629 lines
117 KiB
XML
629 lines
117 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="69D6E853C5AF4F85F324F87FD952DCD9">Fixation, description and DNA barcode of a neotype for Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766) (Tunicata, Ascidiacea)</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF88FF9EFF3EF909FE0D0D89" bold="true" box="[151,388,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Botryllus schlosseri</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF88FF9EFE3AF909FDA30D89" author="Pallas" box="[403,554,1665,1691]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1766) Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succintas descriptiones, cum selectis auctorum synonymis. Franciscum Varrentrapp, Hagae-comitum, 451 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6595" type="book" year="1766">Pallas, 1766</bibRefCitation>
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)
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<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF88FF9EFF3EF940FEE70DCC" box="[151,366,1736,1758]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Alcyonium schlosseri</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="A7694015FF88FF9EFEDDF940FDAE0DCC" author="Pallas" box="[372,551,1736,1758]" page="355" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" year="1766">
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: 355
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.
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<typeStatus id="F973D8A6FF88FF9EFEAEF960FEDE0DEF" box="[263,343,1768,1789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
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catalog
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: MSNVE-24197
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locality:
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="A7694015FF88FF9EFEC5F8ACFDDE0C28" author="Michaelsen" box="[364,599,1828,1850]" page="108" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" year="1921">
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: 108
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</taxonomicName>
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.?
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="A7694015FF88FF9EFED7F8CBFDCC0C4B" author="Savigny" box="[382,581,1859,1881]" page="200" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" year="1816">
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: 200
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Not
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<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF88FF9EFF6AF8E9FDF00C65" authority=": Van Name, 1945: 220" authorityName="Van Name" authorityPageNumber="220" authorityYear="1945" box="[195,633,1889,1911]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">
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<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF88FF9EFF6AF8E9FE020C65" box="[195,395,1889,1911]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Botryllus schlosseri</emphasis>
|
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="A7694015FF88FF9EFE30F8EAFDF00C65" author="Van" box="[409,633,1889,1911]" page="220" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" year="1945">
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<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF88FF9EFE30F8EAFDCF0C65" author="Van" box="[409,582,1889,1911]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" refString="Van Name, W. G. (1945) The North and South American Ascidians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 84, 1 - 476." type="journal article" year="1945">Van Name, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 220
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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. Not
|
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<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF88FF9EFF6AF808FDD00C84" authority=": Brewin, 1946: 112" authorityName="Brewin" authorityPageNumber="112" authorityYear="1946" box="[195,601,1920,1942]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">
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<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF88FF9EFF6AF808FE1D0C84" box="[195,404,1920,1942]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Botryllus schlosseri:</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="A7694015FF88FF9EFE33F808FDD00C84" author="Brewin" box="[410,601,1920,1942]" page="112" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" year="1946">
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<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF88FF9EFE33F808FDA10C84" author="Brewin" box="[410,552,1920,1942]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" refString="Brewin, B. I. (1946) Ascidians in the vicinity of the Portobello Marine Biological Station, Otago Harbour. Transaction of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 76, 87 - 131." type="journal article" year="1946">Brewin, 1946</bibRefCitation>
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: 112
|
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF88FF9EFF6AF817FDD80CA7" authority=": Berrill, 1950: 216" authorityName="Berrill" authorityPageNumber="216" authorityYear="1950" box="[195,593,1951,1973]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">
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<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF88FF9EFF6AF817FE020CA7" box="[195,395,1951,1973]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Botryllus schlosseri</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
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<treatmentCitation id="A7694015FF88FF9EFE30F817FDD80CA7" author="Berrill" box="[409,593,1951,1973]" page="216" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" year="1950">
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<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF88FF9EFE30F817FD970CA7" author="Berrill" box="[409,542,1951,1973]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" refString="Berrill, N. J. (1950) The Tunicata. With an account of the British species. The Ray Society, London, 354 pp." type="book" year="1950">Berrill, 1950</bibRefCitation>
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: 216
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
.?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF88FF9EFF01F835FDAC0CC1" authority=": Millar, 1966: 88" authorityName="Millar" authorityPageNumber="88" authorityYear="1966" box="[168,549,1981,2003]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">
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<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF88FF9EFF01F835FEF80CC1" box="[168,369,1981,2003]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Botryllus schlosseri</emphasis>
|
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:
|
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<treatmentCitation id="A7694015FF88FF9EFED7F835FDAC0CC1" author="Millar" box="[382,549,1981,2003]" page="88" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" year="1966">
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<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF88FF9EFED7F835FE760CC1" author="Millar" box="[382,511,1981,2003]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" refString="Millar, R. H. (1966) Ascidiacea. Marine Invertebrates of Scandinavia, No 1, 1 - 123." type="journal article" year="1966">Millar, 1966</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 88
|
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="26776604FF88FF9EFF3EF854FDA00CE0" blockId="3.[151,728,1736,2034]" box="[151,553,2012,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="06D8412AFF88FF9EFF3EF854FDA00CE0" box="[151,553,2012,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF88FF9EFF01F854FDAC0CE0" authority=": Millar, 1970: 70" authorityName="Millar" authorityPageNumber="70" authorityYear="1970" box="[168,549,2012,2034]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF88FF9EFF01F854FEF80CE0" box="[168,369,2012,2034]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Botryllus schlosseri</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A7694015FF88FF9EFED7F854FDAC0CE0" author="Millar" box="[382,549,2012,2034]" page="70" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" year="1970">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF88FF9EFED7F854FE760CE0" author="Millar" box="[382,511,2012,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" refString="Millar, R. H. (1970) British Ascidians. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 1, 1 - 88." type="journal article" year="1970">Millar, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 70
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8FFF99FF3EFF11FDB60BBC" blockId="4.[151,656,152,205]" box="[151,575,152,174]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="06D8412AFF8FFF99FF3EFF11FDB60BBC" box="[151,575,152,174]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF8FFF99FF6AFF10FDB50BBC" authority=": Kott, 1985: 267" authorityName="Kott" authorityPageNumber="267" authorityYear="1985" box="[195,572,152,174]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FF6AFF10FE020BBC" box="[195,395,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Botryllus schlosseri</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A7694015FF8FFF99FE30FF11FDB50BBC" author="Kott" box="[409,572,152,174]" page="267" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" year="1985">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8FFF99FE30FF11FD800BBC" author="Kott" box="[409,521,152,174]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" refString="Kott, P. M. (1985) The Australian Ascidiacea. Part I, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 23, 1 - 440." type="journal article" year="1985">Kott, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 267
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8FFF99FF3EFF3EFD190BDE" blockId="4.[151,656,152,205]" box="[151,656,182,205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="06D8412AFF8FFF99FF3EFF3EFD190BDE" box="[151,656,182,205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF8FFF99FF01FF3EFDD50BDE" authority=": Boyd et al. 1990: 239" authorityName="Boyd et al." authorityPageNumber="239" authorityYear="1990" box="[168,604,182,205]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FF01FF3EFEF80BDE" box="[168,369,182,204]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Botryllus schlosseri</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A7694015FF8FFF99FED7FF3EFDD50BDE" author="Boyd" box="[382,604,182,205]" page="239" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" year="1990">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8FFF99FED7FF3EFDA30BDE" author="Boyd" box="[382,554,182,205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" refString="Boyd, H. C., Weissman, I. L. & Saito, Y. (1990) Morphologic and genetic verification that Monterey Botryllus and Woods Hole Botryllus are the same species. Biological Bulletin, 178, 239 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1541825" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Boyd
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FE12FF30FE660BDE" box="[443,495,182,205]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 239
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-250.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8FFF99FF3EFF71FA080AD4" blockId="4.[151,1437,249,2019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FF3EFF71FF7E0A00" bold="true" box="[151,247,249,274]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">History.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF8FFF99FF57FF72FE070A00" box="[254,398,249,274]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FF57FF72FE070A00" box="[254,398,249,274]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">B. schlosseri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was initially figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8FFF99FD0AFF71FCF20A00" author="Rondeletius" box="[675,891,249,274]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" refString="Rondeletius, G., (1555) Universae aquatilium Historiae … Libri de Piscibus marinis. Vol. II. Cap XXV. De Uva marina, Ludguni, 130 pp." type="book" year="1555">Rondeletius (1555)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as a mass with star-like structures at its surface, and included among the Zoophyta as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF8FFF99FD94FE96FD4D0A27" box="[573,708,286,309]" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Spondylomoraceae" genus="Uva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chlamydomonadales" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FD94FE96FD4D0A27" box="[573,708,286,309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Uva marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FD7CFE96FD710A27" box="[725,760,286,309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
, marine grapes). Then, it was at the same time described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8FFF99FF3EFEC9FDAA0A48" box="[151,547,321,346]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" refString="Schlosser, J. A. & Ellis, J. (1755) An account of curious, fleshy, coral-like substance. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 49, 449 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstl. 1755.0062" type="journal article">Schlosser (Schlosser & Ellis 1755)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who discovered that
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FCB2FECAFAC00A48" box="[795,1353,321,346]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">“…every one of those stars to be a true animal…</emphasis>
|
||
” (page 450), and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8FFF99FE80FEEDFDF10A6C" box="[297,632,357,382]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" refString="Schlosser, J. A. & Ellis, J. (1755) An account of curious, fleshy, coral-like substance. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 49, 449 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstl. 1755.0062" type="journal article">Ellis (Schlosser & Ellis 1755)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who noticed the presence of “eggs” between the radii of the stars (“
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FADBFEEDFDDD0AD7" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">The smallest eggs are globular, and as they advance in size, change to an oval figure; from thence they assume the shape of the one of the radii of the stars</emphasis>
|
||
” page 452). Only in 1766 this species was formally described by Pallas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6ED2358FFF8FFF9BFF6EFE59FCF00CFF" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8FFF99FF6EFE59FC390944" blockId="4.[151,1437,249,2019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FF6EFE59FEE80AF8" bold="true" box="[199,353,465,490]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FECEFE59FE3F0AF8" box="[359,438,465,490]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Colony</emphasis>
|
||
. Colonies are polychromatic, flat, investing on hard substrate or epibionthic, usually
|
||
<quantity id="E130CBE1FF8FFF99FADBFE59FF4A091F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick, sometime up to
|
||
<quantity id="E130CBE1FF8FFF99FE79FE7EFDB9091F" box="[464,560,502,526]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
according the morphology of the substratum (Cima
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FB26FE7EFB43091C" box="[1167,1226,501,526]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015 for review). Their surface is smooth. Very large colonies may produce flat lobes in which zooids are arranged on the two sides (a possible explication of this phenomenon is given in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8FFF99FD52FDB5FC220944" author="Brunetti" box="[763,939,573,598]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" refString="Brunetti, R. (1974) Observations on the life cycle of Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas) (Ascidiacea) in the Venetian Lagoon. Bollettino di Zoologia, 41, 225 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250007409430119" type="journal article" year="1974">Brunetti (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8FFF99FF6EFDE9FA9B0E45" blockId="4.[151,1437,249,2019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FF6EFDE9FE800968" box="[199,265,609,634]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Zooid</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FEB0FDE9FEF20968" box="[281,379,609,634]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FE1CFDE9FD900968" box="[437,537,609,634]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). They are usually up to about
|
||
<quantity id="E130CBE1FF8FFF99FC2AFDE9FC52096B" box="[899,987,609,634]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and inclined as regard the colony surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FF5EFD0DFED1098C" box="[247,344,645,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, A–B;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FE02FD0DFD85098C" box="[427,524,645,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, A). There have generally eight tentacles of two size orders. Tentacles are spoon shaped with the concavity towards the outside (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FD07FD21FC8609D0" box="[686,783,681,706]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, C;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FCE9FD21FC2909D0" box="[832,928,681,706]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, C–D); the two laterals of the first orders are most developed, with a mass of blood cells in a vascular lacuna at their bases (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FBB5FD45FBF609F4" box="[1052,1151,717,742]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, C;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FB06FD45FA9809F4" box="[1199,1297,717,742]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,231,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[185,1390,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. B. schlosseri.A:swimming larva; A1: enlargement of the “head”; B: oozooid, ventral view; C–E: enlargements of oozooid intestinal loop; E: stomach fold with longitudianl rut (white arrowhead); F: zooid of first blastogenetic generation (ventral view); G: system of zooids of second blastogenetic generation (ventral view), G1: particular enlarged of second order bus; G2: particular enlarged of the oral syphon (ventral view) showing the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064502/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, G
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FA9CFD46FACD09F4" box="[1333,1348,718,742]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). These masses are often visible at the surface of the colony as two pigmented spots. The body wall has a net of fine muscle fibres. Singularly or in pairs, they run in part as circular fibres mainly concentrated around the oral syphon, and extending to the remaining body wall, in part as longitudinal fibres departing from the external wall of the oral syphon to the lateral region of the zooid. The branchial sac has 8 rows of stigmata: the second row is, on both sides, dorsally incomplete (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FE2CFC0CFE6E088E" box="[389,487,900,925]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, A;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FDB3FC0CFDF5088E" box="[538,636,900,925]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, B) and the 8th often shows irregular stigmata. Sometime also the third row may be incomplete. The branchial sac has a conical shape having about 17 stigmata in the 1
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF8FFF99FB5FFC2FFABF08D6" box="[1270,1334,935,964]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="half">st half</taxonomicName>
|
||
row and about
|
||
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|
||
the 7th. The dorsal and ventral branchial sectors are broader than the two laterals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FB36FC59FA8808F8" box="[1183,1281,977,1002]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, E) and at the middle of the branchial sac the stigmata are usually arranged according the formula E 5,3,3,5 DL. We were not able to verify the presence of muscles fibres along the transversal branchial vessels as found in some species of the same subfamily (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8FFF99FEB1FBB5FE330F44" author="Brunetti" box="[280,442,1085,1110]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" refString="Brunetti, R. (2010) Redescription of Botrylloides magnicoecum (Hartmeyer, 1912) based on the analysis of the type (Tunicata, Ascidiacea, Stielidae, Botryllinae). Bollettino del Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 61, 45 - 58." type="journal article" year="2010">Brunetti 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 5;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8FFF99FDBEFBB5FCF80F44" author="Brunetti" box="[535,881,1085,1110]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" refString="Brunetti, R. & Mastrototaro, F. (2012) Botrylloides pizoni, a new species of Botryllinae (ascidiacea) from the Mediterranean Sea. Zootaxa, 3258, 28 - 36." type="journal article" year="2012">Brunetti & Mastrototaro 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 5). The dorsal lamina rises from the dorsal vessel as a simple membrane at the level of the 4–5th row of stigmata, becomes a double membrane at the level of 5–6th, and then ends on the left side of the oesophageal opening at the level of the last row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FB0AFB03FA8D0FB6" box="[1187,1284,1163,1188]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, D;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FA9FFB03FA1E0FB6" box="[1334,1431,1163,1188]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, E
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FF04FB27FF310FD5" box="[173,184,1199,1223]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Masses of haematic cells were observed in correspondence of the rows of stigmata, on both sides of the endostyle. These masses, named ventral cell islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8FFF99FD4FFB5BFC3B0FFE" author="Manni" box="[742,946,1235,1260]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" refString="Manni, L., Gasparini, F., Hotta, K., Ishizuka, K. J., Ricci, L., Tiozzo, S., Voskoboynik, A. & Dauga, D. (2014) Ontology for the asexual development and anatomy of the colonial chordate Botryllus schlosseri. PLoS One, 9 (5), e 96434. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0096434" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Manni
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FC91FB5CFCE60FFE" box="[824,879,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), consist of different kinds of blood cells (at least macrophages and stem cells) here migrated from the ventral cell islands of regressed parental zooids. They are visible in zooids when they open the syphons and then are completely dispersed by blood circulation before the new change of generation (usually at the colonial stage 9/8/5–6—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8FFF99FCDCFAB7FBA70E4A" author="Sabbadin" box="[885,1070,1343,1368]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" refString="Sabbadin, A. (1955 a) Osservazioni sullo sviluppo, l'accrescimento e la riproduzione di Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas), in condizioni di laboratorio. Bollettino di Zoologia, 22, 243 - 263." type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="a">Sabbadin 1955a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8FFF99FB93FAB7FA8F0E45" author="Manni" box="[1082,1286,1343,1368]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" refString="Manni, L., Gasparini, F., Hotta, K., Ishizuka, K. J., Ricci, L., Tiozzo, S., Voskoboynik, A. & Dauga, D. (2014) Ontology for the asexual development and anatomy of the colonial chordate Botryllus schlosseri. PLoS One, 9 (5), e 96434. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0096434" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Manni
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8FFF99FB23FAC8FB4B0E4A" box="[1162,1218,1343,1368]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8FFF98FF6EFAEEFF590BC7" blockId="4.[151,1437,249,2019]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,1871]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The anterior edge of the first curve of the intestinal loop is at level of the 5–6th row of stigmata (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FAA1FAEEFAE00E6D" box="[1288,1385,1382,1407]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, A), the second curve is open, sometime almost absent. This latter condition is present when there are very developed testis and/or embryos, which compress posteriorly the intestinal curve (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FC6FFA26FBA10ED5" box="[966,1064,1454,1479]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, B). Between the two loops, the medium intestine is covered by the pyloric gland and runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the stomach, along its ventral side or slightly by its parietal side. Under the ampullae of the pyloric gland, the wall of the medium intestine is longitudinally run by a band (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FDCFF992FD4F0D20" box="[614,710,1562,1587]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, D) which might correspond to the internal band of low mucous cell described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8FFF99FEF3F9B6FD5C0D45" author="Burighel" box="[346,725,1598,1623]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" refString="Burighel, P. & Milanesi, C. (1977) Fine structure of the intestinal epithelium of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Cell Tissue Research, 182 (3), 357 - 369. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00219771" type="journal article" year="1977">Burighel & Milanesi (1977, fig 3)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The rectum does not go forward beside the straight dorsal edge of the branchial sac but moves towards the atrial aperture. It is connected, shortly before the anus, to the branchial sac and to the body wall by two trabeculae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FD27F90EFD790D8D" box="[654,752,1670,1695]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, B, D;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FCECF90EFC2E0D8D" box="[837,935,1670,1695]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, F). As the oesophageal aperture, a smoothedged anus opens at the level of the last row of stigmata (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FC86F922FC180DD0" box="[815,913,1706,1731]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, D;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FC6FF922FBA10DD0" box="[966,1064,1706,1731]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, F). The stomach is horizontally arranged under the branchial sac (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FDB7F946FD090DF5" box="[542,640,1742,1767]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, A;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FD1FF946FC910DF5" box="[694,792,1742,1767]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, A). It has an oval or cylindrical outline with 8 slightly spiralled folds run by a longitudinal rut (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FDD4F97AFD680C18" box="[637,737,1778,1803]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, E
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FCAEF97AFCB10C18" box="[775,824,1778,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">2–E</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FC9EF97AFCCA0C18" box="[823,835,1778,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[237,1363,252,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[186,1401,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. B. schlosseri. A: metamorphosing larva, ventral view; B: oozooid with its first order bud on which second order buds are developing, dorsal view; C: oozooid intestinal loop; D: filtering zooid of first blastogenetic generation with its buds, ventral view; E: stomach of the zooid of first blastogenetic generation: mesial (at left) and parietal (at right) sides; F: ventral view of a system formed of two zooids of second blastogenetic generation (derived from buds b1 of D), on left side a third atrophic b1 bud is present; G: enlargement of a zooid of F; H:enlargement of the a first order bud of previous figure on which two second order buds are developing.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064500/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FCFDF97AFC300C18" box="[852,953,1778,1803]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, G) (for a histological description of the stomach folds see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8FFF99FEC1F89EFD140C3D" author="Burighel" box="[360,669,1814,1839]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" refString="Burighel, P. & Milanesi, C. (1973) Fine structure of the gastric epithelium of the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Vacuolated and zymogenic cells. Z. Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat, 145 (4), 541 - 555. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00306723" type="journal article" year="1973">Burighel & Milanesi, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The folds are closed at both ends and are almost equal in size and length; only the fold number 8 is shorter and has a characteristic narrowing at the middle of its length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FAA4F8B2FAE50C40" box="[1293,1388,1850,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, A– B and D–E). The pyloric caecum rises at two-thirds from the anterior end of the typhlosole. This last structure has about half of the stomach length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FDA4F80AFDE50C88" box="[525,620,1922,1947]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, A–B and D–E;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FC8FF80AFC0F0C88" box="[806,902,1922,1947]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, G) and is straight or slightly curved and sloped back arrangement, and with a rounded tip turned toward the parietal side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FC5FF82EFBD00CAD" box="[1014,1113,1958,1983]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, E). The pyloric gland duct debouches at the base of the pyloric caecum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FD38F842FD790CF0" box="[657,752,1994,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, D;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8FFF99FC88F842FC080CF0" box="[801,897,1994,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, G). The part of typhlosole that is anterior to the pyloric caecum is a few wider than the posterior one; the typhlosole does not extend in the first tract of intestinal loop.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8EFF98FF6EFF57FECB0ABE" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1871]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8EFF98FF6EFF57FE970BEA" box="[199,286,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Gonads</emphasis>
|
||
. The testis, with follicles arranged in a morula or fan-shaped cluster (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FB93FF57FB120BEA" box="[1082,1179,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, A–B), opens dorsally with a single vas deferens in the atrial cavity. On right side, the testis is situated immediately anterior to the stomach, on the left anterior to the pyloric intestinal curve (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FC9EFEAFFC1E0A52" box="[823,919,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, A). In primary bud, usually there are up to
|
||
<specimenCount id="30CEAD8DFF8EFF98FA27FEAFFF420A77" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" type="egg">5 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
arranged, in an arc dorsally to testis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FDC3FEC4FD450A76" box="[618,716,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1368,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. B. schlosseri.A:filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as inFigure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, H, I). Embryos develop in the atrial cavity of the zooid attached by a placental cup (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8EFF98FED9FEE7FD480A9A" author="Arnback-Christie-Linde" box="[368,705,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" refString="Arnback-Christie-Linde, A. (1923) Northern and Arctic invertebrates in the collection of the Swedish State Museum (Riksmuseum). IX Tunicata. 2. Botryllidae: reproductive organs of Metrocarpa (n. gen.) leachi Savigny and Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas). Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 63, 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1923">Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8EFF98FD64FEE7FC2A0A9A" author="Zaniolo" box="[717,931,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" refString="Zaniolo, G., Burighel, P. & Martinucci, G. B. (1987) Ovulation and placentation in Botryllus schlosseri (Ascidiacea): an ultrastructural study. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 1181 - 1190." type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
Zaniolo
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8EFF98FC82FEF9FCEA0A9A" box="[811,867,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to the body wall but this structure usually is not easy to see.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8EFF98FF6EFE31FBFE0AE6" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1871]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8EFF98FF6EFE31FE830AC2" box="[199,266,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Larva</emphasis>
|
||
. It is about
|
||
<quantity id="E130CBE1FF8EFF98FE3BFE3FFE610ADD" box="[402,488,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (without fin), trunk
|
||
<quantity id="E130CBE1FF8EFF98FCA3FE3FFCEA0ADD" box="[778,867,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. It has, as usual in Stolidobranchia, three adhesive organs arranged in a triangle, 8 ectodermal ampullae and a black photolith (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FC4CFE54FBCE0AE6" box="[997,1095,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,231,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[185,1390,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. B. schlosseri.A:swimming larva; A1: enlargement of the “head”; B: oozooid, ventral view; C–E: enlargements of oozooid intestinal loop; E: stomach fold with longitudianl rut (white arrowhead); F: zooid of first blastogenetic generation (ventral view); G: system of zooids of second blastogenetic generation (ventral view), G1: particular enlarged of second order bus; G2: particular enlarged of the oral syphon (ventral view) showing the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8EFF98FF6EFE77FDCE0F4A" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1871]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8EFF98FF6EFE77FD18090A" box="[199,657,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Oozooid and morphogenesis of the zooid</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FD36FE77FD76090A" box="[671,767,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[237,1363,252,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[186,1401,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. B. schlosseri. A: metamorphosing larva, ventral view; B: oozooid with its first order bud on which second order buds are developing, dorsal view; C: oozooid intestinal loop; D: filtering zooid of first blastogenetic generation with its buds, ventral view; E: stomach of the zooid of first blastogenetic generation: mesial (at left) and parietal (at right) sides; F: ventral view of a system formed of two zooids of second blastogenetic generation (derived from buds b1 of D), on left side a third atrophic b1 bud is present; G: enlargement of a zooid of F; H:enlargement of the a first order bud of previous figure on which two second order buds are developing.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064500/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FC9FFE77FC1C090A" box="[822,917,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,231,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[185,1390,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. B. schlosseri.A:swimming larva; A1: enlargement of the “head”; B: oozooid, ventral view; C–E: enlargements of oozooid intestinal loop; E: stomach fold with longitudianl rut (white arrowhead); F: zooid of first blastogenetic generation (ventral view); G: system of zooids of second blastogenetic generation (ventral view), G1: particular enlarged of second order bus; G2: particular enlarged of the oral syphon (ventral view) showing the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The following observations refer to colonies obtained from gametes of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F973D8A6FF8EFF98FDAFFDADFDD6092F" box="[518,607,549,573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
colony. The oozooids developed at ~18°C, since the quoted time of development is function of temperature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8EFF98FDC2FDCFFCA70972" author="Sabbadin" box="[619,814,583,608]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" refString="Sabbadin, A. (1955 a) Osservazioni sullo sviluppo, l'accrescimento e la riproduzione di Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas), in condizioni di laboratorio. Bollettino di Zoologia, 22, 243 - 263." type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="a">Sabbadin, 1955a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). After settlement, the tail regresses and is reabsorbed while the metamorphosing larva completes its development. The first 8 ampullae are each at the end of a vessel elongating radially on the substrate from a central lacuna (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FC89FD07FC0B09BA" box="[800,898,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[237,1363,252,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[186,1401,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. B. schlosseri. A: metamorphosing larva, ventral view; B: oozooid with its first order bud on which second order buds are developing, dorsal view; C: oozooid intestinal loop; D: filtering zooid of first blastogenetic generation with its buds, ventral view; E: stomach of the zooid of first blastogenetic generation: mesial (at left) and parietal (at right) sides; F: ventral view of a system formed of two zooids of second blastogenetic generation (derived from buds b1 of D), on left side a third atrophic b1 bud is present; G: enlargement of a zooid of F; H:enlargement of the a first order bud of previous figure on which two second order buds are developing.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064500/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, A). About 1.5 day after settlement, the oozooid opens syphons, but its morphogenesis is not completed. At this time, only the two lateral tentacles are visible; two more tentacles develop later on. The masses of pigmented blood cells at the bases of the two lateral tentacles of the zooid (see above) are already present. The oozooid has 5 protostigmata and a single internal longitudinal branchial vessel on each side. There is a single bud on the right side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FC85FC97FC04082A" box="[812,909,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[237,1363,252,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[186,1401,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. B. schlosseri. A: metamorphosing larva, ventral view; B: oozooid with its first order bud on which second order buds are developing, dorsal view; C: oozooid intestinal loop; D: filtering zooid of first blastogenetic generation with its buds, ventral view; E: stomach of the zooid of first blastogenetic generation: mesial (at left) and parietal (at right) sides; F: ventral view of a system formed of two zooids of second blastogenetic generation (derived from buds b1 of D), on left side a third atrophic b1 bud is present; G: enlargement of a zooid of F; H:enlargement of the a first order bud of previous figure on which two second order buds are developing.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064500/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, B;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FC12FC97FB92082A" box="[955,1051,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,231,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[185,1390,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. B. schlosseri.A:swimming larva; A1: enlargement of the “head”; B: oozooid, ventral view; C–E: enlargements of oozooid intestinal loop; E: stomach fold with longitudianl rut (white arrowhead); F: zooid of first blastogenetic generation (ventral view); G: system of zooids of second blastogenetic generation (ventral view), G1: particular enlarged of second order bus; G2: particular enlarged of the oral syphon (ventral view) showing the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, B). The stomach is globular, with 4 folds and a typhlosole from which a large pyloric caecum rises. Both the pyloric gland and the caecum are larger than those belonging to the blastozooid, when compared to the stomach size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FBBEFCEFFBF20892" box="[1047,1147,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[237,1363,252,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[186,1401,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. B. schlosseri. A: metamorphosing larva, ventral view; B: oozooid with its first order bud on which second order buds are developing, dorsal view; C: oozooid intestinal loop; D: filtering zooid of first blastogenetic generation with its buds, ventral view; E: stomach of the zooid of first blastogenetic generation: mesial (at left) and parietal (at right) sides; F: ventral view of a system formed of two zooids of second blastogenetic generation (derived from buds b1 of D), on left side a third atrophic b1 bud is present; G: enlargement of a zooid of F; H:enlargement of the a first order bud of previous figure on which two second order buds are developing.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064500/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, C;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FB07FCEFFA980892" box="[1198,1297,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,231,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[185,1390,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. B. schlosseri.A:swimming larva; A1: enlargement of the “head”; B: oozooid, ventral view; C–E: enlargements of oozooid intestinal loop; E: stomach fold with longitudianl rut (white arrowhead); F: zooid of first blastogenetic generation (ventral view); G: system of zooids of second blastogenetic generation (ventral view), G1: particular enlarged of second order bus; G2: particular enlarged of the oral syphon (ventral view) showing the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, C, D). The stomach fold shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FE37FC04FE7408B6" box="[414,509,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[237,1363,252,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[186,1401,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. B. schlosseri. A: metamorphosing larva, ventral view; B: oozooid with its first order bud on which second order buds are developing, dorsal view; C: oozooid intestinal loop; D: filtering zooid of first blastogenetic generation with its buds, ventral view; E: stomach of the zooid of first blastogenetic generation: mesial (at left) and parietal (at right) sides; F: ventral view of a system formed of two zooids of second blastogenetic generation (derived from buds b1 of D), on left side a third atrophic b1 bud is present; G: enlargement of a zooid of F; H:enlargement of the a first order bud of previous figure on which two second order buds are developing.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064500/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, C corresponds to an oozooid which has just opened the syphons; in the following days, they become run by a longitudinal rut as typically occurs in the stomach of blastozooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FABAFC27FAF308DA" box="[1299,1402,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,231,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[185,1390,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. B. schlosseri.A:swimming larva; A1: enlargement of the “head”; B: oozooid, ventral view; C–E: enlargements of oozooid intestinal loop; E: stomach fold with longitudianl rut (white arrowhead); F: zooid of first blastogenetic generation (ventral view); G: system of zooids of second blastogenetic generation (ventral view), G1: particular enlarged of second order bus; G2: particular enlarged of the oral syphon (ventral view) showing the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, E arrowheads). The oozooid reaches a length of about 800 µm (average on 16 measured samples); moreover, the first 8 tunic vessels, derived by the 8 larval ampullae, change their course and begin to form the marginal vessels of the future colonial vascular systems (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FDBBFB94FDFC0F26" box="[530,629,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[237,1363,252,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[186,1401,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. B. schlosseri. A: metamorphosing larva, ventral view; B: oozooid with its first order bud on which second order buds are developing, dorsal view; C: oozooid intestinal loop; D: filtering zooid of first blastogenetic generation with its buds, ventral view; E: stomach of the zooid of first blastogenetic generation: mesial (at left) and parietal (at right) sides; F: ventral view of a system formed of two zooids of second blastogenetic generation (derived from buds b1 of D), on left side a third atrophic b1 bud is present; G: enlargement of a zooid of F; H:enlargement of the a first order bud of previous figure on which two second order buds are developing.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064500/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, D) (for a more careful description of the development of this vascular system see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8EFF98FEBFFBB7FDB20F4A" author="Brunetti" box="[278,571,1087,1112]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" refString="Brunetti, R. & Burighel, P. (1969) Sviluppo dell'apparato vascolare coloniale in Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas). Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 37 (Supplement 2), 137 - 148." type="journal article" year="1969">Brunetti & Burighel 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8EFF98FF6EFBECFE320E1E" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1871]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
||
After about 7 days from settlement, the oozooid regresses and is substituted by its bud which represent the zooid of the first blastogenic generation. It reaches a length of about 900 µm (average on 15 measured samples). This zooid presents 4 complete rows of vertical stigmata and a stomach with 7 folds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FBE6FB24FB380FD6" box="[1103,1201,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[237,1363,252,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[186,1401,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. B. schlosseri. A: metamorphosing larva, ventral view; B: oozooid with its first order bud on which second order buds are developing, dorsal view; C: oozooid intestinal loop; D: filtering zooid of first blastogenetic generation with its buds, ventral view; E: stomach of the zooid of first blastogenetic generation: mesial (at left) and parietal (at right) sides; F: ventral view of a system formed of two zooids of second blastogenetic generation (derived from buds b1 of D), on left side a third atrophic b1 bud is present; G: enlargement of a zooid of F; H:enlargement of the a first order bud of previous figure on which two second order buds are developing.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064500/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, D, E). It has usually a single bud on each side. Sometime a second bud is present on the right side, but this usually does not develop (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FF37FB7CFF760E1E" box="[158,255,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[237,1363,252,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[186,1401,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. B. schlosseri. A: metamorphosing larva, ventral view; B: oozooid with its first order bud on which second order buds are developing, dorsal view; C: oozooid intestinal loop; D: filtering zooid of first blastogenetic generation with its buds, ventral view; E: stomach of the zooid of first blastogenetic generation: mesial (at left) and parietal (at right) sides; F: ventral view of a system formed of two zooids of second blastogenetic generation (derived from buds b1 of D), on left side a third atrophic b1 bud is present; G: enlargement of a zooid of F; H:enlargement of the a first order bud of previous figure on which two second order buds are developing.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064500/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, D;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FE86FB7CFE060E1E" box="[303,399,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,231,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[185,1390,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. B. schlosseri.A:swimming larva; A1: enlargement of the “head”; B: oozooid, ventral view; C–E: enlargements of oozooid intestinal loop; E: stomach fold with longitudianl rut (white arrowhead); F: zooid of first blastogenetic generation (ventral view); G: system of zooids of second blastogenetic generation (ventral view), G1: particular enlarged of second order bus; G2: particular enlarged of the oral syphon (ventral view) showing the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8EFF98FF6EFA9FFEE00D3D" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1871]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
||
When this zooids regresses, it is substituted by its buds that represent the zooids of second blastogenic generation and constitute the first system of the colony (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FCBDFAB4FCFE0E46" box="[788,887,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[237,1363,252,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[186,1401,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. B. schlosseri. A: metamorphosing larva, ventral view; B: oozooid with its first order bud on which second order buds are developing, dorsal view; C: oozooid intestinal loop; D: filtering zooid of first blastogenetic generation with its buds, ventral view; E: stomach of the zooid of first blastogenetic generation: mesial (at left) and parietal (at right) sides; F: ventral view of a system formed of two zooids of second blastogenetic generation (derived from buds b1 of D), on left side a third atrophic b1 bud is present; G: enlargement of a zooid of F; H:enlargement of the a first order bud of previous figure on which two second order buds are developing.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064500/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, F;
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FC0AFAB4FB8D0E46" box="[931,1028,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,231,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[185,1390,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. B. schlosseri.A:swimming larva; A1: enlargement of the “head”; B: oozooid, ventral view; C–E: enlargements of oozooid intestinal loop; E: stomach fold with longitudianl rut (white arrowhead); F: zooid of first blastogenetic generation (ventral view); G: system of zooids of second blastogenetic generation (ventral view), G1: particular enlarged of second order bus; G2: particular enlarged of the oral syphon (ventral view) showing the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, G). These zooids reach about 1400 µm in length (average on 9 measured samples). They have five (at least at the right side) all complete rows of stigmata (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FEADFA0CFEEC0E8E" box="[260,357,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[237,1363,252,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[186,1401,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. B. schlosseri. A: metamorphosing larva, ventral view; B: oozooid with its first order bud on which second order buds are developing, dorsal view; C: oozooid intestinal loop; D: filtering zooid of first blastogenetic generation with its buds, ventral view; E: stomach of the zooid of first blastogenetic generation: mesial (at left) and parietal (at right) sides; F: ventral view of a system formed of two zooids of second blastogenetic generation (derived from buds b1 of D), on left side a third atrophic b1 bud is present; G: enlargement of a zooid of F; H:enlargement of the a first order bud of previous figure on which two second order buds are developing.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064500/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, G). At the left side the gut hinders a clear view of the fifth row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FB9FFA0CFB110E8E" box="[1078,1176,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[237,1363,252,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[186,1401,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. B. schlosseri. A: metamorphosing larva, ventral view; B: oozooid with its first order bud on which second order buds are developing, dorsal view; C: oozooid intestinal loop; D: filtering zooid of first blastogenetic generation with its buds, ventral view; E: stomach of the zooid of first blastogenetic generation: mesial (at left) and parietal (at right) sides; F: ventral view of a system formed of two zooids of second blastogenetic generation (derived from buds b1 of D), on left side a third atrophic b1 bud is present; G: enlargement of a zooid of F; H:enlargement of the a first order bud of previous figure on which two second order buds are developing.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064500/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, G). These zooids have one bud (the 3th blastogenetic generation) on each side. These zooids have one bud (the 3th blastogenetic generation) on each side. The last buds show a very strong blastogenic power, splitting the appearing bud primordium per side into two or three primordia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF8EFF98FD64FA7AFC0B0D19" author="Sabbadin" box="[717,898,1522,1547]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" refString="Sabbadin, A. (1969) The compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri in the field and in laboratory. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 37 (Supplement 2), 67 - 72." type="journal article" year="1969">Sabbadin, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, usually not all these buds complete their development.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8EFF98FF6EF9B3FF550C5D" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1871]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
||
In one or two succeeding generations (which occur every 7 days at ~18°C) zooids assume the definitive morphology for the species (see above): the stigmata rows and stomach fold rises until they reach their typical number and the second row of stigmata become dorsally incomplete; furthermore, the gut loop progressively changes. Initially, in the oozooid, the stomach has its longitudinal axis only slightly tilted to the left, and its oesophageal end is close to the aperture of the posterior end of branchial sac, so that an oesophageal tract is practically absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FEC3F966FE450C15" box="[362,460,1774,1799]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,231,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[185,1390,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. B. schlosseri.A:swimming larva; A1: enlargement of the “head”; B: oozooid, ventral view; C–E: enlargements of oozooid intestinal loop; E: stomach fold with longitudianl rut (white arrowhead); F: zooid of first blastogenetic generation (ventral view); G: system of zooids of second blastogenetic generation (ventral view), G1: particular enlarged of second order bus; G2: particular enlarged of the oral syphon (ventral view) showing the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, C, D, E). In few succeeding generations, the longitudinal axis of the stomach becomes more and more angled until to become orthogonal to that of the zooid (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FBBEF89AFBFE0C39" box="[1047,1143,1810,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,231,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[185,1390,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. B. schlosseri.A:swimming larva; A1: enlargement of the “head”; B: oozooid, ventral view; C–E: enlargements of oozooid intestinal loop; E: stomach fold with longitudianl rut (white arrowhead); F: zooid of first blastogenetic generation (ventral view); G: system of zooids of second blastogenetic generation (ventral view), G1: particular enlarged of second order bus; G2: particular enlarged of the oral syphon (ventral view) showing the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles.Symbols as in Figure 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, C, D, E with
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEF37A81FF8EFF98FABCF89AFAFA0C39" box="[1301,1395,1810,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[201,1356,193,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. B. schlosseri. A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E 1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E 2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E 3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, A, B, D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="72B7368CFF8DFF9BFF3EF9F4FCA90DE0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064496/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[250,1320,241,1623]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8DFF9BFF3EF9F4FCA90DE0" blockId="6.[151,1436,1660,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFF3EF9F4FE870D80" bold="true" box="[151,270,1660,1682]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFEB5F9F5FE2F0D80" box="[284,422,1660,1682]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF8DFF9BFEB5F9F5FE2B0D80" box="[284,418,1660,1682]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">B. schlosseri</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A: filtering zooid without ovaries (left side view); B: filtering zooid with embryos and testis (left side view); C: spoon shaped tentacle; D: intestinal loop; E1: parietal side of stomach to show how stomach and coecum length are measured; E2: parietal (left) and mesial (right) sides of stomach; E3: stomach and its transversal section at the pyloric caecum level (draws from Michaelsen, 1921, fig. 3 on pag 110).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8DFF9BFF3EF973FCF00CFF" blockId="6.[151,1436,1660,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFF3EF973FF620C03" box="[151,235,1787,1809]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">Symbols</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFF53F973FE8F0C03" bold="true" box="[250,262,1787,1809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">a</emphasis>
|
||
, ampulla;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFEDCF973FE190C03" bold="true" box="[373,400,1787,1809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">ab</emphasis>
|
||
, atrophic bud;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFD84F973FDC70C03" bold="true" box="[557,590,1787,1809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">an,</emphasis>
|
||
anus;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFD3AF973FD250C03" bold="true" box="[659,684,1787,1809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">ao</emphasis>
|
||
, adhesive organs;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFCC5F973FC0B0C03" bold="true" box="[876,898,1787,1809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">as</emphasis>
|
||
, atrial syphon;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFB8DF973FBC90C03" bold="true" box="[1060,1088,1787,1809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">b1</emphasis>
|
||
, first order bud;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFB59F973FA820C03" bold="true" box="[1264,1291,1787,1809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">b2</emphasis>
|
||
, second order bud;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFF62F892FF6A0C22" bold="true" box="[203,227,1818,1840]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">bs</emphasis>
|
||
, branchial sac;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFE2CF892FE170C22" bold="true" box="[389,414,1818,1840]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">bv</emphasis>
|
||
, blood vessel;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFD90F892FDD50C22" bold="true" box="[569,604,1818,1840]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">ddl</emphasis>
|
||
, double dorsal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFCE7F892FCEA0C22" bold="true" box="[846,867,1818,1840]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">dl</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFBA0F892FB960C22" bold="true" box="[1033,1055,1818,1840]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">dt</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal tubercle;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFB7BF892FB620C22" bold="true" box="[1234,1259,1818,1840]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">dv</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal vessel;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFA23F892FA1C0C22" bold="true" box="[1418,1429,1818,1840]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">e</emphasis>
|
||
, endostyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFEA0F8B1FEA00C5D" bold="true" box="[265,297,1849,1871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">em</emphasis>
|
||
, embryos;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFE08F8B1FE3D0C5D" bold="true" box="[417,436,1849,1871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">gl</emphasis>
|
||
, gastric loop;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFDE6F8B1FDD40C5D" bold="true" box="[591,605,1849,1871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">h</emphasis>
|
||
, heart;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFD18F8B1FD310C5D" bold="true" box="[689,696,1849,1871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">i</emphasis>
|
||
, intestine;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFC86F8B1FCC20C5D" bold="true" box="[815,843,1849,1871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">ilb</emphasis>
|
||
, intestinal longitudinal band;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFB2EF8B1FB070C5D" bold="true" box="[1159,1166,1849,1871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">l</emphasis>
|
||
, lacuna;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFB58F8B1FA980C5D" bold="true" box="[1265,1297,1849,1871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">lbv</emphasis>
|
||
, longitudinal branchial vessel;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFEE1F8DFFED00C7F" bold="true" box="[328,345,1879,1901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">lr</emphasis>
|
||
, longitudinal rut;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFDBDF8DFFDAA0C7F" bold="true" box="[532,547,1879,1901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">lt</emphasis>
|
||
, left testis;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFD35F8DFFD350C7F" bold="true" box="[668,700,1879,1901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">mv</emphasis>
|
||
, marginal vessel;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFCDEF8DFFC1B0C7F" bold="true" box="[887,914,1879,1901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">ng</emphasis>
|
||
, neural gland;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFB85F8DFFBCD0C7F" bold="true" box="[1068,1092,1879,1901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">oe</emphasis>
|
||
, oesophagus;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFB7FF8DFFB640C7F" bold="true" box="[1238,1261,1879,1901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">os</emphasis>
|
||
, oral syphon;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFA29F8DFFA1C0C7F" bold="true" box="[1408,1429,1879,1901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">ot</emphasis>
|
||
, oral tentacles;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFE9DF8FEFEC50C9E" bold="true" box="[308,332,1910,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">ov</emphasis>
|
||
, ovary;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFE00F8FEFE5B0C9E" bold="true" box="[425,466,1910,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">pbg</emphasis>
|
||
, prebranchial groove;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFD6CF8FEFD570C9E" bold="true" box="[709,734,1910,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">pc</emphasis>
|
||
, pyloric caecum;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFC0BF8FEFC340C9E" bold="true" box="[930,957,1910,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">pg</emphasis>
|
||
, pyloric gland;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFBC2F8FEFB1D0C9E" bold="true" box="[1131,1172,1910,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">pgd</emphasis>
|
||
, pyloric gland duct;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFAD0F8FEFA150C9E" bold="true" box="[1401,1436,1910,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">ph,</emphasis>
|
||
photolith;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFEA8F81CFE900CB8" bold="true" box="[257,281,1940,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">ps</emphasis>
|
||
, protostigmata;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFE6BF81CFE450CB8" bold="true" box="[450,460,1940,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">r</emphasis>
|
||
, rectum;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFD99F81CFDDA0CB8" bold="true" box="[560,595,1940,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">rbs</emphasis>
|
||
, right branchial sectors;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFCFFF81CFCE00CB8" bold="true" box="[854,873,1940,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">rt</emphasis>
|
||
, right testis;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFC5AF81CFB800CB8" bold="true" box="[1011,1033,1940,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">rv</emphasis>
|
||
, radial vessel;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFB0EF81CFB300CB8" bold="true" box="[1191,1209,1940,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">st</emphasis>
|
||
, stomach;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFA82F81CFAC30CB8" bold="true" box="[1323,1354,1940,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">sdl</emphasis>
|
||
, simple dorsal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFE84F83EFEB60CDE" bold="true" box="[301,319,1974,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">sf</emphasis>
|
||
, stomach fold;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFE75F83EFE6D0CDE" bold="true" box="[476,484,1974,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">t</emphasis>
|
||
, testis;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFD9AF83EFDDD0CDE" bold="true" box="[563,596,1974,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">tbv</emphasis>
|
||
, transversal branchial vessel;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFC2DF83EFC1E0CDE" bold="true" box="[900,919,1974,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">tr</emphasis>
|
||
, trabecula;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFBA4F83EFBB90CDE" bold="true" box="[1037,1072,1974,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">typ</emphasis>
|
||
, typhlosole,
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFB1AF83EFB5C0CDE" bold="true" box="[1203,1237,1971,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">1st f</emphasis>
|
||
, first stomach fold;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFF3EF85FFF370CFF" bold="true" box="[151,190,2004,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">1st r</emphasis>
|
||
, first row of stigmata;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFE0FF85FFE440CFF" bold="true" box="[422,461,2004,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">4th f</emphasis>
|
||
, fourth stomach fold;
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8DFF9BFD06F85FFD570CFF" bold="true" box="[687,734,2007,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">1- 8,</emphasis>
|
||
stomach folds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="72B7368CFF8CFF9AFF3EF8A0FD370CE4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064498/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" targetBox="[235,1335,226,1778]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF8CFF9AFF3EF8A0FD370CE4" blockId="7.[151,1436,1832,2038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8CFF9AFF3EF8A0FE850C2C" bold="true" box="[151,268,1832,1854]" pageId="7" pageNumber="36">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF8CFF9AFEB1F8A1FE280C2C" box="[280,417,1832,1854]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF8CFF9AFEB1F8A1FE150C2C" box="[280,412,1832,1854]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">B. schlosseri</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A: filtering zooid with testis; B: particular of the previous figure enlarged to show the second row of stigmata (black arrowhead) does not arrive to the dorsal vessel; C: Detail of figure B to show the spoon shaped oral tentacles; A, B, C; the white arrowheads indicate the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles; D: oral spoon shaped tentacles seen at the scanning electron microscopy; E: branchial sac opened; E1: particular enlarged to show the simple (s) and double (d) dorsal lamina; F: isolated intestinal loop; G: enlarged portion of stomach to show typhlosole, pyloric caecum and duct of the pyloric gland; H: first order bud (stage 8/2-3); I: particular enlarged of the figure H showing oocytes and testis, the second order bud in stage 2-3. Symbols as in Figure 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="72B7368CFF83FF95FF3EF944FC9A0C6E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064500/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="37" targetBox="[237,1363,252,1682]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF83FF95FF3EF944FC9A0C6E" blockId="8.[151,1436,1740,1916]" pageId="8" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF83FF95FF3EF944FE840DF0" bold="true" box="[151,269,1740,1762]" pageId="8" pageNumber="37">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF83FF95FEB2F946FE2D0DF0" box="[283,420,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF83FF95FEB2F946FE290DF0" box="[283,416,1740,1763]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="8" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">B. schlosseri</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A: metamorphosing larva, ventral view; B: oozooid with its first order bud on which second order buds are developing, dorsal view; C: oozooid intestinal loop; D: filtering zooid of first blastogenetic generation with its buds, ventral view; E: stomach of the zooid of first blastogenetic generation: mesial (at left) and parietal (at right) sides; F: ventral view of a system formed of two zooids of second blastogenetic generation (derived from buds b1 of D), on left side a third atrophic b1 bud is present; G: enlargement of a zooid of F; H: enlargement of the a first order bud of previous figure on which two second order buds are developing. Symbols as in Figure 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="72B7368CFF82FF94FF3EF8DDFE620CF4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1064502/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" targetBox="[220,1357,231,1822]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF82FF94FF3EF8DDFE620CF4" blockId="9.[151,1436,1877,2022]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF82FF94FF3EF8DDFE850C79" bold="true" box="[151,268,1877,1899]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF82FF94FEB1F8DEFE280C79" box="[280,417,1877,1899]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF82FF94FEB1F8DEFE150C79" box="[280,412,1877,1899]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">B. schlosseri</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A: swimming larva; A1: enlargement of the “head”; B: oozooid, ventral view; C–E: enlargements of oozooid intestinal loop; E: stomach fold with longitudianl rut (white arrowhead); F: zooid of first blastogenetic generation (ventral view); G: system of zooids of second blastogenetic generation (ventral view), G1: particular enlarged of second order bus; G2: particular enlarged of the oral syphon (ventral view) showing the mass of blood cells at the base of the two lateral tentacles. Symbols as in Figure 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6ED2358FFF81FF97FF6EFF1FFCEA0A52" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="26776604FF81FF97FF6EFF1FFCEA0A52" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF81FF97FF6EFF1FFEA20BA2" bold="true" box="[199,299,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C81D87FF81FF97FE9FFF11FE410BA2" box="[310,456,151,176]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF81FF97FE9FFF11FE410BA2" box="[310,456,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="39">B. schlosseri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is largely distributed in shallow waters along all European coasts, on stones, algae, other ascidians, etc. It is particularly abundant in harbours. It survives and growths at low temperatures and reproduces above 10°C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF81FF97FE02FF57FDDB0BEA" author="Brunetti" box="[427,594,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Brunetti, R. (1974) Observations on the life cycle of Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas) (Ascidiacea) in the Venetian Lagoon. Bollettino di Zoologia, 41, 225 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250007409430119" type="journal article" year="1974">Brunetti, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF81FF97FDF7FF57FCF60BEA" author="Brunetti" box="[606,895,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Brunetti, R. & Copello, M. (1978) Growth and senescence in colonies of Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas) (Ascidiacea). Bollettino di Zoologia, 45, 359 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250007809440143" type="journal article" year="1978">Brunetti & Copello, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF81FF97FC22FF57FBE10BEA" author="Brunetti" box="[907,1128,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Brunetti, R., Beghi, L., Bressan, M. & Marin, M. (1980) Combined effects of temperature and salinity on colonies of Botryllus schlosseri and Botrylloides leachii (Ascidiacea) from the Venetian Lagoon. Marin Ecology Progress Series, 2, 303 - 314. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 002303" type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||
Brunetti
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF81FF97FC44FF69FBAF0BEA" box="[1005,1062,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF81FF97FBDDFF68FB390BEA" author="Brunetti" box="[1140,1200,224,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Brunetti, R., Marin, M. & Bressan, M. (1984) Combined effects of temperature and salinity on sexual reproduction and colonial growth of Botryllus schlosseri (Tunicata). Bollettino di Zoologia, 51, 405 - 411. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250008409439481" type="journal article" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A review on sexual and asexual reproduction of this species is given by Gasparini
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF81FF97FCC5FE8DFC2E0A0F" box="[876,935,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015). It is also easy to rear in laboratory (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF81FF97FF37FEAFFEC30A52" author="Sabbadin" box="[158,330,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Sabbadin, A. (1960) Ulteriori notizie sull'allevamento e sulla biologia dei Botrilli in condizioni di laboratorio. Archivio di Oceanografia e Limnologia, 12, 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1960">Sabbadin 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF81FF97FEFFFEAFFD9C0A52" author="Boyd" box="[342,533,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Boyd, H. C., Brown, S. K., Harp, J. A. & Weissman, I. L. (1986) Growth and sexual maturation of laboratory-cultured Monterey Botryllus schlosseri. Biological Bulletin, 170, 91 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1541383" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
Boyd
|
||
<emphasis id="14BCBA16FF81FF97FE33FEA1FE5B0A52" box="[410,466,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42591BF5FF81FF97FDB6FEAFFCDF0A52" author="Rinkevich" box="[543,854,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Rinkevich, B. & Shapira, M. (1998) An improved diet for inland bloodstock and the establishment of an inbred line from Botryllus schlosseri, a colonial sea squirt (Ascidiacea). Aquatic Living Resources, 11 (3), 163 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0990 - 7440 (98) 80113 - 7" type="journal article" year="1998">Rinkevich & Shapira, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |