treatments-xml/data/CE/07/39/CE07391FFFAD246AFF7BBEC1FC03FCB6.xml

<document id="271F0105FB65983FDB19D3CBFFADF642" ID-ISSN="11755334" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629711042571" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Takaoka, Hiroyuki &amp; Shrestha, Suchitra" docDate="2010" docId="CE07391FFFAD246AFF7BBEC1FC03FCB6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02731p062.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2731" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleId="D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae Takaoka &amp; Shrestha 2010, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="323E4167FFAE246DFFECBC3BFFFEFFA6" masterDocTitle="New species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Nepal 2731" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1699099897232" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="9EC2282A06C26EB2822B0B1F9E291CAF">New species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Nepal 2731</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9DB004D9AD03C352AF4DAECF58FD75E1">Takaoka, Hiroyuki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="694325C691F6A9154F42E09CB49C4629">Shrestha, Suchitra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="D2DFEB185B3E9174093D0D2BA9331481">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7DEAEDCAF7A65CDA940913D8574C3E71">2731</mods:number>
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<treatment id="CE07391FFFAD246AFF7BBEC1FC03FCB6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5294938" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5294938" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE07391FFFAD246AFF7BBEC1FC03FCB6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE07391FFFAD246AFF7BBEC1FC03FCB6" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FFAD246EFF7BBEC1FCDEFCB2" box="[151,800,762,788]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="46118809FFAD246EFF7BBEC1FCDEFCB2" blockId="3.[151,800,762,788]" box="[151,800,762,788]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="1D593F65FFAD246EFF7BBEC1FCDEFCB2" bold="true" box="[151,800,762,788]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAD246EFF7BBEC1FCDEFCB2" bold="true" box="[151,800,762,788]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFAD246EFF7BBEC1FD45FCB2" ID-CoL="8DX67" authority="Takaoka" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,699,762,788]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suchitrae" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Asiosimulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAD246EFF7BBEC1FEF0FCB2" bold="true" box="[151,270,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAD246EFEF3BEC1FE39FCB2" bold="true" box="[287,455,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Asiosimulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAD246EFE3BBEC1FDB9FCB2" bold="true" box="[471,583,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">suchitrae</emphasis>
Takaoka
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FFAD246EFD2FBEC1FCDEFCB2" box="[707,800,762,788]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FFAD246BFF7BBF06FAE5FB94" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph id="46118809FFAD2469FF7BBF06FB7FFD89" blockId="3.[151,1436,829,2036]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,152,559]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAD246EFF7BBF06FE62FCF1" bold="true" box="[151,412,829,855]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description. Female</emphasis>
. Body length
<quantity id="815625ECFFAD246EFDA0BF06FD52FCF1" box="[588,684,829,855]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAD246EFD56BF06FD03FCF1" bold="true" box="[698,765,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Head</emphasis>
. Slightly narrower than thorax. Frons brownish-black, thinly whitish-gray pruinose and slightly shiny at certain angle of light, moderately covered with yellow hairs (except median longitudinal portion narrowly bare, and narrow area between antennal sockets bare) interspersed with several dark longer and stouter hairs along each lateral margin; median suture on lower portion absent; frontal ratio 1.56:1.00:1.97. Frons-head ratio 1.00:4.23. Fronto-ocular area (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAD246EFB1BBFF3FAA8FC44" box="[1271,1366,968,994]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
) well developed, triangular, directed laterally and somewhat upward. Clypeus brownish-black, thinly whitish-gray pruinose and slightly shiny at certain angle of light, moderately covered with yellow hairs (except narrow portions near upper and lower margins bare) intermixed with dark longer and stouter hairs. Labrum 0.91 times as long as clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, light to medium brown, except scape, pedicel, and anterior surface of 1st to 3rd flagellomeres dull yellow. Maxillary palp consisting of 5 segments, medium brown except 3rd segment blackish-brown, proportional lengths of 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments 1.00:0.86:1.48; 3rd segment (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAD246EFD63B881FCF3FB72" box="[655,781,1210,1236]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1B,C</figureCitation>
) not enlarged; sensory vesicle (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAD246EFB44B881FADBFB72" box="[1192,1317,1210,1236]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1B,C</figureCitation>
) roughly ellipsoidal, 0.30 times as long as 3rd segment, with large opening apically. Lacinia with 9 or 10 inner and 11 outer teeth. Mandible with 25 inner and 14 outer teeth. Cibarium (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAD246EFBFAB93BFB83FABC" box="[1046,1149,1280,1306]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
) moderately concave posterodorsally and with 69 spinous processes elaborately arranged in narrow space between inner and outer walls, somewhat apart from posterodorsal margin; these processes arising from inner wall.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAD246EFB3BB97EFACFFAF9" bold="true" box="[1239,1329,1349,1375]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Thorax</emphasis>
. Scutum brownish-black, slightly to moderately shiny at certain angle of light, thinly gray pruinose on prescutellar area and densely covered with yellowish-white short hairs mixed with dark brown short hairs on anterior surface, and interspersed with several dark brown upright long hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum medium brown, with many dark upright long hairs as well as yellowish-white short hairs. Postnotum dark brown, slightly shiny at certain angle of light, bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownish-black, shiny in light and bare.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAD246EFE5CBA2EFE17F989" bold="true" box="[432,489,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Legs</emphasis>
. Entirely medium brown to brownish-black except some parts of all trochanters and extreme base of mid and hind tibiae dark yellow to light brown. Fore basitarsus moderately dilated, 6.91 times as long as its greatest width, and with moderate dorsal hair crest. Hind basitarsus (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAD246EFB0CBA61FAC3F9D2" box="[1248,1341,1626,1652]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
) nearly parallel-sided though somewhat tapered near both ends, 6.69 times as long as its greatest width, 0.73 and 0.64 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala developed, short, 0.63 times as long as its width at base, and 0.50 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus developed. All claws (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAD246EFF73BADEFF08F959" box="[159,246,1765,1791]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
) with large basal tooth 0.44 times as long as claw.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAD246EFCBEBADEFC6CF959" bold="true" box="[850,914,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Wing</emphasis>
. Length
<quantity id="815625ECFFAD246EFC10BADEFBA4F959" box="[1020,1114,1765,1791]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
.
<collectingRegion id="846A46EBFFAD246EFB89BADEFB56F959" box="[1125,1192,1765,1791]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Costa</collectingRegion>
with 2 parallel rows of dark short spines as well as dark hairs. Subcosta with dark hairs except near apex bare. Hair tuft on stem vein dark. Basal portion of radius fully haired. R
<subScript id="DA2A8A4CFFAD246EFD38BB00FD22F8EF" attach="left" box="[724,732,1851,1865]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1</subScript>
with dark spinules and hairs. R
<subScript id="DA2A8A4CFFAD246EFBBDBB00FBA7F8EF" attach="left" box="[1105,1113,1851,1865]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</subScript>
with dark hairs only. Basal cell and basal median cell absent.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAD246EFDD5BB6BFD51F8CC" bold="true" box="[569,687,1872,1898]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of yellowish-white long hairs. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of abdomen brownish-black to black, moderately covered with dark short hairs mixed with yellowish-white short hairs on tergite 2 and on each lateral surface of segments 2–4; tergites 2 and 6–8 shiny, although tergites 3–5 somewhat shiny at certain angle of light; ventral surface of abdomen brownish-black to black; segment 7 with large sternal plate medially.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAD246EFC0EBBE1FBAAF852" bold="true" box="[994,1108,2010,2036]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Genitalia</emphasis>
. Sternite 8 (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAD246EFB07BBE1FAB6F852" box="[1259,1352,2010,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1G</figureCitation>
) wide, bare medially but furnished with 13 or 14 short to medium-long hairs on each side. Ovipositor valve (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAA2469FAD4BCA3FA6CFF14" box="[1336,1426,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1G</figureCitation>
) nearly triangular, thin, membranous except inner margin narrowly sclerotized, densely covered with microsetae interspersed with 6 or 7 short hairs; inner margins nearly straight, moderately separated from each other. Genital fork (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAA2469FE65BD3BFE19FEBC" box="[393,487,256,282]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1H</figureCitation>
) inverted-Y-shaped, with well sclerotized, basally widened stem; each arm of moderate width, thin except basal and subapical portions well sclerotized, and coiled near apex. Paraproct in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAA2469FEDBBD7EFE7BFEF9" box="[311,389,325,351]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1I</figureCitation>
) subquadrate, with distinct process produced ventrally along anteromedial margin, with 7 or 8 spinous colorless sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAA2469FB81BD53FB3EFE24" box="[1133,1216,360,386]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1J</figureCitation>
) much wider than long, with 20 short to medium-long hairs on lateral and ventral surfaces. Cercus in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAA2469FAF9BDB1FA9AFE02" box="[1301,1380,394,420]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1I</figureCitation>
) 0.8 times as long as paraproct, with numerous short and medium-long hairs; cercus in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAA2469FAD0BD96FA6CFE61" box="[1340,1426,429,455]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1J</figureCitation>
) rounded posteriorly, 0.71 times as long as its width at base. Spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAA2469FBADBDEBFB5DFE4C" box="[1089,1187,464,490]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1K</figureCitation>
) pear-like, strongly sclerotized except duct unsclerotized, without distinct reticulate surface pattern; internal setae not discernible; accessory ducts subequal in diameter to each other and slightly larger than main duct.
</paragraph>
<caption id="12D1D881FFAA2469FF7BBB00FB5BF855" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" targetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="46118809FFAA2469FF7BBB00FB5BF855" blockId="4.[151,1436,1851,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAA2469FF7BBB00FEE6F8F5" bold="true" box="[151,280,1851,1875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Female of
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFAA2469FE63BB07FCF8F8F5" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha, 2010" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[399,774,1852,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suchitrae" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Asiosimulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAA2469FE63BB07FE0DF8F5" box="[399,499,1852,1875]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAA2469FDEFBB07FD6AF8F5" box="[515,660,1852,1875]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Asiosimulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAA2469FD4FBB07FCF8F8F5" box="[675,774,1852,1875]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">suchitrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAA2469FCE0BB00FC9FF8F5" bold="true" box="[780,865,1851,1875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FFAA2469FCE0BB00FC9FF8F5" box="[780,865,1851,1875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="46118809FFAB2468FF2ABCACFE6EFF14" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,970]" box="[198,400,151,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAB2468FF2ABCACFEFBFF17" bold="true" box="[198,261,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Male</emphasis>
. Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FFAB2468FF2ABC80FBFCFC6C" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,970]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAB2468FF2ABC80FEF9FF73" bold="true" box="[198,263,187,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pupa</emphasis>
. Body length
<quantity id="815625ECFFAB2468FE40BC87FDF7FF70" box="[428,521,188,214]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAB2468FDF8BC87FDABFF70" bold="true" box="[532,597,188,214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Head</emphasis>
. Integument dark yellow, without tubercle; face with 1 simple mediumlong trichome on each side, and frons with 1 (left side) or 2 (right side) simple medium-long trichomes on each side; antennal sheath without any projection and tubercle.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAB2468FC69BD3FFC20FEB8" bold="true" box="[901,990,260,286]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Thorax</emphasis>
. Integument dark yellow, bare except dorsal surface of posterior 1/2 sparsely or moderately covered with tubercles, and small area at base of gill densely covered with tubercles (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAB2468FDF0BD77FD80FEC0" box="[540,638,332,358]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1931,1955]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,1022,1904]" captionTargetId="figure-446@5.[183,1409,1010,1918]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pupa of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, anterior part of thorax showing tubercles only near base of gill, 4 simple trichomes and gill with large transparent organ at its base and numerous filaments (left side; outer view); B, terminal hooks (end view); C, cocoon (dorsal view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for C; 0.1 mm for A; 0.02 mm for B." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
); thorax on each side with 9 simple trichomes (2 mediodorsally, 2 anterolaterally, 2 mediolaterally and 3 ventrolaterally), all medium-long except 1 of 2 anterolateral trichomes and all 3 ventrolateral trichomes short. Gill (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAB2468FD2CBDAFFCDFFE08" box="[704,801,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1931,1955]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,1022,1904]" captionTargetId="figure-446@5.[183,1409,1010,1918]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pupa of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, anterior part of thorax showing tubercles only near base of gill, 4 simple trichomes and gill with large transparent organ at its base and numerous filaments (left side; outer view); B, terminal hooks (end view); C, cocoon (dorsal view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for C; 0.1 mm for A; 0.02 mm for B." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
) of arborescent
<typeStatus id="991536ABFFAB2468FC07BDAFFBDDFE08" box="[1003,1059,404,430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
, composed of 28 short slender thread-like filaments arranged from dorsal to ventral as {[(2+2)+(2+1+1)+2+2]+[4+(1+1+2)]}+(2+2)+(2+2) on left side, and {[2+2+2+2+(2+2)]+[4+(1+1+2)]}+(2+2)+(2+2) on right side; all filaments light to medium brown, variable in length ranging from
<quantity id="815625ECFFAB2468FD87BE3BFD3BFDBC" box="[619,709,512,538]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
(1 filament of dorsal group) to
<quantity id="815625ECFFAB2468FBD1BE3BFB69FDBC" box="[1085,1175,512,538]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
(1 filament of ventral group), with annular furrows (no distinct ridges) and densely covered with minute tubercles; gill with enlarged transparent bulbous organ basally.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAB2468FD50BE7CFCCAFDC7" bold="true" box="[700,820,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Dorsally, all segments nearly transparent except segment 9 yellowish; segment 1 smooth (without tubercle), with 1 short slender seta on each side; segment 2 with 1 short slender seta, 5 very short spinous setae and 1 very short minute seta on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with 4 stout hooks and 1 very short spinous or minute seta on each side; segments 5–9 each with comblike groups of minute spines though very sparsely on segment 5 and without spine-combs on each side; segment 9 with pair of small cone-shaped terminal hooks (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAB2468FCA4BEC7FC5AFCB0" box="[840,932,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1931,1955]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,1022,1904]" captionTargetId="figure-446@5.[183,1409,1010,1918]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pupa of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, anterior part of thorax showing tubercles only near base of gill, 4 simple trichomes and gill with large transparent organ at its base and numerous filaments (left side; outer view); B, terminal hooks (end view); C, cocoon (dorsal view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for C; 0.1 mm for A; 0.02 mm for B." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Laterally, segments 2–4 each with 3 very short spinous setae on each side; segment 9 with 2 grapnel-shaped hooklets on each side. Ventrally, all segments nearly transparent except segment 9 yellowish; segmens 5–7 each with pair of simple stout hooks on each side; segments 4–8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines and on each side.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAB2468FB2CBF5CFAE0FC27" bold="true" box="[1216,1310,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cocoon</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFAB2468FAC3BF53FA70FC24" box="[1327,1422,872,898]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1931,1955]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,1022,1904]" captionTargetId="figure-446@5.[183,1409,1010,1918]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pupa of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, anterior part of thorax showing tubercles only near base of gill, 4 simple trichomes and gill with large transparent organ at its base and numerous filaments (left side; outer view); B, terminal hooks (end view); C, cocoon (dorsal view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for C; 0.1 mm for A; 0.02 mm for B." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). Wall-pocket shaped, tightly woven, with anterodorsal margin thickly woven, and slightly extended ventrolaterally: individual threads invisible; 3.0 mm long by 2.0 mm wide.
</paragraph>
<caption id="12D1D881FFAB2468FF7BBBB0FA71F84C" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[151,255,1931,1955]" targetBox="[186,1404,1022,1904]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="46118809FFAB2468FF7BBBB0FA71F84C" blockId="5.[151,1436,1931,2026]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAB2468FF7BBBB0FEE7F805" bold="true" box="[151,281,1931,1955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Pupa of
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFAB2468FE97BBB7FD0AF805" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha, 2010" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[379,756,1932,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suchitrae" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Asiosimulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAB2468FE97BBB7FE21F805" box="[379,479,1932,1955]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAB2468FE1CBBB7FD7FF805" box="[496,641,1932,1955]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Asiosimulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAB2468FD7DBBB7FD0AF805" box="[657,756,1932,1955]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">suchitrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFAB2468FD10BBB0FCACF805" bold="true" box="[764,850,1931,1955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FFAB2468FD10BBB0FCACF805" box="[764,850,1931,1955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A, anterior part of thorax showing tubercles only near base of gill, 4 simple trichomes and gill with large transparent organ at its base and numerous filaments (left side; outer view); B, terminal hooks (end view); C, cocoon (dorsal view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for C; 0.1 mm for A; 0.02 mm for B.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="46118809FFA8246BFF2ABCACFAE5FB94" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1074]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFF2ABCACFE90FF17" bold="true" box="[198,366,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mature larva</emphasis>
. Body length
<quantity id="815625ECFFA8246BFDF5BCA3FD87FF14" box="[537,633,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="6.1">6.1 mm</quantity>
. Body grayish. Cephalic apotome whitish-yellow on anterior 2/5 or little more, dark yellow to light brown on posterior 3/5 or little less, and dark brown along posterior margin; head spots distinct, dark brown except anterior spot of posterolateral spots on each side indistinct; posterior spot of posterolateral spots on each side merged in dark brown background and posterior spot of mediolongitudinal spots connected posteriorly to dark brown area along posterior margin. Lateral surface of head capsule yellow except area above and posterior to eye-spot region light to medium brown, with distinct dark brown spots, i.e., 2 large spots and 1 small spot in front of posterior margin and 3 isolated small spots below eye-spot region. Ventral surface of head capsule yellow except central portion and posterior portion along posterior margin widely light to medium brown, with distinct dark brown elongate and round spots on each side of postgenal cleft though round spots appear to be merged into medium brown background. Cervical sclerites composed of 2 dark brown small elliptical pieces, not fused to occiput, widely separated medially from each other. Antenna consisting of 3 segments and apical sensillum, subequal to or little longer than stem of labral fan; proportional lengths of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments 1.00:1.36:0.69. Labral fan with 30 main rays. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFA8246BFEF4BE46FE88FD31" box="[280,374,637,663]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1539,1563]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1125,1515]" captionTargetId="figure-641@6.[151,1436,1113,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mature larva of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, apical portion of mandible; B, hypostoma; C, head capsule showing long postgenal cleft (ventral view); Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.04 mm for B; 0.01 mm for A." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
) with mandibular serration consisting of 1 large tooth (1 small tooth probably lost on left side) (either 1 or 2 teeth apparently lost on right side); large tooth at right angle to mandible on apical side; comb-teeth composed of 3 teeth decreasing in size from 1st to 3rd; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFA8246BFEDEBED6FE71FCA1" box="[306,399,749,775]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1539,1563]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1125,1515]" captionTargetId="figure-641@6.[151,1436,1113,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mature larva of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, apical portion of mandible; B, hypostoma; C, head capsule showing long postgenal cleft (ventral view); Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.04 mm for B; 0.01 mm for A." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
) with 9 apical teeth in row; median and corner teeth well developed; lateral serration weakly developed anteriorly; 9 hypostomal bristles per side, lying slightly divergent posteriorly from lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFA8246BFE2EBF03FDDEFCF4" box="[450,544,824,850]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1539,1563]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1125,1515]" captionTargetId="figure-641@6.[151,1436,1113,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mature larva of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, apical portion of mandible; B, hypostoma; C, head capsule showing long postgenal cleft (ventral view); Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.04 mm for B; 0.01 mm for A." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
) deep, reaching posterior margin of hypostoma. Thoracic and abdominal cuticle bare except both sides of anal sclerite moderately covered with simple colorless setae. Rectal scales not discernible. Rectal organ compound, each of 3 lobes with 13–17 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite X-shaped, with anterior arms 0.94 times as long as posterior ones; anterior arms broadened, and space between arms widely sclerotized basally; 8 sensilla just posterior to basal juncture area; accessory sclerite absent. Last abdominal segment somewhat expanded ventrally forming ventral bulge, visible as very small ventral papilla when viewed from side. Posterior circlet with 90 rows of up to 16 hooklets per row.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="12D1D881FFA8246BFF7BBA38FA72F99D" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[151,255,1539,1563]" targetBox="[156,1431,1125,1515]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="46118809FFA8246BFF7BBA38FA72F99D" blockId="6.[151,1436,1539,1595]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFF7BBA38FEE4F9BD" bold="true" box="[151,282,1539,1563]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Mature larva of
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA8246BFE3DBA3FFCB2F9BD" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha, 2010" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[465,844,1540,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suchitrae" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Asiosimulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFE3DBA3FFDC8F9BD" box="[465,566,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFDAABA3FFD26F9BD" box="[582,728,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Asiosimulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFD05BA3FFCB2F9BD" box="[745,844,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">suchitrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFCB8BA38FC54F9BD" bold="true" box="[852,938,1539,1563]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FFA8246BFCB8BA38FC54F9BD" box="[852,938,1539,1563]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A, apical portion of mandible; B, hypostoma; C, head capsule showing long postgenal cleft (ventral view); Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.04 mm for B; 0.01 mm for A.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FFA8246BFF2ABA5FFE1DF894" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="46118809FFA8246BFF2ABA5FFD59F94C" blockId="6.[151,1436,1636,2022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFF2ABA5FFE66F9D8" bold="true" box="[198,408,1636,1662]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Type specimens.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="F6C68254FFA8246BFE4BBA5FFAF5F960" collectingDate="2009-09-23" country="Nepal" elevation="1826" location="Titar" municipality="Mustang" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="991536ABFFA8246BFE4BBA5FFDEAF9D8" box="[423,532,1636,1662]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
female (with associated pupal exuviae and cocoon) (preserved in 80% ethanol), reared from a pupa collected from a small stream slowly flowing on rocks (water temperature 15˚C, shaded, altitude
<quantity id="815625ECFFA8246BFEBABA97FE47F960" box="[342,441,1708,1734]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8259999999999998" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="1826.0">
<elevation id="CD836F3AFFA8246BFEBABA97FE47F960" box="[342,441,1708,1734]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8259999999999998" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="1826.0">1,826 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 28˚57’61.5” N, 83˚51’02.0” E) near
<location id="4371DED2FFA8246BFC9FBA97FC53F960" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE07391FFFAD246AFF7BBEC1FC03FCB6:4371DED2FFA8246BFC9FBA97FC53F960" box="[883,941,1708,1734]" country="Nepal" municipality="Mustang" name="Titar" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Titar</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="A6751273FFA8246BFC54BA97FBDCF960" box="[952,1058,1708,1734]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mustang</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="3EB9C899FFA8246BFBC1BA97FB88F960" box="[1069,1142,1708,1734]" name="Nepal" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nepal</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="3210AEC9FFA8246BFB6EBA97FAF5F960" box="[1154,1291,1708,1734]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2009-09-23">
<collectingDate id="22545721FFA8246BFB6EBA97FAF5F960" box="[1154,1291,1708,1734]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2009-09-23">23.IX.2009</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="991536ABFFA8246BFAFBBA97FA7CF960" box="[1303,1410,1708,1734]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
: 1 mature larva, same data as those of
<typeStatus id="991536ABFFA8246BFDD5BAEBFD5AF94C" box="[569,676,1744,1770]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FFA8246BFF2ABACFFE1DF894" blockId="6.[151,1436,1636,2022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFF2ABACFFE6FF8A8" bold="true" box="[198,401,1780,1806]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Biological notes.</emphasis>
The pupa and larva of this new species were collected with larvae of
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA8246BFB56BACFFE1DF894" authority="Takaoka &amp; Somboon." authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Somboon." class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dattai" subGenus="Montisimulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFB56BACFFB36F8AB" box="[1210,1224,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFB0DBACFFA6CF8AB" box="[1249,1426,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Montisimulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFF7BBB23FF25F897" box="[151,219,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">dattai</emphasis>
Takaoka &amp; Somboon.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FFA8246BFF2ABB07FAC5F8DC" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="46118809FFA8246BFF2ABB07FAC5F8DC" blockId="6.[151,1436,1636,2022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFF2ABB07FEADF8F0" bold="true" box="[198,339,1852,1878]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA8246BFDBDBB07FD40F8F3" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[593,702,1852,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suchitrae">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFDBDBB07FD40F8F3" box="[593,702,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">suchitrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in honor of Miss Suchitra Shrestha, junior author, who collected this new species, together with many other new species in her recent field surveys in
<collectingCountry id="3EB9C899FFA8246BFB01BB5BFAC9F8DC" box="[1261,1335,1888,1914]" name="Nepal" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nepal</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FFA8246AFF2ABBBFFC03FCB6" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="46118809FFA8246AFF2ABBBFFE6BFEB8" blockId="6.[151,1436,1636,2022]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,152,784]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFF2ABBBFFEC1F838" bold="true" box="[198,319,1924,1950]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Remarks.</emphasis>
This new species is assigned to the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA8246BFC8FBBBFFB73F838" authority="" box="[867,1165,1924,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Asiosimulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFC8FBBBFFC2CF83B" box="[867,978,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA8246BFC0FBBBFFB7CF83B" box="[995,1154,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Asiosimulium</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
defined by
<bibRefCitation id="223FF5F8FFA8246BFAF6BBBFFE84F864" author="Takaoka, H. &amp; Choochote, W." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="33 - 41" refId="ref38176" refString="Takaoka, H. &amp; Choochote, W. (2005 a) A new subgenus and a new species of Simulium s. l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 56, 33 - 41." type="journal article" year="2005">Takaoka &amp; Choochote (2005a)</bibRefCitation>
in that it has a combination of the following characteristics: numerous spinous processes on the cibarium (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFA8246BFEB1BBF7FE47F840" box="[349,441,1996,2022]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
), hairs on the basal portion of the radial vein, and a large basal tooth of the claw (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFA8246AFA80BBF7FF49FF14" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
) in the female, gill filaments of arborescent
<typeStatus id="991536ABFFA9246AFD36BCA3FCF0FF14" box="[730,782,152,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFA9246AFCCCBCA3FC7CFF14" box="[800,898,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1931,1955]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,1022,1904]" captionTargetId="figure-446@5.[183,1409,1010,1918]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pupa of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, anterior part of thorax showing tubercles only near base of gill, 4 simple trichomes and gill with large transparent organ at its base and numerous filaments (left side; outer view); B, terminal hooks (end view); C, cocoon (dorsal view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for C; 0.1 mm for A; 0.02 mm for B." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
), dorsal surface of abdominal segments 5–9 without spine-combs, ventral surface of abdominal segments 5–7 each with pair of simple hooks on each side and lateral surface of abdominal segment 9 with grapnel-shaped hooklets in the pupa, and deep postgenal cleft (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFA9246AFF73BD3FFF07FEB8" box="[159,249,260,286]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1539,1563]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1125,1515]" captionTargetId="figure-641@6.[151,1436,1113,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mature larva of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, apical portion of mandible; B, hypostoma; C, head capsule showing long postgenal cleft (ventral view); Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.04 mm for B; 0.01 mm for A." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
) in the larva.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FFA9246AFF2ABD13FD3FFE08" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
This is the third species of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA9246AFD56BD13FC18FEE4" authority="" box="[698,998,296,322]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Asiosimulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFD56BD13FCD7FEE7" box="[698,809,296,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFCD1BD13FC22FEE7" box="[829,988,296,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Asiosimulium</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
and represents a new record of this subgenus from
<collectingCountry id="3EB9C899FFA9246AFEBABD77FE5DFEC0" box="[342,419,332,358]" name="Nepal" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nepal</collectingCountry>
. This subgenus was so far represented by only two species, i.e.,
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFB26BD77FB27FEC3" box="[1226,1241,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA9246AFB06BD77FE53FE2C" authority="Takaoka &amp; Choochote" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Choochote" authorityYear="2005" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblongum" subGenus="Asiosimulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFB18BD77FAF8FEC3" box="[1268,1286,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFACEBD77FA62FEC3" box="[1314,1436,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">oblongum</emphasis>
Takaoka &amp; Choochote
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFE00BD4BFE05FE2F" box="[492,507,368,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA9246AFDE0BD4BFC26FE2C" authority="Takaoka &amp; Choochote" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Choochote" box="[524,984,368,394]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wanchaii" subGenus="Asiosimulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFDFABD4BFDD6FE2F" box="[534,552,368,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFDA8BD4BFD4BFE2F" box="[580,693,368,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">wanchaii</emphasis>
Takaoka &amp; Choochote
</taxonomicName>
, both of which were described from
<collectingCountry id="3EB9C899FFA9246AFF7BBDAFFF01FE08" box="[151,255,404,430]" name="Thailand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="223FF5F8FFA9246AFEE2BDAFFD97FE08" author="Takaoka, H. &amp; Choochote, W." box="[270,617,404,430]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="33 - 41" refId="ref38176" refString="Takaoka, H. &amp; Choochote, W. (2005 a) A new subgenus and a new species of Simulium s. l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 56, 33 - 41." type="journal article" year="2005">Takaoka &amp; Choochote 2005a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="223FF5F8FFA9246AFD99BDAFFD4BFE08" author="Takaoka, H. &amp; Choochote, W." box="[629,693,404,430]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="45 - 48" refId="ref38300" refString="Takaoka, H. &amp; Choochote, W. (2006) A new species of the subgenus Simulium (Asiosimulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 57, 45 - 48." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FFA9246AFF2ABD83FF10FDC4" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The female of
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFE91BD83FE72FE77" box="[381,396,440,465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA9246AFE72BD83FDBCFE77" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha, 2010" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[414,578,440,466]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suchitrae" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Asiosimulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFE4BBD83FE47FE77" box="[423,441,440,465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFE39BD83FDBCFE77" box="[469,578,440,465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">suchitrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFDA1BD8CFD51FE77" bold="true" box="[589,687,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FFA9246AFDA1BD8CFD51FE77" box="[589,687,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is distinguished from those of the two known species by the genital fork without any projection (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFA9246AFDAABDE7FD5AFE50" box="[582,676,476,502]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1H</figureCitation>
), the short cercus (much shorter than its basal width) (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFA9246AFAC3BDE7FA6CFE50" box="[1327,1426,476,502]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1I,J</figureCitation>
) and a pear-like spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFA9246AFDECBE3BFD9CFDBC" box="[512,610,512,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[201,1381,605,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-331@4.[196,1388,599,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; B, front view; C, lateral view); D, cibarium with many pointed processes elaborately arranged near posterodorsal margin (posterior view); E, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); F, claw with large basal tooth (lateral view); G, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); H, genital fork (ventral view); I &amp; J, paraproct and cercus (right side; I, ventral view; J, lateral view); K, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for E; 0.02 mm for A–D &amp; G–K; 0.01 mm for F." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1K</figureCitation>
). The pupa of this new species is distinguished from that of
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFAA2BE3BFAA3FDBF" box="[1358,1373,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA9246AFA81BE3BFEF2FD9B" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Choochote" authorityYear="2005" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblongum" subGenus="Asiosimulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFA94BE3BFA74FDBF" box="[1400,1418,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFF7BBE1FFEF2FD9B" box="[151,268,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">oblongum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the frons lacking any tubercle. The pupa as well as the male and larva of
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFB7ABE1FFB5AFD9B" box="[1174,1188,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA9246AFB5FBE1FFAAAFD9B" box="[1203,1364,548,574]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wanchaii" subGenus="Asiosimulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFB51BE1FFB31FD9B" box="[1213,1231,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFB04BE1FFAAAFD9B" box="[1256,1364,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">wanchaii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not known.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FFA9246AFF2ABE57FC03FCB6" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The pupa of this new species is most distinctive in having a large transparent bulbous organ at the base of the gill (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFFA9246AFF16BEB5FEA7FD0E" box="[250,345,654,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1931,1955]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,1022,1904]" captionTargetId="figure-446@5.[183,1409,1010,1918]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pupa of Simulium (Asiosimulium) suchitrae sp. nov. A, anterior part of thorax showing tubercles only near base of gill, 4 simple trichomes and gill with large transparent organ at its base and numerous filaments (left side; outer view); B, terminal hooks (end view); C, cocoon (dorsal view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for C; 0.1 mm for A; 0.02 mm for B." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
), which occurs very rarely in the Oriental species of black flies. Until now, only two species of the
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA9246AFF08BE8AFE7DFD6C" authorityName="Rubtsov" authorityYear="1947" box="[228,387,689,714]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multistriatum">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFF08BE8AFE7DFD6C" box="[228,387,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">multistriatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA9246AFD10BE8AFC07FD6D" authority="(Simulium)" box="[764,1017,689,715]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFD10BE8AFC92FD6C" box="[764,876,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFC92BE8AFC10FD6C" box="[894,1006,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Simulium</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
, i.e.,
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFBD0BE8AFBB5FD6C" box="[1084,1099,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA9246AFBB6BE8AFA65FD6D" authority="Chen &amp; Zhang" authorityName="Chen &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="1998" box="[1114,1435,689,715]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotifilis" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFB88BE8AFB8DFD6C" box="[1124,1139,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFB60BE8AFB1CFD6C" box="[1164,1250,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">rotifilis</emphasis>
Chen &amp; Zhang
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="3EB9C899FFA9246AFF36BEEFFEDCFD48" box="[218,290,724,750]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="223FF5F8FFA9246AFEDFBEEFFDD1FD48" author="Chen, H. B. &amp; Zhang, C. L." box="[307,559,724,750]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="57 - 61" refId="ref37407" refString="Chen, H. B. &amp; Zhang, C. L. (1998) Two new black flies of the genus Simulium Latreille from Guizhou Province, China (Diptera: Simuliidae). Acta Zootaxonimica Sinica, 23, 57 - 61." type="journal article" year="1998">Chen &amp; Zhang 1998</bibRefCitation>
) and
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFD99BEEFFD7AFD4B" box="[629,644,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFFA9246AFD78BEEFFBB2FD48" authority="Takaoka &amp; Choochote" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Choochote" authorityYear="2005" box="[660,1100,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bullatum" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFD72BEEFFD53FD4B" box="[670,685,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFFA9246AFD24BEEFFCCDFD4B" box="[712,819,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">bullatum</emphasis>
Takaoka &amp; Choochote
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="3EB9C899FFA9246AFB75BEEFFAFAFD48" box="[1177,1284,724,750]" name="Thailand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="223FF5F8FFA9246AFAF8BEEFFE94FCB6" author="Takaoka, H. &amp; Choochote, W." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="43 - 47" refId="ref38221" refString="Takaoka, H. &amp; Choochote, W. (2005 b) A new species of Simulium (Simulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 56, 43 - 47." type="journal article" year="2005">Takaoka &amp; Choochote 2005b</bibRefCitation>
), have been reported to bear such a large bulbous organ.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>