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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.28.2023" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182248712" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-28-67" ID-Pensoft-UUID="22606B6CAC36FFD66B3FFFFD974B1757" ID-Zenodo-Dep="574787" ID-ZooBank="90F6E6B8A90344DBAD0E3D851F6454C9" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:78AEA130-5EF3-4FD2-A9BF-0415E0DCAFBC" ModsDocID="1314-2607-28-67" checkinTime="1621552652333" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Papp, Jeno" docDate="2012" docId="B5451E2C948969A607E2C7789F6AA346" docLanguage="en" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 28" docPubDate="2012-08-24" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.28.2023" docTitle="Synaldis cauca Papp 2012, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="78AEA130-5EF3-4FD2-A9BF-0415E0DCAFBC" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="3" id="22606B6CAC36FFD66B3FFFFD974B1757" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="72" masterDocId="22606B6CAC36FFD66B3FFFFD974B1757" masterDocTitle="Five new braconid species from Colombia (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)" masterLastPageNumber="84" masterPageNumber="67" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" updateTime="1643545297639" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Five new braconid species from Colombia (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Papp, Jeno</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross utca l 3, H- 1088 Budapest, Hungary</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2012-08-24</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>28</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>67</mods:start>
<mods:end>84</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.28.2023</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.28.2023</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-28-67</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">90F6E6B8A90344DBAD0E3D851F6454C9</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">22606B6CAC36FFD66B3FFFFD974B1757</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">574787</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182248712" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:78AEA130-5EF3-4FD2-A9BF-0415E0DCAFBC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B5451E2C948969A607E2C7789F6AA346" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="69" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:78AEA130-5EF3-4FD2-A9BF-0415E0DCAFBC" authority="Papp, 2012" authorityName="Papp" authorityYear="2012" class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synaldis cauca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cauca" status="sp. n.">Synaldis cauca</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="69">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 10–16" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 10 - 16. Synaldis cauca sp. n.: 10 head in dorsal view 11 head in lateral view 12 mandible 13 paraclypeal pit 14 propodeum 15 hind femur 16 tergites 1 - 2." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11530" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Figures 10-16</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="69" type="holotype ♀">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Holotype ♀:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
COLOMBIA, Valle del Cauca, PNN Farallones de Cali, Anchicaya,
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="south" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.4333334">3°26'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="76" direction="west" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-76.8">76°48'W</geoCoordinate>
, 900 m, Malaise trap, 1 August - 10 October 2000, leg. S. Sarria. - Holotype is in good condition: (1) glued on a card point by its right mesopleuron, (2) right antenna broken, with 15 antennomeres, (3) right fore wing creased apico-posteriorly.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="69" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
The new species is named after the type locality,
<normalizedToken originalValue="”Cauca”">&quot;Cauca&quot;</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
Body 2.6 mm long. Antenna as long as body and with 21 antennomeres. First flagellomere three times as long as broad apically, further flagellomeres gradually shortening and indistinctly attenuating so that penultimate flagellomere 2.5 times as long as broad. Head in dorsal view less transverse or subcubic (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 10–16" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 10 - 16. Synaldis cauca sp. n.: 10 head in dorsal view 11 head in lateral view 12 mandible 13 paraclypeal pit 14 propodeum 15 hind femur 16 tergites 1 - 2." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11530" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
), 1.7 times as broad as long, eye almost 2.9 times as long as temple, temple rounded. Ocelli medium-sized, OOL almost three times as long as POL. Eye in lateral view nearly 1.5 times as high as wide and nearly 1.6 times as wide as temple, temple beyond eye evenly widened (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 10–16" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 10 - 16. Synaldis cauca sp. n.: 10 head in dorsal view 11 head in lateral view 12 mandible 13 paraclypeal pit 14 propodeum 15 hind femur 16 tergites 1 - 2." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11530" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
, see arrows). Lower tooth of mandible somewhat small, mandible twice as long as broad between upper and lower teeth (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 10–16" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 10 - 16. Synaldis cauca sp. n.: 10 head in dorsal view 11 head in lateral view 12 mandible 13 paraclypeal pit 14 propodeum 15 hind femur 16 tergites 1 - 2." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11530" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Paraclypeal pit short, i.e. distance between pit and eye as long as length of paraclypeal pit itself (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 10–16" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 10 - 16. Synaldis cauca sp. n.: 10 head in dorsal view 11 head in lateral view 12 mandible 13 paraclypeal pit 14 propodeum 15 hind femur 16 tergites 1 - 2." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11530" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). Maxillary palp one-sixth longer than height of head.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
Mesosoma in lateral view stout, somewhat longer than high, polished. Mesoscutal dimple before prescutellar furrow. Precoxal suture medially on mesopleuron, crenulate. Propodeum with medio-longitudinal carina and with areolation (areola basalis, etc.,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 10–16" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 10 - 16. Synaldis cauca sp. n.: 10 head in dorsal view 11 head in lateral view 12 mandible 13 paraclypeal pit 14 propodeum 15 hind femur 16 tergites 1 - 2." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11530" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="70" start="start">Fig</pageBreakToken>
. 14
</figureCitation>
). Hind femur 4.1 times as long as broad distally (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 10–16" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 10 - 16. Synaldis cauca sp. n.: 10 head in dorsal view 11 head in lateral view 12 mandible 13 paraclypeal pit 14 propodeum 15 hind femur 16 tergites 1 - 2." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11530" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
). Hind tibia and tarsus equal in length. Hind basitarsus as long as tarsomeres 2-3 combined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
Fore wing: venation &quot;
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-form&quot;, i.e.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">2-SR</emphasis>
missing hence first and second submarginal cells confluent;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">r + 3-SR</emphasis>
as long as
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">SR1</emphasis>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">CU1a</emphasis>
issuing from middle of outer side of subdiscal cell.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
First tergite (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 10–16" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 10 - 16. Synaldis cauca sp. n.: 10 head in dorsal view 11 head in lateral view 12 mandible 13 paraclypeal pit 14 propodeum 15 hind femur 16 tergites 1 - 2." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11530" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
) 2.8 times as long as broad posteriorly, moderately broadening posteriorly. Pair of keels merging into fine striation; spiracles close beyond middle of tergite. Tergites 2-3 fused and as long as first tergite, together with further tergites polished. Ovipositor sheath as long as mid tibia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Scape and pedicel brownish yellow, flagellum darkening brown. Head, mesosoma and first tergite brownish black, rest of metasoma brown. Mandible and mouthparts yellow. Tegula brownish yellow. Legs yellow, hind tarsus greyish fumous. Wings hyaline, pterostigma and veins opaque brownish yellowish.</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11530" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" start="Figures 10–16" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Figures 10-16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Papp" authorityYear="2012" class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cauca">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Synaldis cauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. n.:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">10</emphasis>
head in dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">11</emphasis>
head in lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">12</emphasis>
mandible
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">13</emphasis>
paraclypeal pit
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">14</emphasis>
propodeum
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">15</emphasis>
hind femur
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">16</emphasis>
tergites 1-2.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="70" type="male and host">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Male and host</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="70" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Colombia.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
The new species,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Papp" authorityYear="2012" class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cauca">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Synaldis cauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is near to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1967" class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutidens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Synaldis acutidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fischer as both have a mandible with three spiky teeth,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">SR1</emphasis>
more than twice as long as
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">r + 3-SR</emphasis>
combined and dark bodies; the two species are distinguished as follows (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1967" class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutidens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Synaldis acutidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known by its original description:
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, M" journalOrPublisher="Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" pagination="431 - 478" refId="B6" refString="Fischer, M, 1967. Die nearktischen Arten der Gattung Synaldis Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 37 (3): 431 - 478" title="Die nearktischen Arten der Gattung Synaldis Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae)." volume="37" year="1967">Fischer 1967</bibRefCitation>
: 434):
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<table inLine="true" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<tr lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" rowspan="1">1(2)</td>
<td colspan="1" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" rowspan="1">
Head in dorsal view 1.5 times as broad as long; eye as long as temple. Propodeum polished and with medio-longitudinal carina, spiracles fairly large. Antenna with 16-18 antennomeres. Hind femur 3.5 times as long as broad
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="71" start="start">distally</pageBreakToken>
(Abb. 2 in
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, M" journalOrPublisher="Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" pagination="431 - 478" refId="B6" refString="Fischer, M, 1967. Die nearktischen Arten der Gattung Synaldis Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 37 (3): 431 - 478" title="Die nearktischen Arten der Gattung Synaldis Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae)." volume="37" year="1967">Fischer 1967</bibRefCitation>
: 434). First tergite twice as long as broad posteriorly, widening more posteriorly. Lower tooth of mandible of usual size (Abb. 1 l.c in Fischer, 1967). Head and mesosoma black, metasoma brown, first tergite yellow. ♀: 1.7 mm. - U.S.A. (Michigan, Wisconsin)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1967" class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutidens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Synaldis acutidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fischer, 1967
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">2(1)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">Head in dorsal view 1.7 times as boad as long; eye almost 2.9 times as long as temple (Fig. 10). Propodeum with medio-longitudinal carina and with areolation, spiracles small (Fig. 14). Antenna with 21 antennomeres. Hind femur 4.1 times as long as broad distally (Fig. 15). First tergite 2.6 times as long as broad, widening less posteriorly (Fig. 16). Lower tooth of mandible somewhat small (Fig. 12). Head, mesosoma and first tergite brownish black, metasoma brown. ♀: 2.6 mm. - Colombia</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Papp" authorityYear="2012" class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cauca">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Synaldis cauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="taxonomic remark">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Taxonomic remark.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
The single distinctive generic feature of the genus
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Foerster that differentiates it from
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Aspilota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Aspilota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Foerster (the confluent first and second submarginal cells of the fore wing, or absence of vein
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">2-SR</emphasis>
) has been questioned since more than a century.
<bibRefCitation author="Wharton, R" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" refId="B12" refString="Wharton, R, 1980. Review of the Nearctic Alysiini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). With discussion of generic relationships within the tribe. University of California Publications Entomology 88: I-XI + 1-112." title="Review of the Nearctic Alysiini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). With discussion of generic relationships within the tribe. University of California Publications Entomology 88: I-XI + 1 - 112." year="1980">Wharton (1980</bibRefCitation>
: 34) points out: &quot;There are undoubtedly species of
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Aspilota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Aspilota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in which only the
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-type venation occurs. But the grouping of such species at a subgeneric level would be misleading, since it is based on a single character strongly subject to convergence.&quot; Fischer is the first specialist consistently maintaining
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid genus. To confirm and support his taxonomic standpoint he states (
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, M" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica (Rio de Janeiro)" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" refId="B9" refString="Fischer, M, 1993. Zur Formenvielfalt der Kieferwespen der Alten Welt: Ueber die Gattungen Synaldis Foerster, Trisynaldis Fischer und Kritscherysia Fischer gen. n. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien 94-95(B): 451-490." title="Zur Formenvielfalt der Kieferwespen der Alten Welt: Ueber die Gattungen Synaldis Foerster, Trisynaldis Fischer und Kritscherysia Fischer gen. n. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien 94 - 95 (B): 451 - 490." year="1993">Fischer 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 453): &quot;Da diese Gattungen [of the genus-group
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Aspilota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Aspilota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
<normalizedToken originalValue="überwiegend">ueberwiegend</normalizedToken>
diagnostischen Charakter haben und auch
<normalizedToken originalValue="Übergänge">Uebergaenge</normalizedToken>
aufweisen (und es
<normalizedToken originalValue="übrigens">uebrigens</normalizedToken>
auch keine objektiven Kriterien
<normalizedToken originalValue="für">fuer</normalizedToken>
das Aufstellen von Taxa der Gattungs-Gruppe gibt), erscheint mir das Beibehalten der
<normalizedToken originalValue="verhältnismäßig">verhaeltnismaessig</normalizedToken>
leicht abgrenzbaren
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Foerster gerechtfertigt und
<normalizedToken originalValue="für">fuer</normalizedToken>
die praktische Arbeit
<normalizedToken originalValue="zweckmäßig.”">zweckmaessig.&quot;</normalizedToken>
A second expert,
<bibRefCitation author="Belokobylskij, SA" journalOrPublisher="Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" pagination="394 - 416" refId="B5" refString="Belokobylskij, SA, 2002. East Palaearctic species of the braconid genus Synaldis Forster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Species without mesoscutal pit. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 81 (2): 394 - 416" title="East Palaearctic species of the braconid genus Synaldis Forster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Species without mesoscutal pit." volume="81" year="2002">Belokobylskij (2002)</bibRefCitation>
, also considers
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid genus: in his key to the species of the Russian Far East the species are arranged under this genus. I am quite convinced that the species with
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-form fore wing venation is evolving in our present epoch (in geochronological sense). In this conception the missing vein
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">2-SR</emphasis>
is an unambiguous character for the
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, consequently this feature is a &quot;true generic&quot; alar formation. The loss of vein
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">2-SR</emphasis>
is a convergent feature within the subfamily
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Marshall" baseAuthorityYear="1888" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Alysiinae">Alysiinae</taxonomicName>
and also in the family
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
. The other convergent feature of
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (sensu Fischer) is the
<normalizedToken originalValue="”long”">&quot;long&quot;</normalizedToken>
versus
<normalizedToken originalValue="”short”">&quot;short&quot;</normalizedToken>
tentorial pit (occurring in several alysiine genera). The species with a
<normalizedToken originalValue="”short”">&quot;short&quot;</normalizedToken>
tentorial pit (i.e. pit not reaching compound eye) are in a small majority over the species with a
<normalizedToken originalValue="”long”">&quot;long&quot;</normalizedToken>
pit (i.e. pit reaching compound eye). I consider this feature also as an evolutionary process. There are evolving the
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species with common generic feature: missing the vein
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">2-SR</emphasis>
(apomorphic) and forming the tentorial pit in two forms: in
<normalizedToken originalValue="”short”">&quot;short&quot;</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken originalValue="”long”">&quot;long&quot;</normalizedToken>
pits. This taxonomic standpoint corresponds unambiguously with
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fischer’s">Fischer's</normalizedToken>
one:
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a valid genus. However, several American (and also some European) specialists refute the validity of the genus
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,emphasizing the complexity of these features and giving less evolutio
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="72" start="start">nary</pageBreakToken>
significance to the presence / absence of vein
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">2-SR</emphasis>
. Currently it seems difficult to decide whether the presence or absence of the
<normalizedToken originalValue="”short”">&quot;short&quot;</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken originalValue="”long”">&quot;long&quot;</normalizedToken>
tentorial pit is plesiomorphic or apomorphic, respectively. In the case of vein
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">2-SR</emphasis>
it is generally considered that its presence is plesiomorphic and its absence is apomorphic. By the way, there are rarely occurring &quot;
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; specimens (one versus hundred to thousand specimens) which show transitional status: vein
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">2-SR</emphasis>
is (very) faintly present (considered as atavistic feature) -- confirming the viewpoint that this venational mark is on the course to be stabilized. If we accept the hypothesis that the primary process within
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species is the process of the loss of
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">2-SR</emphasis>
and the formation of the tentorial pit is the secondary process in the evolution of this genus then
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is evidently tenable as a
<normalizedToken originalValue="”good”">&quot;good&quot;</normalizedToken>
genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
The above short essay is but a viewpoint in the taxonomic treatment of the genus
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Synaldis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Synaldis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. My conception is expounded in a traditional form - the morphological data matrix and molecular analysis will, presumably, unambiguously solve this taxonomic problem.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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