231 lines
25 KiB
XML
231 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="EE651B28919ADD81326638EDA145D462" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d92ae3c0-1a83-4964-9160-e141f9ab5c17" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-PMC="PMC8018707" ID-PubMed="32230093" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3697554" ID-ZooBank="D934167E-7D2E-41E1-8FFD-24B34C55ABB6" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1583398561978" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui & Grishin, Nick V." docDate="2020" docId="AC6A87E0FFB667315BB5CFEC8D6221F6" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4748.1.10.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4748 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ernsta Grishin, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="A5431ACA-C253-4414-AE23-97A320D45D4D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="186" masterDocId="5053FF98FFB567355B22C96D8E592251" masterDocTitle="A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini)" masterLastPageNumber="194" masterPageNumber="182" pageNumber="185" updateTime="1698724915800" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="98CD0FA7ED5E813CA4013F03291CDD2C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0B89B8DAA8A76186EC7CBC9DF16120E0">
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<mods:title id="B0FBA277363542B7711D6AEE7FA3145E">A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="364C0D8B9F227BD420D4E9C0609AAA28" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="DDBB26E4DF026E02DF3C2DBF1470481B">Zhang, Jing</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="BE45E6BB5E2764CAEFB633C6C6517539">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="93A6AFEDDDDD5E2FBBDFE0F975E1B1B8">Brockmann, Ernst</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="FA1D298FE6BE251F33FB87BAE898967C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="ADDF9D772A432894331A54CECFBC6A1D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="50EED9E8254E94270C1CCDD8B612E8CE">Cong, Qian</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="EE0AAF8925ECD13F4499D680DE169DB6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4432A47211F381A10CB920FFDBF5EFD4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A373ADC7451BC0B157B3F463A790F04B">Shen, Jinhui</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="C0A8C7FEE9DFB4EF44D8209828AB5591" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F70CDE90DAE205E8AA0E954A9F03F2F0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="82678A7ED50651A3B35AE8F0F9B524C3">Grishin, Nick V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8AD81976454BCD2606FB5B83A9F61EF6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="30DC0F253E0B3FFB8DC892F546C5EC92">
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<mods:title id="C4FD6760C4848010B8039AA389FDBBC1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="4AAF7859BD4F38CEF75F749CF15BF141">
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<mods:date id="1573E20FA003BD26C790A035548EF75D">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="8115B318E72E11F91CD4E8DFB80B4278" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="3612EF840F7B5F7DE72C82F36A67541B">2020-03-05</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="025A4C961B6C3C3600042ED8F39CE2D4" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2662B3EE96B349F136D13D4D46D87461">4748</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="499C1304B94E7980786725C260AF180D" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="C4D4F62557F66E16FC22BE271CCB1742">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="0CD9DB2A9E65BECFA4EA015CE0833A75">182</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="69300E5CD82B349F2508B3761EB01081">194</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="5271C408E4E425DAAA508CE08333EB95">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="DAF2072C14D4D235267AB019972BA2EC" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C032AF21A68F456DE9C0C38D7D65219F" type="GBIF-Dataset">d92ae3c0-1a83-4964-9160-e141f9ab5c17</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="62D51F8BF6B8C7C9FE99BB31BC4E81D5" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9CBCBDD885D10ED04887BE92053737B5" type="PMC">PMC8018707</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8100CFA440E6956E425272D9373CB479" type="PubMed">32230093</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1CA5BFA6970076FAB7249E828D6FE22C" type="Zenodo-Dep">3697554</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="823E19156A9A64C6F96252C9812098F1" type="ZooBank">D934167E-7D2E-41E1-8FFD-24B34C55ABB6</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="AC6A87E0FFB667315BB5CFEC8D6221F6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3704242" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162443453" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3704242" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A5431ACA-C253-4414-AE23-97A320D45D4D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFB667315BB5CFEC8D6221F6" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">
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<subSubSection id="6CD9657DFFB667365BB5CFEC8D0C248C" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB667365BB5CFEC8FE824CA" blockId="3.[151,433,1665,1691]" box="[151,433,1665,1691]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">
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<heading id="7F34819AFFB667365BB5CFEC8FE824CA" bold="true" box="[151,433,1665,1691]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB667365BB5CFEC8FE824CA" bold="true" box="[151,433,1665,1691]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">
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<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB667365BB5CFEC8F0B24CA" authority="Grishin" authorityName="Grishin" box="[151,338,1665,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ernsta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov." tribe="Carcharodini">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB667365BB5CFEC8EB024CA" bold="true" box="[151,233,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Ernsta</emphasis>
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Grishin
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="0D84579FFFB667365A7DCFEC8FE824CA" box="[351,433,1665,1691]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" rank="genus">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB667365BB5CFA98D0C248C" blockId="3.[151,853,1732,1757]" box="[151,853,1732,1757]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">
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http://zoobank.org/
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<uuid id="50650C23FFB667365A79CFA98D0C248C" box="[347,853,1732,1757]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">8301DAE5-F4D8-4EE8-BFDC-BFF4BCE2A8E9</uuid>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CD9657DFFB667365BB5CE618CB92577" box="[151,736,1803,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB667365BB5CE618CB92577" blockId="3.[151,1437,1803,2015]" box="[151,736,1803,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB667365BB5CE618F6D2577" bold="true" box="[151,308,1803,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">
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<typeStatus id="FB788854FFB667365BB5CE618E8B2577" box="[151,210,1804,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB667365A1ECE618C2B2577" ID-CoL="986R3" authority="Druce, 1875" authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1875" box="[316,626,1803,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB667365A1ECE618FB92577" box="[316,480,1804,1830]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Pyrgus colotes</emphasis>
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Druce, 1875
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="BCF82A73FFB6673659A3CE668C8A2577" box="[641,723,1803,1830]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1426,1451]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,186,1400]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1423,181,1401]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Specimens of Ernsta and Agyllia. Dorsal and ventral views are on the left and right, respectively. DNA sample IDs are given, other data are in the Tab. S1: a. Ernsta colotes the type species of the genus Ernsta gen. n., NVG-18054F06; b. Ernsta delagoae, the type species of the subgenus Delaga subgen. n., NVG-18054F08; c. Agyllia agylla, the type species of the genus Agyllia gen. n., NVG-19039F03." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3697558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3697558/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CD9657DFFB667315BE5CE428AAF209E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB667315BE5CE428FFF2032" blockId="3.[151,1437,1803,2015]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,153,935]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB667365BE5CE428F1B251B" bold="true" box="[199,322,1839,1866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Morphologically similar to
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<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB6673659A8CE5D8DCB251B" authority="Swinhoe, 1912" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1912" box="[650,914,1839,1866]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB6673659A8CE5D8C80251B" box="[650,729,1840,1866]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Spialia</emphasis>
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Swinhoe, 1912
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</taxonomicName>
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, where these species were placed previously. Keys to 5, 15, 21 (exclude antithesis of 25), or thesis
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<quantity id="E33B9B13FFB6673659D5CE398D69253C" box="[759,816,1875,1902]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" unit="in" value="11.0">11 in</quantity>
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<bibRefCitation id="40524B07FFB66736581ACE3E8A5D253F" author="de Jong, R." box="[824,1028,1875,1902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" pagination="23 - 146" refId="ref8814" refString="de Jong, R. (1978) Monograph of the genus Spialia Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Tijdschrift voor entomologie, 121, 23 - 146." type="journal article" year="1978">de Jong (1978: 28</bibRefCitation>
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& 30), constituting his
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<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB667365E30CE398B38253F" authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1875" box="[1298,1377,1876,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB667365E30CE398B38253F" box="[1298,1377,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">colotes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB667365E53CE398E8225C0" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1898" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="delagoae">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB667365E53CE398E8225C0" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">delagoae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB667365A3CCE158F2825C3" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[286,369,1912,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ernsta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB667365A3CCE158F2825C3" box="[286,369,1912,1938]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">dromus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species groups. Differs from its relatives by the following characters. Ventral hindwing with straight median white band not separated into sports, i.e., white spot in cell RS-M
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<subScript id="B84734B3FFB667365F05CEC08A7625EA" attach="left" box="[1063,1071,1965,1979]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">1</subScript>
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(space 6) joins central spot (discal cell) to the outer (and not inner) spot in cell Sc+R
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<subScript id="B84734B3FFB6673659C8CEBC8CAB258E" attach="left" box="[746,754,2001,2015]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">1</subScript>
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-RS (space 7), but in many species of
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<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB667365FB8CEAD8AB0258B" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1912" box="[1178,1257,1984,2010]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB667365FB8CEAD8AB0258B" box="[1178,1257,1984,2010]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Spialia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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this band either broken into spots or directed basad at costa. While
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<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB1673159FDC9F48D7722E2" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1912" box="[735,814,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB1673159FDC9F48D7722E2" box="[735,814,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">Spialia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species lack costal fold in males, some
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<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315FDAC9F78B1A22E2" authority="Zhang & Brockmann & Cong & Shen & Grishin, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Brockmann & Cong & Shen & Grishin" authorityYear="2020" box="[1272,1347,154,179]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ernsta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315FDAC9F78B1A22E2" box="[1272,1347,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">Ernsta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species have costal fold (
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<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315A78C9D08FF02286" authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1875" box="[346,425,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315A78C9D08FF02286" box="[346,425,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">colotes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group). Species with costal fold are in addition characterized by the central white discal cell spot on dorsal forewing not closer to discocellular spot than to the basal cell spot and no two white spots are present above over the central cell spot (to distinguish from
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<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB16731587CC8688D9E234E" baseAuthorityName="Trimen" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[862,967,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Agyllia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asterodia">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB16731587CC8688D9E234E" box="[862,967,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">asterodia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group of
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<bibRefCitation id="40524B07FFB167315FA8C8688B6B234E" author="de Jong, R." box="[1162,1330,261,287]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" pagination="23 - 146" refId="ref8814" refString="de Jong, R. (1978) Monograph of the genus Spialia Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Tijdschrift voor entomologie, 121, 23 - 146." type="journal article" year="1978">de Jong (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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that does not belong to
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<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315A15C8478FDB2312" authority="Zhang & Brockmann & Cong & Shen & Grishin, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Brockmann & Cong & Shen & Grishin" authorityYear="2020" box="[311,386,298,323]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ernsta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315A15C8478FDB2312" box="[311,386,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">Ernsta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and hindwing submarginal pale spots in cells M
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<subScript id="B84734B3FFB167315895C8578DE62319" attach="left" box="[951,959,314,328]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">1</subScript>
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-M
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<subScript id="B84734B3FFB1673158C3C8578DB02319" attach="left" box="[993,1001,314,328]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">2</subScript>
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& M
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<subScript id="B84734B3FFB167315F0BC8578A682319" attach="left" box="[1065,1073,314,328]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">2</subScript>
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-M
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<subScript id="B84734B3FFB167315F76C8578A052319" attach="left" box="[1108,1116,314,328]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">3</subScript>
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(spaces 4 & 5) offset basad from the rest of the submarginal spots. Species without costal fold either lack the basal white spots in discal cell on dorsal forewing, however, some white scales along cubital vein may be present forming a narrow streak (the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315BB5C8F88EA723FE" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,254,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="delagoae">
|
|
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315BB5C8F88EA723FE" box="[151,254,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">delagoae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group), or on dorsal forewing in CuA
|
|
<subScript id="B84734B3FFB1673159DCC8CB8D5F23E5" attach="left" box="[766,774,422,436]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">2</subScript>
|
|
-1A+2A cell (space 1B) the outer lower median spot absent and inner lower median spot not smaller than the outer upper median spot (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB1673158F6C8D48A7E2382" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[980,1063,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ernsta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
|
|
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB1673158F6C8D48A7E2382" box="[980,1063,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">dromus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group). In male genitalia, uncus not deeply incised, gnathos dorsally joined to tegumen, if gnathos free (in some species from the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315E14C8B08BC423A6" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1898" box="[1334,1437,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="delagoae">
|
|
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315E14C8B08BC423A6" box="[1334,1437,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">delagoae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group), then coecum of aedeagus shortened or absent. In DNA COI barcode region, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic: A46T, C278T, T280A, T282T (not C), T301T (not C), T349A, G353G (not T), A481A (not T or C), and 529(not T).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB167315BE5CB018AAF209E" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">
|
|
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315BE5CB018FBB20D6" bold="true" box="[199,482,620,647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">Derivation of the name.</emphasis>
|
|
The name is a feminine noun in the nominative singular. It honors Ernst Brockmann of Lich,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="5CD47666FFB167315BD8CBFC8F3B20FA" box="[250,354,657,683]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
|
and his unstoppable passion for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB1673159F9CBFC8D3820FA" box="[731,865,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
in general and the Grizzled skippers in particular. Without his enthusiasm, help, encouragement and specimens this study would not be accomplished.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="6CD9657DFFB167315BE5CBB58D6221F6" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB167315BE5CBB58C26210E" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">
|
|
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315BE5CBB58FC120A2" bold="true" box="[199,408,728,755]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">Species included:</emphasis>
|
|
Encompasses
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315961CBB48CF320A2" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1898" box="[579,682,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="delagoae">
|
|
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315961CBB48CF320A2" box="[579,682,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">delagoae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315999CBB48D5320A2" authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1875" box="[699,778,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
|
|
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315999CBB48D5320A2" box="[699,778,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">colotes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB16731586FCBB48DF920A2" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[845,928,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ernsta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
|
|
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB16731586FCBB48DF920A2" box="[845,928,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">dromus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species groups, as they were defined by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="40524B07FFB167315EA0CBB48F7B2146" author="de Jong, R." pageId="4" pageNumber="186" pagination="23 - 146" refId="ref8814" refString="de Jong, R. (1978) Monograph of the genus Spialia Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Tijdschrift voor entomologie, 121, 23 - 146." type="journal article" year="1978">de Jong (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. Full species list is given below. These are mostly African species, only three of which (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315E24CB938B2C2146" authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1875" box="[1286,1397,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
|
|
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315E24CB938B2C2146" box="[1286,1397,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">E. colotes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315EA6CB938EA6216A" baseAuthorityName="Rebel" baseAuthorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ernsta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mangana">
|
|
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315EA6CB938EA6216A" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">E. mangana</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315A1FCA4F8FC7216A" baseAuthorityName="Higgins" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[317,414,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifida">
|
|
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315A1FCA4F8FC7216A" box="[317,414,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">E. bifida</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) cross the Red Sea into the southern corner of the Arabian Peninsula, and one (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315E39CA4F8B20216A" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[1307,1401,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">
|
|
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315E39CA4F8B20216A" box="[1307,1401,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">E. zebra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) is recorded from the northwestern Himalayas.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB167315BE5CA048D6221F6" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">
|
|
The phylogenetic trees (
|
|
<figureCitation id="BCF82A73FFB167315AF5CA048C4121D2" box="[471,536,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1656,1681]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,179,1627]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,179,1629]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic trees of Carcharodina. The trees are constructed from nucleotide sequences of protein-coding regions from: a. nuclear genome; b. Z-chromosome; c. mitochondrial genome. Statistical significance values are shown by each node. d. COI barcode distance diagram is shown to emphasize on close relationships within Carcharodina. In panels a) and b), vertical green (yellow-shaded) line defines genera: each clade crossed by the line is a genus in our treatment; vertical thin gray (blue-shaded) line defines subgenera. Branches in Carcharodina are colored by genus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3697556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3697556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|
) suggest that this genus has split into two groups: one contains the
|
|
<typeStatus id="FB788854FFB167315E36CA048B1D21D2" box="[1300,1348,873,899]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">type</typeStatus>
|
|
species of the genus, and the other one is named here as a subgenus.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |