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<mods:title id="B1A92CCE39EAB118AE5F27942A9CAB14">The pholcid spiders of Sri Lanka (Araneae: Pholcidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CA3B104CFF8BFF84FF3DF938FA20E0E2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4581677" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154534132" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4581677" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CA3B104CFF8BFF84FF3DF938FA20E0E2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3B104CFF8BFF84FF3DF938FA20E0E2" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<subSubSection id="0A88F2D1FF8BFF85FF3DF938FDEAE7D9" box="[151,604,1689,1715]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="422DA15AFF8BFF85FF3DF938FDEAE7D9" blockId="30.[151,604,1689,1715]" box="[151,604,1689,1715]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<heading id="19651636FF8BFF85FF3DF938FDEAE7D9" bold="true" box="[151,604,1689,1715]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="8592DAD9FF8BFF85FF3DF938FDEAE7D9" ID-CoL="87JX" ID-ENA="2069072" authority="Huber &amp; Benjamin, 2005" authorityName="Huber &amp; Benjamin" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,604,1689,1715]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Wanniyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E67D48FF8BFF85FF3DF938FDEAE7D9" bold="true" box="[151,604,1689,1715]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="70E67D48FF8BFF85FF3DF938FEA1E7D9" bold="true" box="[151,279,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Wanniyala</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2603DCABFF8BFF85FEB5F938FDEAE7D9" author="Huber, B. A. &amp; Benjamin, S." box="[287,604,1689,1715]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="3305 - 3319" refId="ref27050" refString="Huber, B. A. &amp; Benjamin, S. (2005) The pholcid spiders from Sri Lanka: redescription of Pholcus ceylonicus and description of Wanniyala new genus (Araneae: Pholcidae). Journal of Natural History, 39 (37), 3305 - 3319." type="journal article" year="2005">Huber &amp; Benjamin, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0A88F2D1FF8BFF85FF3DF97EFB53E6CD" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="422DA15AFF8BFF85FF3DF97EFAB5E79F" blockId="30.[151,1283,1759,1782]" box="[151,1283,1759,1782]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="62828674FF8BFF85FF3DF97EFAB5E79F" box="[151,1283,1759,1782]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="8592DAD9FF8BFF85FF3DF97EFDFAE79F" ID-CoL="87JX" authority="Huber &amp; Benjamin, 2005: 3311" authorityName="Huber &amp; Benjamin" authorityPageNumber="3311" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,588,1759,1781]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Wanniyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E67D48FF8BFF85FF3DF97EFEB5E79F" box="[151,259,1759,1781]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Wanniyala</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="C333874BFF8BFF85FEA2F97EFDFAE79F" author="Huber, B. A. &amp; Benjamin, S." box="[264,588,1759,1781]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039387D9FFCAFFF2C17D1F7AFDBB6D14" page="3311" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="2603DCABFF8BFF85FEA2F97EFDBBE79F" author="Huber, B. A. &amp; Benjamin, S." box="[264,525,1759,1781]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="3305 - 3319" refId="ref27050" refString="Huber, B. A. &amp; Benjamin, S. (2005) The pholcid spiders from Sri Lanka: redescription of Pholcus ceylonicus and description of Wanniyala new genus (Araneae: Pholcidae). Journal of Natural History, 39 (37), 3305 - 3319." type="journal article" year="2005">Huber &amp; Benjamin, 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 3311
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="9D291FF8FF8BFF85FDFFF941FD31E79F" box="[597,647,1760,1781]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="8592DAD9FF8BFF85FD4EF940FB34E79F" ID-CoL="7FTSW" authority="Huber &amp; Benjamin, 2005" authorityName="Huber &amp; Benjamin" authorityYear="2005" box="[740,1154,1759,1782]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Wanniyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agrabopath">
<emphasis id="70E67D48FF8BFF85FD4EF940FCCCE79F" box="[740,890,1759,1782]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">W. agrabopath</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2603DCABFF8BFF85FC2AF97EFB34E79F" author="Huber, B. A. &amp; Benjamin, S." box="[896,1154,1759,1781]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="3305 - 3319" refId="ref27050" refString="Huber, B. A. &amp; Benjamin, S. (2005) The pholcid spiders from Sri Lanka: redescription of Pholcus ceylonicus and description of Wanniyala new genus (Araneae: Pholcidae). Journal of Natural History, 39 (37), 3305 - 3319." type="journal article" year="2005">Huber &amp; Benjamin, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="3A85E1CAFF8BFF85FB25F97EFB4EE79F" box="[1167,1272,1759,1781]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="422DA15AFF8BFF85FF3DF883FB53E6CD" blockId="30.[151,1437,1826,2031]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="70E67D48FF8BFF85FF3DF883FF6CE651" bold="true" box="[151,218,1826,1851]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Notes</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="8592DAD9FF8BFF85FF40F883FED7E651" ID-CoL="87JX" authorityName="Huber &amp; Benjamin" authorityYear="2005" box="[234,353,1826,1851]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Wanniyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E67D48FF8BFF85FF40F883FED7E651" box="[234,353,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Wanniyala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently considered a Sri Lankan endemic genus but its apparent absence in
<collectingCountry id="3A85E1CAFF8BFF85FAAFF883FA89E651" box="[1285,1343,1826,1851]" name="India" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">India</collectingCountry>
and the Western Ghats in particular is difficult to interpret. With only eleven pholcid species (three of them introduced),
<collectingCountry id="3A85E1CAFF8BFF85FF3DF8CBFF67E6E9" box="[151,209,1898,1923]" name="India" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">India</collectingCountry>
ranks among the most poorly studied countries in the world with respect to pholcid spiders.
<taxonomicName id="8592DAD9FF8BFF85FA8FF8CBFA2CE6E9" ID-CoL="87JX" authorityName="Huber &amp; Benjamin" authorityYear="2005" box="[1317,1434,1898,1923]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Wanniyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E67D48FF8BFF85FA8FF8CBFA2CE6E9" box="[1317,1434,1898,1923]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Wanniyala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spiders are cryptic litter-dwellers and may have been overlooked by previous generalist collectors.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0A88F2D1FF8BFF84FF6DF812FA20E0E2" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
<paragraph id="422DA15AFF8BFF84FF6DF812FD47E076" blockId="30.[151,1437,1826,2031]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
In
<collectingCountry id="3A85E1CAFF8BFF85FF4FF813FEE3E6A1" box="[229,341,1970,1995]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="8592DAD9FF8BFF85FECAF813FE63E6A1" authorityName="Huber &amp; Benjamin" authorityYear="2005" box="[352,469,1970,1995]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Wanniyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E67D48FF8BFF85FECAF813FE63E6A1" box="[352,469,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Wanniyala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has experienced a remarkable radiation, mainly in the southwestern wet climatic zone and the central highlands. All known species are similar to each other in their morphology (see below) and apparently also genetically (five species included in the analysis of
<bibRefCitation id="2603DCABFF8AFF84FC3DFF36FBD3E1DA" author="Eberle, J. &amp; Dimitrov, D. &amp; Valdez-Mondragon, A. &amp; Huber, B. A." box="[919,1125,151,176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="141" refId="ref26630" refString="Eberle, J., Dimitrov, D., Valdez-Mondragon, A. &amp; Huber, B. A. (2018) Microhabitat change drives diversification in pholcid spiders. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 18, 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 018 - 1244 - 8" type="journal article" year="2018">
Eberle
<emphasis id="70E67D48FF8AFF84FC42FF38FB97E1DA" box="[1000,1057,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
), suggesting a rather recent radiation. However, available data also suggest that the closest relatives of
<taxonomicName id="8592DAD9FF8AFF84FC52FF1DFBD9E1BF" authorityName="Huber &amp; Benjamin" authorityYear="2005" box="[1016,1135,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Wanniyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E67D48FF8AFF84FC52FF1DFBD9E1BF" box="[1016,1135,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Wanniyala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are African, Madagascan, and Mediterranean taxa (
<bibRefCitation id="2603DCABFF8AFF84FE1FFF7EFD31E192" author="Eberle, J. &amp; Dimitrov, D. &amp; Valdez-Mondragon, A. &amp; Huber, B. A." box="[437,647,223,248]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="141" refId="ref26630" refString="Eberle, J., Dimitrov, D., Valdez-Mondragon, A. &amp; Huber, B. A. (2018) Microhabitat change drives diversification in pholcid spiders. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 18, 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 018 - 1244 - 8" type="journal article" year="2018">
Eberle
<emphasis id="70E67D48FF8AFF84FDA3FF40FDF5E192" box="[521,579,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2603DCABFF8AFF84FD3CFF7EFCD3E192" author="Huber, B. A. &amp; Eberle, J. &amp; Dimitrov, D." box="[662,869,223,248]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="51 - 101" refId="ref27545" refString="Huber, B. A., Eberle, J. &amp; Dimitrov, D. (2018) The phylogeny of pholcid spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae): a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data. ZooKeys, 789, 51 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 789.22781" type="journal article" year="2018">
Huber
<emphasis id="70E67D48FF8AFF84FD4FFF40FC96E192" box="[741,800,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, for
<taxonomicName id="8592DAD9FF8AFF84FC46FF7EFBD7E192" authorityName="Huber &amp; Benjamin" authorityYear="2005" box="[1004,1121,223,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Wanniyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E67D48FF8AFF84FC46FF7EFBD7E192" box="[1004,1121,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Wanniyala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="3A85E1CAFF8AFF84FBC6FF7EFB6BE192" box="[1132,1245,223,248]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
might be both a museum and a cradle (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="2603DCABFF8AFF84FE77FEA5FD53E076" author="Chown, S. L. &amp; Gaston, K. J." box="[477,741,260,285]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="311 - 315" refId="ref26278" refString="Chown, S. L. &amp; Gaston, K. J. (2000) Areas, cradles and museums: the latitudinal gradient in species richness. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15, 311 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0169 - 5347 (00) 01910 - 8" type="journal article" year="2000">Chown &amp; Gaston 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="422DA15AFF8AFF84FF6DFE86FA20E0E2" blockId="31.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
The procursus is highly complex and species-specific but always includes the same five distal structures that are hinged against a simple proximal part (labeled in
<figureCitation id="DAA9BDDFFF8AFF84FD56FEEDFC2CE00F" box="[764,922,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 156164" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1806,1829]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,193,1785]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 156164. Wanniyala mudita sp. n., from Kandy (ZFMK Ar 20077). 156157. Male chelicerae, clypeus and ocular area, frontal and lateral views. 158. Left male palpal trochanter and femur, retrolateral view. 159. Left genital bulb (proximal sclerite, bulbal apophysis and embolus), prolateral view. 160161. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 162163. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 164. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view (arrow points at anterior valve). Abbreviations: ba, bulbal apophysis; e, embolus; pbs, proximal bulbal sclerite; ps1, ps2, prolateral sclerites 1 and 2; ptp, prolateral transparent process; rs, retrolateral sclerite; vtp, ventral transparent process. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (158161), 0.5 mm (156157, 162164)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2625080/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs 160161</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DAA9BDDFFF8AFF84FC0DFEEDFBBDE00F" box="[935,1035,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 165171" captionStartId="39.[151,264,1839,1862]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,240,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[151,1436,240,1775]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURES 165171. Wanniyala orientalis sp. n., from Dimbulagala (ZFMK Ar 20079). 165. Left male palpal trochanter and femur, retrolateral view. 166. Left genital bulb (proximal sclerite, bulbal apophysis and embolus), prolateral view. 167168. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; arrow points at dorsal process of retrolateral sclerite that is smaller in males from Minneriya. 169170. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 171. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ps1, ps2, prolateral sclerites 1 and 2; ptp, prolateral transparent process; rs, retrolateral sclerite; vtp, ventral transparent process. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (165168), 0.5 mm (169171)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2625082/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">167168</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DAA9BDDFFF8AFF84FBB3FEEDFB36E00F" box="[1049,1152,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 172180" captionStartId="40.[151,264,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[151,1436,193,1805]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURES 172180. Wanniyala upekkha sp. n., from Dematagala (ZFMK Ar 20086). 172173. Male chelicerae, clypeus and ocular area, frontal and lateral views. 174. Left male palpal trochanter and femur, retrolateral view. 175. Left genital bulb (proximal sclerite, bulbal apophysis and embolus), prolateral view. 176177. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 178179. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 180. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ps1, ps2, prolateral sclerites 1 and 2; ptp, prolateral transparent process; rs, retrolateral sclerite; vtp, ventral transparent process. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (172177), 0.5 mm (178180)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2625084/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">176177</figureCitation>
): a retrolateral sclerite; a ventral transparent process; two prolateral sclerites; and a prolateral transparent process that usually has a bifid tip.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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