218 lines
21 KiB
XML
218 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7392eb62-5d84-4f6a-8c8a-9f4e351a84a7" ID-PMC="PMC5953965" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-755-1" ID-PubMed="29769836" ID-ZBK="AADE14787C914355B776C4AEF28347BF" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-755-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 755" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)" checkinTime="1525801749154" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Onuferko, Thomas M." docDate="2018" docId="AF559EDADFA56C77360C2BC6A4FFF85D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 755: 1-185" docOrigin="ZooKeys 755" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939" docTitle="Epeolus splendidus Onuferko, 2018, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="28EE92F6-A0DE-403A-B0B8-157239AEAB5F" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="147" masterDocId="D91DD51C1718C109FF8EFFA6FFF3FF9F" masterDocTitle="A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)" masterLastPageNumber="185" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="143" updateTime="1668165766199" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Onuferko, Thomas M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>755</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>185</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-755-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">AADE14787C914355B776C4AEF28347BF</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">AADE14787C914355B776C4AEF28347BF</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="143842360" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:28EE92F6-A0DE-403A-B0B8-157239AEAB5F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AF559EDADFA56C77360C2BC6A4FFF85D" lastPageId="146" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
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<subSubSection pageId="142" pageNumber="143" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
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41.
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/28EE92F6-A0DE-403A-B0B8-157239AEAB5F" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus splendidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendidus">Epeolus splendidus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="142" pageNumber="143">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 85, 86, 102A
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus politus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="143" pageNumber="144" start="start">Epeolus</pageBreakToken>
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politus
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</taxonomicName>
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Brumley, 1965. M.S. thesis, Utah State University, Logan 60 (♀) [nomen nudum].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
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The following morphological features in combination can be used to tell
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. splendidus" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="splendidus">E. splendidus</taxonomicName>
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apart from all other North American
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epeolus</taxonomicName>
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: the propodeum (except the textured metapostnotum) is highly polished and (except along the lateral margins) hairless, and T1 has a complete white basal fascia whereas T1-T4 have complete bright yellow apical fasciae. As in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. canadensis" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="canadensis">E. canadensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. compactus" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="compactus">E. compactus</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. ferrarii" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="ferrarii">E. ferrarii</taxonomicName>
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, in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. splendidus" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="splendidus">E. splendidus</taxonomicName>
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the mesoscutum has a small anteromedial patch of tomentum, although it is bright rather than pale yellow. However, in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. splendidus" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="splendidus">E. splendidus</taxonomicName>
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T1 lacks a distinct black discal patch and in females F2 is shorter, as long as wide. In all four species, the axilla does not attain the midlength of the mesoscutellum, and the axilla (except sometimes the tip) and mesoscutellum are black.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="145" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="143" pageNumber="144">FEMALE: Length 8.4 mm; head length 2.1 mm; head width 3.0 mm; fore wing length 6.6 mm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Integument coloration. Mostly black; notable exceptions as follows: partially to entirely ferruginous on mandible, antenna, pronotal lobe, tegula, legs, metasomal terga (including pygidial plate), and metasomal sterna. Mandible with apex and preapical tooth darker than rest of mandible. Antenna brown except scape and pedicel orange in part. Pronotal lobe and tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Wing membrane subhyaline, apically dusky. Legs with brown or black more extensive than reddish orange.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Pubescence. Face with tomentum densest around antennal socket. Dorsum of mesosoma and metasoma with bands of off-white and bright yellow short appressed setae. Pronotal collar with tomentum sparser medially, uniformly bright yellow. Mesoscutum with anteromedial chevron-shaped patch of bright yellow tomentum. Mesopleuron with upper half densely hairy, except beneath base of fore wing (hypoepimeral area); ventrolateral half sparsely hairy. Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted, uniformly off white. T1 with broad, off-white basal fascia, complete bright yellow apical fascia, and narrow and extremely short discal patch of dark brown tomentum. T2-T4 each with complete bright yellow fascia, T2 and T3 with fasciae with anterolateral spots of sparser off-white tomentum. T5 covered in off-white tomentum except for line of separation from pseudopygidial area. T5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex more than twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on flat disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum. S5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs extending beyond apex of sternum by ~2/5 MOD.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="144" pageNumber="145" start="start">Surface</pageBreakToken>
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sculpture. Punctures dense. Labrum with larger and sparser punctures (i=1-2d) than clypeus (i<1d). Small impunctate shiny spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and axilla coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula very densely punctate mesally (i<1d), less so laterally (i=1-2d). Mesopleuron with ventrolateral half densely punctate (i≤1d) to rugose; mesopleuron with punctures more or less equally dense throughout. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i≈1d), evenly distributed on disc.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
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Structure. Labrum with pair of small subapical denticles, each preceded by small discrete longitudinal ridge. Frontal keel not strongly raised. Scape with greatest length 1.9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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greatest width. F2 as long as wide (L/W ratio = 1.0). Preoccipital ridge not joining hypostomal carina, from which it is separated by no less than 1 MOD at its terminal. Mesoscutellum weakly bigibbous. Axilla small to intermediate in size, its lateral margin (L) less than half as long as mesoscutellar width (W) (L/W ratio = 0.3) and tip not extending beyond midlength of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip clearly visible, but unattached to mesoscutellum for less than 1/3 the medial length of axilla; axilla with lateral margin relatively straight and without carina. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically truncate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="145" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
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MALE: Description as for female except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F2 shorter, nearly as long as wide (L/W ratio = 0.95); S4 and S5 with much longer coppery to silvery subapical hairs; pygidial plate apically rounded, with large
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<pageBreakToken pageId="145" pageNumber="146" start="start">deep</pageBreakToken>
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punctures closely clustered basomedially and sparser apically and laterally, with the interspaces shining.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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Figure 85.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus splendidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendidus">Epeolus splendidus</taxonomicName>
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A female holotype, lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm) B female holotype, dorsal habitus (scale bar 3 mm) C male paratype, lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm), and D female paratype axillae and mesoscutellum, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm; blue lines indicate the posterior extent of the axilla relative to the length of the mesoscutellum; red lines indicate the extent of the free portion of the axilla relative to its entire medial length).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="145" pageNumber="146" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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The name is in reference to the uniquely smooth, shiny propodeum of this species. From the Latin,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“splendidus”">"splendidus"</normalizedToken>
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(bright).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="145" pageNumber="146" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Known to occur in all major hot North American deserts (Fig. 86).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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Figure 86. Approximate geographic range of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. splendidus" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" rank="species" species="splendidus">E. splendidus</taxonomicName>
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(orange) based on occurrence records known to the author (yellow circles).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="145" pageNumber="146" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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HOST RECORDS: The female PCYU paratype (see Material studied) was collected in the spring of 2015 along the Catalina Highway in Pima County, Arizona, USA where possible host
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colletes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Colletes</taxonomicName>
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visiting
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Eriogonum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eriogonum" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eriogonum</taxonomicName>
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Michx. were collected and observed. Using
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<bibRefCitation author="Stephen, WP" journalOrPublisher="The University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" pagination="149 - 527" title="A revision of the bee genus Colletes in America North of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Colletidae)." volume="36" year="1954">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Stephen’s">Stephen's</normalizedToken>
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(1954)
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</bibRefCitation>
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key, collected females were identified as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. wootoni" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" rank="species" species="wootoni">C. wootoni</taxonomicName>
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Cockerell (one of which was sequenced and assigned the same BIN [BOLD:AAI9255] as a male from New Mexico whose terminalia were excised for identification) whereas collected males (one of which was sequenced and assigned the following BIN: BOLD:ABZ4837) were identified (based in part on examination of the terminalia, which were excised) as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. eulophi" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" rank="species" species="eulophi">C. eulophi</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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FLORAL RECORDS: Labels of examined voucher specimens indicate floral associations with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nolidae" genus="Baileya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baileya" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Baileya</taxonomicName>
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Harv. & A. Gray ex A. Gray,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Encelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Encelia farinosa" order="Asterales" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="farinosa">Encelia farinosa</taxonomicName>
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A. Gray ex Torr. (
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<taxonomicName family="Compositae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" rank="family">Compositae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Eriogonum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eriogonum inflatum" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inflatum">Eriogonum inflatum</taxonomicName>
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Torr. &
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Frém">Frem</normalizedToken>
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.,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Larrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Larrea" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Larrea</taxonomicName>
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Cav.,
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<taxonomicName class="Cephalopoda" family="Parkinsoniidae" genus="Parkinsonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parkinsonia" order="Ammonoidea" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Parkinsonia</taxonomicName>
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L. (
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<taxonomicName family="Leguminosae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" rank="family">Leguminosae</taxonomicName>
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), and
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prosopis velutina" order="Fabales" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">Prosopis velutina</taxonomicName>
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, and BugGuide (http://www.bugguide.net/) indicates an association with
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Erigeron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erigeron" order="Asterales" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Erigeron</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="145" pageNumber="146" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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This southwestern species was identified as unique by
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<bibRefCitation pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Brumley (1965)</bibRefCitation>
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, and the colors and patterns of pubescence on the mesosoma and metasoma clearly set it apart from other
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epeolus</taxonomicName>
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in North America. There is very little morphological variation among examined specimens, and sequenced material was assigned the same BIN. Based on known records, adults of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. splendidus" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" rank="species" species="splendidus">E. splendidus</taxonomicName>
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are active in spring.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="146" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Material studied.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Type material. Primary: USA: Arizona: Usery Mountains (Mesa, Maricopa County), iv.2009, J. Alcock (holotype ♀ [CCDB-28230 D07], AMNH).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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Secondary: Mexico: Durango: Reserva de la
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Biósfera">Biosfera</normalizedToken>
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de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Mapimí">Mapimi</normalizedToken>
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(
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="26.6803">26.6803°N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-103.7408">103.7408°W</geoCoordinate>
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), 24.iii.1995, R.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="López">Lopez</normalizedToken>
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(paratype ♂, BBSL); Jalisco: Plan de Barrancas, 24.iii.1962, F.D. Parker (paratype ♂, UCBME).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="146" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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USA: Arizona: 11 mi SW Congress (Yavapai County), 29.iv.1990, J.G. Rozen (paratype ♂, AMNH); 14 mi SW Apache (Cochise County), 22.v.1988, J.G. Rozen (paratype ♀, AMNH); 2 mi E Tanque Verde (Pima County), 14.iii.??54, F. Werner (paratype ♂, LACM); 20 mi NE Mesa (Maricopa County), 28.iv.1988, P. Robinson (paratype ♂, CUM); 8 km E Robles Junction (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="32.0667">32.0667°N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-111.25">111.2500°W</geoCoordinate>
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) (Tucson, Pima County), 15-27.iv.1996, D. Yanega (paratype ♀, UCR); Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum/Tucson Mountain Park (Pima County), 11-12.iv.1988, K. Krombein and B. Norden (paratypes 2♂, USNM); Catalina Hwy (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="32.3631">32.3631°N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.7137">110.7137°W</geoCoordinate>
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) (Santa Catalina Mountains, Coronado National Forest), 29.v.2015, A.T. Onuferko (paratype ♀ [CCDB-22013 E11], PCYU); E Calle del Prado & N Palo Verde Ave (Tucson, Pima County), 09.iv.1997, R. Minckley (paratype ♂, BBSL); Mouth of Bear Canyon (Tucson, Santa Catalina Mountains), 29.iii.1964, F.G. Werner (allotype ♂, KUNHM); Nogales (Santa Cruz County), 20.iv.1967, P. Torchio and N. Youssef (paratype ♂, BBSL); Phoenix (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="33.6185">33.6185°N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-111.9917">111.9917°W</geoCoordinate>
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) (Maricopa County), 17-19.iv.2009,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="146" pageNumber="147" start="start">J</pageBreakToken>
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.G. Rozen (paratype ♀, AMNH); Sabino Canyon (near Tucson, Pima County), 03.iv.1972, B. Simpson (paratype ♂, LACM); Tucson (Pima County), 07.v.1987, J.G. Rozen (paratype ♀, AMNH); California: Clark Mountain (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="35.5217">35.5217°N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-115.6428">115.6428°W</geoCoordinate>
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) (San Bernardino County), 23.v.2001, D. Yanega (paratype ♂, UCR); Texas: Alpine (Brewster County), 29.v.1952, M. Cazier, W. Gertsch, and R. Schrammel (paratype ♀, AMNH).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="146" pageNumber="147" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="146" pageNumber="147">DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Available. BOLD:ACX0474. See Type material for specimens examined and sequenced (indicated by unique CCDB-plate and well number).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |