429 lines
65 KiB
XML
429 lines
65 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.514.9910" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6bc366f9-9345-4be4-8df7-9c34cd86d6de" ID-PMC="PMC4525024" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-514-43" ID-PubMed="26261432" ID-ZBK="A5BB2518B0D24D87B0273637E5A08C65" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-514-43" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 514" ModsDocTitle="Pushing the limits – two new species of Pteromalus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae) from Central Europe with remarkable morphology" checkinTime="1451244121644" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Baur, Hannes" docDate="2015" docId="AC1A1F653DE54383E499339C8BF3A538" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 514: 43-72" docOrigin="ZooKeys 514" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.514.9910" docTitle="Pteromalus briani Baur, 2015, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="58D10F28-31F6-4E6C-AC8C-90FFBDA10ADC" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="FF8AFFDAFF97891B2405FD00102CFFCF" masterDocTitle="Pushing the limits - two new species of Pteromalus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae) from Central Europe with remarkable morphology" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="43" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1668160530221" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Pushing the limits - two new species of Pteromalus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae) from Central Europe with remarkable morphology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Baur, Hannes</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>514</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>43</mods:start>
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<mods:end>72</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.514.9910</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.514.9910</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-514-43</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">A5BB2518B0D24D87B0273637E5A08C65</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A5BB2518B0D24D87B0273637E5A08C65</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152060743" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58D10F28-31F6-4E6C-AC8C-90FFBDA10ADC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1A1F653DE54383E499339C8BF3A538" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Pteromalidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/58D10F28-31F6-4E6C-AC8C-90FFBDA10ADC" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus briani" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briani">Pteromalus briani</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="45">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1, 2A, B
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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Holotype ♀ Switzerland, Canton Bern,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Köniz">Koeniz</normalizedToken>
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, Niederwangen, 570 m,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="46.92361">46.92361°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="7.37266">7.37266°E</geoCoordinate>
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, leg. Jacqueline Grosjean, 28-ii-2004, ex pupa 16-iii-2004, host
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vanessa atalanta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atalanta">Vanessa atalanta</taxonomicName>
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(Linnaeus, 1758) (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Chalcidoidea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName family="Nymphalidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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), deposited in NMBE (Baur 2129). The host pupa was collected in sheltered cavity of a pedestrian underpass beneath the highway and railway line in Niederwangen. Paratypes 46 ♀ 2 ♂, emerging from the same host pupa as the holotype, deposited in: 2 ♀ BMNH, 2 ♀ CNC, 2 ♀ ETHZ, 5 ♀ JGC, 2 ♀ LUZN, 2 ♀ MHNG, 2 ♀ NHMV, 19 ♀ (Baur 2408, 2414, 2416, 2418-2421, 2423-2426) 2 ♂ (Baur 2139, 2415) NMBE, 2 ♀ SMNS, 2 ♀ UCR, 2 ♀ USNM, 2 ♀ VVC, 2 ♀ ZFMK. Paratypes 6 ♀ Switzerland, Canton Bern, Reichenbach, Kien, 560 m,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="46.6132">46.6132°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="7.6854">7.6854°E</geoCoordinate>
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, v-2008, leg. Rahel Schnidrig, reared from pupa of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Aglais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aglais urticae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">Aglais urticae</taxonomicName>
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(Linnaeus, 1758) (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Chalcidoidea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName family="Nymphalidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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), deposited in: 1 ♀ CNC, 5 ♀ NMBE. According to Schnidrig (pers. comm.), the host was collected as a larva (size about 2.5 mm) and afterwards reared under protected conditions. A total of 40-50 specimens emerged from the pupa but only the paratypes were preserved.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="description, female">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Description, female.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Color: Head and mesosoma: green to blue-green with metallic luster; setae on head and mesosoma: whitish, inconspicuous; tegula: testaceous; setae on callus of propodeum: whitish.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Scape: testaceous; pedicel: testaceous, slightly infuscate dorsally; flagellum: brown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fore wing: hyaline; fore wing venation: testaceous; setae on fore wing: fuscous; hind wing: hyaline.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Coxae: green; trochanters: testaceous; femora: testaceous; tibiae: testaceous; tarsi: testaceous with fifth segment slightly infuscate; pretarsi: slightly infuscate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Petiole: green with purplish tinge; gaster: green; gastral terga: one to five with strong purplish tinge.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Sculpture: Head in frontal view: finely reticulate with relatively high dividing septa; clypeus: finely striate (Fig. 1A); area between clypeus and malar sulcus: meshes of reticulation conspicuously enlarged (Fig. 1A).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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Figure 1. A, D, G
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus briani" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briani">Pteromalus briani</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. holotype ♀, B, C, E, F, H paratype ♀. A gena, anterolateral view B head, dorsal view C left antenna, outer aspect D mesoscutum, dorsal view E fore wing venation F left metatibia, outer aspect G propodeum, dorsal view H gaster, dorsal view. Arrows mark important character states; scale bars 0.5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Mesoscutum: finely reticulate, meshes rather high, areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite (Fig. 1D); scutellum: reticulate, meshes about as strong and coarse as on posterior part of mesoscutum, but with a narrow band of smaller areoles in anterior half of median longitudinal line; frenum: reticulate, meshes of similar size to those on scutellum; axilla: reticulate, about as strong as on central part of scutellum; prepectus upper triangular area: reticulate; upper mesepimeron: anteriorly smooth, posterior corner distinctly alutaceous; upper mesepisternum: reticulate, about as strong as on mesoscutum; metapleuron: reticulate, about as strong as on mesepisternum.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Pro- and mesocoxa: finely alutaceous, metacoxa: finely reticulate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Median area of propodeum: evenly reticulate, as strong as on mesoscutum (Fig. 1G); inner corner of anterior plica: with a depression, weakly reticulate; nucha: reticulate, as strong as on median area of propodeum; callus of propodeum: reticulate; paraspiracular sulcus: reticulate with few transverse costulae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Petiole in dorsal view: smooth; gastral terga: smooth and shining, sixth tergum and syntergum alutaceous (Fig. 1H).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Shape and structure: Head in frontal view: subtrapezoid; gena in frontal view: rounded; temple in dorsal view: obtuse (Fig. 1B); forming an angle with occiput of: 120 degrees; occipital carina: absent; torulus position with respect to lower ocular line: distinctly above; lower face in lateral view: flat, receding with respect to upper face: weakly, forming an angle of: 35 degrees; scrobe: narrow, rather shallow; malar sulcus: superficial, but traceable; clypeus, anterior margin: widely and shallowly emarginate, without a slight depression above emarginate edge; gena near mouth: terete; tentorial pit: distinctly visible (Fig. 1A); mouth extension: not conspicuously enlarged; mandibular formula: 4-4.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Antenna (Fig. 1C). Antennal formula: 11263; scape reaching: distinctly above level of vertex; flagellum: filiform; first anellus: strongly transverse; second anellus: strongly transverse; first funicular segment: cylindrical; setae on flagellum: moderately thickly clothed with setae standing out at an angle of 30 degrees, length of setae less than half the breadth of flagellar segments; number of rows of longitudinal sensilla on first funicular segment: 2, on sixth: 1-2.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Mesosoma in lateral view: moderately strongly bent; propodeum in lateral view sloping with respect to dorsal plane of mesoscutum and scutellum at an angle of: 45 degrees; pronotum breadth with respect to mesoscutum breadth: distinctly narrower; pronotum collar: horizontal, well defined, its length with respect to mesoscutum length: one sixth, its anterior margin: rounded edge; pronotum posterior margin: thin, shiny strip; notaulus: extremely superficial, hardly traceable, reaching: about half along mesoscutum (Fig. 1D); scutellum in lateral view: moderately convex; scutellum in posterior view: moderately convex; scutellum posterior margin projection: level of anterior margin of dorsellum; scutellum posterior margin in posterior view: narrowly emarginate in the middle; frenal line: finely indicated, especially on sides; prepectus upper triangular area: not separated by oblique carina; upper mesepimeron: strongly narrowing below, not reaching base of mesopleuron; propodeum (Fig. 1G): anterior plica: bent inwards in anterior two fifths and strong; posterior plica: present, joining or almost joining anterior plica; orientation of posterior plicae: almost parallel; median carina of propodeum: weakly indicated, irregular; nucha: elevated but not clearly differentiated from median area of propodeum; spiracle: oval, size: small, separated from anterior margin of propodeum by: shortest diameter; callus pilosity: numerous long setae; paraspiracular sulcus: narrow and deep.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fore wing (Fig. 1E). Fore wing apex with respect to apex of gaster when folded back: distinctly exceeding; basal cell number of setae: 7; basal setal line: complete, with: 6 setae; cubital setal line: incomplete, with: 4 setae; costal cell pilosity on dorsal side: bare; costal cell pilosity on lower side: with numerous setae in distal half and a complete setal line extending to base; speculum on upper side: bare, widely open below; fore wing disc: rather thickly pilose; marginal setae: present, short; stigma: subcircular, small; uncus: short.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Femora: moderately slender; metatibia: quite abruptly expanded before the middle (Fig. 1F); metacoxa pilosity, dorsally: bare.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Petiole in dorsal view: conical, in ventral view: open; gaster in dorsal view: ovate, obtusely pointed (Fig. 1G); gastral terga: weakly sunken; posterior margin of first gastral tergum: slightly curved backwards medially; first gastral tergum reaching: two fifths of gaster; tip of hypopygium reaching: slightly beyond middle of gaster; ovipositor sheath: slightly protruding.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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Length and body ratios: Body length: 2.3-2.9 mm; mesoscutum breadth: 591-806
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Head breadth to height: 1.2-1.41; head breadth to length: 2.02-2.08; head breadth to mesoscutum breadth: 1.26-1.34; lower face height to head height: 0.5-0.58; POL to OOL: 0.76-0.87; eye height to breadth: 1.3-1.36; eye distance to height: 1.74-1.88; temple length to eye length: 0.35-0.44; malar space to eye height: 0.68-0.76.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Pedicel plus flagellum length to head breadth: 0.72-0.87; scape length to eye height: 0.99-1.04; scape length to breadth: 5.24-5.82; pedicel length to breadth: 1.22-1.54; pedicel length to first funicular segment length: 0.84-1.13; first funicular segment length to breadth: 0.91-1.33; sixth funicular segment length to breadth: 0.85-1.04; first funicular segment breadth to clava breadth: 0.85-1.06; clava length to breadth: 2.01-2.57.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Mesosoma length to mesoscutum breadth: 1.5-1.6; mesoscutum breadth to length: 1.57-1.76; mesoscutum length to scutellum length: 1.03-1.1; propodeum length to scutellum length: 0.57-0.62; plica distance to propodeum length: 1.21-1.31.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="46" start="start">Fore</pageBreakToken>
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wing length to breadth: 2-2.18; marginal vein length to stigmal vein length: 1.51-1.68; postmarginal vein length to stigmal vein length: 0.78-1.01.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Metafemur length to breadth: 3.27-4.47; metatibia length to breadth: 5.61-7.82; metatarsus length to metatibia length: 0.65-0.89.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Gaster length to breadth: 1.17-1.62; gaster length to mesosoma length: 0.82-1.11.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="description, male">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Description, male.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Color: Head and mesosoma: bright green to blue-green with metallic luster; setae on head and mesosoma: whitish, inconspicuous; tegula: testaceous; setae on callus of propodeum: whitish.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Scape: testaceous; pedicel: testaceous, slightly infuscate dorsally; flagellum: testaceous, slightly infuscate dorsally.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Fore wing: hyaline; fore wing venation: testaceous; setae on fore wing: fuscous; hind wing: hyaline.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Coxae: green; trochanters: testaceous; femora: testaceous; tibiae: testaceous; tarsi: testaceous with fifth segment slightly infuscate; pretarsi: slightly infuscate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Petiole: green with purplish tinge; gaster: green; gastral terga: one to three with an indistinct yellowish spot.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Sculpture: Head in frontal view: finely reticulate with relatively high septae; clypeus: finely striate; area between clypeus and malar sulcus: meshes conspicuously enlarged (Fig. 2A).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
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Figure 2. A, B
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus briani" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briani">Pteromalus briani</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. paratype ♂,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="C–H">C-H</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus squamifer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamifer">Pteromalus squamifer</taxonomicName>
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Thomson ♀, from Sweden. A head, ventral view B left antenna, outer aspect C gena, anterolateral view D head, dorsal view E mesoscutum, dorsal view F left metatibia, outer aspect G propodeum, dorsal view H gaster, dorsal view. Arrows mark important character states; scale bars 0.5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Mesoscutum: finely reticulate, meshes rather high, areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite; scutellum: reticulate, meshes about as strong and coarse as on posterior part of mesoscutum, but with a narrow band of smaller areoles in anterior half of median longitudinal line; frenum: reticulate, meshes of similar size to those on scutellum; axilla: reticulate, about as strong as on central part of scutellum; prepectus upper triangular area: reticulate; upper mesepimeron: anteriorly smooth, posterior corner distinctly alutaceous; upper mesepisternum: reticulate, about as strong as on mesoscutum; metapleuron: reticulate, about as strong as on mesepisternum.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Pro- and mesocoxa: finely alutaceous, metacoxa: finely reticulate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Median area of propodeum: evenly reticulate, as strong as on mesoscutum; inner corner of anterior plica: with a depression, weakly reticulate; nucha: reticulate, as strong as on median area of propodeum; callus of propodeum: reticulate; paraspiracular sulcus: reticulate with few transverse costulae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Petiole in dorsal view: smooth; gastral terga: smooth and shining, sixth tergum and syntergum alutaceous.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Shape and structure: Head in frontal view: subtrapezoid; gena in frontal view: rounded; temple in dorsal view: obtuse; forming an angle with occiput of: 120 degrees; occipital carina: absent; torulus position with respect to lower ocular line: distinctly above; lower face in lateral view: flat, receding with respect to upper face: weakly, forming an angle of: 35 degrees; scrobe: narrow, rather shallow; malar sulcus: superficial, but traceable; clypeus, anterior margin: widely and shallowly emarginate, without a median depression above emarginate edge; gena near mouth: terete; tentorial pit: distinctly visible; mouth extension: not conspicuously enlarged (Fig. 2A); mandibular formula: 4-4.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="47" start="start">Antenna</pageBreakToken>
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(Fig. 2B). Antennal formula: 11263; scape reaching: distinctly above level of vertex; flagellum: filiform; first anellus: strongly transverse; second anellus: strongly transverse; setae on flagellum: thickly clothed with setae standing out at an angle of 40 degrees, length of setae less than half the breadth of flagellar segments; number of rows of longitudinal sensilla on first funicular segment: 1, on sixth: 1.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Mesosoma in lateral view: moderately strongly bent; propodeum in lateral view sloping with respect to dorsal plane of mesoscutum and scutellum at an angle of: 50 degrees; pronotum breadth with respect to mesoscutum breadth: distinctly narrower; pronotum collar: horizontal, well defined, its length with respect to mesoscutum length: one sixth, its anterior margin: rounded edge; pronotum posterior margin: thin, shiny strip; notaulus: extremely superficial, hardly traceable, reaching: about half along mesoscutum; scutellum in lateral view: moderately convex; scutellum in posterior view: moderately convex; scutellum posterior margin projection: level of anterior margin of dorsellum; scutellum posterior margin in posterior view: narrowly emarginate in the middle; frenal line: finely indicated, especially on sides; prepectus upper triangular area: separated by a fine oblique carina; upper mesepimeron: strongly narrowing below, not reaching base of mesopleuron; anterior plica: bent inwards in anterior two fifths and strong; posterior plica: present, joining anterior plica; orientation of posterior plicae: almost parallel; median carina of propodeum: weakly indicated, irregular; nucha: elevated but not clearly differentiated from median area of propodeum; spiracle: oval, size: small, separated from anterior margin of propodeum by: shortest diameter; callus pilosity: numerous long setae; paraspiracular sulcus: narrow and deep.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fore wing apex with respect to apex of gaster when folded back: distinctly exceeding; basal cell number of setae: 6; basal setal line: complete, with: 8 setae; cubital setal line: incomplete, with: 4 setae; costal cell pilosity on dorsal side: bare; costal cell pilosity on lower side: numerous setae in distal half and a complete setal line extending to base; speculum on upper side: bare, widely open below; fore wing disc: rather thickly pilose; marginal setae: present, short; stigma: subcircular, small; uncus: short.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Femora: moderately slender; metatibia: quite abruptly expanded before the middle; metacoxa pilosity, dorsally: bare.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Petiole in dorsal view: conical, in ventral view: open; gaster in dorsal view: ovate; gastral terga: weakly sunken.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Length and body ratios: Body length: 2.7 mm; mesoscutum breadth: 682-684
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Head breadth to height: 1.46-1.47; head breadth to length: 2.02-2.03; head breadth to mesoscutum breadth: 1.3; lower face height to head height: 0.59-0.6; POL to OOL: 0.89-0.96; eye height to breadth: 1.29-1.3; eye distance to height: 1.78; temple length to eye length: 0.39-0.43; malar space to eye height: 0.58-0.61.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Pedicel plus flagellum length to head breadth: 0.84; scape length to eye height: 0.97-0.98; scape length to breadth: 4.89-5.15; pedicel length to breadth: 1.37; pedicel length to first funicular segment length: 0.85-0.96; first funicular segment length to breadth: 1.27-1.57; sixth funicular segment length to breadth: 1.02-1.05; first funicular segment breadth to clava breadth: 0.91-0.98; clava length to breadth: 2.44-3.13.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="48" start="start">Mesosoma</pageBreakToken>
|
||
length to mesoscutum breadth: 1.63-1.64; mesoscutum breadth to length: 1.48-1.5; mesoscutum length to scutellum length: 1.08-1.12; propodeum length to scutellum length: 0.55-0.59; plica distance to propodeum length: 1.21-1.39.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fore wing length to breadth: 2-2.02; marginal vein length to stigmal vein length: 1.39-1.56; postmarginal vein length to stigmal vein length: 0.84-0.93.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Metafemur length to breadth: 4.23-4.62; metatibia length to breadth: 7.16-7.35; metatarsus length to metatibia length: 0.72-0.74.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Gaster length to breadth: 1.68-1.71; gaster length to mesosoma length: 1-1.01.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="comment">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Comment.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Close examination of the expanded metatibia under a stereomicroscope did not reveal any distinctive characteristics compared to the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“normal”">"normal"</normalizedToken>
|
||
, i.e. unexpanded, metatibia of the other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pteromalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. It should be noted that for some of the specimens reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Aglais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aglais urticae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">Aglais urticae</taxonomicName>
|
||
the expansion is slightly less abrupt than shown in Fig. 1F.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The female of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus briani" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briani">Pteromalus briani</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. keys out in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Graham, MWR de V" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology" pageId="18" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 908" title="The Pteromalidae of North-Western Europe." volume="16" year="1969">Graham (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
via couplets 1, 2, 7-9, 11, 12, 14, 49, 52-57, 88-90 (alternatively couplets 49, 70, 72, 74, 78, 79, 84, 88-90) to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus smaragdus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smaragdus">Pteromalus smaragdus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Graham. The male keys out via couplets 1-3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 14-19, 40, 44, 45, 54-56, 65 to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus semotus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semotus">Pteromalus semotus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus varians" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varians">Pteromalus varians</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sub
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus grandis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">Pteromalus grandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
]. The species belongs to a group of species with 4 teeth in both mandibles and a large reticulate nucha (i.e., to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pteromalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu stricto of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Graham, MWR de V" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology" pageId="18" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 908" title="The Pteromalidae of North-Western Europe." volume="16" year="1969">Graham 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this group it is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus puparum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puparum">Pteromalus puparum</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus squamifer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamifer">Pteromalus squamifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially in the structure of the propodeum (compare Figs 1G and 2G). It is distinguished from those and all other species by the following combination of characters: female legs except coxae bright testaceous (Fig. 1F); reticulation between clypeus and malar sulcus with enlarged meshes (Fig. 1A, 2A); POL distinctly less than OOL (Fig. 1B); tentorial pit distinctly visible (Fig. 1A); antenna inserted high on face, lower edge of torulus above the middle between anterior margin of clypeus and anterior edge of anterior ocellus; mesoscutum with areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite (Fig. 1D); scutellum in lateral view moderately convex; metatibia quite abruptly expanded before the middle (Fig. 1F); female gaster obtusely pointed (Fig. 1H), usually less than 1.6 times as long as broad.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Below the most important differences are given for those species with which
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus briani" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briani">Pteromalus briani</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. might be most easily confounded. Because of the difficulty to identify some of them, a rather large number of taxa either related to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus puparum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puparum">Pteromalus puparum</taxonomicName>
|
||
or with similar hosts (
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Chalcidoidea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Papilionidae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Nymphalidae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Pieridae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) has been considered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus apum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apum">Pteromalus apum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Retzius, 1783): female femora infuscate; reticulation between clypeus and malar sulcus without enlarged meshes; POL greater than OOL; tentorial pit indistinct; antenna inserted less high on face, lower edge of torulus below the middle between anterior margin of clypeus and anterior edge of anterior ocellus; mesoscutum with areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite; scutellum in lateral view flattened; metatibia gradually widening towards apex; female gaster acuminate, often more than 1.6 times as long as broad. Source of information: 2 ♀ 2 ♂ from Switzerland in NMBE (Baur 2517-2520), also compared with the key by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Askew, RR" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Monthly Magazine" pageId="17" pageNumber="60" pagination="67 - 72" title="Pteromalusapum (Retzius) and other pteromalid (Hym.) primary parasitoids of butterfly pupae in Western Europe, with a key." volume="133" year="1997">Askew and Shaw (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus bifoveolatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoveolatus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="49" start="start">Pteromalus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
bifoveolatus
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1861): female femora infuscate; reticulation between clypeus and malar sulcus without enlarged meshes; POL slightly greater than OOL; tentorial pit indistinct; antenna high on face, lower edge of torulus at about the middle between anterior margin of clypeus and anterior edge of anterior ocellus; mesoscutum with areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite; scutellum in lateral view moderately convex; metatibia gradually widening towards apex; female gaster acuminate, often more than 1.6 times as long as broad. In addition, the male of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus bifoveolatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoveolatus">Pteromalus bifoveolatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is special in that the mouth is very wide, so that the malar space is much less than 0.1 times as long as eye height (0.58-0.61 in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus briani" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briani">Pteromalus briani</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.). Source of information: syntype ♂ in NHMV, 2 ♀ 2 ♂ (Baur 2521-2524) from Switzerland in NMBE.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus cassotis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cassotis">Pteromalus cassotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Walker, 1847 (syn.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus archippi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="archippi">Pteromalus archippi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Howard, 1889: 1891): female legs except coxae testaceous; reticulation between clypeus and malar sulcus without enlarged meshes; POL about as great as OOL; tentorial pit indistinct; antenna high on face, lower edge of torulus at about the middle between anterior margin of clypeus and anterior edge of anterior ocellus; mesoscutum with areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite; scutellum in lateral view moderately convex; metatibia gradually widening towards apex; female gaster acuminate, about 1.25 times as long as broad. Source of information: photographs of lectotype ♀ in BMNH, provided by N. Dale-Skey Papilloud; lectotype ♀ of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus archippi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="archippi">Pteromalus archippi</taxonomicName>
|
||
in USNM.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus fuscipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipes">Pteromalus fuscipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Provancher, 1881): The lectotype is deposited in the Laval University, Quebec, Canada (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Noyes, JS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="62" title="Universal Chalcidoidea Database" url="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids" year="2015">Noyes 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Huber, pers. comm.), but was not available for examination. The original description (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Provancher, AL" journalOrPublisher="Naturaliste Canadien" pageId="19" pageNumber="62" pagination="293 - 297" title="Faune Canadienne. Les Insectes - Hymenopteres. VIII. Pteromaliens." volume="12" year="1881">Provancher 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 295) suggests a species with dark legs ("Pattes brunes" = legs brown), which naturally excludes an identity with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus briani" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briani">Pteromalus briani</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burks, BD" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="18" pageNumber="61" pagination="1254 - 1263" title="The Provancher species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)." url="10.4039/Ent951254-12" volume="95" year="1963">Burks (1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1262) suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus fuscipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipes">Pteromalus fuscipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be the same as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus puparum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="puparum" subspecies="vanessae">Pteromalus puparum vanessae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus luzonensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luzonensis">Pteromalus luzonensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gahan, 1925: female femora infuscate; reticulation between clypeus and malar sulcus without enlarged meshes; POL about as great as OOL; tentorial pit indistinct; antenna high on face, lower edge of torulus at about the middle between anterior margin of clypeus and anterior edge of anterior ocellus; mesoscutum with areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite; scutellum in lateral view moderately convex; metatibia gradually widening towards apex; female gaster obtusely pointed, 1.4-1.6 times as long as broad. Source of information: photographs of a syntype ♀ from Luzon, Mount Makiling, provided by the USNM
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Chalcidoidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rank="superfamily" superfamily="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
type catalog. 5 ♀ 5 ♂ from Assam and Nepal, in BMNH, compared with the original description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gahan, AB" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Journal of Science" pageId="18" pageNumber="61" pagination="83 - 109" title="A second lot of parasitic hymenoptera from the philippines." volume="27" year="1925">Gahan (1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 99-100).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus melitaeae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaeae">Pteromalus melitaeae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dzhanokmen, 1998: female femora infuscate; reticulation between clypeus and malar sulcus without enlarged meshes; POL greater than OOL; tentorial pit indistinct; antenna less high on face, lower edge of torulus slightly below the middle between anterior margin of clypeus and anterior edge of anterior ocellus; mesoscutum with areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite; scutellum in lateral view moderately convex; metatibia gradually widening towards apex; female gaster acuminate, about 2.3 times as long as broad. Source of information: 2 ♀ from
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="50" start="start">Switzerland</pageBreakToken>
|
||
in NMBE (Baur 2525, 2526), compared with a paratype 1 ♀ in BMNH and the English version of the original description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dzhanokmen, KA" journalOrPublisher="Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie" pageId="18" pageNumber="61" pagination="483 - 495" title="A review of pteromalids of the genus Pteromalus Swederus (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) of Kazakhstan. I." volume="77" year="1998">Dzhanokmen (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus platensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platensis">Pteromalus platensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brèthes">Brethes</normalizedToken>
|
||
in Massini, 1913 (syn.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus caridei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caridei">Pteromalus caridei</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brèthes">Brethes</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1913: 93, synonymized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="De Santis, L" journalOrPublisher="Comision de Investigacion Cientifica, La Plata" pageId="18" pageNumber="61" title="Catalogo de los Himenopteros Argentinos de la Serie Parasitica, incluyendo Bethyloidea." year="1967">De Santis 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 197): The name-bearing types are not available for examination (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Noyes, JS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="62" title="Universal Chalcidoidea Database" url="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids" year="2015">Noyes 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus platensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platensis">Pteromalus platensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus caridei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caridei">Pteromalus caridei</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Massini, PC" journalOrPublisher="Revista Zootecnica, Buenos Aires" pageId="19" pageNumber="62" pagination="514 - 518" title="Pteromalusplatensis. Un enemigo del gusano de los naranjos. Su clasificacion y utilizacion biologica en defensa de los naranjales." volume="4" year="1913">Massini 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 517,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brethes, J" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires" pageId="18" pageNumber="61" pagination="35 - 165" title="Himenopteros de la America Meridional." volume="24" year="1913">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brèthes">Brethes</normalizedToken>
|
||
1913
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 93, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Massini, PC" journalOrPublisher="Anales Sociedad Rural Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="62" pagination="73 - 76" title="El gusano de los naranjos. Su enemigo natural Pteromalus caridei Brethes. Su clasificacion y utilizacion biologica en defensa de la naranjales." volume="52" year="1918">
|
||
Massini and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brèthes">Brethes</normalizedToken>
|
||
1918
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2. plate), suggest a species with dark femora close to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus puparum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puparum">Pteromalus puparum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which thus excludes it from being the same as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus briani" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briani">Pteromalus briani</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus platyphilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyphilus">Pteromalus platyphilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Walker, 1874: female femora infuscate; reticulation between clypeus and malar sulcus without enlarged meshes; POL greater than OOL; tentorial pit indistinct; antenna less high on face, lower edge of torulus distinctly below the middle between anterior margin of clypeus and anterior edge of anterior ocellus; mesoscutum with areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite; scutellum in lateral view moderately convex; metatibia gradually widening towards apex; female gaster obtusely pointed, about 1.3 times as long as broad. Source of information: 1 ♀ from Morocco in NMBE (Baur 2527), det. Z.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
|
||
1996.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus puparum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puparum">Pteromalus puparum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758): female femora infuscate; reticulation between clypeus and malar sulcus without enlarged meshes; POL slightly greater than OOL; tentorial pit indistinct; antenna high on face, lower edge of torulus at about the middle between anterior margin of clypeus and anterior edge of anterior ocellus; mesoscutum with areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite; scutellum in lateral view moderately convex; metatibia gradually widening towards apex; female gaster obtusely pointed, rarely more than 1.6 times as long as broad. Source of information: 3 ♀ 2 ♂ from Switzerland in NMBE (Baur 2528-2531, 2549).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus puparum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="puparum" subspecies="vanessae">Pteromalus puparum vanessae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Howard, 1889:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Harris, TW" journalOrPublisher="Folsom, Wells and Thurston, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA" pageId="18" pageNumber="61" title="A report on the insects of Massachusetts injurious to vegetation" year="1841">Harris (1841</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 220-221) originally proposed the specific name "Pteromalus vanessae" but without accompanying description. Hence it has to be considered as a nomen nudum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Noyes, JS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="62" title="Universal Chalcidoidea Database" url="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids" year="2015">Noyes 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Howard, LO" editor="Scudder, SH" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Mass., USA" pageId="19" pageNumber="62" title="The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada, with special reference to New England" year="1889">Howard (1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1891-1892) who gave a brief description based on material reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Nymphalis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nymphalis antiopa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiopa">Nymphalis antiopa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758) (sub
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euvanessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euvanessa antiopa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiopa">Euvanessa antiopa</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Polygonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygonia interrogationis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrogationis">Polygonia interrogationis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1798) (both
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Chalcidoidea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Nymphalidae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), eventually made the name available. The whereabouts of the syntypes is unknown (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Noyes, JS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="62" title="Universal Chalcidoidea Database" url="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids" year="2015">Noyes 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and they thus could not be checked. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Howard, LO" editor="Scudder, SH" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Mass., USA" pageId="19" pageNumber="62" title="The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada, with special reference to New England" year="1889">Howard (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
evidently considered
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus puparum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="puparum" subspecies="vanessae">Pteromalus puparum vanessae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be only a larger and darker variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus puparum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puparum">Pteromalus puparum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, of which he gave a redescription (p. 1890). The latter is said to have dark legs, which differentiates the species from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus archippi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="archippi">Pteromalus archippi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus cassotis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cassotis">Pteromalus cassotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see above) with pale legs described by Howard in the same paper (p. 1891). Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus puparum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="puparum" subspecies="vanessae">Pteromalus puparum vanessae</taxonomicName>
|
||
also must have dark legs, which clearly separates it from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus briani" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briani">Pteromalus briani</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus semotus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semotus">Pteromalus semotus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Walker, 1834): female femora infuscate; reticulation between clypeus and malar sulcus without enlarged meshes; POL distinctly greater than OOL; tentorial pits indistinct; antenna less high on face, lower edge of torulus slightly below the middle between anterior margin of clypeus and anterior edge of anterior ocellus; mesoscutum with areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite; scutellum in lateral view moderately convex; metatibia gradually widening towards apex; female gaster
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="51" start="start">acuminate</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, distinctly more than twice as long as broad. Source of information: 1 ♀ from Switzerland in NMBE (Baur 2532), compared with the lectotype ♀ in BMNH.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus smaragdus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smaragdus">Pteromalus smaragdus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Graham, 1969: female legs except coxae bright testaceous [this is in contrast to the original description, where it is stated on p. 494 that the legs have the same color as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus procerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="procerus">Pteromalus procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Graham, 1969) which is said to have the femora infuscate (p. 493)]; reticulation between clypeus and malar sulcus without enlarged meshes; POL slightly greater than OOL; tentorial pit indistinct; antenna high on face, lower edge of torulus at about the middle between anterior margin of clypeus and anterior edge of anterior ocellus; mesoscutum with areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite; scutellum in lateral view moderately convex; metatibia gradually widening towards apex; female gaster acuminate, about 1.3 times as long as broad. Source of information: photographs of holotype ♀ in BMNH, provided by N. Dale-Skey Papilloud.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus squamifer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamifer">Pteromalus squamifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Thomson, 1878): female legs except coxae testaceous (Fig. 2F); reticulation between clypeus and malar sulcus without enlarged meshes (Fig. 2C); POL slightly less than OOL (Fig. 2D); tentorial pit indistinct (Fig. 2C); antenna high on face, lower edge of torulus at about the middle between anterior margin of clypeus and anterior edge of anterior ocellus; mesoscutum with areoles large and rather strongly enlarged in posterior part of sclerite (Fig. 2E); scutellum in lateral view moderately convex; metatibia gradually widening towards apex (Fig. 2F); female gaster acuminate (Fig. 2H), 1.55-1.6 times as long as broad. As in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus bifoveolatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoveolatus">Pteromalus bifoveolatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the male has the mouth very large (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Graham, MWR de V" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology" pageId="18" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 908" title="The Pteromalidae of North-Western Europe." volume="16" year="1969">Graham 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 399, figure 338) and malar space much less than 0.1 times as long as eye height (0.58-0.61 in male
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus briani" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briani">Pteromalus briani</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., Fig. 2A). Source of information: photographs of lectotype ♀ in LUZM, provided by C. Hansson; 1 ♀ from Italy in NMBE (Baur 2533) and 4 ♀ from Sweden in BMNH (Baur 2545-2548). It should be noted that in the key of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Graham, MWR de V" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology" pageId="18" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 908" title="The Pteromalidae of North-Western Europe." volume="16" year="1969">Graham (1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 513-514) couplet 91 to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus squamifer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamifer">Pteromalus squamifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be misleading, in that he stated "temples about two thirds as long as eyes". In fact, my measurements on a photograph as well as on the other specimens showed that the temple is at most 0.6 times as long as the eye (Fig. 1C). This value is also strongly depending on how the head is positioned. In another photograph after re-positioning of the same specimen, the ratio was only 0.5!
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus varians" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varians">Pteromalus varians</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Spinola, 1808): female femora varying from infuscate to testaceous; reticulation between clypeus and malar sulcus without enlarged meshes; POL distinctly greater than OOL; tentorial pits indistinct; antenna high on face, lower edge of torulus at about the middle between anterior margin of clypeus and anterior edge of anterior ocellus; mesoscutum with areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite; scutellum in lateral view moderately convex; metatibia gradually widening towards apex; female gaster acuminate, distinctly more than twice as long as broad. Source of information: 4 ♀ 1 ♂ from France, Moldavia, and Switzerland in NMBE (Baur 2534-2539), compared with lectotypes of synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus varians" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varians">Pteromalus varians</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that is, ♀
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus grandis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">Pteromalus grandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Walker, 1835 and ♀
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus latipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latipennis">Pteromalus latipennis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Walker, 1835 in BMNH.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus vopiscus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vopiscus">Pteromalus vopiscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Walker, 1839: female femora infuscate; reticulation between clypeus and malar sulcus without enlarged meshes; POL slightly greater than OOL; tentorial pit indistinct; antenna high on face, lower edge of torulus at about the middle between an
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="52" start="start">terior</pageBreakToken>
|
||
margin of clypeus and anterior edge of anterior ocellus; mesoscutum with areoles small and only moderately enlarged in posterior part of sclerite; scutellum in lateral view moderately convex; metatibia gradually widening towards apex; female gaster acuminate, often more than 1.6 times as long as broad. Source of information: 2 ♀ from Switzerland, in NMBE (Baur 2540, 2541). Identification originally based on
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Graham’s">Graham's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1995) redescription of the species, however, the specimens were later also compared with specimens from Southern France in BMNH identified by Graham himself.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="52" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Following the suggestion of the collector of the new species, Jacqueline Grosjean,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus briani" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briani">Pteromalus briani</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is named after Brian Jones, since the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vanessa atalanta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atalanta">Vanessa atalanta</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupa was collected on his birthday. The name
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“briani”">"briani"</normalizedToken>
|
||
is a noun in the genitive case and need not agree in gender with the generic name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="52" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus briani" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briani">Pteromalus briani</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is a gregarious, primary endoparasitoid of pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Nymphalidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Chalcidoidea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Currently,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vanessa atalanta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atalanta">Vanessa atalanta</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Aglais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aglais urticae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">Aglais urticae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known as hosts but the species is likely to attack pupae of other nymphalids or possibly of related families. About 58-60 specimens emerged from the overwintering pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vanessa atalanta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atalanta">Vanessa atalanta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(only 51 ♀, 2 ♂ preserved). According to Rahel Schnidrig (pers. com.) about 40-50 specimens emerged from the pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Aglais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aglais urticae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">Aglais urticae</taxonomicName>
|
||
but only 6 ♀ were preserved. The investigation of Schnidrig suggests a koinobiont life history strategy, because the host was collected in an early larval stage (body length 2.5 mm), which was afterwards protected from further parasitization during captive rearing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |