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<document id="87FDF837D06FA936B9DD090E02692328" ID-CLB-Dataset="29814" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f91be13d-b3c2-4843-b2c5-f6fbc2d34b96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1298174" ID-ZooBank="6BB71AE3-6D5B-4C55-9BC0-8E853AC05928" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1529739795072" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hellmann, Lindsey, Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria &amp; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes" docDate="2018" docId="B06687E3D3716C3F85B00B67FEA5FF67" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4438.3.8.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4438 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Girardia paucipunctata Hellmann &amp; Leal-Zanchet" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="572" masterDocId="4C5FFF9BD3776C3385270E38FFC5FFB3" masterDocTitle="Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics" masterLastPageNumber="574" masterPageNumber="561" pageNumber="567" updateTime="1698550418599" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="A166FB7A3BC6626476C0232CC9D1D7D2">Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="ACCCC634EFAF837E00D75F452459C076" type="personal">
<mods:role id="856B6B216D36BA96158C21A0A8111551">
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<mods:namePart id="54981BA7F636D408C52A137392C79361">Hellmann, Lindsey</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="51D4CC905D94C3DEF259548B871DF2DD" type="personal">
<mods:role id="023C89D4CD06A3959380DF627106B47C">
<mods:roleTerm id="6758E45B43B4738EC72F2A31560BC635">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4A4645389431A4850D35497A727337C1">Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="8459B1F9476BFD4C583959FC559EB232" type="personal">
<mods:role id="4DA8805CA06694023AF982C5C50BCA56">
<mods:roleTerm id="4ACE8C4E56F7ED7312F22E3EE5FB79AC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4E283D496CEA3990C186379A8EC0F20C">Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="24506A80B66DD030DBE77009EA0CB042">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9D1DEC365D7F8ECD12CDC200D3954C26">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="C34D5D3821B8ADD9A9F6C43D4573A15E">
<mods:date id="8A466241210837EA9CCF5A6CF2859B02">2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="DE6A1DCFC75D929B07684E81FAA59595" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="D5D5920222B88606010C172EEE360E11">2018-06-22</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="406702DC854A3CF0A2A458005C5935F1" type="volume">
<mods:number id="92470EFC9D86F1434CC01A139895B069">4438</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8681D3B917BF3858D9DFF179FD98303A">3</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="D77821CCD9DAC86AA3CCC18D77BE5ED0">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="A768A8D4EA67D668157C8EA7EEA6A80B" type="CLB-Dataset">29814</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B66C43D2BF4DFE2E74B2EF2B42C0EC50" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.8</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F0CA559B068B1B0321F1390D4F53EEC8" type="GBIF-Dataset">f91be13d-b3c2-4843-b2c5-f6fbc2d34b96</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D2E2F77C5126359CF68741F1C4148E14" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A455248991108ED53D5FB2776BDA4702" type="Zenodo-Dep">1298174</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
<treatment id="B06687E3D3716C3F85B00B67FEA5FF67" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5969695" ID-GBIF-Taxon="146019929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5969695" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B06687E3D3716C3F85B00B67FEA5FF67" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B06687E3D3716C3F85B00B67FEA5FF67" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="572" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
<subSubSection id="70D5657ED3716C3585B00B67FCB6FAC9" box="[151,883,1375,1402]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="387036F5D3716C3585B00B67FCB6FAC9" blockId="6.[151,883,1375,1402]" box="[151,883,1375,1402]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
<heading id="63388199D3716C3585B00B67FCB6FAC9" bold="true" box="[151,883,1375,1402]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" reason="1">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3716C3585B00B67FCB6FAC9" bold="true" box="[151,883,1375,1402]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D3716C3585B00B67FCCDFAC9" authority="Hellmann &amp; Leal-Zanchet" authorityName="Hellmann &amp; Leal-Zanchet" box="[151,776,1375,1402]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3716C3585B00B67FE77FACA" bold="true" box="[151,434,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Girardia paucipunctata</emphasis>
Hellmann &amp; Leal-Zanchet
</taxonomicName>
; sp. nov.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70D5657ED3716C3585B00B9EFD93FA50" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="387036F5D3716C3585B00B9EFD93FA50" blockId="6.[151,1437,1446,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3716C3585B00B9EFEDDFA0C" bold="true" box="[151,280,1446,1471]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Etymology</emphasis>
: The name is composed of the Latin prefix
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3716C35860B0B9FFCBEFA0D" box="[812,891,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">paucus</emphasis>
(a few) and the adjective
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3716C35819E0B9FFAE3FA0D" box="[1209,1318,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">punctatus</emphasis>
(spotted), alluding to the slightly pigmented body.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70D5657ED3716C3585E00BD6FB44F908" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="387036F5D3716C3585E00BD6FC36F998" blockId="6.[151,1437,1446,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
<materialsCitation id="88A73CA8D3716C3585E00BD6FC36F998" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1851457008" collectingDate="2012-07-19" collectionCode="MZUSP" collectorName="R. L. Ferreira &amp; de Cima" county="Areias de Cima" location="Iporanga" municipality="Areias" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sao Paulo" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3716C3585E00BD6FE77F9B4" bold="true" box="[199,434,1518,1543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="E7748857D3716C35849C0BD6FDEDF9B4" box="[443,552,1518,1543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="5EDEAE30D3716C3587130BD7FD54F9B4" box="[564,657,1519,1543]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">MZUSP</collectionCode>
PL.2138:
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3716C35862C0BD6FCF0F9B5" box="[779,821,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">coll</emphasis>
.
<collectorName id="953A5323D3716C3586620BD7FC19F9B4" box="[837,988,1518,1543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">R.L. Ferreira</collectorName>
,
<date id="4C711035D3716C3586CE0BD7FB45F9B4" box="[1001,1152,1518,1543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" value="2012-07-19">
<collectingDate id="5C35E9DDD3716C3586CE0BD7FB45F9B4" box="[1001,1152,1518,1543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" value="2012-07-19">19 July 2012</collectingDate>
</date>
, “
<collectingCounty id="D1114E79D3716C3581BF0BD6FA89F9B4" box="[1176,1356,1518,1543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
Areias
<collectorName id="953A5323D3716C3581CB0BD6FA89F9B4" box="[1260,1356,1518,1543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">de Cima</collectorName>
</collectingCounty>
cave”, “
<collectingMunicipality id="D814AC8FD3716C358586082AFF29F998" box="[161,236,1554,1579]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Areias</collectingMunicipality>
system”,
<location id="3D10602ED3716C35847B082BFE07F998" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B06687E3D3716C3F85B00B67FEA5FF67:3D10602ED3716C35847B082BFE07F998" box="[348,450,1555,1579]" county="Areias de Cima" municipality="Areias" name="Iporanga" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">Iporanga</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="FA0BF817D3716C3584EA082BFD84F998" box="[461,577,1554,1579]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="3D10602ED3716C35876B082AFD38F998" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B06687E3D3716C3F85B00B67FEA5FF67:3D10602ED3716C35876B082AFD38F998" box="[588,765,1554,1579]" county="Areias de Cima" municipality="Areias" name="Brazil-sagittal" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">Brazil—sagittal</location>
sections on 13 slides.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="387036F5D3716C3585E0080FFEB2F924" blockId="6.[151,1437,1446,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
<typeStatus id="E7748857D3716C3585E0080FFEFCF9FC" box="[199,313,1591,1615]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: collected by R.L. Ferreira on the same date and at the same sampling locality as the
<typeStatus id="E7748857D3716C3581C9080EFA91F9FC" box="[1262,1364,1590,1615]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. MZU PL. 00279: sagittal sections on 6 slides; MZU PL.00280: sagittal sections on 7 slides; MZU PL. 00281: transverse sections on 8 slides.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="387036F5D3716C3585E0089AFB44F908" blockId="6.[151,1437,1446,2011]" box="[199,1153,1698,1723]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
<materialsCitation id="88A73CA8D3716C3585E0089AFB44F908" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1851456906" box="[199,1153,1698,1723]" collectorName="de Cima" country="Brazil" location="Areias de Cima" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3716C3585E0089AFEA7F908" bold="true" box="[199,354,1698,1723]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Type-locality</emphasis>
: “
<location id="3D10602ED3716C35845D089AFDEEF908" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B06687E3D3716C3F85B00B67FEA5FF67:3D10602ED3716C35845D089AFDEEF908" box="[378,555,1698,1723]" country="Brazil" name="Areias de Cima" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">
Areias
<collectorName id="953A5323D3716C3584EA089AFDEEF908" box="[461,555,1698,1723]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">de Cima</collectorName>
</location>
cave”, “Areias system”, Iporanga,
<collectingRegion id="FA0BF817D3716C358691089BFBEFF908" box="[950,1066,1698,1723]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="40D87665D3716C358112089AFBB8F908" box="[1077,1149,1698,1723]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70D5657ED3716C3585E008FEFD31F96C" box="[199,756,1734,1759]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="387036F5D3716C3585E008FEFD31F96C" blockId="6.[151,1437,1446,2011]" box="[199,756,1734,1759]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3716C3585E008FEFE9CF96C" bold="true" box="[199,345,1734,1759]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Distribution</emphasis>
: Known only from the type-locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70D5657ED3716C3585E008D2FE0FF8F8" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="387036F5D3716C3585E008D2FE0FF8F8" blockId="6.[151,1437,1446,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3716C3585E008D2FEFFF8B0" bold="true" box="[199,314,1770,1795]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Diagnosis</emphasis>
: Troglobitic
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D3716C3584F008D3FD20F8B1" box="[471,741,1771,1795]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3716C3584F008D3FD20F8B1" box="[471,741,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Girardia paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by dorso-ventral testes, a wide and ovoid bulbar cavity, a smoothly inclined bursal canal, a short common ovovitelline duct and male and female atria separated by a constriction.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70D5657ED3716C3885E0096EFE9CFED3" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="572" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="description">
<paragraph id="387036F5D3716C3585E0096EFADCF868" blockId="6.[151,1437,1446,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3716C3585E0096EFDF2F8DC" bold="true" box="[199,567,1878,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Description. External features.</emphasis>
After fixation, pale brownish dorsal surface with scattered, fine pigmentation (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D3716C3585B80942FF30F820" box="[159,245,1914,1939]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–15" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1971,1994]" captionTargetBox="[180,1436,207,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,207,1932]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 14–15. Girardia paucipunctata: (14) photograph of the preserved holotype in dorsal view; (15) photograph of preserved holotype in ventral view. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298184/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). Ventral surface whitish (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D3716C3587030942FDBCF820" box="[548,633,1914,1939]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–15" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1971,1994]" captionTargetBox="[180,1436,207,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,207,1932]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 14–15. Girardia paucipunctata: (14) photograph of the preserved holotype in dorsal view; (15) photograph of preserved holotype in ventral view. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298184/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
). Triangular head with moderately sized auricles and a pair of minute eyes; posterior tip rounded (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D3716C3584F109A6FDA4F804" box="[470,609,1950,1975]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–15" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1971,1994]" captionTargetBox="[180,1436,207,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,207,1932]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 14–15. Girardia paucipunctata: (14) photograph of the preserved holotype in dorsal view; (15) photograph of preserved holotype in ventral view. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298184/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Figs. 14–15</figureCitation>
). Body up to
<quantity id="FF379B10D3716C3587DB09A6FCFBF805" box="[764,830,1950,1975]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="FF379B10D3716C35869609A7FC36F805" box="[945,1011,1951,1975]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
wide (
<tableCitation id="754D034ED3716C35816609A6FB5CF804" box="[1089,1177,1950,1975]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,239,404,427]" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements, in mm, of preserved specimens of Girardia paucipunctata. DG: distance of gonopore from anterior end; DM: distance of mouth from anterior end. The numbers given in parentheses represent the position relative to body length. *: immature individual. **: specimen without posterior tip." pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Mouth located in the median or posterior third of the body and gonopore in the posterior third of the body (
<tableCitation id="754D034ED3716C35817109FAFB6BF868" box="[1110,1198,1986,2011]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,239,404,427]" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements, in mm, of preserved specimens of Girardia paucipunctata. DG: distance of gonopore from anterior end; DM: distance of mouth from anterior end. The numbers given in parentheses represent the position relative to body length. *: immature individual. **: specimen without posterior tip." pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Table 2</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D3716C35819E09FAFAC9F868" box="[1209,1292,1986,2011]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–15" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1971,1994]" captionTargetBox="[180,1436,207,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,207,1932]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 14–15. Girardia paucipunctata: (14) photograph of the preserved holotype in dorsal view; (15) photograph of preserved holotype in ventral view. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298184/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="6CB0667DD3706C3485B0098BFD03F85F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298184/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" startId="7.[151,264,1971,1994]" targetBox="[180,1436,207,1897]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="387036F5D3706C3485B0098BFD03F85F" blockId="7.[151,1435,1971,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3706C3485B0098BFE92F87B" bold="true" box="[151,343,1971,1994]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">FIGURES 14–15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D3706C348446098BFD90F87A" box="[353,597,1971,1993]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D3706C348446098BFD90F87A" box="[353,597,1971,1993]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Girardia paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (14) photograph of the preserved holotype in dorsal view; (15) photograph of preserved holotype in ventral view. Anterior to the left.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="387036F5D37F6C3B85E00EA0FD3CFED6" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37F6C3B85E00EA0FCA7FF03" box="[199,866,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Epidermis, cutaneous musculature and sensory organs</emphasis>
. The epidermis is pierced by openings from rhabditogen glands producing xanthophil rhammites, as well as from glands producing an amorphous, cyanophil secretion (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B84290EE7FE59FF4B" box="[270,412,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–21" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1366,197,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[225,1366,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 16–21. Girardia paucipunctata, holotype in sagittal section: (16) dorsal surface of the body; (17) testes in the anterior region of the body; (18–20) general view of the copulatory apparatus; (21) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Figs. 16, 21</figureCitation>
). Cyanophil glands are more abundant in the anterior extremity of the body. In addition, slightly erythrophil glands with coarsely granular secretion concentrate their openings at the body margins as well as medially at the posterior tip of the body, whereas the anterior tip receives finely granular, xanthophil secretion. Body pigment granules located beneath the epidermis.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6CB0667DD37F6C3B85B00FACFC71FE58" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
<paragraph id="387036F5D37F6C3B85B00FACFC71FE58" blockId="8.[151,1436,403,491]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37F6C3B85B00FACFECFFE18" bold="true" box="[151,266,404,427]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Measurements, in mm, of preserved specimens of
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37F6C3B861E0FABFBFDFE18" box="[825,1080,403,427]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="8" pageNumber="569" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37F6C3B861E0FABFBFDFE18" box="[825,1080,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Girardia paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. DG: distance of gonopore from anterior end; DM: distance of mouth from anterior end. The numbers given in parentheses represent the position relative to body length. *: immature individual. **: specimen without posterior tip.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="387036F5D37F6C3B84500C3EFB62FD4C" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
<table id="4ACFC455D37F93CC85BA0C3EFADEFD4C" box="[157,1307,518,767]" gridcols="5" gridrows="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
<tr id="86FF34B7D37F93CC85BA0C3EFADEFDE9" box="[157,1307,518,602]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="569" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC84500C3EFE13FDE9" box="[375,470,518,602]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Holotype MZUSP PL.2138</th>
<th id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC87560C3EFD12FDE9" box="[625,727,518,602]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Paratype MZU PL.00279</th>
<th id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC86BF0C3EFBC2FDE9" box="[920,1031,518,602]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Paratype MZU PL.00280*</th>
<th id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC81B80C3EFADEFDE9" box="[1183,1307,518,602]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Paratype MZU PL.00281**</th>
</tr>
<tr id="86FF34B7D37F93CC85BA0C55FADEFD30" box="[157,1307,621,643]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
<th id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC85BA0C55FF20FD30" box="[157,229,621,643]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Length</th>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC84500C55FE13FD30" box="[375,470,621,643]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">5</td>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC87560C55FD12FD30" box="[625,727,621,643]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">4.5</td>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC86BF0C55FBC2FD30" box="[920,1031,621,643]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">4</td>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC81B80C55FADEFD30" box="[1183,1307,621,643]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="86FF34B7D37F93CC85BA0CAEFADEFD1F" box="[157,1307,662,684]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
<th id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC85BA0CAEFF20FD1F" box="[157,229,662,684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Width</th>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC84500CAEFE13FD1F" box="[375,470,662,684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">2</td>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC87560CAEFD12FD1F" box="[625,727,662,684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">1.5</td>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC86BF0CAEFBC2FD1F" box="[920,1031,662,684]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">1</td>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC81B80CAEFADEFD1F" box="[1183,1307,662,684]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="86FF34B7D37F93CC85BA0CF8FADEFD65" box="[157,1307,704,726]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
<th id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC85BA0CF8FF20FD65" box="[157,229,704,726]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">DM</th>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC84500CF8FE13FD65" box="[375,470,704,726]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">3 (60%)</td>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC87560CF8FD12FD65" box="[625,727,704,726]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">3(67%)</td>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC86BF0CF8FBC2FD65" box="[920,1031,704,726]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">3 (75%)</td>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC81B80CF8FADEFD65" box="[1183,1307,704,726]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="86FF34B7D37F93CC85BA0CD1FADEFD4C" box="[157,1307,745,767]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
<th id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC85BA0CD1FF20FD4C" box="[157,229,745,767]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">DG</th>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC84500CD1FE13FD4C" box="[375,470,745,767]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">3.5(70%)</td>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC87560CD1FD12FD4C" box="[625,727,745,767]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">3.5 (78%)</td>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC86BF0CD1FBC2FD4C" box="[920,1031,745,767]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">-</td>
<td id="C52E5DCBD37F93CC81B80CD1FADEFD4C" box="[1183,1307,745,767]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">-</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="387036F5D37F6C3B85E00D78FAB0FC5B" blockId="8.[151,1437,831,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
Cutaneous musculature consisting of four layers, viz. a thin subepithelial circular layer, followed by a thin longitudinal layer, an oblique layer with decussate fibers and a thicker layer of longitudinal muscle (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B80200D5CFA9FFCCE" box="[1287,1370,868,893]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–21" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1366,197,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[225,1366,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 16–21. Girardia paucipunctata, holotype in sagittal section: (16) dorsal surface of the body; (17) testes in the anterior region of the body; (18–20) general view of the copulatory apparatus; (21) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). The cutaneous musculature is weakly developed, with the ventral musculature (8–10 µm thick) being slightly thicker than the dorsal musculature (4–5 µm thick), having about the same thickness as the epidermis, in the pre-pharyngeal region. The cutaneous musculature is thicker laterally than medially and becomes thicker at the anterior region of the body.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="387036F5D37F6C3B85E00DCDFA99FAE3" blockId="8.[151,1437,831,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37F6C3B85E00DCDFE41FBBF" box="[199,388,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Digestive system</emphasis>
. Pharynx cylindrical, pigmented; about 1/5th of the body length. It is located in the median third of the body. Mouth at the posterior end of the pharyngeal pouch. An esophagus, between about 1/9th of the pharyngeal length, connects the pharynx with the intestine. Anterior intestinal trunk extending dorsally to the brain.
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37F6C3B85B00A58FE7CFBCB" box="[151,441,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Male reproductive system</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B84EE0A67FD97FBCB" box="[457,594,1119,1144]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–21" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1366,197,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[225,1366,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 16–21. Girardia paucipunctata, holotype in sagittal section: (16) dorsal surface of the body; (17) testes in the anterior region of the body; (18–20) general view of the copulatory apparatus; (21) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Figs. 17–20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B87780A58FDBAFBCB" box="[607,639,1120,1144]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1419,1441]" captionTargetBox="[180,1387,277,1307]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,227,1375]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 22. Girardia paucipunctata. Sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. The arrow indicates the joining point of the ovovitelline ducts. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298188/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">22</figureCitation>
). Numerous testicular follicles, about 70–90 µm in diameter, arranged in various irregular dorso-ventral rows on either side of the body (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B86530ABCFC03FB2F" box="[884,966,1156,1181]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–21" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1366,197,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[225,1366,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 16–21. Girardia paucipunctata, holotype in sagittal section: (16) dorsal surface of the body; (17) testes in the anterior region of the body; (18–20) general view of the copulatory apparatus; (21) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
). Testes extend from about just behind the ovaries to the posterior end of the body. Sperm ducts form spermiducal vesicles posteriorly to the pharynx, which ascend in an almost straight course laterally to the penis. Subsequently, the ducts decrease in diameter and turn anteriad to separately penetrate the penis bulb. The sperm ducts open dorsolaterally into the wide and ovoid bulbar cavity (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B85CA0B2CFE88FA9F" box="[237,333,1300,1325]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–21" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1366,197,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[225,1366,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 16–21. Girardia paucipunctata, holotype in sagittal section: (16) dorsal surface of the body; (17) testes in the anterior region of the body; (18–20) general view of the copulatory apparatus; (21) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Figs. 18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B847C0B2CFEBEFA9F" box="[347,379,1300,1324]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1419,1441]" captionTargetBox="[180,1387,277,1307]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,227,1375]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 22. Girardia paucipunctata. Sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. The arrow indicates the joining point of the ovovitelline ducts. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298188/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">22</figureCitation>
). The short ejaculatory duct opens at the tip of the conical penis papilla (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B81EB0B2CFAE9FA9F" box="[1228,1324,1300,1325]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–21" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1366,197,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[225,1366,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 16–21. Girardia paucipunctata, holotype in sagittal section: (16) dorsal surface of the body; (17) testes in the anterior region of the body; (18–20) general view of the copulatory apparatus; (21) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B801C0B2CFA9EFA9F" box="[1339,1371,1300,1324]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1419,1441]" captionTargetBox="[180,1387,277,1307]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,227,1375]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 22. Girardia paucipunctata. Sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. The arrow indicates the joining point of the ovovitelline ducts. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298188/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">22</figureCitation>
). The penis papilla is obliquely oriented in the male atrium, being about 150 µm long and 200 µm wide at its basis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="387036F5D37F6C3B85E00B64FD3EF9B6" blockId="8.[151,1437,831,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
Penial glands producing fine, slightly erythrophil granules (perhaps with a cyanophil external part) discharge into the bulbar cavity and ejaculatory duct. This secretion is also present in the bulbar cavity (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B80250B47FA55FA2B" box="[1282,1424,1407,1432]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–21" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1366,197,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[225,1366,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 16–21. Girardia paucipunctata, holotype in sagittal section: (16) dorsal surface of the body; (17) testes in the anterior region of the body; (18–20) general view of the copulatory apparatus; (21) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Figs. 18–20</figureCitation>
). Xanthophil glands and cyanophil glands, both with amorphous secretions, and erythrophil glands with finely granular secretion, open through the epithelium of the penis papilla, whereas sparse glands with an amorphous, slightly cyanophil secretion open into the male atrium.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="387036F5D37F6C3B85E00828FE27F894" blockId="8.[151,1437,831,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37F6C3B85E00828FDC5F99B" box="[199,512,1552,1576]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Female reproductive system</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B87280837FD5CF99B" box="[527,665,1551,1576]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 16–21" captionStart-1="FIGURE 22" captionStartId-0="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,250,1419,1441]" captionTargetBox-0="[225,1366,197,1921]" captionTargetBox-1="[180,1387,277,1307]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[225,1366,193,1921]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[151,1436,227,1375]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionText-0="FIGURES 16–21. Girardia paucipunctata, holotype in sagittal section: (16) dorsal surface of the body; (17) testes in the anterior region of the body; (18–20) general view of the copulatory apparatus; (21) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal. Anterior to the left." captionText-1="FIGURE 22. Girardia paucipunctata. Sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. The arrow indicates the joining point of the ovovitelline ducts. Anterior to the left." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1298186/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1298188/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Figs. 19–22</figureCitation>
). Vitellaria well developed in the
<typeStatus id="E7748857D37F6C3B81360837FBB2F99B" box="[1041,1143,1551,1576]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Ovaries ovoid, about 130 µm in its lateral axis. The gonads are situated laterally to the ventral nerve cords, in close proximity of the brain, in the anterior 1/7th of the body. Ovovitelline ducts arise from the ventro-lateral surface of the ovaries, running backwards dorsally to the nerve cords, following a sinuous path. Behind the gonoduct, the ovovitelline ducts turn dorsally to join, more close to the ventral than to the dorsal epidermis, to form a short common section, which opens into the most distal part of the bursal canal (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B87FC08FEFCF4F96C" box="[731,817,1734,1759]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1419,1441]" captionTargetBox="[180,1387,277,1307]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,227,1375]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 22. Girardia paucipunctata. Sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. The arrow indicates the joining point of the ovovitelline ducts. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298188/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). Copulatory bursa ovoid, located anterodorsaly to the penis bulb (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B843A08D2FEB9F8B0" box="[285,380,1770,1795]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–21" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1366,197,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[225,1366,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 16–21. Girardia paucipunctata, holotype in sagittal section: (16) dorsal surface of the body; (17) testes in the anterior region of the body; (18–20) general view of the copulatory apparatus; (21) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B84AD08D3FE6FF8B0" box="[394,426,1771,1795]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1419,1441]" captionTargetBox="[180,1387,277,1307]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,227,1375]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 22. Girardia paucipunctata. Sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. The arrow indicates the joining point of the ovovitelline ducts. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298188/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">22</figureCitation>
). Bursal canal short, smoothly inclining ventrally to opening into the gonoduct, which is almost straight (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B846B0936FE6FF894" box="[332,426,1806,1831]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–21" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1366,197,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[225,1366,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 16–21. Girardia paucipunctata, holotype in sagittal section: (16) dorsal surface of the body; (17) testes in the anterior region of the body; (18–20) general view of the copulatory apparatus; (21) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Figs. 20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B84920937FE10F894" box="[437,469,1807,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1419,1441]" captionTargetBox="[180,1387,277,1307]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,227,1375]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 22. Girardia paucipunctata. Sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. The arrow indicates the joining point of the ovovitelline ducts. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298188/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">22</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="387036F5D37F6C3B85E0090AFC4BF868" blockId="8.[151,1437,831,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
Copulatory bursa and bursal canal coated with interwoven longitudinal and circular muscles (about 2–5 µm thick). Bursal canal lined with a columnar, nucleated epithelium (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B86B3096EFC2EF8DC" box="[916,1003,1878,1903]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–21" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1366,197,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[225,1366,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 16–21. Girardia paucipunctata, holotype in sagittal section: (16) dorsal surface of the body; (17) testes in the anterior region of the body; (18–20) general view of the copulatory apparatus; (21) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). Xanthophil shell glands with finely granular secretion concentrate their openings into the most distal part of the canal, ventrally to the opening of the common ovovitelline duct. Cyanophil glands, as well as numerous cement glands, producing a coarsely granular, xanthophil secretion, discharge into the gonoduct (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B87E909FAFC90F868" box="[718,853,1986,2011]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–21" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1366,197,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[225,1366,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 16–21. Girardia paucipunctata, holotype in sagittal section: (16) dorsal surface of the body; (17) testes in the anterior region of the body; (18–20) general view of the copulatory apparatus; (21) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Figs. 19, 20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37F6C3B864609FBFC44F868" box="[865,897,1987,2011]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1419,1441]" captionTargetBox="[180,1387,277,1307]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,227,1375]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 22. Girardia paucipunctata. Sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. The arrow indicates the joining point of the ovovitelline ducts. Anterior to the left." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298188/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">22</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="6CB0667DD37E6C3A85B009A8FE27F857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298186/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="570" startId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" targetBox="[225,1366,197,1921]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="387036F5D37E6C3A85B009A8FE27F857" blockId="9.[151,1436,1936,2020]" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37E6C3A85B009A8FE92F815" bold="true" box="[151,343,1936,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">FIGURES 16–21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37E6C3A844709A9FD91F814" box="[352,596,1937,1959]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="9" pageNumber="570" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37E6C3A844709A9FD91F814" box="[352,596,1937,1959]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">Girardia paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype in sagittal section: (16) dorsal surface of the body; (17) testes in the anterior region of the body; (18–20) general view of the copulatory apparatus; (21) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal. Anterior to the left.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6CB0667DD37D6C3985B00BB3FCAEFA73" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298188/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" startId="10.[151,250,1419,1441]" targetBox="[180,1387,277,1307]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="387036F5D37D6C3985B00BB3FCAEFA73" blockId="10.[151,1436,1419,1472]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3985B00BB3FEDDFA13" bold="true" box="[151,280,1419,1441]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">FIGURE 22</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37D6C3984030BB3FDD1FA12" box="[292,532,1419,1441]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3984030BB3FDD1FA12" box="[292,532,1419,1441]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Girardia paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. The arrow indicates the joining point of the ovovitelline ducts. Anterior to the left.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="387036F5D37D6C3985E0083EFC36F939" blockId="10.[151,1436,1542,1999]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3985E0083EFE37F9AC" bold="true" box="[199,498,1542,1567]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Comparative discussion.</emphasis>
Regarding external features, besides differing from its epigean congeners, the trogobitic
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37D6C3984290812FDDEF9F1" box="[270,539,1578,1602]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3984290812FDDEF9F1" box="[270,539,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Girardia paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from most of other hypogean species by having a slightly pigmented dorsal surface and a pair of minute eyes (
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37D6C39874F0876FC7FF9D4" box="[616,954,1614,1639]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" refId="ref5862" refString="Mitchell, R. W. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1973 b) Freshwater cavernicole planarians from Mexico: new troglobitic and troglophilic Dugesia from caves of the Sierra de Guatemala. Annales de Speleologie, 27, 639 - 681." type="journal article">Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu 1973b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37D6C3986E00877FB48F9D4" box="[967,1165,1614,1639]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" refId="ref6186" refString="Souza, E. T., Morais, A. L. N., Cordeiro, L. M. &amp; Leal-Zanchet, A. M. (2015) The first troglobitic species of freshwater flatworm of the suborder Continenticola (Platyhelminthes) from South America. ZooKeys, 470, 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 470.8728" type="journal article">
Souza
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3981340877FB89F9D5" box="[1043,1100,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
, 2016). Similar features are found only in the hypogean
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37D6C3984DC084AFC2AF939" authority="(Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu 1973 a)" authorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" authorityYear="1973" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[507,1007,1650,1675]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mckenziei">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3984DC084AFD4DF939" box="[507,648,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">G. mckenziei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37D6C3987B0084AFC22F939" box="[663,999,1650,1675]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" refId="ref5818" refString="Mitchell, R. W. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1973 a) A new cave-adapted planarian (Tricladida, Paludicola, Planariidae) from Chiapas, Mexico. Association for Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin, 5, 165 - 170." type="journal article">Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu 1973a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="387036F5D37D6C3985E008AEFD6FF87C" blockId="10.[151,1436,1542,1999]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">
With respect to the sympatric
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37D6C39870208AFFD75F91D" box="[549,688,1686,1710]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arenicola">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C39870208AFFD75F91D" box="[549,688,1686,1710]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">G. arenicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, herein described, mature specimens of
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37D6C3981A208AFFA83F91D" box="[1157,1350,1687,1710]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3981A208AFFA83F91D" box="[1157,1350,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a smaller body and a weak pigmentation that is absent in
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37D6C3986340882FC5BF961" box="[787,926,1722,1746]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arenicola">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3986340882FC5BF961" box="[787,926,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">G. arenicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Regarding the pharynx, in
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37D6C3981F90882FAADF961" box="[1246,1384,1722,1746]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arenicola">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3981F90882FAADF961" box="[1246,1384,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">G. arenicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is non-pigmented and larger in relation to the body length, in contrast to the pigmented and smaller pharynx of
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37D6C3980A308E7FEF2F8A9" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3980A308E7FEF2F8A9" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. With respect to the reproductive system,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37D6C39861C093AFBC5F8A9" box="[827,1024,1794,1818]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C39861C093AFBC5F8A9" box="[827,1024,1794,1818]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows overall similarities with
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37D6C3980A3093AFEC4F88D" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arenicola">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3980A3093AFEC4F88D" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">G. arenicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, since both species have dorsal testes and a short common ovovitelline duct. However,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37D6C3981FB091FFA59F88D" box="[1244,1436,1831,1854]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3981FB091FFA59F88D" box="[1244,1436,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily differentiated from
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37D6C3987360972FD5EF8D1" box="[529,667,1866,1890]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arenicola">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3987360972FD5EF8D1" box="[529,667,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">G. arenicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, since the latter has an almost horizontally disposed bursal canal, a bulbar cavity with multiple diverticula and sperm ducts opening laterally into the diverticula of the bulbar cavity. In contrast,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37D6C3985D809AAFE7AF819" box="[255,447,1938,1962]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="571" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37D6C3985D809AAFE7AF819" box="[255,447,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a smoothly curved bursal canal and an ovoid and unforked bulbar cavity, with the sperm ducts opening in their dorsolateral walls.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="387036F5D37C6C3885E00EA0FE9CFED3" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">
Among species of
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3884890EA0FDD4FF03" authorityName="Ball" authorityYear="1974" box="[430,529,152,176]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3884890EA0FDD4FF03" box="[430,529,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">Girardia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with dorsal or dorsoventral testes and a smoothly curved bursal canal,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3880A30EA0FEF2FF60" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3880A30EA0FEF2FF60" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares some similarities with
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3887AC0E83FC69FF60" authority="(Kenk, 1941)" authorityName="Kenk" authorityYear="1941" baseAuthorityName="Kenk" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[651,940,187,212]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="antillana">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3887AC0E83FCCAFF60" box="[651,783,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. antillana</emphasis>
(Kenk, 1941)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38869C0E83FB3CFF67" authority="(Kenk, 1975)" authorityName="Kenk" authorityYear="1975" baseAuthorityName="Kenk" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[955,1273,187,212]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arizonensis">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38869C0E83FB9FFF60" box="[955,1114,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. arizonensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C38814E0E83FB35FF67" box="[1129,1264,187,212]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5742" refString="Kenk, R. (1975) Freshwater triclads (Turbellaria) of North America. VIII. Dugesia arizonensis, new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 88, 113 - 120." type="journal article">Kenk, 1975</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3880220E83FED8FF44" authority="Sluys, 2005" authorityName="Sluys" authorityYear="2005" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="avertiginis">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3880220E83FA59FF60" box="[1285,1436,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. avertiginis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3885B00EE6FED8FF44" box="[151,285,222,247]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5997" refString="Sluys, R., Kawakatsu, M. &amp; Ponce de Leon, R. (2005) Morphological stasis in an old and widespread group of species: contribution to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Girardia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 40 (2), 155 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520500070220" type="journal article">Sluys, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38840A0EE7FCDBFF44" authority="(Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu, 1973)" authorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" authorityYear="1973" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[301,798,222,247]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="barbarae">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38840A0EE7FE70FF45" box="[301,437,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. barbarae</emphasis>
(Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu, 1973)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38860C0EE7FAC5FF44" authority="Sluys &amp; Kawakatsu, 2005" authorityName="Sluys &amp; Kawakatsu" authorityYear="2005" box="[811,1280,222,247]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="capacivasa">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38860C0EE7FC0FFF45" box="[811,970,223,246]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. capacivasa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3886F40EE6FAC5FF44" box="[979,1280,222,247]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5997" refString="Sluys, R., Kawakatsu, M. &amp; Ponce de Leon, R. (2005) Morphological stasis in an old and widespread group of species: contribution to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Girardia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 40 (2), 155 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520500070220" type="journal article">Sluys &amp; Kawakatsu, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38802A0EE7FA5EFF45" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1293,1435,222,246]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mckenziei">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38802A0EE7FA5EFF45" box="[1293,1435,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. mckenziei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3885E00F3AFE5DFEAA" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[199,408,257,281]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="typhlomexicana">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3885E00F3AFE5DFEAA" box="[199,408,257,281]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. typhlomexicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3884800F39FD3CFEA9" box="[423,761,257,282]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5818" refString="Mitchell, R. W. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1973 a) A new cave-adapted planarian (Tricladida, Paludicola, Planariidae) from Chiapas, Mexico. Association for Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin, 5, 165 - 170." type="journal article">Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu 1973a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3886210F39FCD2FEA9" box="[774,791,257,282]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5862" refString="Mitchell, R. W. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1973 b) Freshwater cavernicole planarians from Mexico: new troglobitic and troglophilic Dugesia from caves of the Sierra de Guatemala. Annales de Speleologie, 27, 639 - 681." type="journal article">b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3886030F39FC66FEA9" box="[804,931,257,282]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5742" refString="Kenk, R. (1975) Freshwater triclads (Turbellaria) of North America. VIII. Dugesia arizonensis, new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 88, 113 - 120." type="journal article">Kenk 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3886970F39FBF6FEA9" box="[944,1075,257,282]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref6071" refString="Sluys, R. (1992) Synopsis of the freshwater triclads of the Caribbean (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola). Studies on the Natural History of the Caribbean Region, 71 (1), 1 - 23." type="journal article">Sluys 1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3881180F39FAC7FEA9" box="[1087,1282,257,282]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5997" refString="Sluys, R., Kawakatsu, M. &amp; Ponce de Leon, R. (2005) Morphological stasis in an old and widespread group of species: contribution to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Girardia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 40 (2), 155 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520500070220" type="journal article">
Sluys
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3881A30F3AFB72FEAA" box="[1156,1207,257,281]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
). Similarly to these species,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3884110F1DFE30FE8F" box="[310,501,293,316]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3884110F1DFE30FE8F" box="[310,501,293,316]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows a wide bulbar cavity, while male and female atria separated from each other by a constriction.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70D5657ED37C6C3885E00F53FCC5FA33" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="387036F5D37C6C3885E00F53FCA0FC4E" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3885E00F53FE16FE30" box="[199,467,363,387]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3885E00F53FE16FE30" box="[199,467,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">Girardia paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3886370F53FC53FE30" ID-CoL="6KFHK" baseAuthorityName="Kenk" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[784,918,363,387]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="antillana">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3886370F53FC53FE30" box="[784,918,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. antillana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3886800F53FBF5FE30" ID-CoL="3G3LH" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[935,1072,363,387]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="barbarae">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3886800F53FBF5FE30" box="[935,1072,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. barbarae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38814B0F53FACEFE30" ID-CoL="3G3LP" authorityName="Sluys &amp; Kawakatsu" authorityYear="2005" box="[1132,1291,363,387]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="capacivasa">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38814B0F53FACEFE30" box="[1132,1291,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. capacivasa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a single bulbar cavity with the sperm ducts opening into this cavity without expansions. In contrast,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3880320FB7FA59FE15" ID-CoL="6KFHK" baseAuthorityName="Kenk" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[1301,1436,398,422]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="antillana">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3880320FB7FA59FE15" box="[1301,1436,398,422]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. antillana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows a forked bulbar cavity with a blindly ending accessory chamber,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3886EE0F8AFB94FE7A" ID-CoL="3G3LH" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[969,1105,433,457]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="barbarae">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3886EE0F8AFB94FE7A" box="[969,1105,433,457]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. barbarae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a forked and elongated oval-shaped bulbar cavity and
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38872E0FEDFD69FE5F" ID-CoL="3G3LP" authorityName="Sluys &amp; Kawakatsu" authorityYear="2005" box="[521,684,469,492]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="capacivasa">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38872E0FEDFD69FE5F" box="[521,684,469,492]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. capacivasa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has large intrabulbar sections of the sperm ducts (
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C38803F0FECFEA1FDA3" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5862" refString="Mitchell, R. W. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1973 b) Freshwater cavernicole planarians from Mexico: new troglobitic and troglophilic Dugesia from caves of the Sierra de Guatemala. Annales de Speleologie, 27, 639 - 681." type="journal article">Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu 1973b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3884480FCFFE35FDA3" box="[367,496,503,528]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref6071" refString="Sluys, R. (1992) Synopsis of the freshwater triclads of the Caribbean (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola). Studies on the Natural History of the Caribbean Region, 71 (1), 1 - 23." type="journal article">Sluys 1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3884DC0FCFFD78FDA3" box="[507,701,503,528]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5997" refString="Sluys, R., Kawakatsu, M. &amp; Ponce de Leon, R. (2005) Morphological stasis in an old and widespread group of species: contribution to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Girardia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 40 (2), 155 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520500070220" type="journal article">
Sluys
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3887660FC1FDB7FDA3" box="[577,626,504,528]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
). Being unforked, the bulbar cavity of
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3881490FC0FAE8FDBC" box="[1134,1325,504,527]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3881490FC0FAE8FDBC" box="[1134,1325,504,527]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38842F0C23FE65FD80" ID-CoL="3G3LF" authorityName="Sluys" authorityYear="2005" box="[264,416,539,563]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="avertiginis">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38842F0C23FE65FD80" box="[264,416,539,563]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. avertiginis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3884880C23FD8AFD80" ID-CoL="3G3LC" baseAuthorityName="Kenk" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[431,591,539,563]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arizonensis">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3884880C23FD8AFD80" box="[431,591,539,563]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. arizonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3887AE0C23FCD2FD80" ID-CoL="3G3M9" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[649,791,539,563]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mckenziei">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3887AE0C23FCD2FD80" box="[649,791,539,563]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. mckenziei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, in
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38869C0C23FB9EFD80" ID-CoL="3G3LC" baseAuthorityName="Kenk" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[955,1115,539,563]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arizonensis">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38869C0C23FB9EFD80" box="[955,1115,539,563]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. arizonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3881B30C23FAE6FD80" ID-CoL="3G3M9" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1172,1315,539,563]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mckenziei">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3881B30C23FAE6FD80" box="[1172,1315,539,563]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. mckenziei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, testes are absent behind the gonopore (
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3884FA0C06FCEAFDE4" box="[477,815,574,599]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5818" refString="Mitchell, R. W. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1973 a) A new cave-adapted planarian (Tricladida, Paludicola, Planariidae) from Chiapas, Mexico. Association for Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin, 5, 165 - 170." type="journal article">Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu 1973a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C38861B0C06FC7EFDE4" box="[828,955,574,599]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5742" refString="Kenk, R. (1975) Freshwater triclads (Turbellaria) of North America. VIII. Dugesia arizonensis, new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 88, 113 - 120." type="journal article">Kenk 1975</bibRefCitation>
), whereas in
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3881750C07FAD4FDE5" box="[1106,1297,575,598]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3881750C07FAD4FDE5" box="[1106,1297,575,598]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they extend to the posterior tip of the body. In addition, in
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3887EF0C5AFC9CFDCA" ID-CoL="3G3M9" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[712,857,609,633]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mckenziei">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3887EF0C5AFC9CFDCA" box="[712,857,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. mckenziei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the sperm ducts traverse the penis bulb to open terminally into a short and wide lumen of the penis papilla (
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C38867C0CBCFB73FD2E" box="[859,1206,644,669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5818" refString="Mitchell, R. W. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1973 a) A new cave-adapted planarian (Tricladida, Paludicola, Planariidae) from Chiapas, Mexico. Association for Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin, 5, 165 - 170." type="journal article">Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu 1973a</bibRefCitation>
), differing from the situation in
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38843C0C90FE1FFD0C" box="[283,474,680,703]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38843C0C90FE1FFD0C" box="[283,474,680,703]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, since in this species the broad and ovoid bulbar cavity occupies the entire penis bulb and receives the sperm ducts dorsolaterally. The opening position of the sperm ducts into the bulbar cavity also distinguish
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38843E0CD7FE12FCB5" box="[281,471,751,774]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38843E0CD7FE12FCB5" box="[281,471,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38873B0CD7FD76FCB5" ID-CoL="3G3LF" authorityName="Sluys" authorityYear="2005" box="[540,691,751,774]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="avertiginis">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38873B0CD7FD76FCB5" box="[540,691,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. avertiginis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, since in the latter the sperm ducts open into the lateral wall of the bulbar cavity. In
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38847E0D2AFDEEFC9A" ID-CoL="3G3MT" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[345,555,785,809]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="typhlomexicana">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38847E0D2AFDEEFC9A" box="[345,555,785,809]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. typhlomexicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the bulbar cavity may be forked in some specimens (
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3881BF0D29FF25FCFE" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5862" refString="Mitchell, R. W. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1973 b) Freshwater cavernicole planarians from Mexico: new troglobitic and troglophilic Dugesia from caves of the Sierra de Guatemala. Annales de Speleologie, 27, 639 - 681." type="journal article">Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu 1973b</bibRefCitation>
), but
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3884150D0DFE3EFCFF" box="[306,507,821,844]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3884150D0DFE3EFCFF" box="[306,507,821,844]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38878B0D0DFC40FCFE" ID-CoL="3G3MT" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[684,901,821,845]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="typhlomexicana">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38878B0D0DFC40FCFE" box="[684,901,821,845]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. typhlomexicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
especially by having sperm ducts opening dorsolaterally into the bulbar cavity, whereas in
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3887E40D60FC50FCC3" ID-CoL="3G3MT" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[707,917,856,880]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="typhlomexicana">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3887E40D60FC50FCC3" box="[707,917,856,880]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. typhlomexicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the sperm ducts open terminally through the anterior wall of this cavity (
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3884F60D43FCE0FC27" box="[465,805,891,916]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5862" refString="Mitchell, R. W. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1973 b) Freshwater cavernicole planarians from Mexico: new troglobitic and troglophilic Dugesia from caves of the Sierra de Guatemala. Annales de Speleologie, 27, 639 - 681." type="journal article">Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu 1973b</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, the bursal canal of
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3881BB0D43FA9EFC20" box="[1180,1371,891,915]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3881BB0D43FA9EFC20" box="[1180,1371,891,915]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with intermingled muscles also distinguishes this species from
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3886090DA7FC71FC05" ID-CoL="6KFHK" baseAuthorityName="Kenk" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[814,948,926,950]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="antillana">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3886090DA7FC71FC05" box="[814,948,926,950]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. antillana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3886E30DA7FB89FC05" ID-CoL="3G3LH" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[964,1100,926,950]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="barbarae">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3886E30DA7FB89FC05" box="[964,1100,926,950]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. barbarae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38817B0DA7FA5EFC05" box="[1116,1435,926,950]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38817B0DA7FB3AFC05" ID-CoL="3G3LC" baseAuthorityName="Kenk" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1116,1279,927,950]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arizonensis">G. arizonensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38802A0DA7FA5EFC05" ID-CoL="3G3M9" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1293,1435,926,950]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mckenziei">G. mckenziei</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3885E00DFAFE5DFC6A" ID-CoL="3G3MT" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[199,408,961,985]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="typhlomexicana">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3885E00DFAFE5DFC6A" box="[199,408,961,985]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. typhlomexicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which show circular subepithelial muscles followed by longitudinal muscles (
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3880310DF9FA52FC69" box="[1302,1431,961,986]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5742" refString="Kenk, R. (1975) Freshwater triclads (Turbellaria) of North America. VIII. Dugesia arizonensis, new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 88, 113 - 120." type="journal article">Kenk 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3885B00DDCFE21FC4E" box="[151,484,996,1021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5818" refString="Mitchell, R. W. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1973 a) A new cave-adapted planarian (Tricladida, Paludicola, Planariidae) from Chiapas, Mexico. Association for Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin, 5, 165 - 170." type="journal article">Mitchell &amp; Kawakatsu 1973a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3884C80DDCFDC5FC4E" box="[495,512,996,1021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5862" refString="Mitchell, R. W. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1973 b) Freshwater cavernicole planarians from Mexico: new troglobitic and troglophilic Dugesia from caves of the Sierra de Guatemala. Annales de Speleologie, 27, 639 - 681." type="journal article">b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C38872B0DDCFD49FC4E" box="[524,652,996,1021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref6071" refString="Sluys, R. (1992) Synopsis of the freshwater triclads of the Caribbean (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola). Studies on the Natural History of the Caribbean Region, 71 (1), 1 - 23." type="journal article">Sluys 1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3887BF0DDCFC9CFC4E" box="[664,857,996,1021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5997" refString="Sluys, R., Kawakatsu, M. &amp; Ponce de Leon, R. (2005) Morphological stasis in an old and widespread group of species: contribution to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Girardia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 40 (2), 155 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520500070220" type="journal article">
Sluys
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3887FA0DDDFCD3FC4E" box="[733,790,997,1021]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="387036F5D37C6C3885E00A3FFCC5FA33" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3885E00A3FFDA5FB93" bold="true" box="[199,608,1031,1056]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">Notes on ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
Both flatworm species were sampled in a single set of pools in travertine rock (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37C6C3885F90A13FE93FBF0" box="[222,342,1067,1092]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–4" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1261,1284]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,195,1236]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1437,195,1236]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–4. Type-locality of Girardia arenicola and Girardia paucipunctata in “Areias de Cima” cave, in the karst area of “Areias system”, Iporanga, state of São Paulo, Brazil: (1) location of the cave in southern America (modified from Rodrigues et al., 2014); (2) location of the sampling site within the cave; (3) travertine rock pool from where flatworms were collected; (4) flatworms at the bottom of the travertine rock pool. The arrowhead indicates the cave entrance; arrows indicate the sampling site." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298176/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">Figs. 3, 4</figureCitation>
) situated in the eastern branch of “Areias de Cima” cave, thus being syntopic. The water hydrochemistry at the date of collection was as follows: pH = 8.0, temperature = 17.9°C, conductivity = 117.7 and dissolved oxygen = 5.30 g/l. The small set of pools (
<figureCitation id="A0F42A70D37C6C3887FB0A49FCDAFB39" box="[732,799,1137,1162]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–4" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1261,1284]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,195,1236]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1437,195,1236]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–4. Type-locality of Girardia arenicola and Girardia paucipunctata in “Areias de Cima” cave, in the karst area of “Areias system”, Iporanga, state of São Paulo, Brazil: (1) location of the cave in southern America (modified from Rodrigues et al., 2014); (2) location of the sampling site within the cave; (3) travertine rock pool from where flatworms were collected; (4) flatworms at the bottom of the travertine rock pool. The arrowhead indicates the cave entrance; arrows indicate the sampling site." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298176/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) is formed by water percolating from the epicarstic zone. Considering the fact that during flooding some pools can be submerged by the stream, the species may have colonized these pools from the stream. However, no specimens of either species were found in the streams during four sampling events in the cave streams between
<date id="4C711035D37C6C3887FF0AE3FC40FB40" box="[728,901,1243,1268]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" value="2012" valueMax="2014">2012 and 2014</date>
, in both rainy and dry seasons, in a total of 13 areas inside the caves. This fact strongly suggests that the main habitat of both species is the epikarst, and not the lothic subterranean system. Immediately adjacent to this sampling site, the troglobitic amphipod
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38801B0B19FDC3FAEE" authority="Rodrigues et al., 2014" authorityName="Rodrigues et al." authorityYear="2014" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyalellidae" genus="Hyallela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epikastica">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38801B0B19FECCFAEE" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">Hyallela epikastica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3884280B7CFDC3FAEE" box="[271,518,1348,1373]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5906" refString="Rodrigues, S. G., Bueno, A. A. D. P. &amp; Ferreira, R. L. (2014) A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species. Zootaxa, 3815 (2), 200 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3815.2.2" type="journal article">
Rodrigues
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3884AE0B7DFE04FAEE" box="[393,449,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was discovered. This crustacean species was also found only at this site, thus also suggesting an epikarstic origin (
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3884DB0B5FFD31FA33" box="[508,756,1383,1408]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5906" refString="Rodrigues, S. G., Bueno, A. A. D. P. &amp; Ferreira, R. L. (2014) A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species. Zootaxa, 3815 (2), 200 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3815.2.2" type="journal article">
Rodrigues
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38875F0B51FD75FA33" box="[632,688,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70D5657ED37C6C3F85E00BB3FEA5FF67" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="573" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" type="description">
<paragraph id="387036F5D37C6C3885E00BB3FEA0F953" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">
Usually, species presenting similar habits (especially feeding habits or strategies) tend to exclude each other when co-occurring in a given habitat (
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3887600B96FD27FA74" box="[583,738,1454,1479]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5529" refString="Hardin, G. (1960) The competitive exclusion principle. Science, 131 (3409), 1292 - 1297 https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 131.3409.1292" type="journal article">Hardin, 1960</bibRefCitation>
). Considering the restricted food supply typically observed in caves, competitive exclusion even may be stronger. Thus, the occurrence of two sympatric flatworm species living in such a restricted and specialized habitat would be possible only if competitive exclusion is weak. The body size of both species is quite different, with
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38874E0820FD36F983" box="[617,755,1560,1584]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arenicola">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38874E0820FD36F983" box="[617,755,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. arenicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being almost 3 times longer than
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C3881B10820FA9FF99C" box="[1174,1370,1560,1583]" class="Turbellaria" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paucipunctata">
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C3881B10820FA9FF99C" box="[1174,1370,1560,1583]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">G. paucipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thus suggesting that the species may be exploring different microhabitats or even distinct resources in the same habitat. In another karst area in
<collectingCountry id="40D87665D37C6C3884B80866FE23F9C4" box="[415,486,1630,1655]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, distinct species of amphibious
<taxonomicName id="FFCF4D76D37C6C38866D0866FC25F9C4" authorityName="Vandel" authorityYear="1952" box="[842,992,1630,1655]" class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Styloniscidae</taxonomicName>
isopods were also observed sharing the same set of pools in travertine rock (R. Ferreira, unpublished data). Similar differences in size were observed in the isopod species, suggesting that size differentiation could act indeed to diminish competitive exclusion in such restricted habitats.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="387036F5D37C6C3F85E008D3FEA5FF67" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2007]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,212]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="573" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">
The morphological features of both species, which show small eyes and an unpigmented or only weakly pigmented body, as well as their location in pools formed by percolating water suggest that they are stygobiont. The fact that both species were collected only once at a single site in the period between July, 2012 and February, 2014, when four expeditions were made into this cave system, suggests that they have a very restricted distribution. The “Areias system” is a well-studied cave system, being considered as the richest system for subterranean fauna in
<collectingCountry id="40D87665D37C6C3885B009A3FF1EF807" box="[151,219,1947,1972]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3885C909A3FE49F807" box="[238,396,1947,1972]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref6352" refString="Trajano, E. (2007) The challenge of estimating the age of subterranean lineages: examples from Brazil. Acta carsologica, 36 (1), 191 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.3986 / ac. v 36 i 1.221" type="journal article">Trajano 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3884BB09A4FD13F807" box="[412,726,1947,1972]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5396" refString="De Azara, L. N. &amp; Ferreira, R. L. (2013) The first troglobitic Cryptops (Trigonocryptops) (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) from South America and the description of a non-troglobitic species from Brazil. Zootaxa, 3709 (5), 432 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3709.5.2" type="journal article">De Ázara &amp; Ferreira 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3887C209A3FC20F807" box="[741,997,1947,1972]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref5906" refString="Rodrigues, S. G., Bueno, A. A. D. P. &amp; Ferreira, R. L. (2014) A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species. Zootaxa, 3815 (2), 200 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3815.2.2" type="journal article">
Rodrigues
<emphasis id="0ABBEAE7D37C6C38864309A4FC65F800" box="[868,928,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
) and also one of the two hotspots of subterranean biodiversity in South America (
<bibRefCitation id="5C5E4B04D37C6C3887AB0986FC16F864" box="[652,979,1982,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref6256" refString="Souza-Silva, M. S. &amp; Ferreira, R. L. (2016) The first two hotspots of subterranean biodiversity in South America. Subterranean Biology, 19, 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / subtbiol. 19.8207" type="journal article">Souza-Silva &amp; Ferreira 2016</bibRefCitation>
); it is located in a preserved area (Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira). Hence, the environment from where both flatworms were collected seems to be well protected.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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