157 lines
21 KiB
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157 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:namePart id="AEC82CAE649F115C7EA2DC0F47304358">Schiesari, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="52A486DE0FB021B6A5618826E120592E">Rossa-Feres, Denise De Cerqueira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="73710FBE7368B633EB76D3C812099A55">Menin, Marcelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A1692936E31315ED6B92760F949B98B4">Hödl, Walter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4CDB65C73C34AB70A7D4297135539831">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="B31987BBFFA9FF82E0D050FB8DC7FC31" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518204" ID-GBIF-Taxon="208789519" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518204" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B31987BBFFA9FF82E0D050FB8DC7FC31" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B31987BBFFA9FF82E0D050FB8DC7FC31" lastPageId="105" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFA9FF82E0D050FB89E1FE0D" lastPageId="105" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA9FF83E0D050FB8CB7FD2D" blockId="104.[151,400,726,753]" box="[151,400,726,753]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
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<heading id="604781C1FFA9FF83E0D050FB8CB7FD2D" bold="true" box="[151,400,726,753]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFA9FF83E0D050FB8CB7FD2D" ID-CoL="4H7SJ" ID-ENA="306084" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[151,400,726,753]" class="Amphibia" family="Phyllomedusidae" genus="Phyllomedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tarsius">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA9FF83E0D050FB8CB7FD2D" bold="true" box="[151,400,726,753]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Phyllomedusa tarsius</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="6FCF6625FFA9FF83E0D055078808F8BB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518166" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518166" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518166/files/figure.png" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" startId="104.[151,250,1834,1858]" targetBox="[162,1424,782,1811]" targetPageId="104">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA9FF83E0D055078808F8BB" blockId="104.[151,1436,1834,1895]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA9FF83E0D055078C38F89E" bold="true" box="[151,287,1834,1858]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">FIGURE 70.</emphasis>
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Tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFA9FF83E1D355068F49F89E" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[404,622,1835,1859]" class="Amphibia" family="Phyllomedusidae" genus="Phyllomedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tarsius">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA9FF83E1D355068F49F89E" box="[404,622,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Phyllomedusa tarsius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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tadpole (LCS 632) at Stage 35: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsal view of live tadpole. Note independent beating of tail tip (´flagellum´).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA9FF82E08055B889E1FE0D" blockId="104.[151,1436,1941,2039]" lastBlockId="105.[151,1437,151,1005]" lastPageId="105" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA9FF83E08055B88CE9F873" bold="true" box="[199,462,1941,1967]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">External morphology.</emphasis>
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Description based on three tadpoles at Stages 36 and 39 (LCS 615, 652). Total length 54.7 ±
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<quantity id="FC489B48FFA9FF83E0AC55948C76F80F" box="[235,337,1977,2003]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" unit="mm" value="10.2">10.2 mm</quantity>
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(N = 3). Body elongate oval in dorsal view and triangular in lateral view (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFA9FF83E4F055948864F80F" box="[1207,1347,1977,2003]" captionStart="FIGURE 70" captionStartId="104.[151,250,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,782,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-265@104.[151,1436,777,1811]" captionTargetPageId="104" captionText="FIGURE 70. Tadpole of Phyllomedusa tarsius tadpole (LCS 632) at Stage 35: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsal view of live tadpole. Note independent beating of tail tip (´flagellum´)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518166" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518166/files/figure.png" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Fig. 70A, B</figureCitation>
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). Snout truncate in dorsal and lateral views. Eyes small, positioned and directed laterally. Nostrils small, oval, laterally positioned near to snout, with opening anterolaterally directed, without a projection on the marginal rim. Oral disc (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFA8FF82E0D852968C22FF09" box="[159,261,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 70" captionStartId="104.[151,250,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,782,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-265@104.[151,1436,777,1811]" captionTargetPageId="104" captionText="FIGURE 70. Tadpole of Phyllomedusa tarsius tadpole (LCS 632) at Stage 35: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsal view of live tadpole. Note independent beating of tail tip (´flagellum´)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518166" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518166/files/figure.png" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Fig. 70C</figureCitation>
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) anteroventral; marginal papillae conical, uniseriate, with a dorsal gap. Submarginal papillae present lateroventrally. LTRF 2(2)/3(1); A1 and A2 of the same length; P1 slightly longer than P2; P3 of about one third of the length of P2. Jaw sheaths moderately wide, finely serrated; anterior jaw sheath arch-shaped, posterior jaw sheath V-shaped. Spiracle single, ventrolateral, cylindrical, short and wide, posteriorly directed, with a large opening at the medial third of the body, and with the centripetal wall fused to the body wall and longer than the external wall. Vent tube dextral, fused to the ventral fin, with a dextral opening. Caudal musculature of moderate width; in lateral view gradually tapering to a pointed tip. Dorsal fin shallow throughout its length, highest posteriorly, originating at the tail-body junction; ventral fin of moderate height, convex. Tail tip pointed. Lateral lines visible.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFA8FF82E08053F7884FFCE5" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA8FF82E08053F788A9FDE1" blockId="105.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA8FF82E08053F78C07FE28" bold="true" box="[199,288,474,500]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Colour.</emphasis>
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In preservative dorsum light greyish brown; caudal musculature grayish brown; fins translucent. In life body transparent olive or whitish with a silver venter; tail transparent or whitish (Hero 1990) (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFA8FF82E4A453D2886AFDC5" box="[1251,1357,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 70" captionStartId="104.[151,250,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,782,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-265@104.[151,1436,777,1811]" captionTargetPageId="104" captionText="FIGURE 70. Tadpole of Phyllomedusa tarsius tadpole (LCS 632) at Stage 35: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsal view of live tadpole. Note independent beating of tail tip (´flagellum´)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518166" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518166/files/figure.png" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Fig. 70D</figureCitation>
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). Body silvery, caudal musculature pinkish, ventral fin with a black patch of variable width in the middle third of the tail.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA8FF82E080506A884FFCE5" blockId="105.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA8FF82E080506A8CA3FDBC" bold="true" box="[199,388,582,609]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Natural history.</emphasis>
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Eggs are deposited in a gelatinous mass in leaf nests overhanging isolated ponds in terra-firme forest, forest edge and deforested land; upon hatching tadpoles hatch and fall in the water (Neckel-Oliveira 2004;
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA8FF82E0D050A28C7EFD75" author="Lima, A. P. & Magnusson, W. E. & Menin, M. & Erdtmann, L. K. & Rodrigues, D. J. & Keller, C." box="[151,345,655,681]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" refId="ref79759" refString="Lima, A. P., Magnusson, W. E., Menin, M., Erdtmann, L. K., Rodrigues, D. J., Keller, C. & H ˆ dl, W. (2012) Guia de Sapos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia Central / Guide to the frogs of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Central Amazonia. 2 nd Edition. Editora INPA, Manaus, 187 pp." type="book" year="2012">
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<collectingRegion id="F974F84FFFA8FF82E0D050A28DF5FD75" box="[151,210,655,681]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Lima</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA8FF82E09D50A28C33FD75" box="[218,276,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">et al.</emphasis>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Mean clutch size is 342 unpigmented eggs (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA8FF82E31950A289D9FD75" author="Neckel-Oliveira, S. & Wachlevski, M." box="[862,1278,655,681]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="84 - 88" refId="ref81485" refString="Neckel-Oliveira, S. & Wachlevski, M. (2004) Predation on the arboreal eggs of three Phyllomedusa frog species in Central Amazonia. Journal of Herpetology, 38, 84 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 162 - 03 A" type="journal article" year="2004">Neckel-Oliveira & Wachlevski 2004</bibRefCitation>
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) Tadpoles are nektonic and form schools (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA8FF82E18A509E8FA6FD11" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[461,641,691,717]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman 1978</bibRefCitation>
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). Tail tip is capable of independent movement (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFA8FF82E4D4509E89DBFD11" box="[1171,1276,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 70" captionStartId="104.[151,250,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,782,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-265@104.[151,1436,777,1811]" captionTargetPageId="104" captionText="FIGURE 70. Tadpole of Phyllomedusa tarsius tadpole (LCS 632) at Stage 35: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsal view of live tadpole. Note independent beating of tail tip (´flagellum´)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518166" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518166/files/figure.png" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Fig. 70D</figureCitation>
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). Tadpoles are found in all months of the year. Eggs are preyed upon by phorid fly larvae, staphylinid beetles and the snake
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFA8FF82E51450FA8C19FCC9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Dipsadidae" genus="Leptodeira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annulata">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA8FF82E51450FA8C19FCC9" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Leptodeira annulata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA8FF82E10A50D68F4DFCC9" author="Martins, M. & Oliveira, M. E." box="[333,618,763,789]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="78 - 150" refId="ref80382" refString="Martins, M. & Oliveira, M. E. (1998) Natural history of snakes in forests of the Manaus region, Central Amazonian, Brazil. Herpetological Natural History, 6, 78 - 150." type="journal article" year="1998">Martins & Oliveira 1998</bibRefCitation>
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; Neckel-Oliveira 2004;
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA8FF82E33D50D6883CFCC9" author="Neckel-Oliveira, S. & Wachlevski, M." box="[890,1307,763,789]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="84 - 88" refId="ref81485" refString="Neckel-Oliveira, S. & Wachlevski, M. (2004) Predation on the arboreal eggs of three Phyllomedusa frog species in Central Amazonia. Journal of Herpetology, 38, 84 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 162 - 03 A" type="journal article" year="2004">Neckel-Oliveira & Wachlevski 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). In experiments tadpoles of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFA8FF82E12351328CECFCE4" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[356,459,799,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Phyllomedusidae" genus="Phyllomedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tarsius">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA8FF82E12351328CECFCE4" box="[356,459,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">P. tarsius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were consumed by dragonflies and fish (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA8FF82E3DF51328933FCE5" author="Hero, J-M." box="[920,1044,799,825]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" refId="ref77845" refString="Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation, palatability and the distribution of tadpoles in the Amazon Rainforest. PhD Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, 234 pp." type="book" year="1991">Hero 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA8FF82E4595132887CFCE5" author="Azevedo-Ramos, C. & Van Sluys, M. & Hero, J. - M. & Magnusson, W. E." box="[1054,1371,799,825]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="335 - 338" refId="ref74710" refString="Azevedo-Ramos, C., Van Sluys, M., Hero, J. - M. & Magnusson, W. E. (1992) Influence of tadpole movement on predation by odonate nayads. Journal of Herpetology, 26, 335 - 338. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564891" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Azevedo-Ramos
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA8FF82E4A75132883FFCE5" box="[1248,1304,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFA8FF82E080516F8DC7FC31" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFA8FF82E080516F8DC7FC31" blockId="105.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFA8FF82E080516F8C68FC80" bold="true" box="[199,335,834,860]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
These tadpoles were described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA8FF82E29C516E8EBBFC81" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[731,924,835,861]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFA8FF82E3A5516E8918FC81" box="[994,1087,835,861]" name="Ecuador" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and illustrated by Hero (1990) from Central Amazonia. They differ from those herein characterized by presenting body ovoid in dorsal view, eyes large, oral disc without lateral emarginations, row of marginal papillae uniseriate laterally and biseriate ventrally, LTRF 2(2)/3 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFA8FF82E17D51828CD6FC15" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[314,497,943,969]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and by presenting LTRF 2(2)/2-3[1], and anterior jaw sheat arch-shaped (Hero 1990).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |