475 lines
61 KiB
XML
475 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1111/jeu.12867" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3cd7dccc-81aa-4a0d-8831-e0b272afdbf9" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5643763" approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1635962994613" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Duckert, Clément, Blandenier, Quentin, McKeown, Michelle, Hohaia, Holden, Luketa, Stefan, Wilmshurst, Janet, Lara, Enrique & Mitchell, Edward A. D." docDate="2021" docId="CA5B501CDA7CFFAA7B5C65E3FA91F834" docLanguage="en" docName="JEucaryotMicrobiol.68.6.e12867.pdf" docOrigin="The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology (e 12867) 68 (6)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12867" docTitle="Apodera angatakere angatakere (Brehm 1928" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="36622864DA7BFFA37B266666FF8DFFB5" masterDocTitle="Superficially described and ignored for 92 years, rediscovered and emended: Apodera angatakere (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Hyalospheniformes) is a new flagship testate amoeba taxon from Aotearoa (New Zealand)" masterLastPageNumber="13" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1665099260289" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Superficially described and ignored for 92 years, rediscovered and emended: Apodera angatakere (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Hyalospheniformes) is a new flagship testate amoeba taxon from Aotearoa (New Zealand)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Duckert, Clément</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0001-9386-2950</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">clement.duckert@unine.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Blandenier, Quentin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-4297-0262</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>McKeown, Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand; Wallbridge Gilbert Aztec, Christchurch, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hohaia, Holden</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Manaaki Whenua / Landcare Research, Wellington, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Luketa, Stefan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wilmshurst, Janet</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-4474-8569</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand; School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lara, Enrique</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0001-8500-522X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mitchell, Edward A. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0003-0358-506X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Jardin Botanique de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="series">
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<mods:title>e 12867</mods:title>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-08-05</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>68</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>6</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>13</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12867</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1111/jeu.12867</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">3cd7dccc-81aa-4a0d-8831-e0b272afdbf9</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5643763</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5643765" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189974739" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5643765" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CA5B501CDA7CFFAA7B5C65E3FA91F834" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA5B501CDA7CFFAA7B5C65E3FA91F834" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading bold="true" box="[122,899,900,930]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="0">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,899,900,930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection box="[122,667,900,930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[122,899,900,930]" box="[122,667,900,930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Taxonomic status of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="angatakere (Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[397,667,900,929]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Apodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="angatakere">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[397,667,900,929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Apodera angatakere</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[675,899,900,929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[122,899,900,930]" box="[675,899,900,929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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(
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[684,899,900,929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[684,890,900,929]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Nebela" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="penardi">Nebela penardi</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[122,1466,968,1633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis box="[122,348,968,992]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="angatakere (Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[122,217,968,992]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Apodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Apodera</taxonomicName>
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angatakere
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</emphasis>
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was first briefly reported as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[675,843,968,992]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Nebela" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="penardi">
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<emphasis box="[675,843,968,992]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nebela penardi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in a publication focusing mostly on copepods (
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<bibRefCitation author="Brehm, V." journalOrPublisher="Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="779 - 812" part="59" refId="ref7653" refString="Brehm, V. (1928) Fresh-water fauna of New Zealand, contribution to a knowledge of. Part 1. On the microfauna of a pont in a Sphagnum bog on Mount Rolleston. Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 59, 779 - 812." title="Fresh-water fauna of New Zealand, contribution to a knowledge of. Part 1. On the microfauna of a pont in a Sphagnum bog on Mount Rolleston" type="journal article" year="1928">Brehm, 1928</bibRefCitation>
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). Only two drawings were shown (
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<figureCitation box="[579,700,1000,1025]" captionStart="F I" captionStartId="5.[122,135,1675,1694]" captionTargetBox="[354,1234,125,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-213@5.[351,1237,122,1634]" captionText="F I G U R E 2 Top half: Apodera angatakere n. gen. n. sp. (A–C, E and F), five specimens from Ahukawakawa swamp, Taranaki Maunga, New Zealand's North Island (sample EM-2540): (A–C) three barcoded individuals, (D) Brehm's original drawing of Apodera angatakere (described as Nebela penardi) from Margaret's Tarn, Arthur's Pass, New Zealand's South Island, (E and F), two individuals from sample EM-2540 (LM and SEM, respectively). E is the holotype. Note the presence of a ca. 10 µm wide keel. All specimens illustrated here as well as in Figures S2–S8 were used for morphometrical analyses (Figure 1). Scale bars (20, 50, or 100 µm) are shown for all specimen but were not provided in the original description. Bottom half: Apodera vas. (G) barcoded specimen from Macquarie Island (sample EM-2764), (H–J) three specimens from forest litter collected on the lower slopes of Taranaki Maunga, New Zealand's North Island (sample EM-2543). (H and I) Two barcoded specimen, (J) SEM of a third individual; note the absence of a keel. The codes of the barcoded specimens are the same as in the phylogenetic tree (Figure 3)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5643771" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5643771/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 2D</figureCitation>
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) and no indication of size or scale was provided. Brehm had sent a moss sample containing testate amoebae to Eugène Penard who described the finding as follows: “It is similar to
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<emphasis box="[122,243,1064,1088]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deflandre" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[122,200,1064,1088]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Nebela" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Nebela</taxonomicName>
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vas
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</emphasis>
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Certes (now
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<emphasis box="[395,532,1064,1088]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="angatakere (Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[395,491,1064,1088]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Apodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Apodera</taxonomicName>
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vas
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</emphasis>
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), but differs therefrom in that the shell possesses a broad, hollow, and characteristic keel, which is always present and might well be regarded as a sufficient character to distinguish a new species. Ihave not been able to identify it with any known species.” (
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<bibRefCitation author="Brehm, V." box="[821,970,1128,1153]" journalOrPublisher="Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="779 - 812" part="59" refId="ref7653" refString="Brehm, V. (1928) Fresh-water fauna of New Zealand, contribution to a knowledge of. Part 1. On the microfauna of a pont in a Sphagnum bog on Mount Rolleston. Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 59, 779 - 812." title="Fresh-water fauna of New Zealand, contribution to a knowledge of. Part 1. On the microfauna of a pont in a Sphagnum bog on Mount Rolleston" type="journal article" year="1928">Brehm, 1928</bibRefCitation>
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). As a result, Brehm proposed to name the species
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[209,378,1160,1184]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Nebela" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="penardi">
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<emphasis box="[209,378,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nebela penardi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[122,1466,968,1633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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To our knowledge there is no further mention of this species in the scientific literature and the species has been overlooked since then. Notably, Deflandre did not mention it in his 1936 monograph of the genus
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<taxonomicName authority="(Deflandre, 1936)" baseAuthorityName="Deflandre" baseAuthorityYear="1936" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Nebela" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1245,1323,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nebela</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Deflandre, G." journalOrPublisher="Annales de Protistologie" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="201 - 286" part="5" refId="ref7976" refString="Deflandre, G. (1936) Etude monographique sur le genre Nebela Leidy. Annales de Protistologie, 5, 201 - 286." title="Etude monographique sur le genre Nebela Leidy" type="journal article" year="1936">Deflandre, 1936</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Moreover, at the time of its description, the name
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<taxonomicName authority="Brehm, 1928" authorityName="Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[804,1134,1256,1281]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Nebela" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="penardi">
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<emphasis box="[804,976,1256,1280]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nebela penardi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Brehm, V." box="[987,1134,1256,1281]" journalOrPublisher="Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="779 - 812" part="59" refId="ref7653" refString="Brehm, V. (1928) Fresh-water fauna of New Zealand, contribution to a knowledge of. Part 1. On the microfauna of a pont in a Sphagnum bog on Mount Rolleston. Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 59, 779 - 812." title="Fresh-water fauna of New Zealand, contribution to a knowledge of. Part 1. On the microfauna of a pont in a Sphagnum bog on Mount Rolleston" type="journal article" year="1928">Brehm, 1928</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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was preoccupied by
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<taxonomicName authority="Heinis, 1914" authorityName="Heinis" authorityYear="1914" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Nebela" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="penardi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nebela penardi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Heinis, F." box="[214,358,1288,1313]" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe Neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="675 - 730" part="5" refId="ref8933" refString="Heinis, F. (1914) Die Moosfauna Columbiens: in: Voyage d'exploration scientifique en Colombie. Memoires de la Societe Neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles, 5, 675 - 730." title="Die Moosfauna Columbiens" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Voyage d'exploration scientifique en Colombie" year="1914">Heinis, 1914</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. It is therefore a junior homonym of this species, which implies that
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<taxonomicName authority="Brehm" authorityName="Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[1158,1414,1288,1313]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Nebela" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="penardi">
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<emphasis box="[1158,1328,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nebela penardi</emphasis>
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Brehm
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</taxonomicName>
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was unavailable and thus invalid.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[122,1466,968,1633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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As there is no known synonym for this taxon, we therefore rename it in agreement with ICZN article 60.3, and as we transfer it to a new genus both a new generic name and a new species epithet are required. Furthermore, as a side note, Heinis (
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<bibRefCitation author="Heinis, F." box="[276,416,1416,1441]" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe Neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="675 - 730" part="5" refId="ref8933" refString="Heinis, F. (1914) Die Moosfauna Columbiens: in: Voyage d'exploration scientifique en Colombie. Memoires de la Societe Neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles, 5, 675 - 730." title="Die Moosfauna Columbiens" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Voyage d'exploration scientifique en Colombie" year="1914">Heinis, 1914</bibRefCitation>
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) used the name
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[602,771,1416,1440]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Nebela" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="penardi">
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<emphasis box="[602,771,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nebela penardi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to erroneously rename a taxon that, according to
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<bibRefCitation author="Deflandre, G." journalOrPublisher="Annales de Protistologie" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="201 - 286" part="5" refId="ref7976" refString="Deflandre, G. (1936) Etude monographique sur le genre Nebela Leidy. Annales de Protistologie, 5, 201 - 286." title="Etude monographique sur le genre Nebela Leidy" type="journal article" year="1936">Deflandre (1936)</bibRefCitation>
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, corresponds to
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<emphasis box="[385,561,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deflandre" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[385,463,1448,1472]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Nebela" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Nebela</taxonomicName>
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martiali
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</emphasis>
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(now
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Loeblich & Tappan" authorityYear="1961" box="[631,842,1448,1472]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Certesella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[631,842,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Certesella martiali</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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<taxonomicName authority="Heinis" authorityName="Heinis" authorityYear="1914" box="[865,1118,1448,1473]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Nebela" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="penardi">
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<emphasis box="[865,1035,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nebela penardi</emphasis>
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Heinis
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</taxonomicName>
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is therefore a junior synonym of
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<emphasis box="[152,361,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Loeblich & Tappan" authorityYear="1961" box="[152,265,1480,1504]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Certesella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Certesella</taxonomicName>
|
||
martiali
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[122,1466,968,1633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Avery similar species was described under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deflandre" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[779,960,1512,1536]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Nebela" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[779,960,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nebela kenyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Didier Chardez from mountain lakes in Kenya at over 4000 m a.s.l. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chardez, D." box="[443,609,1544,1569]" journalOrPublisher="Revue Vervietoise d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="57 - 60" part="7" refId="ref7752" refString="Chardez, D. (1982) Thecamoebiens recoltes dans quelques lacs du Kenya. Revue Vervietoise d'Histoire Naturelle, 7, 57 - 60." title="Thecamoebiens recoltes dans quelques lacs du Kenya" type="journal article" year="1982">Chardez, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This species has a similar size and overall morphology including a hollow keel surrounding the fundus of the test and a distinct neck with swollen sides. However, it lacks the characteristic constriction at the base of the neck which defines
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="angatakere (Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[653,749,1608,1632]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Apodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[653,749,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Apodera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, in that, it is more similar to genus
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1206,1354,1608,1632]" class="Lobosa" family="Hyalospheniidae" genus="Padaungiella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1206,1354,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Padaungiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[122,1314,1701,1730]" box="[122,1314,1701,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[122,1314,1701,1730]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,1314,1701,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Choice of a species name—an iterative process involving the Māori Language Commission</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[122,1466,1768,1953]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The choice of a name was an iterative process involving all authors in collaboration with Te Taura Whiri Ite Reo Māori. We aimed to find a species name that would be appropriate for the organism and ideally reflect the specific morphology which could be described in general words as a flattened gourd with a constriction at the base of the neck and a hollow “keel.” We also aimed to represent the Mauri (life force) of this unique species that was named by Māori for them as kaitiaki (guardian) of Aotearoa (New Zealand).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[122,1466,1768,1953]" box="[154,491,1928,1953]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The options considered were:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[122,1466,136,417]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1. An amoeba with a hard shell. According to the Reed Dictionary of Modern Māori, the word “amoeba” is translated as “pūora hurikē” and a “hard shell” is translated as “anga.” Combining the two with the word “whai” meaning “in possession of” leads to the name “Pūora hurikē whaianga.”</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[122,1466,136,417]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2. Considering that a shelled amoeba is analogous to a miniature snail, the second option was “A snail with a keellike shell.” Snail and keel being respectively translated as “ngata” and “takere,” this would then form “Ngata anga whaitakere.”</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[122,1466,136,417]" box="[122,801,328,353]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3. An amoeba with a keel-like hull: Pūora anga whaitakere.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[122,1466,136,417]" box="[122,638,360,385]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4. An amoeba with a keel: Pūora whaitakere.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[122,1466,136,417]" box="[122,578,392,417]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5. Ashell with a keel: Anga whaitakere.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[122,1466,456,577]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">The fifth option was chosen both for the way it sounded and the fact that the name would describe well the morphology of the amoeba. However, in a final discussion, Mr. Ngahiwi Apanui from the Māori Language Commission suggested that the “whai” could be dropped to shorten the name. The final chosen name was then «Angatakere», to be pronounced aeŋaetɑkɛrɛ (AN-GAH-TAH-KEH-REH).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[122,856,645,674]" box="[122,856,645,674]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[122,856,645,674]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,856,645,674]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Implications for biodiversity estimates and conservation</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[122,1466,712,1473]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
It is estimated that 10% of the New Zealand mainland was covered by wetlands before human arrival around 780 cal. Yr BP (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ausseil, A. - G. - E. & Dymond, J. R. & Weeks, E. S." box="[302,521,744,769]" editor="Grillo, O. & Venora, G." journalOrPublisher="London, UK: IntechOpen" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="201 - 220" refId="ref7470" refString="Ausseil, A. - G. - E., Dymond, J. R. & Weeks, E. S. (2011) Provision of natural habitat for biodiversity: quantifying recent trends in New Zealand. In: Grillo, O. & Venora, G. (Eds.) Biodiversity loss in a changing planet. London, UK: IntechOpen, pp. 201 - 220." title="Provision of natural habitat for biodiversity: quantifying recent trends in New Zealand" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Biodiversity loss in a changing planet" year="2011">Ausseil et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McGlone, M. S." box="[532,717,744,769]" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Ecology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 23" part="33" refId="ref9545" refString="McGlone, M. S. (2009) Postglacial history of New Zealand wetlands and implications for their conservation. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 33, 1 - 23." title="Postglacial history of New Zealand wetlands and implications for their conservation" type="journal article" year="2009">McGlone, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and while testate amoebae were too small to be recognized by Māori until the introduction of the microscope, the wetland habitats that supported these organisms were highly valued by Māori for centuries, as mahinga kai/hauanga kai (food gathering areas), rongoā (gathering plants for medicinal use) and for material resources. Wetland extent was minimally affected by early Māori settlers, although extensive deforestation of dryland forest by burning transformed the landscape (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Argiriadis, E. & Battistel, D. & McWethy, D. B. & Vecchiato, M. & Kirchgeorg, T. & Kehrwald, N. M." box="[1082,1341,872,897]" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="12113" part="8" refId="ref7406" refString="Argiriadis, E., Battistel, D., McWethy, D. B., Vecchiato, M., Kirchgeorg, T., Kehrwald, N. M. et al. (2018) Lake sediment fecal and biomass burning biomarkers provide direct evidence for prehistoric human-lit fires in New Zealand. Scientific Reports, 8, 12113." title="Lake sediment fecal and biomass burning biomarkers provide direct evidence for prehistoric human-lit fires in New Zealand" type="journal article" year="2018">Argiriadis et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McWethy, D. B. & Whitlock, C. & Wilmshurst, J. M. & McGlone, M. S. & Fromont, M. & Li, X." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="21343 - 21348" part="107" refId="ref9775" refString="McWethy, D. B., Whitlock, C., Wilmshurst, J. M., McGlone, M. S., Fromont, M., Li, X. et al. (2010) Rapid landscape transformation in South Island, New Zealand, following initial Polynesian settlement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 21343 - 21348." title="Rapid landscape transformation in South Island, New Zealand, following initial Polynesian settlement" type="journal article" year="2010">McWethy et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Perry, G. L. & Wilmshurst, J. M. & McGlone, M. S." box="[268,476,904,929]" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Ecology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="157 - 176" part="38" refId="ref10215" refString="Perry, G. L., Wilmshurst, J. M. & McGlone, M. S. (2014) Ecology and long-term history of fire in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 38, 157 - 176." title="Ecology and long-term history of fire in New Zealand" type="journal article" year="2014">Perry et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Wetland loss rapidly accelerated after European arrival in the 1800s, largely for agricultural development, and is now only 10% of the original extent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ausseil, A. - G. - E. & Dymond, J. R. & Weeks, E. S." box="[955,1178,936,961]" editor="Grillo, O. & Venora, G." journalOrPublisher="London, UK: IntechOpen" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="201 - 220" refId="ref7470" refString="Ausseil, A. - G. - E., Dymond, J. R. & Weeks, E. S. (2011) Provision of natural habitat for biodiversity: quantifying recent trends in New Zealand. In: Grillo, O. & Venora, G. (Eds.) Biodiversity loss in a changing planet. London, UK: IntechOpen, pp. 201 - 220." title="Provision of natural habitat for biodiversity: quantifying recent trends in New Zealand" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Biodiversity loss in a changing planet" year="2011">Ausseil et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is estimated that the 250,000 ha of wetlands that remain are under increasing pressure from drainage, area loss, fragmentation, grazing, fire, pollution, and climate change (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meyer, M. D. & Davis, C. A. & Bidwell, J. R." box="[603,817,1000,1025]" journalOrPublisher="Wetlands" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1063 - 1073" part="33" refId="ref9845" refString="Meyer, M. D., Davis, C. A. & Bidwell, J. R. (2013) Assessment of two methods for sampling invertebrates in shallow vegetated wetlands. Wetlands, 33, 1063 - 1073." title="Assessment of two methods for sampling invertebrates in shallow vegetated wetlands" type="journal article" year="2013">Meyer et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Robertson, H. A. & Ausseil, A. - G. & Rance, B. D. & Betts, H. & Pomeroy, E." box="[829,1093,1000,1025]" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Ecology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="3355" part="43" refId="ref10347" refString="Robertson, H. A., Ausseil, A. - G., Rance, B. D., Betts, H. & Pomeroy, E. (2019) Loss of wetlands since 1990 in Southland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 43, 3355." title="Loss of wetlands since 1990 in Southland, New Zealand" type="journal article" year="2019">Robertson et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fact that we can still find novel diversity or diversity that has been very poorly described in such habitats makes them even more precious and worthier of conservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[122,1466,712,1473]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Describing the still mostly unknown diversity of protists requires a major effort in basic taxonomy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heger, T. J. & Edgcomb, V. P. & Kim, E. & Lukes, J. & Leander, B. S. & Yubuki, N." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="214 - 223" part="61" refId="ref8805" refString="Heger, T. J., Edgcomb, V. P., Kim, E., Lukes, J., Leander, B. S. & Yubuki, N. (2014) A resurgence in field research is essential to better understand the diversity, ecology, and evolution of microbial eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 61, 214 - 223." title="A resurgence in field research is essential to better understand the diversity, ecology, and evolution of microbial eukaryotes" type="journal article" year="2014">Heger et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The magnitude of land-use changes and natural habitat destruction occurring throughout the world and the now well-established existence of restricted geographical distribution patterns in free-living protists (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Foissner, W." box="[1291,1458,1160,1185]" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="235 - 242" part="17" refId="ref8437" refString="Foissner, W. (2008) Protist diversity and distribution: some basic considerations. Biodiversity and Conservation, 17, 235 - 242." title="Protist diversity and distribution: some basic considerations" type="journal article" year="2008">Foissner, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) implies that a large proportion of protist diversity will likely disappear before it can be described, and thus the conservation of protists should indeed be a priority (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cotterill, F. P. D. & Al-Rasheid, K. A. S. & Foissner, W." box="[682,913,1224,1249]" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="427 - 443" part="17" refId="ref7851" refString="Cotterill, F. P. D., Al-Rasheid, K. A. S. & Foissner, W. (2008) Conservation of protists: is it needed at all? Biodiversity and Conservation, 17, 427 - 443." title="Conservation of protists: is it needed at all?" type="journal article" year="2008">Cotterill et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Qin, Y. M. & Man, B. Y. & Kosakyan, A. & Lara, E. & Gu, Y. S. & Wang, H. M." box="[924,1098,1224,1249]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="558 - 566" part="63" refId="ref10260" refString="Qin, Y. M., Man, B. Y., Kosakyan, A., Lara, E., Gu, Y. S., Wang, H. M. et al. (2016) Nebela jiuhuensis nov sp (Amoebozoa; Arcellinida; Hyalospheniidae): A new member of the Nebela saccifera - equicalceus - ansata Group Described from Sphagnum Peatlands in South- Central China. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 63, 558 - 566." title="Nebela jiuhuensis nov sp (Amoebozoa; Arcellinida; Hyalospheniidae): A new member of the Nebela saccifera - equicalceus - ansata Group Described from Sphagnum Peatlands in South- Central China" type="journal article" year="2016">Qin et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="angatakere (Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[1115,1342,1224,1248]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Apodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1115,1342,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Apodera angatakere</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a highly conspicuous genus of testate amoeba and has to date only been found in New Zealand. Large species are more likely to have restricted geographical distribution as shown empirically for terrestrial and subaquatic testate amoebae in the southern temperate and Antarctic zones (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilkinson, D. M." box="[640,832,1320,1345]" journalOrPublisher="Area" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="150 - 157" part="26" refId="ref10891" refString="Wilkinson, D. M. (1994) A review of the biogeography of the protozoan genus Nebela in the southern temperate and Antarctic zones. Area, 26, 150 - 157." title="A review of the biogeography of the protozoan genus Nebela in the southern temperate and Antarctic zones" type="journal article" year="1994">Wilkinson, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), at the global scale (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilkinson, D. M." box="[1070,1261,1320,1345]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="285 - 291" part="28" refId="ref10926" refString="Wilkinson, D. M. (2001) What is the upper size limit for cosmopolitan distribution in free-living microorganisms? Journal of Biogeography, 28, 285 - 291." title="What is the upper size limit for cosmopolitan distribution in free-living microorganisms?" type="journal article" year="2001">Wilkinson, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yang, J. & Smith, H. G. & Sherratt, T. N. & Wilkinson, D. M." box="[1272,1458,1320,1345]" journalOrPublisher="Microbial Ecology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="635 - 645" part="59" refId="ref11163" refString="Yang, J., Smith, H. G., Sherratt, T. N. & Wilkinson, D. M. (2010) Is there a size limit for cosmopolitan distribution in free-living microorganisms? A biogeographical analysis of testate amoebae from polar areas. Microbial Ecology, 59, 635 - 645." title="Is there a size limit for cosmopolitan distribution in free-living microorganisms? A biogeographical analysis of testate amoebae from polar areas" type="journal article" year="2010">Yang et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and confirmed by an atmospheric circulation modeling study (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilkinson, D. M. & Koumoutsaris, S. & Mitchell, E. A. D. & Bey, I." box="[851,1109,1352,1377]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="89 - 97" part="39" refId="ref10958" refString="Wilkinson, D. M., Koumoutsaris, S., Mitchell, E. A. D. & Bey, I. (2012) Modelling the effect of size on the aerial dispersal of microorganisms. Journal of Biogeography, 39, 89 - 97." title="Modelling the effect of size on the aerial dispersal of microorganisms" type="journal article" year="2012">Wilkinson et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given its large size it is likely an endemic taxon and as such could represent the first documented microbial species for which New Zealand has a conservation responsibility at the global scale.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="angatakere (Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[658,885,1416,1440]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Apodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[658,885,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Apodera angatakere</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could therefore be considered as a flagship species for microbial biogeography and conservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[122,778,1541,1570]" box="[122,778,1541,1570]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[122,778,1541,1570]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,778,1541,1570]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Todiscover, or not to discover: that is the question</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[122,1466,1608,1953]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Columbus thought he had discovered a new world hitherto unknown to Europeans. But it was later established that the Vikings had already made this discovery before him. And of course, the sheer notion of this major discovery disregarded the fact that native populations had already colonized the Americas millennia before Europeans were even able to conceive of the idea of sailing across the ocean.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[122,1466,1608,1953]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
This history is mirrored in the story of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="angatakere (Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[621,850,1736,1760]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Apodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[621,850,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Apodera angatakere</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Just like Columbus one of us (EM) thought he had discovered a new species only to be brought to the attention by another one of us (SL) that it had been previously described in a publication on microcrustaceans which had escaped the attention of previous researchers studying testate amoebae in New Zealand. But just as the Vikings did not establish a permanent settlement in America, Brehm's discovery was lost to science, or almost so.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[122,1466,1608,1953]" lastBlockId="9.[122,1466,136,225]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The microbial world remains unknown for most of the people but charismatic groups such as testate amoebae are useful as messengers of the invisible dimension of nature's wonders and our impact on the biosphere. The fact that
|
||
<emphasis box="[177,195,137,160]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[211,336,136,160]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">angatakere</emphasis>
|
||
is known only from New Zealand and is restricted to ecosystems that have been almost entirely destroyed since European colonization is a perfect illustration of the fact that many species are being lost before we even have a chance to describe them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,371,293,322]" box="[122,371,293,322]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[122,371,293,322]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,371,293,322]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Taxonomic actions</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" box="[122,375,360,385]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Taxonomic summary:</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" box="[154,449,392,417]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Amorphea Adl et al. 2021</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" box="[154,733,424,449]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Amoebozoa Lühe 1913, sensu Cavalier-Smith 1998</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" box="[154,499,456,481]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Smirnov et al. 2005" authorityName="Smirnov et al." authorityYear="2005" box="[154,499,456,481]" class="Tubulinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="class">Tubulinea Smirnov et al. 2005</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" box="[154,429,488,513]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Elardia Kang et al. 2017</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" box="[154,408,520,545]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saville Kent" authorityYear="1880" box="[154,285,520,545]" class="Lobosa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="order">Arcellinida</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kent 1880
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" box="[154,805,552,577]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Meisterfeld 2002" authorityName="Meisterfeld" authorityYear="2002" box="[154,480,552,577]" class="Lobosa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Difflugina">Difflugina Meisterfeld 2002</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kosakyan, A. & Lahr, D. J. G. & Mulot, M. & Meisterfeld, R. & Mitchell, E. A. D. & Lara, E." box="[560,805,552,577]" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="606 - 623" part="32" refId="ref9196" refString="Kosakyan, A., Lahr, D. J. G., Mulot, M., Meisterfeld, R., Mitchell, E. A. D. & Lara, E. (2016) Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes. Cladistics, 32, 606 - 623." title="Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes" type="journal article" year="2016">Kosakyan et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" box="[154,570,584,609]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hyalospheniformes Lahr et al., 2019</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" box="[154,801,616,641]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Schultze 1877) Kosakyan et Lara 2012" authorityName="Kosakyan et Lara" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Schultze" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[154,801,616,641]" class="Lobosa" family="Hyalospheniidae" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="family">
|
||
Hyalospheniidae (Schultze 1877)
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kosakyan, A. & Heger, T. J. & Leander, B. S. & Todorov, M. & Mitchell, E. A. D. & Lara, E." box="[534,801,616,641]" journalOrPublisher="Protist" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="415 - 434" part="163" refId="ref9126" refString="Kosakyan, A., Heger, T. J., Leander, B. S., Todorov, M., Mitchell, E. A. D. & Lara, E. (2012) COI Barcoding of Nebelid Testate Amoebae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida): extensive cryptic diversity and redefinition of the hyalospheniidae schultze. Protist, 163, 415 - 434." title="COI Barcoding of Nebelid Testate Amoebae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida): extensive cryptic diversity and redefinition of the hyalospheniidae schultze" type="journal article" year="2012">Kosakyan et Lara 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="angatakere (Brehm, 1928)" authorityName="angatakere (Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[154,549,648,673]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Apodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[154,382,648,672]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Apodera angatakere</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brehm, V." box="[396,542,648,673]" journalOrPublisher="Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="779 - 812" part="59" refId="ref7653" refString="Brehm, V. (1928) Fresh-water fauna of New Zealand, contribution to a knowledge of. Part 1. On the microfauna of a pont in a Sphagnum bog on Mount Rolleston. Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 59, 779 - 812." title="Fresh-water fauna of New Zealand, contribution to a knowledge of. Part 1. On the microfauna of a pont in a Sphagnum bog on Mount Rolleston" type="journal article" year="1928">Brehm, 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mitchell, Blandenier & Duckert 2021 1928
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Brehm" authorityName="Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[213,467,680,705]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Nebela" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="penardi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[213,382,680,704]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nebela penardi</emphasis>
|
||
Brehm
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" box="[154,448,712,737]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Icon:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brehm, V." box="[219,364,712,737]" journalOrPublisher="Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="779 - 812" part="59" refId="ref7653" refString="Brehm, V. (1928) Fresh-water fauna of New Zealand, contribution to a knowledge of. Part 1. On the microfauna of a pont in a Sphagnum bog on Mount Rolleston. Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 59, 779 - 812." title="Fresh-water fauna of New Zealand, contribution to a knowledge of. Part 1. On the microfauna of a pont in a Sphagnum bog on Mount Rolleston" type="journal article" year="1928">Brehm, 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Fig. 52
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis box="[154,293,745,768]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
Test composed of two clearly distinct parts, a subcircular, oval, or ellipsoidal, compressed posterior part (body) and a neck. The two parts separated by a deep constriction around the entire base of the neck. Sides of the neck straight to slightly concave with a bulge at the base in broad view. The margins of the neck sometimes compressed. Body almost circular. Dimensions based on 63 specimens: 53 individuals from Taranaki Maunga, North Island, four from the Old Ghost Road, South Island, and six from the Keppler Track, South Island: Length (min.– average–max.): 186–208–226 µm, width: 120–148–167 µm, pseudostome: 39–44–50 µm. Circa 80 µm in breadth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis box="[154,284,936,960]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
In the Māori language “angatakere” can be translated to “a keeled shell,” referring to the conspicuous keel present on the outline of the test.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis box="[154,255,1001,1024]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Neotype:</emphasis>
|
||
Brehm did not preserve any specimen, and the original type material is only represented by two simple drawings without indication of size. Because small variations in the morphology of the test can be used to distinguish closely related species, only high magnification microphotographs can be used to accurately represent a species and reliably distinguish it from taxa yet to be described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Duckert, C. & Blandenier, Q. & Kupferschmid, F. A. L. & Kosakyan, A. & Mitchell, E. A. D. & Lara, E." box="[730,962,1096,1121]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="22 - 28" part="77" refId="ref8137" refString="Duckert, C., Blandenier, Q., Kupferschmid, F. A. L., Kosakyan, A., Mitchell, E. A. D., Lara, E. et al. (2020) Case 3782 - Nebela militaris Penard, 1890 (Arcellinida, HYALOSPHENIIDAE): proposed conservation of the specific name by giving it precedence over Nebela bursella Taranek, 1881. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 77, 22 - 28." title="Case 3782 - Nebela militaris Penard, 1890 (Arcellinida, HYALOSPHENIIDAE): proposed conservation of the specific name by giving it precedence over Nebela bursella Taranek, 1881" type="journal article" year="2020">Duckert et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kosakyan, A. & Lahr, D. J. G. & Mulot, M. & Meisterfeld, R. & Mitchell, E. A. D. & Lara, E." box="[974,1226,1096,1121]" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="606 - 623" part="32" refId="ref9196" refString="Kosakyan, A., Lahr, D. J. G., Mulot, M., Meisterfeld, R., Mitchell, E. A. D. & Lara, E. (2016) Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes. Cladistics, 32, 606 - 623." title="Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes" type="journal article" year="2016">Kosakyan et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For this reason, we designate the specimen in pictures
|
||
<figureCitation box="[527,642,1128,1153]" captionStart="F I" captionStartId="5.[122,135,1675,1694]" captionTargetBox="[354,1234,125,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-213@5.[351,1237,122,1634]" captionText="F I G U R E 2 Top half: Apodera angatakere n. gen. n. sp. (A–C, E and F), five specimens from Ahukawakawa swamp, Taranaki Maunga, New Zealand's North Island (sample EM-2540): (A–C) three barcoded individuals, (D) Brehm's original drawing of Apodera angatakere (described as Nebela penardi) from Margaret's Tarn, Arthur's Pass, New Zealand's South Island, (E and F), two individuals from sample EM-2540 (LM and SEM, respectively). E is the holotype. Note the presence of a ca. 10 µm wide keel. All specimens illustrated here as well as in Figures S2–S8 were used for morphometrical analyses (Figure 1). Scale bars (20, 50, or 100 µm) are shown for all specimen but were not provided in the original description. Bottom half: Apodera vas. (G) barcoded specimen from Macquarie Island (sample EM-2764), (H–J) three specimens from forest litter collected on the lower slopes of Taranaki Maunga, New Zealand's North Island (sample EM-2543). (H and I) Two barcoded specimen, (J) SEM of a third individual; note the absence of a keel. The codes of the barcoded specimens are the same as in the phylogenetic tree (Figure 3)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5643771" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5643771/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
as the neotype. As we were unable to find unfractured tests at the previous type locality (Margaret's tarn, Mt. Rolleston near Arthur's pass, New Zealand South Island) the neotype has been designated among a population from Taranaki Maunga, New Zealand's North Island. However, tests from the previous type locality and the ones from Taranaki Maunga were similar in all points. Apermanent slide has been deposited at the Natural History Museum of Neuchâtel (Switzerland) with the ID 95-1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis box="[154,368,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">New type locality:</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3397278301" country="New Zealand" elevation="921" location="Ahukawakawa swamp" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="North Island">
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CA5B501CDA7CFFAA7B5C65E3FA91F834:472DB7D1DA72FFAA7A5B636EFD04FA94" box="[381,649,1288,1313]" country="New Zealand's" name="Ahukawakawa swamp" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" stateProvince="North Island">Ahukawakawa swamp</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation pageId="9" pageNumber="10">along the Pouakai crossing trail, on the saddle between Taranaki Maunga and Pouakai Hut</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[436,605,1320,1345]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">New Zealand's</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[612,765,1320,1345]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">North Island</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Coord:
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[864,1002,1320,1345]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">−39.255058°</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1012,1144,1320,1345]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">174.043106°</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Elevation:
|
||
<elevation box="[1278,1345,1320,1345]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.209999999999999" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="921.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[1278,1345,1320,1345]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.209999999999999" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="921.0">921 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis box="[154,451,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Geographical distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Known from New Zealand North and South Islands and Auckland Island. Likely also Campbell and Chatham Islands. We did not find it in Macquarie Island where all
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="angatakere (Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[1057,1153,1384,1408]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Apodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1057,1153,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Apodera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens lacked the characteristic hollow keel.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis box="[154,375,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Habitat:
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[255,375,1448,1472]" class="Sphagnopsida" family="Sphagnaceae" genus="Sphagnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sphagnales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">Sphagnum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and brown mosses in peatlands and alpine wetlands in New Zealand's North and South Islands, mosses in low
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[286,434,1480,1504]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Metrosideros" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[286,434,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Metrosideros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forest (Auckland Island).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis box="[154,264,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
We did not succeed in obtaining DNA sequences from material collected from the previous type locality (Margaret's tarn, Mt. Rolleston near Arthur's pass, New Zealand South Island) and found only fractured test unfit to be designated as the neotype, we thus chose a specimen from Taranaki Maunga, New Zealand's North Island as the neotype. Given that 13 distinct molecular clades were recorded within
|
||
<emphasis box="[950,1188,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stein" authorityYear="1857" box="[950,1104,1608,1632]" class="Lobosa" family="Hyalospheniidae" genus="Hyalosphenia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Hyalosphenia</taxonomicName>
|
||
papilio
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, a common but smaller species commonly found in Holarctic
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="peatlands" authorityName="Peatlands" box="[552,790,1640,1665]" class="Sphagnopsida" family="Sphagnaceae" genus="Sphagnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sphagnales" pageId="9" pageNumber="13" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[552,672,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sphagnum</emphasis>
|
||
peatlands
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heger, T. J. & Mitchell, E. A. & Leander, B. S." box="[803,1000,1640,1665]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular ecology" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="5172 - 5184" part="22" refId="ref8875" refString="Heger, T. J., Mitchell, E. A. & Leander, B. S. (2013) Holarctic phylogeography of the testate amoeba H yalosphenia papilio (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) reveals extensive genetic diversity explained more by environment than dispersal limitation. Molecular ecology, 22, 5172 - 5184." title="Holarctic phylogeography of the testate amoeba H yalosphenia papilio (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) reveals extensive genetic diversity explained more by environment than dispersal limitation" type="journal article" year="2013">Heger et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Singer, D. & Mitchell, E. A. D. & Payne, R. J. & Blandenier, Q. & Duckert, C. & Fernandez, L. D." box="[1009,1209,1640,1665]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="3089 - 3100" part="28" refId="ref10564" refString="Singer, D., Mitchell, E. A. D., Payne, R. J., Blandenier, Q., Duckert, C., Fernandez, L. D. et al. (2019) Dispersal limitations and historical factors determine the biogeography of specialized terrestrial protists. Molecular Ecology, 28, 3089 - 3100." title="Dispersal limitations and historical factors determine the biogeography of specialized terrestrial protists" type="journal article" year="2019">Singer et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it is possible that several cryptic or pseudo-cryptic species exist within
|
||
<emphasis box="[705,723,1673,1696]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[738,863,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">angatakere</emphasis>
|
||
and that specimens from Margaret's tarn constitute a distinct species. If this were the case a new species would need to be described from Margaret's tarn, New Zealand South Island with its own type locality. The Auckland Island record is based only on microscopic observation (not illustrated) and is considered valid given the characteristic morphology. Nevertheless, it would need to be further confirmed by molecular data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Three COI gene sequences of
|
||
<emphasis box="[495,723,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="angatakere (Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[495,590,1832,1856]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Apodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Apodera</taxonomicName>
|
||
angatakere
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[779,917,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="angatakere (Brehm" authorityYear="1928" box="[779,875,1832,1856]" class="Lobosa" family="Nebelidae" genus="Apodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Arcellinida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Apodera</taxonomicName>
|
||
vas
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(352–655 bp) were deposited in GenBank under the number MZ615186–MZ615188 and MZ615189–MZ615191, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[122,1466,360,1921]" box="[154,1308,1896,1921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis box="[154,496,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">ZooBank registration number:</emphasis>
|
||
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:921D8CE1-EF0F-4839-B264-97ED438B5694.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |