treatments-xml/data/AC/11/72/AC117204FFCA0B073B24FB7AFB46FE54.xml

<document id="1079B40BF4850E073459A0B0F84535D5" ID-CLB-Dataset="22433" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2015.118" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5496fe1c-b44b-4f41-8766-6ddf73acc355" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3779432" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588286741455" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Leduc, Daniel &amp; Verschelde, Dominick" docDate="2015" docId="AC117204FFCA0B073B24FB7AFB46FE54" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2015-118a.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 118" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Stygodesmodora confusa Leduc &amp; Verschelde 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="44B8B268-21AE-4E30-8A7E-D707B1D54C8F" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="50280A7CFFC40B133976FFD1FFF7FFE4" masterDocTitle="New Spirinia and Stygodesmodora species (Nematoda, Spiriniinae) from the Southwest Pacific, and a revision of the related genera Spirinia, Chromaspirina and Perspiria" masterLastPageNumber="25" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1698838263545" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="112614F9F471FBAA72ED567A59C66656">New Spirinia and Stygodesmodora species (Nematoda, Spiriniinae) from the Southwest Pacific, and a revision of the related genera Spirinia, Chromaspirina and Perspiria</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E3F3F14764E6C1B1DB37DF207B561B55">Leduc, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4916BA275E8AD559AE8E23633A30B965">National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14 - 901, Wellington, New Zealand. Correponding author: Daniel. Leduc @ niwa. co. nz &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 9393949 F- 3426 - 4 EE 2 - 8 BDE-DEFFACE 3 D 9 BC</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="267E455FCD5739797838B72D0F2D8236">Verschelde, Dominick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CEB3A7EB439E3282E9F2F7367CFFCFF3">Ghent University - Zoology Museum, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B- 9000 Ghent, Belgium &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 80 C 09028 - E 083 - 4 DF 0 - B 514 - 9 C 92 A 12 ED 78 E</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="0FB5DCD24C604296BD1F84611D6026C3">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="6CA29099FFCA0B1D3B24FB7AFC15FB22" box="[594,994,1195,1222]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2407C312FFCA0B1D3B24FB7AFC15FB22" blockId="14.[364,1223,1195,1293]" box="[594,994,1195,1222]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="7F4F747EFFCA0B1D3B24FB7AFC15FB22" box="[594,994,1195,1222]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFCA0B1D3B24FB7AFC77FB21" authority="Leduc &amp; Verschelde, 2015" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" box="[594,896,1195,1222]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="confusa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCA0B1D3B24FB7AFC77FB21" bold="true" box="[594,896,1195,1222]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Stygodesmodora confusa</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFCA0B1D3AF1FB7DFC15FB22" box="[903,994,1196,1222]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="2407C312FFCA0B1D381AFB01FB30FB0E" blockId="14.[364,1223,1195,1293]" box="[364,1223,1232,1258]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFCA0B1D3BC2FB22FCE9FAE9" box="[692,798,1267,1293]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="15.[189,232,1849,1875]" captionStartId-1="16.[189,232,1859,1885]" captionStartId-2="17.[189,232,1927,1953]" captionStartId-3="18.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,268,1788]" captionTargetBox-1="[190,1395,262,1816]" captionTargetBox-2="[184,1401,664,1885]" captionTargetBox-3="[517,1067,264,1922]" captionTargetId-0="figure@15.[189,1399,244,1809]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[171,1422,258,1821]" captionTargetId-2="figure@17.[167,1425,658,1890]" captionTargetId-3="figure@18.[480,1109,254,1930]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="18" captionText-0="Fig. 4. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov. A. Anterior body region of female. B. Male head (holotype). C. Male head (paratype). D. Male head (holotype). E–F. Anterior body region of female. G. Female posterior body region. H. Right spicule and gubernaculum. I. Male copulatory apparatus. Arrows show position of pre-cloacal supplements. Scale bar: A–D = 30 µm, E–G = 36 µm, H = 20 µm, I = 40 µm." captionText-1="Fig. 5. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov. A. Entire male. B. Female reproductive system. Scale bar: A = 50 µm, B = 36 µm." captionText-2="Fig. 6. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov., light micrographs of female. A. Head region showing amphideal aperture. B. Head region showing amphideal fovea. C. Head region showing buccal cavity. D. Vulva. Scale bar: A–C = 15 µm, D = 18 µm." captionText-3="Fig. 7. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. Female head (three different specimens). Scale bar = 5 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779440" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779442" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779444" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779446" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3779440/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3779442/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3779444/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3779446/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 4–7</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="693AF6A9FFCA0B1D3A5FFB22FC77FAE9" box="[809,896,1267,1293]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="13.[189,258,267,293]" captionTargetBox="[204,1350,428,1483]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 1. Morphometrics (µm) of Spirinia verecunda sp. nov. and Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov. — a, body length/maximum body diameter; abd, anal body diameter; b, body length/pharynx length; c, body length/tail length; cbd, corresponding body diameter; V, vulva distance from anterior end of body; %V, V/total body length." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/70C7939AFFC90B1E39CBFEDAFE16FE6A" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="70C7939AFFC90B1E39CBFEDAFE16FE6A">Table 1</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="2407C312FFCA0B1D39CBFAE5FEC1FAAA" blockId="14.[189,310,1332,1358]" box="[189,310,1332,1358]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="7F4F747EFFCA0B1D39CBFAE5FEC1FAAA" bold="true" box="[189,310,1332,1358]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="3">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCA0B1D39CBFAE5FEC1FAAA" bold="true" box="[189,310,1332,1358]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFCA0B1D39CBFAB2FE10FA99" authority="Leduc &amp; Verschelde, 2015" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" box="[189,487,1379,1405]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="confusa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCA0B1D39CBFAB2FE10FA99" box="[189,487,1379,1405]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Stygodesmodora confusa</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFCA0B1D3884FAB2FDA6FA99" box="[498,593,1379,1405]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is characterised by a relatively short body (
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), spiral amphids with 1.0–1.25 turns, cephalic setae situated at or slightly posterior to mid-level of amphid, and males with four precloacal supplements consisting of short setae on wide bases.
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<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCA0B1D39CBFA3AFE76F9E1" bold="true" box="[189,385,1515,1541]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Type specimens</emphasis>
</heading>
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<typeStatus id="FB037DB0FFCA0B1D399CF9C8FEABF9D7" box="[234,348,1561,1587]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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<collectingCountry id="5CAF8382FFCA0B1D39CBF9EDFE61F9B2" box="[189,406,1596,1622]" name="New Zealand" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">NEW ZEALAND</collectingCountry>
: 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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cruise TAN1004, station 92, canyon axis on 
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.
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<typeStatus id="FB037DB0FFCA0B1D399CF970FE90F95F" box="[234,359,1697,1723]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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<collectingCountry id="5CAF8382FFCA0B1D39CBF915FE61F93A" box="[189,406,1732,1758]" name="New Zealand" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">NEW ZEALAND</collectingCountry>
: 
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, 
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, 
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88378, 
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, 
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cruise TAN1103, station 69, central Chatham Rise, 
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, 
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, 
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; 
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(same data as other 
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) were measured to provide morphometric data and then processed for scanning electron microscopy.
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CA29099FFCA0B1D39CBF89DFA9CF83F" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="2407C312FFCA0B1D39CBF89DFEB3F882" blockId="14.[189,324,1868,1894]" box="[189,324,1868,1894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="7F4F747EFFCA0B1D39CBF89DFEB3F882" bold="true" box="[189,324,1868,1894]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="3">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCA0B1D39CBF89DFEB3F882" bold="true" box="[189,324,1868,1894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Etymology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2407C312FFCA0B1D39CBF8AAFA9CF83F" blockId="14.[189,1398,1915,2011]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
The species name is derived from the Latin adjective 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCA0B1D3A5CF8AAFC6FF871" box="[810,920,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">confusus,</emphasis>
meaning confused, perplexed or obscure (feminine form used, as - 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCA0B1D389DF84FFDD5F85C" box="[491,546,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">dora</emphasis>
is feminine), and refers to the close affinities of this species with other desmodorid genera (see Remarks), which resulted in initial confusion in the placement of this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="70C7939AFFCB0B1C39CBF8E8FAA0F859" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779440" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3779440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779440/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[189,232,1849,1875]" targetBox="[189,1398,268,1788]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="2407C312FFCB0B1C39CBF8E8FAA0F859" blockId="15.[189,1399,1849,1981]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCB0B1C39CBF8E8FEFBF8B7" bold="true" box="[189,268,1849,1875]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFCB0B1C3862F8E8FDCCF8B7" authority="Leduc &amp; Verschelde, 2015" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" box="[276,571,1849,1875]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="confusa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCB0B1C3862F8E8FDCCF8B7" box="[276,571,1849,1875]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Stygodesmodora confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFCB0B1C3B35F8E8FD68F8B7" box="[579,671,1849,1875]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCB0B1C3BD1F8E8FD4BF8B7" bold="true" box="[679,700,1849,1875]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A</emphasis>
. Anterior body region of female. 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCB0B1C3D3BF8E8FB96F8B7" bold="true" box="[1101,1121,1849,1875]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B</emphasis>
. Male head (holotype). 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCB0B1C39CBF88DFF25F892" bold="true" box="[189,210,1884,1910]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
. Male head (paratype). 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCB0B1C3882F88DFDFEF892" bold="true" box="[500,521,1884,1910]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D</emphasis>
. Male head (holotype). 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCB0B1C3A5AF88DFC97F892" bold="true" box="[812,864,1884,1910]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E–F</emphasis>
. Anterior body region of female. 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCB0B1C3D8EF88DFAF8F892" bold="true" box="[1272,1295,1884,1910]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">G</emphasis>
. Female posterior body region. 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCB0B1C38BEF851FE28F87E" bold="true" box="[456,479,1920,1946]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H</emphasis>
. Right spicule and gubernaculum. 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFCB0B1C3A0FF851FC73F87E" bold="true" box="[889,900,1920,1946]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">I</emphasis>
. Male copulatory apparatus. Arrows show position of pre-cloacal supplements. Scale bar: A–D = 30 µm, E–G = 36 µm, H = 20 µm, I = 40 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="70C7939AFFD40B0339CBF892FE26F864" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779442" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3779442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779442/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[189,232,1859,1885]" targetBox="[190,1395,262,1816]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD40B0339CBF892FE26F864" blockId="16.[189,1399,1859,1920]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD40B0339CBF892FEFAF8B9" bold="true" box="[189,269,1859,1885]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD40B03386EF892FDB6F8B9" authority="Leduc &amp; Verschelde, 2015" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" box="[280,577,1859,1885]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="confusa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD40B03386EF892FDB6F8B9" box="[280,577,1859,1885]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Stygodesmodora confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFD40B033B3DF892FD5EF8B9" box="[587,681,1859,1885]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD40B033BC5F892FD3FF8B9" bold="true" box="[691,712,1859,1885]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
. Entire male. 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD40B033A01F892FC7CF8B9" bold="true" box="[887,907,1859,1885]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
. Female reproductive system. Scale bar: A = 50 µm, B = 36 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="6CA29099FFD50B0039CBFED8FC5EFBDA" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD50B0239CBFED8FEB9FEC7" blockId="17.[189,334,265,291]" box="[189,334,265,291]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading id="7F4F747EFFD50B0239CBFED8FEB9FEC7" bold="true" box="[189,334,265,291]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="3">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD50B0239CBFED8FEB9FEC7" bold="true" box="[189,334,265,291]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD50B02399CFEE9FEDDFEB6" blockId="17.[189,1399,312,514]" box="[234,298,312,338]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD50B02399CFEE9FEDDFEB6" bold="true" box="[234,298,312,338]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<collectingRegion id="E67C0DF0FFD50B02399CFEE9FEDDFEB6" box="[234,298,312,338]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Male</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD50B0239CBFE8AFE58FDE6" blockId="17.[189,1399,312,514]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Relatively short cylindrical body, pale golden colour, tapering slightly towards both ends. Cuticle 
<quantity id="E3406EF7FFD50B023C35FE8AFEE7FE7C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.4" valueMin="0.9">0.9– 1.4 µm</quantity>
thick, with coarse annuli, approximately 
<quantity id="E3406EF7FFD50B023B99FEAFFCDBFE7C" box="[751,812,382,408]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 µm</quantity>
apart, no lateral differentiation. Ventral ala absent. Somatic setae of different sizes (
<quantity id="E3406EF7FFD50B023B36FE70FD5BFE5F" box="[576,684,417,443]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="4.0">4–19 µm</quantity>
long; 
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD50B023B8EFE70FCA1FE5F" box="[760,854,417,443]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1859,1885]" captionTargetBox="[190,1395,262,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[171,1422,258,1821]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 5. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov. A. Entire male. B. Female reproductive system. Scale bar: A = 50 µm, B = 36 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779442/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
), set out in eight longitudinal rows in anterior one fifth of body length and in six longitudinal rows along rest of body except on tail, where they are irregularly arranged.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD50B0039CBFDF8FD88FE13" blockId="17.[189,1399,553,614]" lastBlockId="19.[189,1399,266,503]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Annulated head region with annulations completely surrounding amphid (
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD50B023D49FDF8FB7BFDA7" box="[1087,1164,553,579]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[189,232,1927,1953]" captionTargetBox="[184,1401,664,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[167,1425,658,1890]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 6. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov., light micrographs of female. A. Head region showing amphideal aperture. B. Head region showing amphideal fovea. C. Head region showing buccal cavity. D. Vulva. Scale bar: A–C = 15 µm, D = 18 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779444/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 6</figureCitation>
A–C, 7C); in some specimens, there is a seemingly non-annulated head region, but some partial annulation of the dorsal and ventral sides of the head can be observed (
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD70B003B9BFEDBFCC4FEC0" box="[749,819,266,292]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[517,1067,264,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[480,1109,254,1930]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. Female head (three different specimens). Scale bar = 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779446/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A–B); both forms are considered annulated head regions, even though the degree of annulation differs between the two morphotypes. Labial region folded inwards in all specimens. Six papilliform outer labial sensillae and four cephalic setae, 44–57% cbd long, situated at or slightly posterior to mid-level of amphid. Spiral amphideal fovea, 1.2–1.4 turns, located on a cuticularised amphideal plate (
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD70B003BC2FE47FCE4FE54" box="[692,787,406,432]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[189,232,1927,1953]" captionTargetBox="[184,1401,664,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[167,1425,658,1890]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 6. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov., light micrographs of female. A. Head region showing amphideal aperture. B. Head region showing amphideal fovea. C. Head region showing buccal cavity. D. Vulva. Scale bar: A–C = 15 µm, D = 18 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779444/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 6B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD70B003A68FE47FCB4FE54" box="[798,835,406,432]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[517,1067,264,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[480,1109,254,1930]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. Female head (three different specimens). Scale bar = 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779446/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">7B</figureCitation>
), larger in 
<typeStatus id="FB037DB0FFD70B003AB6FE47FBD0FE54" box="[960,1063,406,432]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
than in 
<typeStatus id="FB037DB0FFD70B003DF5FE47FB1FFE54" box="[1155,1256,406,432]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(~0.6 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003C45FE49FABCFE55" box="[1331,1355,408,433]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">vs</emphasis>
0.4 cbd, respectively; 
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD70B0038E0FE6BFE2BFE30" box="[406,476,442,468]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1849,1875]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,268,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[189,1399,244,1809]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 4. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov. A. Anterior body region of female. B. Male head (holotype). C. Male head (paratype). D. Male head (holotype). E–F. Anterior body region of female. G. Female posterior body region. H. Right spicule and gubernaculum. I. Male copulatory apparatus. Arrows show position of pre-cloacal supplements. Scale bar: A–D = 30 µm, E–G = 36 µm, H = 20 µm, I = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779440/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C–D); amphideal aperture with similar shape to amphideal fovea but tapering proximally (compare 
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD70B0038CDFE0CFD86FE13" box="[443,625,477,503]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[189,232,1927,1953]" captionTargetBox="[184,1401,664,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[167,1425,658,1890]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 6. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov., light micrographs of female. A. Head region showing amphideal aperture. B. Head region showing amphideal fovea. C. Head region showing buccal cavity. D. Vulva. Scale bar: A–C = 15 µm, D = 18 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779444/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 6A and 6B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="70C7939AFFD50B0239CBF856FD1EF80C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779444" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3779444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779444/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[189,232,1927,1953]" targetBox="[184,1401,664,1885]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD50B0239CBF856FD1EF80C" blockId="17.[189,1399,1927,2024]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD50B0239CBF856FEE6F845" bold="true" box="[189,273,1927,1953]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD50B023856F856FDBBF845" authority="Leduc &amp; Verschelde, 2015" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" box="[288,588,1927,1953]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="confusa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD50B023856F856FDBBF845" box="[288,588,1927,1953]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stygodesmodora confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFD50B023B2DF856FD48F845" box="[603,703,1927,1953]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, light micrographs of female. 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD50B023D35F856FBAFF845" bold="true" box="[1091,1112,1927,1953]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A</emphasis>
. Head region showing amphideal aperture. 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD50B0238D9F87AFE34F821" bold="true" box="[431,451,1963,1989]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B</emphasis>
. Head region showing amphideal fovea. 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD50B023ADDF87AFC37F821" bold="true" box="[939,960,1963,1989]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
. Head region showing buccal cavity. 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD50B0239CBF81FFF25F80C" bold="true" box="[189,210,1998,2024]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">D</emphasis>
. Vulva. Scale bar: A–C = 15 µm, D = 18 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="70C7939AFFD60B0139CBF87AFDD7F80C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779446" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3779446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779446/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[189,232,1963,1989]" targetBox="[517,1067,264,1922]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD60B0139CBF87AFDD7F80C" blockId="18.[189,1399,1963,2024]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD60B0139CBF87AFEFBF821" bold="true" box="[189,268,1963,1989]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD60B013862F87AFDCCF821" authority="Leduc &amp; Verschelde, 2015" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" box="[276,571,1963,1989]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="confusa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD60B013862F87AFDCCF821" box="[276,571,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Stygodesmodora confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFD60B013B32F87AFD57F821" box="[580,672,1963,1989]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Scanning electron micrographs. Female head (three different specimens). Scale bar = 5 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD70B0039CBFDCFFB97FD9B" blockId="19.[189,1398,542,639]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Buccal cavity small, with small dorsal tooth; subventral teeth not observed (
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD70B003D5BFDCFFB7EFDDC" box="[1069,1161,542,568]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[189,232,1927,1953]" captionTargetBox="[184,1401,664,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[167,1425,658,1890]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 6. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov., light micrographs of female. A. Head region showing amphideal aperture. B. Head region showing amphideal fovea. C. Head region showing buccal cavity. D. Vulva. Scale bar: A–C = 15 µm, D = 18 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779444/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
). Pharynx muscular, slightly swollen at anterior extremity, and with pyriform bulb at posterior extremity. Nerve ring at 60– 62% of pharynx length. Secretory-excretory system not observed. Cardia short.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD70B0039CBFD77FE41FC94" blockId="19.[189,1399,678,880]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Reproductive system monorchic, with single anterior testis situated to the right of intestine, 
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long, outstretched and opposed. Mature sperm small, globular, 2–3 × 
<quantity id="E3406EF7FFD70B003D2FFD18FB4AFD07" box="[1113,1213,713,739]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 µm</quantity>
. Short, arcuate spicules tapering distally; well-developed capitulum and broad velum (
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD70B003D62FD3DFB81FCE2" box="[1044,1142,748,774]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1849,1875]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,268,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[189,1399,244,1809]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 4. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov. A. Anterior body region of female. B. Male head (holotype). C. Male head (paratype). D. Male head (holotype). E–F. Anterior body region of female. G. Female posterior body region. H. Right spicule and gubernaculum. I. Male copulatory apparatus. Arrows show position of pre-cloacal supplements. Scale bar: A–D = 30 µm, E–G = 36 µm, H = 20 µm, I = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779440/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
). Small, plate-shaped gubernaculum without crurae. Four pre-cloacal supplements consisting of short setae on broad bases (
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD70B0039B0FCE2FEECFCA9" box="[198,283,819,845]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1849,1875]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,268,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[189,1399,244,1809]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 4. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov. A. Anterior body region of female. B. Male head (holotype). C. Male head (paratype). D. Male head (holotype). E–F. Anterior body region of female. G. Female posterior body region. H. Right spicule and gubernaculum. I. Male copulatory apparatus. Arrows show position of pre-cloacal supplements. Scale bar: A–D = 30 µm, E–G = 36 µm, H = 20 µm, I = 40 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779440/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4I</figureCitation>
), 
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apart, beginning 
<quantity id="E3406EF7FFD70B003BF2FCE2FD24FCA9" box="[644,723,819,845]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 µm</quantity>
anterior to cloaca. Tail conical, with three small caudal glands and spinneret.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD70B00399CFC46FEB2FC55" blockId="19.[189,1398,919,1086]" box="[234,325,919,945]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B00399CFC46FEB2FC55" bold="true" box="[234,325,919,945]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Female</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD70B0039CBFC6AFC5EFBDA" blockId="19.[189,1398,919,1086]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Similar to males. Female reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic with reflected ovaries situated either to the right or left of intestine, with anterior and posterior ovaries always situated on opposite sides. Vulva located slightly post median. Cuticular pars distalis vaginae and pars proximalis vaginae surrounded by constrictor muscle. Mature eggs 66–73 × 
<quantity id="E3406EF7FFD70B003A23FBF5FC52FBDA" box="[853,933,1060,1086]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CA29099FFD70B0739CBFBB7FB46FE54" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD70B0039CBFBB7FED8FB64" blockId="19.[189,303,1126,1152]" box="[189,303,1126,1152]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<heading id="7F4F747EFFD70B0039CBFBB7FED8FB64" bold="true" box="[189,303,1126,1152]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="3">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B0039CBFBB7FED8FB64" bold="true" box="[189,303,1126,1152]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD70B0039CBFB45FE48FABA" blockId="19.[189,1399,1172,1375]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B0039CBFB45FE17FB4A" authority="Leduc &amp; Verschelde, 2015" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" box="[189,480,1172,1198]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="confusa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B0039CBFB45FE17FB4A" box="[189,480,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stygodesmodora confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFD70B003890FB45FDC9FB4A" box="[486,574,1172,1198]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
can most easily be differentiated from the other two species of the genus by the location of the cephalic setae at mid-level of amphids (
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003AEFFB68FC46FB36" box="[921,945,1209,1234]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">vs</emphasis>
anterior to amphids in 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003DB0FB68FA80FB35" baseAuthorityName="Gerlach" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1222,1399,1207,1235]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bacillicauda">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003DB0FB68FA80FB35" box="[1222,1399,1207,1235]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. bacillicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003987FB0DFE73FB11" authorityName="Blome" authorityYear="1982" box="[241,388,1243,1270]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="epixantha">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003987FB0DFE73FB11" box="[241,388,1243,1270]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. epixantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B0038E8FB0DFDEEFB11" authority="Leduc &amp; Verschelde, 2015" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" box="[414,537,1243,1270]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="confusa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B0038E8FB0DFDEEFB11" box="[414,537,1243,1270]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFD70B003B55FB0AFD88FB11" box="[547,639,1243,1269]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
also differs from 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003A2FFB0DFBFBFB11" baseAuthorityName="Gerlach" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[857,1036,1243,1270]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bacillicauda">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003A2FFB0DFBFBFB11" box="[857,1036,1243,1270]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. bacillicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the presence of pre-cloacal supplements (absent in 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B0038A4FB2EFD74FAFC" baseAuthorityName="Gerlach" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[466,643,1278,1305]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bacillicauda">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B0038A4FB2EFD74FAFC" box="[466,643,1278,1305]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. bacillicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the absence of lateral crurae on the gubernaculum (present in 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B0039ACFAF3FE7EFADF" baseAuthorityName="Gerlach" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[218,393,1313,1340]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bacillicauda">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B0039ACFAF3FE7EFADF" box="[218,393,1313,1340]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. bacillicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and from 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003B78FAF3FD69FADF" authorityName="Blome" authorityYear="1982" box="[526,670,1313,1340]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="epixantha">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003B78FAF3FD69FADF" box="[526,670,1313,1340]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. epixantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of numerous long somatic setae (short somatic setae in 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B00386BFA94FE59FABA" authorityName="Blome" authorityYear="1982" box="[285,430,1348,1375]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="epixantha">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B00386BFA94FE59FABA" box="[285,430,1348,1375]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. epixantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2407C312FFD70B0739CBFA57FB46FE54" blockId="19.[189,1399,1414,1968]" lastBlockId="20.[189,1399,266,433]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B0039CBFA57FE19FA44" authority="Leduc &amp; Verschelde, 2015" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" box="[189,494,1414,1440]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="confusa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B0039CBFA57FE19FA44" box="[189,494,1414,1440]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stygodesmodora confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFD70B003B77FA57FD90FA44" box="[513,615,1414,1440]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
closely resembles species of other desmodorid genera, and distinguishing it from these other species requires careful examination of the head region. 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003D8AFA7BFA81FA27" authority="Leduc &amp; Verschelde, 2015" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" box="[1276,1398,1449,1476]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="confusa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003D8AFA7BFA81FA27" box="[1276,1398,1449,1476]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFD70B0039CBFA1DFEEDFA02" box="[189,282,1484,1510]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
resembles 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B0038D5FA1DFBEBFA02" authority="Verschelde &amp; Vincx, 1996" authorityName="Verschelde &amp; Vincx" authorityYear="1996" box="[419,1052,1484,1511]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Echinodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="moensi">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B0038D5FA1DFD22FA03" box="[419,725,1484,1511]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Echinodesmodora moensi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4029BEE3FFD70B003BA9FA1DFBEBFA02" author="Verschelde D. &amp; Vincx M." box="[735,1052,1484,1510]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref11371" refString="Verschelde D. &amp; Vincx M. 1996. Four new species of the family Desmodoridae (Nematoda, Desmodoroidea) from Kenya. Zoologica Scripta 25: 1 - 20. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1996. tb 00148. x" type="journal article" year="1996">
Verschelde &amp; Vincx, 
<quantity id="E3406EF7FFD70B003A97FA1DFBEBFA02" box="[993,1052,1484,1510]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.06984" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="in" value="1996.0">1996</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in the absence of a cephalic capsule, numerous long somatic setae, and cephalic setae at or slightly posterior to mid-level of amphids, but can be differentiated from the latter by the absence of pharyngeal lumen cuticularisation (present in 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B0039AAF9E6FEA7F9B4" authorityName="Verschelde &amp; Vincx" authorityYear="1996" box="[220,336,1591,1616]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Echinodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="moensi">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B0039AAF9E6FEA7F9B4" box="[220,336,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. moensi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), amphid shape (&lt;1.25 turns 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003BC4F9E6FD3DF9B4" box="[690,714,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">vs</emphasis>
1.5–2.0 turns in 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003AE5F9E6FBF0F9B4" authorityName="Verschelde &amp; Vincx" authorityYear="1996" box="[915,1031,1591,1616]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Echinodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="moensi">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003AE5F9E6FBF0F9B4" box="[915,1031,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. moensi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), presence of setose precloacal supplements (absent in 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B0038ABF98BFDA2F997" authorityName="Verschelde &amp; Vincx" authorityYear="1996" box="[477,597,1626,1651]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Echinodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="moensi">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B0038ABF98BFDA2F997" box="[477,597,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. moensi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and the absence of knotty protrusions on the tail (present in 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003C2BF98BFEE7F973" authorityName="Verschelde &amp; Vincx" authorityYear="1996" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Echinodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="moensi">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003C2BF98BFEE7F973" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. moensi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The most important distinction, however, is the presence of an amphideal plate in 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003D8BF9ACFA81F972" authority="Leduc &amp; Verschelde, 2015" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" box="[1277,1398,1660,1687]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="confusa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003D8BF9ACFA81F972" box="[1277,1398,1660,1687]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFD70B0039CBF94EFEECF95D" box="[189,283,1695,1721]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
This species is also superficially similar to species of 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003AC0F94EFBCBF95D" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[950,1084,1695,1721]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Bolbonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003AC0F94EFBCBF95D" box="[950,1084,1695,1721]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bolbonema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, i.e., 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003DF5F970FEF3F938" authority="(Cobb, 1920)" baseAuthorityName="Cobb" baseAuthorityYear="1920" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Bolbonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brevicolle">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003DF5F970FAECF95D" box="[1155,1307,1695,1722]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B. brevicolle</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4029BEE3FFD70B003C58F94EFF0BF938" author="Cobb N. A." pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="217 - 343" refId="ref10423" refString="Cobb N. A. 1920. One hundred new nemas (type species of 100 new genera). Contributions to a Science of Nematology 9: 217 - 343." type="journal article" year="1920">Cobb, 1920</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003864F915FD73F938" authority="(Jensen, 1985)" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Jensen" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[274,644,1730,1757]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Bolbonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longisetosum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003864F915FE38F938" box="[274,463,1730,1757]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B. longisetosum</emphasis>
(Jensen, 1985)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFD70B003BF8F913FCE3F938" box="[654,788,1730,1756]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003A23F915FBB2F938" authority="Hourston" authorityName="Hourston" box="[853,1093,1730,1757]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Bolbonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="spiralis">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003A23F915FC38F938" box="[853,975,1730,1757]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B. spiralis</emphasis>
Hourston
</taxonomicName>
&amp; 
<collectingRegion id="E67C0DF0FFD70B003D18F913FB2DF938" box="[1134,1242,1730,1756]" country="Bermuda" name="Warwick" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Warwick</collectingRegion>
, 2010, in the presence of both short and long somatic setae, cephalic setae just posterior to mid-level of amphid, and in the structure of the copulatory apparatus. The amphideal plates in 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003A9EF8DBFB96F8C7" authority="Leduc &amp; Verschelde, 2015" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" box="[1000,1121,1801,1828]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="confusa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003A9EF8DBFB96F8C7" box="[1000,1121,1801,1828]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFD70B003D1FF8D8FB32F8C7" box="[1129,1221,1801,1827]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
give a swollen appearance to the head region laterally (see 
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD70B003BB5F8FDFCD7F8A2" box="[707,800,1836,1862]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[517,1067,264,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[480,1109,254,1930]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. Female head (three different specimens). Scale bar = 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779446/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
), and in some specimens there is a gap in the body annulations in the head region (compare 
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD70B003BE9F89EFCA0F88D" box="[671,855,1871,1897]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[517,1067,264,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[480,1109,254,1930]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. Female head (three different specimens). Scale bar = 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779446/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 7A and 7C</figureCitation>
), which may be wrongly interpreted as a nonannulated head region or even a head capsule. 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD70B003B82F8A5FC98F868" authority="Leduc &amp; Verschelde, 2015" authorityName="Leduc &amp; Verschelde" authorityYear="2015" box="[756,879,1906,1934]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Stygodesmodora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="confusa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD70B003B82F8A5FC98F868" box="[756,879,1906,1934]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DFFA27BFFD70B003A0FF8A3FC2EF868" box="[889,985,1906,1932]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, however, is clearly defined by an annulated region, and not a head capsule, because (1) the swollen part of the head is mostly restricted to the area surrounding the amphids (i.e., the amphideal plates), (2) the cuticle is the same thickness in head and body regions (see 
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD00B073B5DFEFCFD7FFEA3" box="[555,648,301,327]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[189,232,1927,1953]" captionTargetBox="[184,1401,664,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[167,1425,658,1890]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 6. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov., light micrographs of female. A. Head region showing amphideal aperture. B. Head region showing amphideal fovea. C. Head region showing buccal cavity. D. Vulva. Scale bar: A–C = 15 µm, D = 18 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779444/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
), and (3) annulations are present dorsally and ventrally at least to mid-level of amphids, with one continuous annulation anterior to the amphid (see 
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD00B073DC4FE81FAE5FE8E" box="[1202,1298,336,362]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[189,232,1927,1953]" captionTargetBox="[184,1401,664,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[167,1425,658,1890]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 6. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov., light micrographs of female. A. Head region showing amphideal aperture. B. Head region showing amphideal fovea. C. Head region showing buccal cavity. D. Vulva. Scale bar: A–C = 15 µm, D = 18 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779444/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs 6B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="BC83DF97FFD00B073C69FE81FADAFE8E" box="[1311,1325,336,362]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[517,1067,264,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[480,1109,254,1930]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Stygodesmodora confusa sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. Female head (three different specimens). Scale bar = 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3779446/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">7</figureCitation>
A–C). The genus 
<taxonomicName id="E3B8B891FFD00B07384AFEA2FE35FE69" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[316,450,371,397]" class="Adenophorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Bolbonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD00B07384AFEA2FE35FE69" box="[316,450,371,397]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bolbonema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, is characterized by a globular head capsule (i.e., conspicuously thicker cuticle and absence of annulations; 
<bibRefCitation id="4029BEE3FFD00B073B28FE47FC78FE54" author="Verschelde D. &amp; Vincx M." box="[606,911,406,432]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref11371" refString="Verschelde D. &amp; Vincx M. 1996. Four new species of the family Desmodoridae (Nematoda, Desmodoroidea) from Kenya. Zoologica Scripta 25: 1 - 20. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1996. tb 00148. x" type="journal article" year="1996">Verschelde &amp; Vincx 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4029BEE3FFD00B073AEDFE47FB53FE54" author="Verschelde D. &amp; Gourbault N. &amp; Vincx M." box="[923,1188,406,433]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="75 - 112" refId="ref11424" refString="Verschelde D., Gourbault N. &amp; Vincx M. 1998. Revision of Desmodora with descriptions of new desmodorids (Nematoda) from hydrothermal vents of the Pacific. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78: 75 - 112. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400039977" type="journal article" year="1998">
Verschelde 
<emphasis id="16CC1F00FFD00B073D55FE49FBA9FE54" box="[1059,1118,406,433]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>