a single male present. These family groups often
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FA2D61CAFA00FB0B" box="[1396,1463,1242,1271]" pageId="71" pageNumber="744" rank="form">form</taxonomicName>
|
||
“troops” of up to 25-30 individuals, in which more than one male is present. One population in Rwanda (Nyungwe Forest) is exceptional in having a troop of more than 300 individuals, using a 2440ha home range. Little is known about the dispersal patterns of Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F930605CF96AFA91" box="[1641,1757,1356,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FA2D6063F830F504" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FA2D6063F830F504" blockId="71.[1393,2602,293,3007]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FA2D6063F96AFA68" bold="true" box="[1396,1757,1395,1428]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The subspecies prigoginei is classified as Endangered, ruwenzorii as Vulnerable, cordieri as Near Threatened, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F89360DBF7FBFA18" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1860" box="[1994,2124,1483,1508]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angolensis">angolensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, cottoni, palliatus, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F6D060DBF654FA18" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[2441,2531,1483,1508]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sharpei">sharpei</taxonomicName>
|
||
(under C. a. palliatus) as Least Concern. The undescribed Nkungwe taxon has not been assessed, but it is believed to be threatened. The Angolan Colobusis listed as Class B in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Although threatened in some parts ofits distribution (particularly in East Africa and the Albertine Rift), it remains widespread and relatively common in suitable habitat. Deforestation for timber and conversion of land for agricultural use are major threats, and isolated populations such as those in the Eastern Arc and coastal forests are especially vulnerable. It is also hunted for meat, especially in the Congo Basin. Populations in the eastern part ofits distribution are much more fragmented than those across the Congo Basin. The wide-ranging nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F890625CF7BBF891" box="[1993,2060,1868,1901]" pageId="71" pageNumber="744" rank="form">form</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Sclater’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F67B625CF621F891" box="[2338,2454,1868,1901]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is known to occur in Salonga National Park in DR Congo and Mweru Wantipa National Park in Zambia. Peters’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F9B5628BF8E9F840" box="[1772,1886,1947,1980]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in isolated forests in south-eastern Kenya, restricted to the southern coastal forests of the Kwale District; a comprehensive survey located 55 populations. Although locally threatened from habitat loss and hunting in some parts of its highly fragmented distribution, Peters’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F6616D05F61DF7CE" box="[2360,2474,2069,2098]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains widespread and relatively common. The total population is estimated at 3100-5000 individuals (560-900 groups), with the population in Shimba Hills Forest Reserve being the largest at ¢.2400 individuals (c.15 ind/km?). Sharpe’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F6CC6D9CF5B0F755" box="[2453,2567,2188,2217]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is likewise discontinuously distributed in forest patches in the Southern Highlands and coastal and gallery forests of southern and eastern Tanzania. It occurs in Udzungwa Mountains National Park and Gendagenda South Forest Reserve. Cordier’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83FA2C6C36FA50F6BB" box="[1397,1511,2342,2375]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has declined as a result of increased hunting. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas. Powell-Cotton’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F7DD6C5EF741F693" box="[2180,2294,2382,2415]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is locally threatened from habitat loss and hunting in some parts ofits distribution but remains widespread. It occurs in Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, Virunga National Park, and Tayna Gorilla Reserve in DR Congo. Prigogine’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F8A16CD3F7DDF618" box="[2040,2154,2499,2532]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is confined entirely to Mount Kabobo in eastern DR Congo, where it is at continuing risk of habitat loss from agricultural expansion and hunting. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas. Adolf Friedrich’s Angolan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF86FF83F8166F2AF876F5A7" box="[1871,1985,2618,2651]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to a few sites in the Albertine Rift region, where its habitat is fragmented and at risk from continued degradation. Hunting is also a threat. It occurs in Ruwenzori National Park in Uganda, Nyungwe Forest National Park in Rwanda, Kaya Gonja Nature Reserve in Kenya, and Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF86FF83FA2C6E17FA0AF442" pageId="71" pageNumber="699" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF86FF83FA2C6E17FA0AF442" blockId="71.[1393,2602,293,3007]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF86FF83FA2C6E17F9B9F4DC" bold="true" box="[1397,1550,2823,2848]" pageId="71" pageNumber="699">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Anderson, Cowlishaw & Rowcliffe (2007), Anderson, Rowcliffe & Cowlishaw (2007), Ansell (1959), Butynski & de Jong (2009), Fashing (2011), Fashing, Mulindahabi et al. (2007), Fimbel et al. (2001), Groves (1973, 2001, 2007b), Kanga & Heidi (1999/2000), Kingdon (1971, 1997), McDonald & Hamilton (2010), Moreno-Black & Bent (1982), Napier (1985), Nishida et al. (1981), Rahm (1970), Rodgers (1981), Verheyen (1959).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |