244 lines
31 KiB
XML
244 lines
31 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F835F2944B6040ED506246FABA610DB9">Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="3C6659F07EB8EDD7BAAA9F4B8BB0D22D" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A7BE4E572C10391BBA6410EF1D815E3F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D96309767DF922FFE692447EF1CD62C9">Triberti, Paolo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AB0C753DDE2A0FC6C9E9D7B940BC65D0">Zoology Department, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 9, 37129 Verona, Italy;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="F64C1B636CAE9E39DD4D751349241A2A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="691E4470B0D5BAEB69250CFAD59AD4AB">Staude, Hermann</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="ABC02229905B9A1C5C49F1D2E5EF5AF7" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2549-4372</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="6150A79EA51F7C606D41EDBDBEF2AB86">Sharp, Ian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5D3B5C2B35E57F2023D7C6A2678F8664">Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D88A13885A4F493379C14634D03F6086" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2278-2368</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="5684D69CAC5D1BDC16BC5D7122FDCCBF">IRBI, UMR 7261, CNRS-University of Tours, Tours, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D21E829766966D5ADA8EFF7C9489C304" type="email">carlos.lopezvaamonde@inrae.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="2B47A4821781C87B2F3C4CB5F4B5B39B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7A42D3EE0E0AA294571D199E51E786FA">
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<mods:date id="2029494BE7CB769497D7207B6A01BF10">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A1F8F86038C1A32C45CF7BF0CF7DF68D">2024-10-24</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B3E278C4D01A68372B555579CF400B87">5529</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="422B110AEEAEEE0E6C145E03D8BEAB26">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="A363098E0F8B1AFCC3438E43429DC430">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9E70EC6072B0B00970B754853D786D91" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5529.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F104281C01AD052F80FC4C85F27D8A4B" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B0122E247164FF8424BED557FBE7FB32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021792" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14021792" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B0122E247164FF8424BED557FBE7FB32" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B0122E247164FF8424BED557FBE7FB32" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection id="70A1CCB97164FF8B24BED557FC7FF955" box="[151,945,1651,1678]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="38049F327164FF8B24BED557FC7FF955" blockId="7.[151,945,1651,1715]" box="[151,945,1651,1678]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="634C285E7164FF8B24BED557FC7FF955" bold="true" box="[151,945,1651,1678]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="0ACF43207164FF8B24BED557FC7FF955" bold="true" box="[151,945,1651,1678]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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7.
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<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17164FF8B249CD557FC82F955" authority="Triberti & Lopez-Vaamonde" authorityName="Triberti & Staude & Sharp & Lopez-Vaamonde" authorityYear="2024" box="[181,844,1651,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Ectropina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spirostachydis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="0ACF43207164FF8B249CD557FE11F955" bold="true" box="[181,479,1651,1678]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ectropina spirostachydis</emphasis>
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Triberti & Lopez-Vaamonde
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="11FCFE5B7164FF8B277AD557FC7FF955" box="[851,945,1652,1678]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="70A1CCB97164FF8B24BED5BBFEA3F969" box="[151,365,1688,1715]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
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<paragraph id="38049F327164FF8B24BED5BBFEA3F969" blockId="7.[151,945,1651,1715]" box="[151,365,1688,1715]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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(
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<figureCitation id="A08083B77164FF8B24B6D5BBFF26F968" box="[159,232,1688,1715]" captionStart="FIGURES 1−6" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1602,1626]" captionTargetBox="[177,1408,195,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-21@30.[164,1424,179,1577]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 1−6. Adults of South African Gracillariidae. 1, Caloptilia sp., Limpopo, Lekgalameetse N. R., A. & I. Sharp leg. 2, Caloptilia rhusina, Western Cape, Robberg Nature Reserve, S. Mecenero leg. 3, Macarostola noellineae, Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 4, Caloptilia cataractias, Limpopo, Hoedspruit, leg. A. & I. Sharp. 5, Ectropina spirostachydis sp. nov., Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 6, Graphiocephala barbitias, Gauteng, Tshwane, A. Sharp leg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021756/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="A08083B77164FF8B24DDD5BBFEF3F968" box="[244,317,1688,1715]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–39" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1261,1285]" captionTargetBox="[261,1326,197,1221]" captionTargetId="figure-17@37.[245,1342,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 35–39. Male genitalia of South African Gracillariidae. 35-37, Ectropina spirostachydis sp. nov., holotype: 35, ventral view (240 μm); 36, tergum VIII detail (140 μm); 37, phallus (120 μm). 38, Cryptolectica capnodecta: ventral view (240 μm). 39, Conopobathra gravissima: valva detail (280 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021774/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">35–37</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="A08083B77164FF8B2561D5BBFEABF969" box="[328,357,1688,1714]" captionStart="FIGURES 61−66" captionStartId="44.[151,264,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[181,1405,211,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-21@44.[151,1435,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURES 61−66. Immature stages of South African Gracillariidae. 61, Caloptilia sp., larva on Cryptocarya transvaalensis (Lauraceae), Limpopo, Lekgalameetse N. R., A. & I. Sharp leg. 62, C. cataractias, larva on Rhynchosia minima (Fabaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 63, Macarostola noellineae, larva on Syzygium cordatum (Myrtaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 64, Ectropina spirostachydis sp. nov., larva on Spirostachys africana (Euphorbiaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 65, Cuphodes melanostola, mine on Euclea divinorum (Ebenaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 66, Conopomorphina ochnivora, Gauteng, Magaliesburg, on Ochna pretoriensis, (Ochnaceae), H. Staude leg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021788/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">64</figureCitation>
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||
)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="70A1CCB97164FF8B24BED5FFFC0DF8C8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="38049F327164FF8B24BED5FFFC0DF8C8" blockId="7.[151,1437,1756,1811]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<materialsCitation id="88D3956F7164FF8B24BED5FFFC0DF8C8" collectingDate="2015-01-21" collectingDateMax="2015-02-01" collectingDateMin="2015-01-21" collectionCode="CLV" collectorName="A. & I. Sharp" country="South Africa" location="Casketts farm" municipality="Hoedspruit" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="CLV7574" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Limpopo" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="E70021907164FF8B24BED5FFFF37F92F" box="[151,249,1756,1780]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
:
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<specimenCount id="2EBD54BB7164FF8B252CD5FEFED4F92F" box="[261,282,1757,1780]" count="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="40ACDFA27164FF8B2501D5FFFE63F92F" box="[296,429,1756,1780]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="FA7F51D07164FF8B2593D5FFFDD4F92F" box="[442,538,1756,1780]" country="South Africa" name="Limpopo" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Limpopo</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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<collectingMunicipality id="D86005487164FF8B260FD5FFFD57F92F" box="[550,665,1756,1780]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hoedspruit</collectingMunicipality>
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||
,
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<location id="3D64C9E97164FF8B268FD5FFFCF9F92F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B0122E247164FF8424BED557FBE7FB32:3D64C9E97164FF8B268FD5FFFCF9F92F" box="[678,823,1756,1780]" country="South Africa" municipality="Hoedspruit" name="Casketts farm" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" stateProvince="Limpopo">Casketts farm</location>
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, mn
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<date id="4C05B9F27164FF8B2744D5FFFC1FF92F" box="[877,977,1756,1780]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2015-01-21">
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||
<collectingDate id="5C41401A7164FF8B2744D5FFFC1FF92F" box="[877,977,1756,1780]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2015-01-21">21/i/2015</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, pup
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<date id="4C05B9F27164FF8B2025D5FFFBBEF92F" box="[1036,1136,1756,1780]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2015-01-24">24/i/2015</date>
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, em
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<date id="4C05B9F27164FF8B208DD5FFFAC1F92F" box="[1188,1295,1756,1780]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2015-02-01">01/ii/2015</date>
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,
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<emphasis id="0ACF43207164FF8B2135D5FFFEEAF8C8" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17164FF8B2135D5FFFEEEF8C8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Spirostachys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africana">Spirostachys africana</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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<collectorName id="954EFAE47164FF8B2501D5D8FE7FF8C8" box="[296,433,1787,1811]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. & I. Sharp</collectorName>
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leg. (rearing: M1027),
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<specimenCode id="681D37497164FF8B26B6D5D8FCCBF8C8" box="[671,773,1787,1811]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">CLV7574</specimenCode>
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, slide TRB4449♂.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="70A1CCB97164FF8B24BED462FA59F887" box="[151,1431,1857,1884]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="etymology">
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||
<paragraph id="38049F327164FF8B24BED462FA59F887" blockId="7.[151,1436,1857,2028]" box="[151,1431,1857,1884]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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||
<emphasis id="0ACF43207164FF8B24BED462FEDDF880" bold="true" box="[151,275,1857,1883]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Etymology</emphasis>
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. The species is named after the host plant
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<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17164FF8B26F2D462FCADF880" box="[731,867,1857,1883]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Spirostachys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0ACF43207164FF8B26F2D462FCADF880" box="[731,867,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Spirostachys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with its generic name declined in the genitive case.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="70A1CCB97164FF8424EED446FCADFE9A" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="38049F327164FF8424EED446FCADFE9A" blockId="7.[151,1436,1857,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,1257]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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||
<emphasis id="0ACF43207164FF8B24EED446FEF4F8A4" bold="true" box="[199,314,1893,1919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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. The forewing pattern of the new species is characterized by thin transversal yellow-whitish fasciae, which is similar to other members of this genus. However, there are certain distinguishing features that set this species apart from the related
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<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17164FF8B25D8D48DFDBFF81C" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[497,625,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Ectropina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="citricula">
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<emphasis id="0ACF43207164FF8B25D8D48DFDBFF81C" box="[497,625,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">E. citricula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, of which the male is not known. In
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<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B17164FF8B2035D48DFB52F81C" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1052,1180,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Ectropina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="citricula">
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<emphasis id="0ACF43207164FF8B2035D48DFB52F81C" box="[1052,1180,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">E. citricula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the basal and median fasciae are nearly parallel, slightly arched, and relatively wide, extending to both the costa and dorsum. The apical fascia is reduced to a short, broad and irregular patch. In contrast, in
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<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B1716BFF8427BED3B4FB99FF6A" authorityName="Triberti & Staude & Sharp & Lopez-Vaamonde" authorityYear="2024" box="[919,1111,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Ectropina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spirostachydis">
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<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF8427BED3B4FB99FF6A" box="[919,1111,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. spirostachydis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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the apical fascia is very long and slender, the median fascia is strongly arched and interrupted in the middle, and the basal fascia is straight, thin, and does not reach the dorsum. Additionally, there are two small and indistinct yellowish spots located basally with respect to the first fascia. Furthermore, in terms of male genitalia, the distinctive structure of the costo-apical process of the valva distinguishes this species from its relatives.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="70A1CCB9716BFF8424EED269FC0EFC36" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="38049F32716BFF8424EED269FC0EFC36" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1257]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF8424EED269FE7BFEBE" bold="true" box="[199,437,330,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Description of adult</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A08083B7716BFF8425EDD268FDC6FEBE" box="[452,520,330,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 1−6" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1602,1626]" captionTargetBox="[177,1408,195,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-21@30.[164,1424,179,1577]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 1−6. Adults of South African Gracillariidae. 1, Caloptilia sp., Limpopo, Lekgalameetse N. R., A. & I. Sharp leg. 2, Caloptilia rhusina, Western Cape, Robberg Nature Reserve, S. Mecenero leg. 3, Macarostola noellineae, Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 4, Caloptilia cataractias, Limpopo, Hoedspruit, leg. A. & I. Sharp. 5, Ectropina spirostachydis sp. nov., Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 6, Graphiocephala barbitias, Gauteng, Tshwane, A. Sharp leg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021756/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="FF4332D7716BFF8426F5D268FCEEFEBE" box="[732,800,331,357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Unfortunately, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="E7002190716BFF8427D5D268FBAFFEBE" box="[1020,1121,331,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, which is the only specimen studied, is missing the head and legs. However, the forewing pattern, male genitalia and biology are available and sufficient to describe the species with certainty.
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF842690D2B0FCDCFE76" bold="true" box="[697,786,403,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF842708D2B0FCA1FE76" bold="true" box="[801,879,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Wings.</emphasis>
|
||
Ground colour is purplish fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous speckles. There are three narrow whitish yellow transverse fasciae at the base, preceded by two small irregular spots of the same colour. The first fascia is placed at the basal 1/5 of the wing, linear, sloping outwards but not touching the dorsum. The second fascia is strongly arched externally and interrupted near the costa by brownish scales. The third fascia is long and thin, directed towards the tornus, extending from the costa to touch the dorsum. Along the dorsum, there are tufts of darkish scales in the interspace of the fasciae. The apex of the wing has a white ciliary streak and an indistinct subapical black dot bordered almost completely by pale scales.
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF842084D149FAE7FD5F" bold="true" box="[1197,1321,618,644]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Abdomen.</emphasis>
|
||
Segments VII and VIII are weakly membranous, with two pairs of coremata that are more or less the same in length and thickness. Tergum VIII is reduced into a fan-shaped sclerite with a narrow median ridge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A08083B7716BFF8420AFD190FB14FD16" box="[1158,1242,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–39" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1261,1285]" captionTargetBox="[261,1326,197,1221]" captionTargetId="figure-17@37.[245,1342,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 35–39. Male genitalia of South African Gracillariidae. 35-37, Ectropina spirostachydis sp. nov., holotype: 35, ventral view (240 μm); 36, tergum VIII detail (140 μm); 37, phallus (120 μm). 38, Cryptolectica capnodecta: ventral view (240 μm). 39, Conopobathra gravissima: valva detail (280 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021774/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF8420C7D191FA52FD16" bold="true" box="[1262,1436,690,717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Male Genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A08083B7716BFF8424B6D1F4FF3BFD2A" box="[159,245,726,753]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–39" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1261,1285]" captionTargetBox="[261,1326,197,1221]" captionTargetId="figure-17@37.[245,1342,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 35–39. Male genitalia of South African Gracillariidae. 35-37, Ectropina spirostachydis sp. nov., holotype: 35, ventral view (240 μm); 36, tergum VIII detail (140 μm); 37, phallus (120 μm). 38, Cryptolectica capnodecta: ventral view (240 μm). 39, Conopobathra gravissima: valva detail (280 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021774/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
). The tegumen is short, ventral margins with several strong setae, apical margin notched, the two halves slightly rounded apically forming large projections which could be understood as falces (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C2AE2C3716BFF842093D1D8FAFFFCCE" author="Vari, L." box="[1210,1329,763,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 238" refId="ref35792" refString="Vari, L. (1961) South African Lepidoptera. Vol. I. Lithocolletidae. Transvaal Museum Memoir, 1961, 1 - 238." type="journal article" year="1961">Vari, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C2AE2C3716BFF842115D1D8FF10FCE2" author="Kumata, T. & Kuroko, H. & Ermolaev, V. P." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 133" refId="ref33570" refString="Kumata, T., Kuroko, H. & Ermolaev, V. P. (1988 b) Japanese species of the Acrocercops- group (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Part II. Insecta Matsumurana, 40, 1 - 133." type="journal article" year="1988">Kumata, 1988b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).The valva is rather short and broad, with three robust teeth on the costo-apical corner. The vinculum is large, slightly shorter than the valva, and the saccus is very short. The phallus is tubular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A08083B7716BFF842003D060FBB2FC86" box="[1066,1148,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–39" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1261,1285]" captionTargetBox="[261,1326,197,1221]" captionTargetId="figure-17@37.[245,1342,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 35–39. Male genitalia of South African Gracillariidae. 35-37, Ectropina spirostachydis sp. nov., holotype: 35, ventral view (240 μm); 36, tergum VIII detail (140 μm); 37, phallus (120 μm). 38, Cryptolectica capnodecta: ventral view (240 μm). 39, Conopobathra gravissima: valva detail (280 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021774/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
|
||
), doubly sinuate, about as long as the vinculum. It slightly narrows in the first 2/3 and then has parallel edges, thin and pointed apically. The distinction between the phallobase and the aedeagus is unclear. The anellus is short and membranous, with a lateral pair of microsetosae lobes and a ventral sclerite, probably the juxta. The manica covers about 2/3 of the phallus and the bulbus ejaculatorius was not observed.
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF842650D0F1FC8DFC37" box="[633,835,978,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF842650D0F1FCF2FC36" bold="true" box="[633,828,978,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="70A1CCB9716BFF8424EED0D5FEE0FB7A" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="38049F32716BFF8424EED0D5FEE0FB7A" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1257]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF8424EED0D5FEEFFBCB" bold="true" box="[199,289,1014,1040]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Biology</emphasis>
|
||
. Larvae feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B1716BFF8425CDD0D4FD14FBCA" box="[484,730,1015,1041]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Spirostachys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF8425CDD0D4FD14FBCA" box="[484,730,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Spirostachys africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B1716BFF8426C3D0D4FC5AFBCA" box="[746,916,1015,1041]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A08083B7716BFF842785D0D4FBCCFBCA" box="[940,1026,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURES 61−66" captionStartId="44.[151,264,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[181,1405,211,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-21@44.[151,1435,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURES 61−66. Immature stages of South African Gracillariidae. 61, Caloptilia sp., larva on Cryptocarya transvaalensis (Lauraceae), Limpopo, Lekgalameetse N. R., A. & I. Sharp leg. 62, C. cataractias, larva on Rhynchosia minima (Fabaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 63, Macarostola noellineae, larva on Syzygium cordatum (Myrtaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 64, Ectropina spirostachydis sp. nov., larva on Spirostachys africana (Euphorbiaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 65, Cuphodes melanostola, mine on Euclea divinorum (Ebenaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 66, Conopomorphina ochnivora, Gauteng, Magaliesburg, on Ochna pretoriensis, (Ochnaceae), H. Staude leg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021788/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 64</figureCitation>
|
||
). The last instars of these larvae are easily identifiable by the small red spots that appear along their bodies. Based on the current knowledge of this genus it is believed that the two Indian species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B1716BFF842690D71CFC35FB82" authority="(Meyrick, 1911 b)" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[697,1019,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Ectropina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acidula">
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF842690D71CFCE3FB82" box="[697,813,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. acidula</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C2AE2C3716BFF842714D71CFC3DFB82" author="Meyrick, E." box="[829,1011,1087,1113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="212 - 213" refId="ref34625" refString="Meyrick, E. (1911 b) Some Indian Gracilariads. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 47, 212 - 213." type="journal article" year="1911">Meyrick, 1911b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B1716BFF84201DD71CFA52FB82" authority="Kumata, 1979" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1979" box="[1076,1436,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Ectropina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raychaudhurii">
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF84201DD71CFB3AFB82" box="[1076,1268,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. raychaudhurii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C2AE2C3716BFF8420D5D71CFA52FB82" author="Kumata, T." box="[1276,1436,1087,1113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref33491" refString="Kumata, T. (1979) Discovery of the genus Ectropina from India, with description of a new species (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Insecta Matsumurana, 18, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1979">Kumata, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B1716BFF8424D0D740FE51FBA6" box="[249,415,1123,1149]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(specifically the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B1716BFF842690D740FCF1FBA6" box="[697,831,1123,1149]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF842690D740FCF1FBA6" box="[697,831,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phyllanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), while the South African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B1716BFF842052D740FAE1FBA6" authorityName="Vari" authorityYear="1961" box="[1147,1327,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Ectropina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sclerochitoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF842052D740FAE1FBA6" box="[1147,1327,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. sclerochitoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FFBBE4B1716BFF8424BED7A4FEE4FB7A" box="[151,298,1159,1185]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="70A1CCB9716BFF8424EED789FDB0FB1E" box="[199,638,1194,1221]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="38049F32716BFF8424EED789FDB0FB1E" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1257]" box="[199,638,1194,1221]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF8424EED789FE97FB1F" bold="true" box="[199,345,1194,1220]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="40ACDFA2716BFF84254ED788FE38FB1E" box="[359,502,1195,1221]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FA7F51D0716BFF84262CD788FDBCFB1E" box="[517,626,1195,1221]" country="South Africa" name="Limpopo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Limpopo</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="70A1CCB9716BFF8424EED7EDFBE7FB32" box="[199,1065,1230,1257]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="38049F32716BFF8424EED7EDFBE7FB32" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1257]" box="[199,1065,1230,1257]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="0ACF4320716BFF8424EED7EDFEBAFB32" bold="true" box="[199,372,1230,1257]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">DNA barcodes</emphasis>
|
||
. The specimen’s DNA amplification failed (SOURE 018-19).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |