treatments-xml/data/AC/4A/6B/AC4A6B03FF88FFF6FCECDC5BFADFFD9B.xml

<document id="C68C4B568FF74F8B9914055A53CDAA8C" ID-DOI="10.4467/16890027AP.14.022.1997" ID-ISSN="1689-0027" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12638350" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1720037563826" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Thomsen, Helge A. &amp; Østergaard, Jette B." docDate="2014" docId="AC4A6B03FF88FFF6FCECDC5BFADFFD9B" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaProtozool.53.3.235-256.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Protozoologica 53 (3)" docSource="https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/4d144474-225a-3934-8814-0d8c1ebb76df/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:64ABA4BEA387EE5C24A0DDEB32CC92E7.3:ActaProtozool.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="64ABA4BEA387EE5C24A0DDEB32CC92E7" docStyleName="ActaProtozool.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Pappomonas flabellifera Manton and Oates 1975" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="241" masterDocId="5073137BFF8CFFF0FFDCD910FFDDFFAD" masterDocTitle="Coccolithophorids in Polar Waters: Pappomonas spp. Revisited" masterLastPageNumber="256" masterPageNumber="235" pageNumber="239" updateTime="1720040505996" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="8184063A7EA095E7838923F5BFDFE71E">Coccolithophorids in Polar Waters: Pappomonas spp. Revisited</mods:title>
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<treatment id="AC4A6B03FF88FFF6FCECDC5BFADFFD9B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC4A6B03FF88FFF6FCECDC5BFADFFD9B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC4A6B03FF88FFF6FCECDC5BFADFFD9B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="241" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">
<subSubSection id="6CF9899EFF88FFF4FCECDC5BFA6AF9B4" pageId="4" pageNumber="239" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF88FFF4FCECDC5BFB0FFA2A" blockId="4.[816,1463,1354,1415]" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">
<heading id="7F146D79FF88FFF4FCECDC5BFB0FFA2A" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="239" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF88FFF4FCECDC5BFB0FFA2A" authority="Manton and Oates 1975 emend. Thomsen and Ostergaard" authorityName="Manton and Oates" authorityYear="1975" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="4" pageNumber="239" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="flabellifera">
<emphasis id="16970607FF88FFF4FCECDC5BFB0FFA2A" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="16970607FF88FFF4FCECDC5BFBBCFAC8" bold="true" box="[816,1121,1354,1381]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">Pappomonas flabellifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF88FFF4FBADDC5BFA6AFAC9" author="Manton I. &amp; Oates K." box="[1137,1463,1354,1381]" pageId="4" pageNumber="239" pagination="93 - 109" refId="ref9975" refString="Manton I., Oates K. (1975) Fine-structural observations on Papposphaera Tangen from the southern hemisphere and on Pappomonas gen. nov. from South Africa and Greenland. Brit. Phycol. J. 10: 93 - 109" type="journal article" year="1975">Manton and Oates 1975</bibRefCitation>
emend. Thomsen and Østergaard
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF88FFF4FC8ADCBCFA6AF9B4" blockId="4.[854,1463,1452,1562]" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="16970607FF88FFF4FC8ADCBCFA6AF9B4" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">Protoplast ca. 6 × 4 µm, with flagella up to 20 µm and a haptonema up to 8 µm long. The cell surface covered with oval calcified plates, 0.75 ± 0.07 × 0.46 ± 0.05 µm; the rims composed of 15–20 spade­shaped segments bluntly pointed distally and</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="709C8A9DFF88FFF4FF5ADFC5FEDEF839" pageId="4" pageNumber="239" startId="4.[134,177,1749,1771]" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF88FFF4FF5ADFC5FEDEF839" blockId="4.[134,1466,1749,1940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="16970607FF88FFF4FF5ADFC5FF3FF947" bold="true" box="[134,226,1749,1771]" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">Figs 3–8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF88FFF4FF34DFC6FDD3F946" authority="TEM" authorityName="TEM" box="[232,526,1750,1771]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="4" pageNumber="239" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="flabellifera">
<emphasis id="16970607FF88FFF4FF34DFC6FE08F946" box="[232,469,1750,1771]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">Pappomonas flabellifera</emphasis>
TEM
</taxonomicName>
whole mounts from the Arctic (NEW). 
<emphasis id="16970607FF88FFF4FC4CDFC5FC41F947" bold="true" box="[912,924,1749,1770]" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">3</emphasis>
– whole cell with details accounted for in Figs 6–7; the arrow points to the demarcation line between the significantly different sized half blades of the triangle; 
<emphasis id="16970607FF88FFF4FB5FDFE1FB52F8AB" bold="true" box="[1155,1167,1777,1798]" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">4</emphasis>
– whole cell with flagella and a curled up haptonema; 
<emphasis id="16970607FF88FFF4FEB2DE1EFEA7F88E" bold="true" box="[366,378,1806,1827]" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">5</emphasis>
– detail from Fig. 4 showing body coccoliths with a fairly extensive central area calcification; reversed printing; 
<emphasis id="16970607FF88FFF4FF5ADE39FF4FF893" bold="true" box="[134,146,1833,1854]" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">6</emphasis>
– body coccoliths (detail from Fig. 3) showing rim and central area calcification; 
<emphasis id="16970607FF88FFF4FC70DE3AFC65F892" bold="true" box="[940,952,1834,1855]" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">7</emphasis>
– oval flagellar pole coccolith with extensive central area calcification; notice the minute elements making up the stalk and the short overlap between stalk and triangle (arrows); 
<emphasis id="16970607FF88FFF4FAE2DE55FA97F8F7" bold="true" box="[1342,1354,1861,1882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="239">8</emphasis>
– detached armour of coccoliths; circumflagellar coccoliths (arrows) are oval, nearly of the same size as body coccoliths and with fairly extensive calcification.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="709C8A9DFF89FFF5FFA5DB4DFB3AFDD9" box="[121,1255,605,628]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" startId="5.[121,177,605,628]" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF89FFF5FFA5DB4DFB3AFDD9" blockId="5.[121,1255,605,628]" box="[121,1255,605,628]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FFA5DB4DFF17FDD9" bold="true" box="[121,202,605,628]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Table 2.</emphasis>
Biogeography of 
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF89FFF5FEABDB4DFDFEFDD9" box="[375,547,605,628]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FEABDB4DFE29FDD9" box="[375,500,605,628]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Pappomonas</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF89FFF5FD8DDB4DFCCCFDD9" authorityName="Manton and Sutherland" authorityYear="1975" box="[593,785,605,628]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Balaniger" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="virgulosa">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FD8DDB4DFCCCFDD9" box="[593,785,605,628]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Balaniger virgulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Type localities are indicated by using bold face.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF89FFF5FFA5DB84FB0CFB56" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<table id="56E328B5FF89000FFFA5DB84F8D1FB56" box="[121,1804,660,1275]" gridcols="16" gridrows="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<tr id="9AD3D857FF89000FFFA5DB84F8D1FD04" box="[121,1804,660,681]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFFA5DB84FE4AFD04" box="[121,407,660,681]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Hemisphere</th>
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFC88DB84FBF2FD04" box="[852,1071,660,681]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Northern hemisphere</th>
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFA3EDB84F8D1FD04" box="[1506,1804,660,681]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="13" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Southern hemisphere</th>
</tr>
<tr id="9AD3D857FF89000FFFA5DBA9F8D1FD63" box="[121,1804,697,718]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFFA5DBA9FE4AFD63" box="[121,407,697,718]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Region</th>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFD6CDBA9FCC3FD63" box="[688,798,697,718]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Arctic</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFB80DBA9FAC1FD63" box="[1116,1308,697,718]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Non-Arctic</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FF9BCDBA9F8D1FD63" box="[1632,1804,697,718]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="14" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Antarctica</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AD3D857FF89000FFFA5DBCFF8D1FC0E" box="[121,1804,735,931]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFFA5DBCFFE4AFC0E" box="[121,407,735,931]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Locality</th>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFDE7DBCFFD46FC0E" box="[571,667,735,931]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">W. Greenland (Disko)</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFD6CDBCFFD25FC0E" box="[688,760,735,931]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">North East Water Polynya (NEW)</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFCD5DBCFFCC3FC0E" box="[777,798,735,931]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Svalbard</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFC88DBCFFCB4FC0E" box="[852,873,735,931]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Homer, S. Alaska</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFCA3DBCFFBF2FC0E" box="[895,1071,735,931]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Norway Denmark</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFB80DBCFFB6AFC0E" box="[1116,1207,735,931]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Finland</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFB08DBCFFAC1FC0E" box="[1236,1308,735,931]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">California, Monteray Bay</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFAF1DBCFFA9FFC0E" box="[1325,1346,735,931]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Mexico, Sea of Cortez</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFA45DBCFFA73FC0E" box="[1433,1454,735,931]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Cape Town, S. Africa</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFA3EDBCFF992FC0E" box="[1506,1615,735,931]" gridcol="13" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Weddell Sea (Ameriez) Weddell Sea (EPOS)</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FF9BCDBCFF975FC0E" box="[1632,1704,735,931]" gridcol="14" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Weddell Sea (ANT X 73)</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FF918DBCFF8D1FC0E" box="[1732,1804,735,931]" gridcol="15" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Australian sector / Southern Ocean</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AD3D857FF89000FFFA5DAAAF8D1FC62" box="[121,1804,954,975]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFFA5DAAAF8D1FC62" box="[121,1804,954,975]" colspan="16" colspanRight="15" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF89FFF5FFA5DAAAFF36FC62" authorityName="Manton and Oates" authorityYear="1975" box="[121,235,954,975]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FFA5DAAAFF36FC62" bold="true" box="[121,235,954,975]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Pappomonas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="9AD3D857FF89000FFFA5DACFF8D1FC59" box="[121,1804,991,1012]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFFA5DACFFE4AFC59" box="[121,407,991,1012]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF89FFF5FFA5DACFFF31FC59" box="[121,236,991,1012]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="flabellifera">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FFA5DACFFF31FC59" box="[121,236,991,1012]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">P. flabellifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(S.Afr. type mat.)
</th>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFB08DACFFAC1FC59" box="[1236,1308,991,1012]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">16</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFA18DACFFA12FC59" box="[1476,1487,991,1012]" gridcol="12" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FA18DACFFA12FC59" bold="true" box="[1476,1487,991,1012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">1</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AD3D857FF89000FFFA5DD15F8D1FBB7" box="[121,1804,1029,1050]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFFA5DD15FE4AFBB7" box="[121,407,1029,1050]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF89FFF5FFA5DD15FF31FBB7" box="[121,236,1029,1050]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="flabellifera">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FFA5DD15FF31FBB7" box="[121,236,1029,1050]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">P. flabellifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(main morphotype)
</th>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFDE7DD15FD46FBB7" box="[571,667,1029,1050]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">6,9,12,13</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFD6CDD15FD25FBB7" box="[688,760,1029,1050]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">18</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFCF2DD15FC9EFBB7" box="[814,835,1029,1050]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">18</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFCA3DD15FBF2FBB7" box="[895,1071,1029,1050]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">8 7</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFA8EDD15FABAFBB7" box="[1362,1383,1029,1050]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">16</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFA18DD15FA12FBB7" box="[1476,1487,1029,1050]" gridcol="12" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AD3D857FF89000FFFA5DD3AF8D1FB92" box="[121,1804,1066,1087]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFFA5DD3AFE4AFB92" box="[121,407,1066,1087]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF89FFF5FFA5DD3AFF0EFB92" authorityName="Thomsen and Ostergaard" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Manton, Sutherland and McCully" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[121,211,1066,1087]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FFA5DD3AFF0EFB92" box="[121,211,1066,1087]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">P. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFDE7DD3AFD25FB92" box="[571,760,1066,1087]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">1,3,6,9,12,13 18</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFCF2DD3AFC9EFB92" box="[814,835,1066,1087]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">18</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFCA3DD3AFBF2FB92" box="[895,1071,1066,1087]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FCA3DD3AFC57FB92" bold="true" box="[895,906,1066,1087]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">3</emphasis>
7
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AD3D857FF89000FFFA5DD40F8D1FBC8" box="[121,1804,1104,1125]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFFA5DD40FE4AFBC8" box="[121,407,1104,1125]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF89FFF5FFA5DD40FF2EFBC8" box="[121,243,1104,1125]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="weddellensi">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FFA5DD40FF2EFBC8" box="[121,243,1104,1125]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">P. weddellensi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s
</th>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFA3EDD40F992FBC8" box="[1506,1615,1104,1125]" gridcol="13" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5F9C9DD40F9F7FBC8" bold="true" box="[1557,1578,1104,1125]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">10</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FF9BCDD40F8D1FBC8" box="[1632,1804,1104,1125]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="14" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">18 18 17</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AD3D857FF89000FFFA5DD65F8D1FB27" box="[121,1804,1141,1162]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFFA5DD65FE4AFB27" box="[121,407,1141,1162]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF89FFF5FFA5DD65FF0AFB27" box="[121,215,1141,1162]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="garrison">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FFA5DD65FF0AFB27" box="[121,215,1141,1162]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">P. garrison</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ii
</th>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FF9BCDD65F8D1FB27" box="[1632,1804,1141,1162]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="14" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5F970DD65F91CFB27" bold="true" box="[1708,1729,1141,1162]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">18</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AD3D857FF89000FFFA5DD8BF8D1FB1D" box="[121,1804,1179,1200]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFFA5DD8BF8D1FB1D" box="[121,1804,1179,1200]" colspan="16" colspanRight="15" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF89FFF5FFA5DD8BFF0CFB1D" authorityName="Thomsen and Oates" authorityYear="1978" box="[121,209,1179,1200]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Balaniger" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FFA5DD8BFF0CFB1D" bold="true" box="[121,209,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">Balaniger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="9AD3D857FF89000FFFA5DDD0F8D1FB78" box="[121,1804,1216,1237]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFFA5DDD0FE4AFB78" box="[121,407,1216,1237]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF89FFF5FFA5DDD0FED2FB78" authority="HET" authorityName="Thomsen and Ostergaard" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Thomsen and Oates" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[121,271,1216,1237]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Balaniger" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="virgulosa">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FFA5DDD0FF3CFB78" box="[121,225,1216,1237]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">B. virgulosa</emphasis>
HET
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFDE7DDD0FD25FB78" box="[571,760,1216,1237]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">2,6,9,12,13 18</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFCA3DDD0FBF2FB78" box="[895,1071,1216,1237]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">3 8 7</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFB80DDD0FB6AFB78" box="[1116,1207,1216,1237]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">5,14,19</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AD3D857FF89000FFFA5DDF6F8D1FB56" box="[121,1804,1254,1275]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="D902B12BFF89000FFFA5DDF6FE4AFB56" box="[121,407,1254,1275]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF89FFF5FFA5DDF6FECFFB56" authority="HOL" authorityName="HOL" box="[121,274,1254,1275]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Balaniger" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="virgulosa">
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FFA5DDF6FF3CFB56" box="[121,225,1254,1275]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">B. virgulosa</emphasis>
HOL
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFDE7DDF6FD46FB56" box="[571,667,1254,1275]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">6</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFD6CDDF6FD25FB56" box="[688,760,1254,1275]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">19</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFCA3DDF6FBF2FB56" box="[895,1071,1254,1275]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">4,19</td>
<td id="D902B12BFF89000FFB80DDF6FAC1FB56" box="[1116,1308,1254,1275]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">5,11,14,15,19</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="6CF9899EFF89FFF6FFA5DC3FFD5FFCC5" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="241" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" type="key">
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF89FFF5FFA5DC3FF9E2FAE9" blockId="5.[121,1599,1327,1348]" box="[121,1599,1327,1348]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyLead id="9F127920FF89FFF5FFA5DC3FF9E2FAE9" box="[121,1599,1327,1348]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyStep id="9F17C2B0FF89FFF5FFA5DC3FF9E2FAE9" box="[121,1599,1327,1348]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<key id="50728D24FF89FFF5FFA5DC3FF9E2FAE9" box="[121,1599,1327,1348]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
1) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FF4CDC3FFE80FAE9" author="Manton I. &amp; Oates K." box="[144,349,1327,1348]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="93 - 109" refId="ref9975" refString="Manton I., Oates K. (1975) Fine-structural observations on Papposphaera Tangen from the southern hemisphere and on Pappomonas gen. nov. from South Africa and Greenland. Brit. Phycol. J. 10: 93 - 109" type="journal article" year="1975">Manton and Oates 1975</bibRefCitation>
8) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FD06DC3FFC00FAE9" author="Espeland G. &amp; Throndsen J." box="[730,989,1327,1348]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="209 - 226" refId="ref9739" refString="Espeland G., Throndsen J. (1986) Flagellates from Kilsfjorden, southern Norway, with description of two new species of choanoflagellida. Sarsia 71: 209 - 226" type="journal article" year="1986">Espeland and Throndsen 1986</bibRefCitation>
14) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FA90DC3FF9E2FAE9" author="Ikavalko J. &amp; Thomsen H. A." box="[1356,1599,1327,1348]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="229 - 243" refId="ref9935" refString="Ikavalko J., Thomsen H. A. (1997) The Baltic sea ice biota (March 1994): A study of the protistan community. Eur. J. Protozool. 33: 229 - 243" type="journal article" year="1997">Ikävalko and Thomsen 1997</bibRefCitation>
</key>
</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF89FFF5FFA5DC44FA1AFAC4" blockId="5.[121,1479,1364,1385]" box="[121,1479,1364,1385]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyLead id="9F127920FF89FFF5FFA5DC44FA1AFAC4" box="[121,1479,1364,1385]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyStep id="9F17C2B0FF89FFF5FFA5DC44FA1AFAC4" box="[121,1479,1364,1385]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
2) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FF4CDC44FE54FAC4" author="Manton I. &amp; Sutherland J." box="[144,393,1364,1385]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="377 - 385" refId="ref10018" refString="Manton I., Sutherland J. (1975) Further observations of the genus Pappomonas Manton et Oates with special reference to P. virgulosa sp. nov. from West Greenland. Brit. Phycol. J. 10: 377 - 385" type="journal article" year="1975">Manton and Sutherland 1975</bibRefCitation>
9) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FD06DC44FCA7FAC4" author="Hansen L. E. &amp; Nielsen D. &amp; Skovgaard K. &amp; Ostergaard J. B." box="[730,890,1364,1385]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="51 - 142" refId="ref9842" refString="Hansen L. E., Nielsen D., Skovgaard K., Ostergaard J. B. (1988) Taxonomiske og kvantitative undersogelser af de nanoplanktoniske grupper krave- og kalkflagellater i de frie vandmaser ved Disko, Gronland. In: Feltkursus Arktisk Biologi 1988 (ed. M. Jorgensen). Univ. Copenhagen, 51 - 142" type="book chapter" year="1988">
Hansen 
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FCC3DC44FC98FAC4" box="[799,837,1364,1385]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">et al</emphasis>
. 1988
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15) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FA90DC44FA1AFAC4" author="Ikavalko J." box="[1356,1479,1364,1385]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="323 - 329" refId="ref9905" refString="Ikavalko J. (1998) Further observations on flagellates within sea ice in northern Bothnian Bay, the Baltic Sea. Polar Biol. 19: 323 - 329" type="journal article" year="1998">Ikävalko 1998</bibRefCitation>
</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF89FFF5FFA5DC6AF9FFFA22" blockId="5.[121,1570,1402,1423]" box="[121,1570,1402,1423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyLead id="9F127920FF89FFF5FFA5DC6AF9FFFA22" box="[121,1570,1402,1423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyStep id="9F17C2B0FF89FFF5FFA5DC6AF9FFFA22" box="[121,1570,1402,1423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
3) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FF4CDC6AFEE1FA22" author="Manton I. &amp; Sutherland J. &amp; McCully M." box="[144,316,1402,1423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="225 - 238" refId="ref10063" refString="Manton I., Sutherland J., McCully M. (1976 a) Fine structural observations on coccolithophorids from South Alaska in the genera Papposphaera Tangen and Pappomonas Manton et Oates. Brit. Phycol. J. 11: 225 - 238" type="journal article" year="1976">
Manton 
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FF04DC6AFF20FA22" box="[216,253,1402,1423]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">et al</emphasis>
. 1976a
</bibRefCitation>
10) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FD38DC6AFC49FA22" author="Thomsen H. A. &amp; Buck K. R. &amp; Coale S. L. &amp; Garrison D. L." box="[740,916,1402,1423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="419 - 436" refId="ref10627" refString="Thomsen H. A., Buck K. R., Coale S. L., Garrison D. L., Gow- ing M. M. (1988) Nanoplanktonic coccolithophorids (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyceae) from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Nord. J. Bot. 8: 419 - 436" type="journal article" year="1988">
Thomsen 
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FCE5DC6AFC82FA22" box="[825,863,1402,1423]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">et al</emphasis>
. 1988
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16) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FA90DC6AF9FFFA22" author="Thomsen H. A. &amp; Buck K. R." box="[1356,1570,1402,1423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="29 - 48" refId="ref10582" refString="Thomsen H. A., Buck K. R. (1998) Nanoflagellates of East Pacific coastal waters: Morphology, taxonomy, and biogeography of weakly calcified coccolithophores (Haptophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Cryptogamie Algol. 19: 29 - 48" type="journal article" year="1998">Thomsen and Buck 1998</bibRefCitation>
</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF89FFF5FFA5DC8FF99DFA19" blockId="5.[121,829,1439,1460]" box="[121,1600,1439,1460]" lastBlockId="5.[1322,1600,1439,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyLead id="9F127920FF89FFF5FFA5DC8FFCE0FA19" box="[121,829,1439,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyStep id="9F17C2B0FF89FFF5FFA5DC8FFCE0FA19" box="[121,829,1439,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
4) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FF4CDC8FFEB4FA19" author="Thomsen H. A. &amp; Oates K." box="[144,361,1439,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="773 - 779" refId="ref10685" refString="Thomsen H. A., Oates K. (1978) Balaniger balticus gen. et sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae) from Danish coastal waters. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K. 58: 773 - 779" type="journal article" year="1978">Thomsen and Oates 1978</bibRefCitation>
11) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FD38DC8FFCE0FA19" author="Vors N." box="[740,829,1439,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref10839" refString="Vors N. (1992) Heterotrophic amoebae, flagellates and helio- zoa from the Tvarminne area, Gulf of Finland in 1988 - 1990. Ophelia 36: 1 - 109" type="journal article" year="1992">Vørs 1992</bibRefCitation>
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</keyLead>
17) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FA90DC8FF99DFA19" author="Findlay C. S. &amp; Giraudeau J." box="[1356,1600,1439,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="417 - 439" refId="ref9802" refString="Findlay C. S., Giraudeau J. (2000) Extant calcareous nannoplankton in the Australian Sector of the Southern Ocean (austral summers 1994 and 1995). Mar. Micropaleontol. 40: 417 - 439" type="journal article" year="2000">Findlay and Giraudeau 2000</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<key id="50728D24FF89FFF5FFA5DCD5FE88F988" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF89FFF5FFA5DCD5FA0AFA77" blockId="5.[121,1495,1477,1498]" box="[121,1495,1477,1498]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyLead id="9F127920FF89FFF5FFA5DCD5FA0AFA77" box="[121,1495,1477,1498]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyStep id="9F17C2B0FF89FFF5FFA5DCD5FA0AFA77" box="[121,1495,1477,1498]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
5) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FF4CDCD5FED2FA77" author="Thomsen H. A." box="[144,271,1477,1498]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="11 - 37" refId="ref10373" refString="Thomsen H. A. (1979) Electron microscopical observations on brackishwater nannoplankton from the Tvarminne area, SW coast of Finland. Acta Bot. Fennica 110: 11 - 37" type="journal article" year="1979">Thomsen 1979</bibRefCitation>
12) Østergaard 1993 18) This publication
</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF89FFF5FFA5DCFAF9D5FA52" blockId="5.[121,1544,1514,1535]" box="[121,1544,1514,1535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyLead id="9F127920FF89FFF5FFA5DCFAF9D5FA52" box="[121,1544,1514,1535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyStep id="9F17C2B0FF89FFF5FFA5DCFAF9D5FA52" box="[121,1544,1514,1535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
6) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FF4CDCFAFED2FA52" author="Thomsen H. A." box="[144,271,1514,1535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="77 - 94" refId="ref10539" refString="Thomsen H. A. (1981) Identification by electron microscopy of nanoplanktonic coccolithophorids (Prymnesiophyceae) from West Greenland, including the description of Papposphaera sarion sp. nov. Brit. Phycol. J. 16: 77 - 94" type="journal article" year="1981">Thomsen 1981</bibRefCitation>
13) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FD39DCFAFC57FA52" author="Clausen S. &amp; Gedde D. &amp; Grastrup-Hansen D. &amp; Levinsen H. &amp; Riis T. &amp; Vestergaard O." box="[741,906,1514,1535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" pagination="83 - 190" refId="ref9651" refString="Clausen S., Gedde D., Grastrup-Hansen D., Levinsen H., Riis T., Vestergaard O. (1994) Hydrografi og plankton i Diskobugt. In: Arktisk Biologisk Feltkursus, Qeqertarqsuaq / Godhavn 1994 (ed. C. Ehrhardt). Univ. Copenhagen, 83 - 190" type="book chapter" year="1994">
Clausen 
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19) Thomsen unpublished
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF89FFF5FFA5DF00FE88F988" blockId="5.[121,341,1552,1573]" box="[121,341,1552,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyLead id="9F127920FF89FFF5FFA5DF00FE88F988" box="[121,341,1552,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
<keyStep id="9F17C2B0FF89FFF5FFA5DF00FE88F988" box="[121,341,1552,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">
7) 
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF89FFF5FF4CDF00FE88F988" author="Christensen T. &amp; Koch C. &amp; Thomsen H. A." box="[144,341,1552,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="240" refId="ref9617" refString="Christensen T., Koch C., Thomsen H. A. (1985) Distribution of algae in Danish salt and brackish waters. Checkliste. Kobenhavns Universitet, 64 pp." type="book" year="1985">
Christensen 
<emphasis id="16970607FF89FFF5FF26DF00FEFDF988" box="[250,288,1552,1573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="240">et al</emphasis>
. 1985
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</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</key>
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF8AFFF6FF76D9F0FD5FFCC5" blockId="6.[170,780,223,873]" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="16970607FF8AFFF6FF76D9F0FE15FEC1" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">ca. 0.1 µm high, separated at the base by narrow rod­shaped to triangular spacers; the plate surface a mosaic of elongated elements, with their long dimension parallel to the long sides of the oval except at the ends where the outermost bars continue to follow the line of the plate edg</emphasis>
e. 
<emphasis id="16970607FF8AFFF6FE02D847FD5FFCC5" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">The number of lines of elements that can be counted along the short axis of a body coccolith is dependent on the overall size of the coccolith and varies from 3–6 with 3 being the most commonly observed number. At the flagellar pole of the cell, up to 15 conspicuous calcified appendages crowded together, each composed of a straight shaft ca. 1.0 µm long attached proximally to the surface of an oval base plate, marginally smaller than the ordinary oval plates but structurally similar, albeit with a less compact rim. Each appendage ends distally in an almost completely flattened fan­like blade ca. 1 µm long and up to 1.5 µm wide, in outline approximating to an inverted triangle with a point of 90° or less attached to the top of the shaft; the blade typically consists of two asymmetrically sized elements; the overlap between the shaft and the blade is short; the contour of the distal edge of the triangle variable but a central cleft always present; a few similar but smaller appendages, sometimes almost sessile on their base plates, scattered elsewhere on the cell.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CF9899EFF8AFFF6FF76DA92FADFFD9B" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" type="description">
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF8AFFF6FF76DA92FD8AF8FF" blockId="6.[132,779,898,1945]" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">
Additional material of 
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF8AFFF6FE69DA92FD8FFC31" box="[437,594,898,924]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="flabellifera">
<emphasis id="16970607FF8AFFF6FE69DA92FD8FFC31" box="[437,594,898,924]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">P. flabellifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from non-polar regions has been included here to help elucidate global morphological variability and the possible existence of morphological clusters that correlate with geographic realms. It is thus evident that cells collected off California (
<figureCitation id="BCD8C690FF8AFFF6FED1DD22FE48FBE1" box="[269,405,1073,1100]" captionStart="Figs 9–17" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1752,1774]" captionText="Figs 9–17. Pappomonas flabellifera from Svalbard (9–12), Mexico (13–14) and California (15–17). SEM (9–12) and TEM (13–17) whole mounts. 9 – complete cell showing closely packed body coccoliths and a very well defined ring of circumflagellar coccoliths (ca. 15); 10 – detail of body coccoliths showing the upright position of rim elements; 11 – complete cell; 12 – detail of circumflagellar coccoliths (from Fig. 9) indicating that neighbouring ‘half blades’ of a triangle are joined at a blunt angle; 13 – whole cell very reminiscent of material previously published from S. Africa; see text for further details; 14 – detail of a reduced central appendage formed by two equally sized half blades; 15 – whole cell with flagella and haptonema; 16 – detail from Fig. 15 showing triangles that are reminiscent of those of the S.African type cell; see text for further details; 17 – detail from Fig. 15 of reduced, yet stalked central appendages." pageId="6" pageNumber="241">Figs 15–17</figureCitation>
) are much similar to the South African 
<typeStatus id="FB5864B7FF8AFFF6FF35DD45FEC1FBC2" box="[233,284,1109,1135]" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">type</typeStatus>
material when comparing e.g. details of the circumflagellar coccoliths (triangles with a simple median cleft separating two blades with a fairly simple geometry), whereas cells from 
<collectingCountry id="5CF49A85FF8AFFF6FDEDDDAEFD56FB75" box="[561,651,1214,1240]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="BCD8C690FF8AFFF6FD43DDAEFF7FFB51" captionStart="Figs 9–17" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1752,1774]" captionText="Figs 9–17. Pappomonas flabellifera from Svalbard (9–12), Mexico (13–14) and California (15–17). SEM (9–12) and TEM (13–17) whole mounts. 9 – complete cell showing closely packed body coccoliths and a very well defined ring of circumflagellar coccoliths (ca. 15); 10 – detail of body coccoliths showing the upright position of rim elements; 11 – complete cell; 12 – detail of circumflagellar coccoliths (from Fig. 9) indicating that neighbouring ‘half blades’ of a triangle are joined at a blunt angle; 13 – whole cell very reminiscent of material previously published from S. Africa; see text for further details; 14 – detail of a reduced central appendage formed by two equally sized half blades; 15 – whole cell with flagella and haptonema; 16 – detail from Fig. 15 showing triangles that are reminiscent of those of the S.African type cell; see text for further details; 17 – detail from Fig. 15 of reduced, yet stalked central appendages." pageId="6" pageNumber="241">Figs 13– 14</figureCitation>
) are almost mirror images of other South African cells (
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF8AFFF6FF11DC15FE2AFA8D" author="Manton I. &amp; Oates K." box="[205,503,1285,1312]" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" pagination="93 - 109" refId="ref9975" refString="Manton I., Oates K. (1975) Fine-structural observations on Papposphaera Tangen from the southern hemisphere and on Pappomonas gen. nov. from South Africa and Greenland. Brit. Phycol. J. 10: 93 - 109" type="journal article" year="1975">Manton and Oates 1975</bibRefCitation>
, loc.cit. 
<figureCitation id="BCD8C690FF8AFFF6FDBFDC15FD67FAB2" box="[611,698,1285,1311]" captionStart="Figs 9–17" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1752,1774]" captionText="Figs 9–17. Pappomonas flabellifera from Svalbard (9–12), Mexico (13–14) and California (15–17). SEM (9–12) and TEM (13–17) whole mounts. 9 – complete cell showing closely packed body coccoliths and a very well defined ring of circumflagellar coccoliths (ca. 15); 10 – detail of body coccoliths showing the upright position of rim elements; 11 – complete cell; 12 – detail of circumflagellar coccoliths (from Fig. 9) indicating that neighbouring ‘half blades’ of a triangle are joined at a blunt angle; 13 – whole cell very reminiscent of material previously published from S. Africa; see text for further details; 14 – detail of a reduced central appendage formed by two equally sized half blades; 15 – whole cell with flagella and haptonema; 16 – detail from Fig. 15 showing triangles that are reminiscent of those of the S.African type cell; see text for further details; 17 – detail from Fig. 15 of reduced, yet stalked central appendages." pageId="6" pageNumber="241">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
) characterized by carrying – with reference to cell dimensions at large – exceptionally prominent circumflagellar coccoliths with very pronounced lateral extensions on each blade. The Californian and Mexican cells are additionally characterized by encompassing body coccoliths carrying a simplified and almost sessile central process. These coccoliths tend to be most abundantly present in particular towards the antapical end of the cell. This feature was also recognized in material from 
<collectingCountry id="5CF49A85FF8AFFF6FF58DF75FEC1F9D2" box="[132,284,1637,1663]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">South Africa</collectingCountry>
and it is obvious that the morphology of the reduced appendages is indeed very similar. While realizing the scarcity of material available there is at least an indication of a possible minor morphological separation between a ‘warm’ water contingent of 
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF8AFFF6FD1BDFE3FF3AF882" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="flabellifera">
<emphasis id="16970607FF8AFFF6FD1BDFE3FF3AF882" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">P. flabellifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(S. Africa, California, 
<collectingCountry id="5CF49A85FF8AFFF6FDD4DE05FDB9F882" box="[520,612,1813,1839]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">Mexico</collectingCountry>
) and a ‘cold’ water Northern Hemisphere contingent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF8AFFF6FF76DE4CFB7BFE42" blockId="6.[132,779,898,1945]" lastBlockId="6.[816,1463,223,566]" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF8AFFF6FF76DE4CFE7AF8DB" author="Thomsen H. A. &amp; Ostergaard J. B. &amp; Hansen L. E." box="[170,423,1884,1910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" pagination="634 - 642" refId="ref10763" refString="Thomsen H. A., Ostergaard J. B., Hansen L. E. (1991) Heteromor- phic life histories in Arctic coccolithophorids (Prymnesiophyceae). J. Phycol. 27: 634 - 642" type="journal article" year="1991">
Thomsen 
<emphasis id="16970607FF8AFFF6FEC0DE4DFE89F8DB" box="[284,340,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">et al.</emphasis>
(1991)
</bibRefCitation>
provided evidence for a shared life history among species of 
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF8AFFF6FE3EDE90FDA6F834" authorityName="Manton and Oates" authorityYear="1975" box="[482,635,1920,1945]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16970607FF8AFFF6FE3EDE90FDA6F834" box="[482,635,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">Pappomonas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and species of 
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF8AFFF6FC8FD9F0FB77FF57" authority="Thomsen 1980 a" authorityName="Thomsen" authorityYear="1980" box="[851,1194,223,250]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Trigonaspis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16970607FF8AFFF6FC8FD9F0FC03FF54" box="[851,990,224,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">Trigonaspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF8AFFF6FC3BD9CFFB77FF57" author="Thomsen H. A." box="[999,1194,223,250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" pagination="218 - 299" refId="ref10406" refString="Thomsen H. A. (1980 a) Two species of Trigonaspis gen. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae) from West Greenland. Phycologia 19: 218 - 299" type="journal article" year="1980">Thomsen 1980a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The combination cell illustrated (loc.cit. 
<figureCitation id="BCD8C690FF8AFFF6FBC6D812FBAEFEB0" box="[1050,1139,258,285]" captionStart="Figs 9–17" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1752,1774]" captionText="Figs 9–17. Pappomonas flabellifera from Svalbard (9–12), Mexico (13–14) and California (15–17). SEM (9–12) and TEM (13–17) whole mounts. 9 – complete cell showing closely packed body coccoliths and a very well defined ring of circumflagellar coccoliths (ca. 15); 10 – detail of body coccoliths showing the upright position of rim elements; 11 – complete cell; 12 – detail of circumflagellar coccoliths (from Fig. 9) indicating that neighbouring ‘half blades’ of a triangle are joined at a blunt angle; 13 – whole cell very reminiscent of material previously published from S. Africa; see text for further details; 14 – detail of a reduced central appendage formed by two equally sized half blades; 15 – whole cell with flagella and haptonema; 16 – detail from Fig. 15 showing triangles that are reminiscent of those of the S.African type cell; see text for further details; 17 – detail from Fig. 15 of reduced, yet stalked central appendages." pageId="6" pageNumber="241">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
) involved 
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF8AFFF6FB21D813FAA2FEB1" authorityName="Thomsen and Ostergaard" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Manton, Sutherland and McCully" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1277,1407,258,284]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="16970607FF8AFFF6FB21D813FAA2FEB1" box="[1277,1407,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">P. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF8AFFF6FCECD836FB4DFEED" authority="Thomsen 1980 a" authorityName="Thomsen" authorityYear="1980" box="[816,1168,294,320]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Trigonaspis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="diskoensis">
<emphasis id="16970607FF8AFFF6FCECD836FC15FEED" box="[816,968,294,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">T. diskoensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF8AFFF6FC0DD836FB4DFEED" author="Thomsen H. A." box="[977,1168,294,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" pagination="218 - 299" refId="ref10406" refString="Thomsen H. A. (1980 a) Two species of Trigonaspis gen. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae) from West Greenland. Phycologia 19: 218 - 299" type="journal article" year="1980">Thomsen 1980a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and further examples of this specific partnership are added here (see below). It is worth emphasizing that a combination cell involving 
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF8AFFF6FC81D880FC26FE04" box="[861,1019,399,425]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="flabellifera">
<emphasis id="16970607FF8AFFF6FC81D880FC26FE04" box="[861,1019,399,425]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">P. flabellifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not yet been found. However, the likely candidate based on biogeographical evidence, is 
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF8AFFF6FCECD8C6FB7CFE42" authority="Thomsen 1980 a" authorityName="Thomsen" authorityYear="1980" box="[816,1185,469,495]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Trigonaspis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="minutissima">
<emphasis id="16970607FF8AFFF6FCECD8C6FC06FE42" box="[816,987,470,495]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">T. minutissima</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4072A7E4FF8AFFF6FC3ED8C5FB7CFE42" author="Thomsen H. A." box="[994,1185,469,495]" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" pagination="218 - 299" refId="ref10406" refString="Thomsen H. A. (1980 a) Two species of Trigonaspis gen. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae) from West Greenland. Phycologia 19: 218 - 299" type="journal article" year="1980">Thomsen 1980a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="245CDA15FF8AFFF6FC8AD8E8FADFFD9B" blockId="6.[816,1463,223,566]" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">
The currently known biogeographical range of 
<taxonomicName id="E3E3A196FF8AFFF6FCECDB0CFC13FD98" box="[816,974,539,565]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Pappomonas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="241" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="flabellifera">
<emphasis id="16970607FF8AFFF6FCECDB0CFC13FD98" box="[816,974,539,565]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="241">P. flabellifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is summarized in 
<tableCitation id="6961EFAEFF8AFFF6FB78DB0BFB22FD9B" box="[1188,1279,539,566]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[121,177,605,628]" captionText="Table 2. Biogeography of Pappomonas spp. and Balaniger virgulosa. Type localities are indicated by using bold face." pageId="6" pageNumber="241">Table 2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>