539 lines
53 KiB
XML
539 lines
53 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.29.3233" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182248814" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-29-119" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8A1E6B141E16FFE08975FF947D4D2C48" ID-Zenodo-Dep="574791" ID-ZooBank="6DFF2FB88D22453D9EA66A5083057891" ModsDocID="1314-2607-29-119" checkinTime="1621552717034" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Smith, David R., Janzen, Daniel H., Hallwachs, Winnie & Smith, M. Alexander" docDate="2012" docId="B19BE63ABC4ED21E8FFBB2C62D583B37" docLanguage="en" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 29" docPubDate="2012-10-15" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.29.3233" docTitle="Taeniogonalos woodorum Smith, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="8A1E6B141E16FFE08975FF947D4D2C48" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="129" masterDocId="8A1E6B141E16FFE08975FF947D4D2C48" masterDocTitle="Hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Trigonalidae) reared from dry forest and rain forest caterpillars of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="119" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" updateTime="1643543006707" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Trigonalidae) reared from dry forest and rain forest caterpillars of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, David R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, c / o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, DC, 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sawfly2@aol.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Janzen, Daniel H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hallwachs, Winnie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, M. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology & The Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N 1 G 2 W 1</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2012-10-15</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>29</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>119</mods:start>
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<mods:end>144</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.29.3233</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.29.3233</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-29-119</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">6DFF2FB88D22453D9EA66A5083057891</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">8A1E6B141E16FFE08975FF947D4D2C48</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">574791</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182248814" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B19BE63ABC4ED21E8FFBB2C62D583B37" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B19BE63ABC4ED21E8FFBB2C62D583B37" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:32992182-0692-42C7-8CF1-9166C53733A6" authority="Smith, sp. n." authorityName="Smith, sp. n." class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Taeniogonalos woodorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodorum">Taeniogonalos woodorum Smith, sp. n.</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 4 - 7. Taeniogonalos woodorum. 4 Lateral view, female 5 Dorsal view, female 6 Metasoma, lateral view, female 7 Male genitalia." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11563" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Figures 4-7</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Posterior postocellar area with two yellow oblique stripes; mandible mostly yellow, teeth reddish brown; gena mostly yellow, yellow extending dorsally and onto occiput; mesoscutellum with anterior third yellow; second metasomal tergum with narrow yellow band continuous along lateral and posterior margins. Female armature absent. Male with medial flattened area on sternum 2; genitalia with parameres about half as long as gonostipes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
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Female. Length, 5.0-12.0 mm (holotype 8.0 mm). Antenna black. Head black, with following yellow (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 4 - 7. Taeniogonalos woodorum. 4 Lateral view, female 5 Dorsal view, female 6 Metasoma, lateral view, female 7 Male genitalia." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11563" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Figs 4, 5</figureCitation>
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): Interantennal area, supraclypeal area, clypeus, labrum, mandible except reddish-brown apex, mouthparts, two oblique stripes at posterior or postocellar area, broad stripe on gena behind eyes extending dorsally onto occiput. Mesosoma black with following yellow markings (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 4 - 7. Taeniogonalos woodorum. 4 Lateral view, female 5 Dorsal view, female 6 Metasoma, lateral view, female 7 Male genitalia." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11563" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Figs 4, 5</figureCitation>
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): anterolateral spot on mesoprescutum, axillae, anterior third of mesoscutellum, metascutellum, stripe on upper pronotum and lower pronotum, broad oblique stripe on mesopleuron, broad oblique stripe on metapleuron, large lateral spots on propodeum. Legs black with inner surfaces of coxae, trochanters, extreme bases of femora, and outer surfaces of tibiae and tarsi yellow. Metasoma black with following yellow markings (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 4 - 7. Taeniogonalos woodorum. 4 Lateral view, female 5 Dorsal view, female 6 Metasoma, lateral view, female 7 Male genitalia." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11563" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Figs 4-6</figureCitation>
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): broad stripe on posterior margin of tergum 1, narrow continuous stripe on posterior and lateral margins of tergum 2; narrow stripe on posterolateral margins of terga 3 and 4, small spot on posterior lateral margin of sternum 2. Wings hyaline, black anterioapically, mostly in radial cell; veins and stigma black. Head and body covered with fine, short,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="126" start="start">white</pageBreakToken>
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hairs.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Head</emphasis>
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: Covered with short, white hairs. Shiny, evenly punctate, punctures mostly separated by rounded ridges, interspaces less than puncture diameters; punctures on gena less dense, farther apart than those on vertex and frons, and with flat shiny
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="127" start="start">interspaces</pageBreakToken>
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. Antenna with 24 flagellomeres, length about twice head width. Clypeus with median length about.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width. Inner margins of eyes subparallel, lower interocular distance 0.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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eye length; malar space about 0.15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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eye length. Distance between eye and margin of lateral ocellus about 3.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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distance between inner margins of hind ocelli. Area between torruli slightly concave (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–10" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 8 - 10. Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis, female. 8 Taeniogonalos fasciatipennisDHJ 01, lateral view 9 Taeniogonalos fasciatipennisDHH 01, dorsal view 10 Taeniogonalos fasciatipennisDHJ 02, lateral view." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11564" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). Antennal carinae low, sharp. Occipital carina complete.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Mesosoma</emphasis>
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: Covered with short, white hairs. Shiny, evenly punctate with punctures similar to those on vertex and frons, most separated by rounded ridges, with interspaces less than puncture diameters; punctures on propleuron farther apart than those on mesonotum and separated by broader, flat interspaces; dorsoposterior section of mesepisternum, posterior downturned margin of mesoscutellum, and metapleuron, except lower margin, almost impunctate; punctures on propodeum small, denser than those on rest of mesosoma. Prescutum elevated above lateral lobes. Notaulus deep, with large punctures posteriorly; transverse row of large punctures anterior to mesoscutellum. Propodeal foramen shallowly concave at center. Hind coxa about as long as wide, with longitudinal carina on outer surface; hind basitarsomere subequal to length of remaining tarsomeres combined.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Metasoma</emphasis>
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: Covered with fine, white hairs. Shiny, rather evenly punctate, punctures separated by rounded ridges mostly less than puncture diameters. Tergum 1 depressed at center. Armature absent from sternum 2 (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 4 - 7. Taeniogonalos woodorum. 4 Lateral view, female 5 Dorsal view, female 6 Metasoma, lateral view, female 7 Male genitalia." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11563" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Figs 4, 6</figureCitation>
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). Sheath directed downward, rounded at apex in lateral view.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11563" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" start="Figures 4–7" startId="F4">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Figures 4-7.</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Taeniogonalos woodorum</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">4</emphasis>
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Lateral view, female
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">5</emphasis>
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Dorsal view, female
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">6</emphasis>
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Metasoma, lateral view, female
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">7</emphasis>
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Male genitalia.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11564" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" start="Figures 8–10" startId="F5">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Figures 8-10.</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis</emphasis>
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, female.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">8</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Taeniogonalos</emphasis>
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fasciatipennisDHJ01, lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">9</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Taeniogonalos</emphasis>
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fasciatipennisDHH01, dorsal view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">10</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Taeniogonalos</emphasis>
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fasciatipennisDHJ02, lateral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11565" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" start="Figures 11–14" startId="F6">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Figures 11-14.</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Taeniogonalos</emphasis>
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fasciatipennis DHJ01.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">11</emphasis>
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Metasoma, lateral view, female
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">12</emphasis>
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Female armature, sternum 2, ventral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">13</emphasis>
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Male paramere, lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">14</emphasis>
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Male genitalia.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
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Male. Length, 4.0-7.5 mm. Color and structure similar to female. Tyloids present, long and narrow, middle tyloids longer than half length of flagellomeres. Male genitalia with parameres about half-length of gonostipes (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 15–20" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 15 - 20. Taeniogonalos gundlachii. 15 Lateral view, female 16 Dorsal view, female 17 Metasoma, lateral view, female 18 Female armature, sternum 2, ventral view 19 Male paramere, lateral view 20 Male genitalia." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11566" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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); sternum 2 with medial flattened area on apical half.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11566" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" start="Figures 15–20" startId="F7">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Figures 15-20.</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Taeniogonalos gundlachii</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">15</emphasis>
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Lateral view, female
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">16</emphasis>
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Dorsal view, female
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">17</emphasis>
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Metasoma, lateral view, female
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">18</emphasis>
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Female armature, sternum 2, ventral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">19</emphasis>
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Male paramere, lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">20</emphasis>
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Male genitalia.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="128" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="128" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
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Holotype female, "Voucher: D. H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs, DB: http://Janzen.sas.upenn.edu, Area de Conservation Guanacaste, Costa Rica,"
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“10-SRNP-22162,”">"10-SRNP-22162,"</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“DHJPAR0041177.”">"DHJPAR0041177."</normalizedToken>
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(USNM). Paratypes: Same data as for holotype except caterpillar rearing code (yy-SRNP-xxxx) and parasitoid individual code (DHJPARxxxxxxx); one specimen for each caterpillar collection and parasitoid rearing code. 98-SRNP-6785, DHJPAR0010613 (♂); 98-SRNP-7262, DHJPAR0016904 (♂); 98-SRNP-7361, DHJPAR0016911 (♀); 98-SRNP-15545, DHJPAR0016916 (♀); 98-SRNP-15545, DHJPAR0016899 (♀); 98-SRNP-15545, DHJPAR0016888 (♂); 99-SRNP-5503, DHJPAR0016895 (♀); 99-SRNP-5508, DHJPAR0016897 (♂); 99-SRNP-12098, DHJPAR0016891 (♀); 99-SRNP-12098, DHJPAR0016892 (♂); 99-SRNP-12098, DHJPAR0016896 (♀); 99-SRNP-12761, DHJPAR0010612 (♀); 99-SRNP-12852, DHJPAR0010604 (♂); 99-SRNP-13819, DHJPAR0010611 (♂); 99-SRNP-13823, DHJPAR0016909 (♀); 01-SRNP-3507, DHJPAR0010598 (♀); 01-SRNP-3507, DHJPAR0010599 (♀); 01-SRNP-5325, DHJPAR0010597 (♂); 01-SRNP-5932, DHJPAR0010605 (♀); 01-SRNP-9359, DHJPAR0010607 (♀); 01-SRNP-25186, DHJPAR0010600 (♂); 02-SRNP-7679, DHJPAR0010596 (♀); 02-SRNP-7978, DHJPAR0010595 (♀); 03-SRNP-6738, DHJPAR0010588 (♂); 03-SRNP-10070, DHJPAR0010585 (♀); 03-SRNP-11855, DHJPAR0010591 (♂); 03-SRNP-11855, DHJPAR0010592 (♂); 03-SRNP-11855, DHJPAR0010593 (♂); 03-SRNP-11855, DHJPAR0010594 (♂); 03-SRNP-20157, DHJPAR0010590
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="128" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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♀); 03-SRNP-20236, DHJPAR0028047 (♀); 03-SRNP-21817, DHJPAR0010586 (♀); 04-SRNP-30072 [no barcode] (♀); 04-SRNP-41595, DHJPAR0010574 (♂); 04-SRNP-55214, DHJPAR0010571 (♀); 04-SRNP-55214.1, DJHPAR0010572 (♀); 04-SRNP-55215, DHJPAR0010573 (♀); 04-SRNP-56432, DJHPAR0010581 (♀); 04-SRNP-56458, DHJPAR0010582 (♀); 05-SRNP-4939, DHJPAR0010559 (♂); 05-SRNP-7881, DHJPAR0010551 (♂); 05-SRNP-33818, DHJPAR0010569 (♂); 05-SRNP-34358, DHJPAR0010562 (♂); 05-SRNP-42584, DHJPAR0010563 (♂); 05-SRNP-42827, DHJPAR0010570 (♂); 05-SRNP-70122, DHJPAR0010560 (♂); 05-SRNP-70325, DHJPAR0010561 (♀); 06-SRNP-6781, DHJPAR0016876 (♀); 06-SRNP-6781, DHJPAR0016877 (♀); 06-SRNP-6781, DHJPAR0016878 (♂); 06-SRNP-6781, DHJPAR0016884 (♀); 06-SRNP-30294, DHJPPAR0010443 (♂); 06-SRNP-30295, DHJPAR0010554 (♂); 06-SRNP-33412, DHJPAR0016873 (♀); 06-SRNP-34200, DHJPAR0016875 (♀); 06-SRNP-34577, DHJPAR0016886 (♀); 06-SRNP-34579, DHJPAR0016887 (♂); 06-SRNP-42284, DHJPAR0010555 (♀); 06-SRNP-42284, DHJPAR0010556 (♂); 06-SRNP-42284, DHJPAR0010557 (♂); 06-SRNP-42814, DHJPAR0016882 (♀); 06-SRNP-42819, DHJPAR0016883 (♀); 06-SRNP-43560, DHJPAR0016874 (♀); 06-SRNP-65304, DHJPAR0016885 (♂); 08-SRNP-2414, DHJPAR0027762 (♂); 08-SRNP-2414, DHJPAR0027763 (♂); 08-SRNP-6017, DHJPAR0030373 (♂); 08-SRNP-32269, DHJPAR0030377 (♀); 08-SRNP-41835 [no barcode] (♀); 08-SRNP-42172, DHJPAR0030374 (♀); 08-SRNP-42172, DHJPAR0030375 (♀); 08-SRNP-42172, DHJPAR0030376 (♀); 09-SRNP-2888, DHJPAR0036406 (♀); 09-SRNP-5008, DHJPAR0036682 (♀); 09-SRNP-32681, DHJPAR0038544 (♀); 09-SRNP-32752, DHJPAR0038545 (♀); 09-SRNP-32752, DHJPAR0038546 (♀); 09-SRNP-33385, DHJPAR0038543 (♂); 09-SRNP-69541, DHJPAR0036404 (♂); 09-SRNP-70610, DHJPAR0036405 (♀); 09-SRNP-73449, DHJPAR0037846 (♂); 09-SRNP-80526, DHJPAR0037847 (♂); 10-SRNP-1030, DHJPAR0039355 (♀); 10-SRNP-4609, DHJPAR0041181 (♀); 10-SRNP-22641, DHJPAR0041178 (♂); 10-SRNP-32041, DHJPAR0041179 (♂); 10-SRNP-42215, DHJPAR0041180 (♀); 10-SRNP-73124, DHJPAR0041176 (♀); 10-SRNP-73289, DHJPAR0041174 (♀); 10-SRNP-80666, DHJPAR0041175 (♂); 11-SRNP-2784, DHJPAR0045823 (♀); 11-SRNP-2784, DHJPAR0045824 (♂); 11-SRNP-2859, DHJPAR0044983 (♀); 11-SRNP-2911, DHJPAR0045822 (♂); 11-SRNP-71666, DHJPAR0045825 (♂); 11-SRNP-80954, DHJPAR0044984 (♀). Deposited in INBio, USNM, CNC, BMNH.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="128" type="other specimens">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Other specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">03-SRNP-38118, DHJPAR0010587 (metasoma missing); 06-SRNP-6781, DHJPAR0016872 (metasoma missing); 09-SRNP-72860, DHJPAR0040090 (broken).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="128" type="specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">100; 98 submitted for DNA barcoding, 89 of which yielded complete DNA barcodes publically available from BOLD.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="128" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos woodorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is named in honor of Monty and Grace Wood of Ottawa, Canada in recognition of their three decades of intense and enthusiastic taxonomic and spiritual participation in the tachinid fly inventory of Area de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Conservación">Conservacion</normalizedToken>
|
||
Guanacaste and in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="INBio’s">INBio's</normalizedToken>
|
||
inventory of the flies of Costa Rica.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="128" type="barcode">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Barcode.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
|
||
The DNA barcodes of the 89
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos woodorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens longer than 400 bp have less than 1% intraspecific divergence (0.702% avg, max 2.523%, min, 0%). They are 9% divergent from the DNA barcodes of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cameron" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatipennis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
DHJ01 and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cameron" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatipennis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
DHJ02.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="128" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
|
||
The mostly black color with yellow maculation, as described and illustrated, and lack of female armature on metasomal sternum 2 help distinguish this species from most other New World species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schulz" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The females of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cameron" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatipennis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1865" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gundlachii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos gundlachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Westwood), and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Smith) have distinct armature on sternum 2, and the latter three are mostly yellow or reddish-brown with black maculation. The females of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="enderleini">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos enderleini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(De Santis) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jucunda">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos jucunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Westwood) from South America lack female armature.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="enderleini">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos enderleini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in southeastern Brazil, is mostly black with some yellow maculation, but the posterior lower part of the mesopleuron and the metapleuron are reddish brown and the postocellar area lacks yellow marks.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jucunda">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos jucunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Westwood) was described from
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Amaz.”">"Amaz."</normalizedToken>
|
||
, and the color was described as mostly reddish brown, head yellow, and the scutellum black, all of which differ from the color of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos woodorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" type="hosts and biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Hosts and biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos woodorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most frequently reared of the ACG
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1887" class="Hexapoda" family="Trigonalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trigonalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, known only from ACG rain forest, and superficially resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cameron" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatipennis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1865" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gundlachii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos gundlachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below). It is the only species of trigonalid that has been reared from the sample of more than 220,000 wild-caught ACG rain forest caterpillars. This microgeographic and ecosystem separation from the parapatric and adjacent ACG dry forest of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cameron" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatipennis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below) allows first-pass species-level identification of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos woodorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
even if key morphological traits are invisible and DNA barcodes have not been obtained from the specimen, such as when the reared wasp escapes or the abdomen is broken off and lost or consumed in analysis. This method of ecology-based identification cannot, however, be used for specimens from the narrow ecotone between ACG dry forest and rain forest, where both species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schulz" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reared from caterpillars found in the same hectare. The presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos woodorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first noticed in 2006 by its strikingly different (15%) DNA barcode from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cameron" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatipennis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(also called
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1865" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gundlachii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos gundlachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at that time). Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos woodorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as is the case with the other ACG
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schulz" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is a Batesian and Mullerian mimic of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Vespidae" genus="Polybia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Polybia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
wasps (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; abundant in ACG) in body size, color pattern, and flight/walking behavior.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Taeniogonalos woodorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reared 97 times from 14 caterpillar families (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Arctiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Elachistidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Elachistidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Leach" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Harris" authorityYear="1841" class="Hexapoda" family="Lasiocampidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lasiocampidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1829" class="Hexapoda" family="Notodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Notodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Saturniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Saturniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Sphingidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphingidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Herrich-Schaeffer" authorityYear="1846" class="Hexapoda" family="Thyrididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thyrididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" class="Hexapoda" family="Uraniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Uraniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), parasitized by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Bassus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Bassus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Viereck" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Dolichogenidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dolichogenidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Asmead" authorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Glyptapanteles" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Glyptapanteles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Meteorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Stantonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Stantonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1900" class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Zelomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Zelomorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1860" class="Hexapoda" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Agrypon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Agrypon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Charops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Charops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dusona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dusona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" class="Hexapoda" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Eiphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Eiphosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Hyposoter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1946" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Leurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Leurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roman" authorityYear="1910" class="Hexapoda" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Microcharops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Microcharops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Xiphosomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Xiphosomella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Viereck" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Zaglyptomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Zaglyptomorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Tachinidae (at least
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townsend" authorityYear="1927" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Anoxynops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Anoxynops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Agryrochaetona" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Agryrochaetona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brauer & Bergenstamm" authorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Argyrophylax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Argyrophylax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Belvosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Belvosia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townsend" authorityYear="1927" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Calolydella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Calolydella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Campylochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Campylochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Chrysotachina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Chrysotachina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1863" class="Hexapoda" family="Tachinidae" genus="Drino" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Drino</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townsend" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Eucelatoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Eucelatoria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townsend" authorityYear="1935" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Eujuriniodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Eujuriniodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1863" class="Hexapoda" family="Tachinidae" genus="Eumea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Eumea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Genea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Genea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Houghia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Houghia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Hyphatrophaga" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Hyphatrophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lespesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Lespesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townsend" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Patelloa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Patelloa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phytomyptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Phytomyptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" class="Hexapoda" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Winthemia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The host caterpillars of these primary parasitoids may all be characterized as exposed leaf feeders (even these pa
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="129" start="start">rticular</pageBreakToken>
|
||
species of leaf rollers and tiers,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Elachistidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Elachistidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Herrich-Schaeffer" authorityYear="1846" class="Hexapoda" family="Thyrididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thyrididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, venture out of their leaf-silk nests to feed on fully exposed leaf blades), and no one species dominates this diverse list. While it is evident that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Taeniogonalos woodorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can develop in a very wide variety of host caterpillars and primary parasitoids, experience with other apparent
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“generalists”">"generalists"</normalizedToken>
|
||
in the ACG inventory warns that when much larger sample sizes have accumulated, it may become evident that certain taxa and ecologies are either being avoided by ovipositing wasps or the eggs/larvae do not survive their tour in the host or primary parasitoid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="129">
|
||
It remains a mystery as to why this hyperparasitoid remains microgeographically restricted to ACG rain forest and does not venture into the extensive adjacent dry forest with its many thousands of species of potential caterpillar and primary parasitoid hosts only a few hundred meters away. Indeed, there is a single record of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Taeniogonalos woodorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(DHJPAR0016846) well into the microgeographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schulz" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Taeniogonalos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fasciatipennisDHJ02 (see below), emphasizing the parapatric nature of the distribution of these two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schulz" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Taeniogonalos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Taeniogonalos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, in remaining restricted to rain forest, it is representative of the thousands of other species of ACG
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Lepidoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hymenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
which are faithful to their respective ecosystems, even at the time when the intense six month rainy season turns the adjacent dry forest in a very wet ecosystem.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |