treatments-xml/data/AC/07/87/AC0787A9FFC50A46FF34C9EBFC7FFCC4.xml

<document id="CEF733A8C41EFF752F6D8079B405F5E4" ID-CLB-Dataset="54164" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2023.2203336" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2ba984f-7bd3-48e0-8161-6d64914cfcf7" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8070228" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1687329596389" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dominiak, Patrycja &amp; Borkent, Art" docDate="2023" docId="AC0787A9FFC50A46FF34C9EBFC7FFCC4" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.57.9-12.665-684.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History (Oxford, England) 57 (9 - 12)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2203336" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Dasyhelea mesophylla Dominiak and Borkent 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="680" masterDocId="503EFFD1FFC60A49FF94C921FF9FFF9E" masterDocTitle="A new species of Dasyhelea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), mining the leaves of the floating fern Salvinia minima Baker" masterLastPageNumber="684" masterPageNumber="665" pageNumber="668" updateTime="1687438141009" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="C5DB6840DC436C1B148ACDC75946F332">A new species of Dasyhelea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), mining the leaves of the floating fern Salvinia minima Baker</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="241136BFFFC50A4AFF34C9EBFCAEFF7A" blockId="3.[160,817,202,228]" box="[160,817,202,228]" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">
<heading id="7F5981D3FFC50A4AFF34C9EBFCAEFF7A" bold="true" box="[160,817,202,228]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="668" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC50A4AFF34C9EBFD57FF7A" authority="Dominiak and Borkent" authorityName="Dominiak and Borkent" authorityYear="2023" box="[160,712,202,228]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="668" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla" status="sp. nov.">
Dasyhelea mesophylla 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC50A4AFE2EC9EBFD57FF7A" bold="true" box="[442,712,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Dominiak and Borkent</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0DE957D6FFC50A4AFD41C9EBFCAEFF7A" box="[725,817,202,228]" pageId="3" pageNumber="668" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="6CB46534FFC50A4AFF34C833FDC7FD52" pageId="3" pageNumber="668" type="diagnosis">
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<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC50A4AFF34C833FE8BFEB2" bold="true" box="[160,276,274,300]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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The only 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC50A4AFE9BC817FEE1FED1" box="[271,382,310,335]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="668" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC50A4AFE9BC817FEE1FED1" box="[271,382,310,335]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
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in the Neotropical Region with the following characteristics. 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC50A4AFBDAC817FF47FEEC" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Male adult</emphasis>
: with a single elongate radial cell, sternite 9 straight, paramere sinusoidal, twisted and tapering to a narrow apex, fused basally with gonocoxal apodemes and forming with them an asymmetrical structure, aedeagus symmetrical with dark, well-developed anterolateral club-like projections and 2 well separated and slender posterior projections with apices that are hooked dorsolaterally. 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC50A4AFDCFC8C2FD74FE62" box="[603,747,483,508]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Female adult</emphasis>
: with 1 elongate radial cell, frontal sclerite broader than long, with sternite 9 elongate anteriorly, conical and with a rounded apex. 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC50A4AFF75CB08FE87FDDC" box="[225,280,553,578]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Pupa</emphasis>
: with the respiratory organ curved and coming to a sharp point, with a double row of about 7 circular pores each (so about 14 total) restricted to the apical 0.3 of the respiratory organ, and with a slightly elongate, pointed, gradually tapering terminal process bearing 2–3 pointed tubercles laterally near its base. 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC50A4AFCF4CBB0FC03FD34" box="[864,924,657,682]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Larva</emphasis>
: not presently diagnosable, but see taxonomic discussion.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="6CB46534FFC50A40FF34CBDAFE45FB31" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="674" pageId="3" pageNumber="668" type="description">
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<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC50A4AFF34CBDAFEB9FC8B" bold="true" box="[160,294,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFC50A4AFF34CA3FFE14F98E" blockId="3.[160,1156,763,1552]" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC50A4AFF34CA3FFEB9FCA6" bold="true" box="[160,294,798,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Male adult.</emphasis>
Antenna (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC50A4AFE30CA3EFE64FCA6" box="[420,507,799,824]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Dasyhelea mesophylla, male: (a) antenna; (b) thorax and legs, lateral view; (c) genitalia, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070232/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Figure 1</figureCitation>
(a)) dark; antennal flagellum length 
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(n = 3), antennal ratio 0.79–0.95 (n = 3). Frontal sclerite broad, with long, slender projection. Clypeus divided into two parts, with 7–11 setae distributed laterally in two rows (n = 4). Palpus (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC50A4AFF6FCAA6FEC4FC3E" box="[251,347,903,928]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[160,226,877,900]" captionTargetBox="[169,1145,145,843]" captionTargetId="figure-261@9.[166,1149,142,845]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Dasyhelea mesophylla, male (a, b), female (c): (a) genitalia with right gonocoxite and gonostylus removed, ventral view; (b) left palpus, anterior view; (c) sternite 9, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070240/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Figure 5</figureCitation>
(b)) with third palpal segment relatively stout, 44–53 μm long (n = 4); palpal ratio of the third segment 2.54–3.17 (n = 4); sensilla capitata present on segment 3 only, rather sparse and distributed closer to its outer margin. Thorax (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC50A4AFC2DCAEDFB8DFC7B" box="[953,1042,972,997]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Dasyhelea mesophylla, male: (a) antenna; (b) thorax and legs, lateral view; (c) genitalia, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070232/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Figure 1</figureCitation>
(b)), aside from slightly lighter lateral sclerites, dark. Scutellum yellowish, with 6–8 bristles and 1–5 smaller setae (n = 5). Wing with 1 radial cell; wing length 
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(n = 4), costal ratio 0.45–0.48 (n = 4). Halter dark. Legs (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC50A4AFDC4CD15FD32FBD3" box="[592,685,1076,1101]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Dasyhelea mesophylla, male: (a) antenna; (b) thorax and legs, lateral view; (c) genitalia, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070232/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Figure 1</figureCitation>
(b)) pale with indistinct, irregular darker patches at midlength of fore- and midfemora and tibiae of all legs, and apical half of hind femur. Hind tibial comb with 5–7 spine-like setae (n = 4). Tarsal ratios: foreleg 2.1–2.3 (n = 3), midleg 2.4–2.6 (n = 3), hind leg 2.2–2.5 (n = 4). Abdominal segments 3–8 well sclerotised; sclerotisation on segments 3–5 disjunct medially. Genitalia (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC50A4AFC54CD9EFBBEFB46" box="[960,1057,1215,1240]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Dasyhelea mesophylla, male: (a) antenna; (b) thorax and legs, lateral view; (c) genitalia, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070232/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Figures 1</figureCitation>
(c), 5(a)). Apicolateral process of tergite 9 prominent, finger-like, with single apical seta. Cercus moderately small, with 4 setae (n = 1). Posterior margin of sternite 9 straight or with shallow excavation medially. Gonocoxite without mesoventral hook. Gonostylus nearly straight, with rounded apex, same length as or slightly longer than gonocoxite. Paramere and gonocoxal apodemes fused and forming an asymmetrical structure; paramere sinusoidal, twisted, tapering to narrow apex. Aedeagus symmetrical, with dark, well-developed anterolateral club-like projections, 2 well-separated and slender posterior projections with apices hooked dorsolaterally; anteroventral margin of aedeagus weakly sclerotised, rounded.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC50A4AFF34CF1FFEDDF9C6" bold="true" box="[160,322,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Female adult.</emphasis>
Antenna (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC50A4AFE55CF1EFD82F9C6" box="[449,541,1599,1624]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dasyhelea mesophylla, female: (a) antenna; (b) abdomen, ventral view; (c) apex of abdomen highlighting sternite 9 and spermatheca, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070234/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="668">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(a)) dark; antennal flagellum length 
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, antennal ratio 0.84. Frontal sclerite broad, with long, slender projection. Clypeus divided into two parts, with about 15 setae distributed laterally in two rows. Third palpal segment relatively stout, 46 μm long; palpal ratio of the third segment 2.67; sensilla capitata as in male. Scutellum yellowish, with 8 bristles and about 8 smaller setae. Wing with 1 radial cell; wing length 
<quantity id="E3569B5AFFC00A4FFF67C990FEC5FF54" box="[243,346,177,202]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="671" unit="mm" value="0.78">0.78 mm</quantity>
, costal ratio 0.50. Legs pale with indistinct, irregular darker patches at midlength of fore-, hind femora, tibiae. Hind tibial comb with 6 spine-like setae. Tarsal ratios: foreleg 2.3, midleg 2.3, hind leg 2.3. Genitalia (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFC8FC9D7FC18FE91" box="[795,903,246,271]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dasyhelea mesophylla, female: (a) antenna; (b) abdomen, ventral view; (c) apex of abdomen highlighting sternite 9 and spermatheca, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070234/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figures 2</figureCitation>
(b,c), 5(c)). Abdominal segments (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFE8AC838FEE1FEAC" box="[286,382,281,306]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dasyhelea mesophylla, female: (a) antenna; (b) abdomen, ventral view; (c) apex of abdomen highlighting sternite 9 and spermatheca, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070234/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(b)) 3–8 well sclerotised; sclerotisation on segments 3–5 disjunct in the middle. Sternite 9 elongate anteriorly, conical, with rounded apex (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFC28C81DFBBAFECB" box="[956,1061,316,341]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dasyhelea mesophylla, female: (a) antenna; (b) abdomen, ventral view; (c) apex of abdomen highlighting sternite 9 and spermatheca, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070234/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figures 2</figureCitation>
(b), 5(c)). Spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFED6C87FFE00FEE9" box="[322,415,350,375]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dasyhelea mesophylla, female: (a) antenna; (b) abdomen, ventral view; (c) apex of abdomen highlighting sternite 9 and spermatheca, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070234/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(c)) single, retort-shaped, length 48 μm (distorted).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC20A4DFF34CF72FF61F9F4" bold="true" box="[160,254,1619,1642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="669">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC20A4DFE93CF72FE40F9F4" box="[263,479,1619,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="669" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC20A4DFE93CF72FE40F9F4" box="[263,479,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="669">Dasyhelea mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male: (a) antenna; (b) thorax and legs, lateral view; (c) genitalia, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="241136BFFFC30A4CFF34CF72FD24F919" blockId="5.[160,1155,1619,1671]" pageId="5" pageNumber="670">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC30A4CFF34CF72FF65F9F4" bold="true" box="[160,250,1619,1642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="670">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC30A4CFE94CF72FE4BF9F4" box="[256,468,1619,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC30A4CFE94CF72FE4BF9F4" box="[256,468,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="670">Dasyhelea mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female: (a) antenna; (b) abdomen, ventral view; (c) apex of abdomen highlighting sternite 9 and spermatheca, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFC00A4FFF34C882FC6EFD6B" blockId="6.[160,1156,419,757]" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC00A4FFF34C882FD1DFE23" bold="true" box="[160,642,419,445]" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC00A4FFF34C882FEE1FE23" bold="true" box="[160,382,419,445]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Fourth instar larva</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFE1AC882FE62FE23" box="[398,509,419,445]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1604,1627]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Dasyhelea mesophylla, fourth instar larva: (a) head capsule, lateral view; (b) head capsule, dorsal view; (c) head capsule, ventral view; (d) portion of head capsule, ventral view showing details of pharyngeal apparatus; (e) in situ in Salvinia minima leaf, (f) habitus. epi, epipharynx; hyp, hypopharynx; lab, labrum; md, mandibles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070236/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figures 3</figureCitation>
(a–f), 8(b)).
</emphasis>
Total length 
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(n = 8). Colour in life whitish, with head capsule dark brown, length 
<quantity id="E3569B5AFFC00A4FFD4EC8E7FCE7FE41" box="[730,888,454,479]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="671" unit="mm" value="0.31" valueMax="0.35" valueMin="0.27">0.27–0.35 mm</quantity>
(n = 18), L/ 
<geoCoordinate id="419A5078FFC00A4FFC6DC8E7FBD9FE41" box="[1017,1094,454,479]" degrees="1.61" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="671" precision="555" value="-1.61">W 1.61</geoCoordinate>
–1.92 (n = 7), tapering to apex; chaetotaxy as in 
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFD1AC8C8FD68FD9C" box="[654,759,489,514]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1604,1627]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Dasyhelea mesophylla, fourth instar larva: (a) head capsule, lateral view; (b) head capsule, dorsal view; (c) head capsule, ventral view; (d) portion of head capsule, ventral view showing details of pharyngeal apparatus; (e) in situ in Salvinia minima leaf, (f) habitus. epi, epipharynx; hyp, hypopharynx; lab, labrum; md, mandibles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070236/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figures 3</figureCitation>
(a–c), unlabelled anterior setae are uncertain, j not visible in figures but present. Labrum (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFC93CB2DFCF2FDBB" box="[775,877,524,549]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1604,1627]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Dasyhelea mesophylla, fourth instar larva: (a) head capsule, lateral view; (b) head capsule, dorsal view; (c) head capsule, ventral view; (d) portion of head capsule, ventral view showing details of pharyngeal apparatus; (e) in situ in Salvinia minima leaf, (f) habitus. epi, epipharynx; hyp, hypopharynx; lab, labrum; md, mandibles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070236/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figures 3</figureCitation>
(b–c)) narrow, projecting anteriorly; anterolateral margins of head capsule extending anteriorly. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFF3CCB70FE88FDF4" box="[168,279,593,618]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1604,1627]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Dasyhelea mesophylla, fourth instar larva: (a) head capsule, lateral view; (b) head capsule, dorsal view; (c) head capsule, ventral view; (d) portion of head capsule, ventral view showing details of pharyngeal apparatus; (e) in situ in Salvinia minima leaf, (f) habitus. epi, epipharynx; hyp, hypopharynx; lab, labrum; md, mandibles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070236/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figures 3</figureCitation>
(a,c,d)) with 3 teeth, apical 2 teeth elongate, pointed, basal tooth broad. Epipharynx (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFEA4CB55FE0EFD13" box="[304,401,628,653]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1604,1627]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Dasyhelea mesophylla, fourth instar larva: (a) head capsule, lateral view; (b) head capsule, dorsal view; (c) head capsule, ventral view; (d) portion of head capsule, ventral view showing details of pharyngeal apparatus; (e) in situ in Salvinia minima leaf, (f) habitus. epi, epipharynx; hyp, hypopharynx; lab, labrum; md, mandibles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070236/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(d)) massive, strongly sclerotised, lateral arms stout, short, dorsal comb with well-developed fringe. Hypopharynx (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFD75CBB7FCDCFD31" box="[737,835,662,687]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1604,1627]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Dasyhelea mesophylla, fourth instar larva: (a) head capsule, lateral view; (b) head capsule, dorsal view; (c) head capsule, ventral view; (d) portion of head capsule, ventral view showing details of pharyngeal apparatus; (e) in situ in Salvinia minima leaf, (f) habitus. epi, epipharynx; hyp, hypopharynx; lab, labrum; md, mandibles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070236/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(d)) well developed. Caudal segment with approximately 5–7 well-developed hooks (on each side). Other details either not visible or similar to most other 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC00A4FFDE3CBFDFD79FD6B" box="[631,742,732,757]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="671" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC00A4FFDE3CBFDFD79FD6B" box="[631,742,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC00A4FFD67CBFDFC3EFD6B" author="Diaz F &amp; Spinelli GR &amp; Ronderos MM" box="[755,929,732,757]" pageId="6" pageNumber="671" pagination="6 - 19" refId="ref7240" refString="Diaz F, Spinelli GR, Ronderos MM. 2018. Two new species of Dasyhelea Kieffer and the immature of D. azteca Huerta &amp; Grogan from Northwestern Argentina (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Zool Anz. 272: 6 - 19. doi: 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2017.11.008." type="journal article" year="2018">
Díaz 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC00A4FFCB9CBFDFCC2FD6B" box="[813,861,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, 2019).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFC00A4FFF34CA00FDC0FC1E" blockId="6.[160,1156,801,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC00A4FFF34CA00FDBFFCA5" bold="true" box="[160,544,801,827]" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC00A4FFF34CA00FEEAFCA5" bold="true" box="[160,373,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Third instar larva</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFE1DCA00FE6DFCA5" box="[393,498,801,827]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[160,225,1604,1627]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Immatures and exuviae of immatures of Dasyhelea D. mesophylla in leaves of Salvinia minima, all in dorsal view of leaf, other than b, taken from ventral view of leaf: (a) second and third instar larvae; (b) fourth instar larva; (c) pupa and larval exuviae in entire Salvinia minima leaf (for larval exuviae, only head capsule visible); (d) pupal and larval exuviae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070246/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figure 8</figureCitation>
(a)).
</emphasis>
Similar to fourth instar. Total length 
<quantity id="E3569B5AFFC00A4FFC75CA03FB1CFCA5" box="[993,1155,802,827]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.185" metricValueMax="2.59" metricValueMin="1.78" pageId="6" pageNumber="671" unit="mm" value="2.185" valueMax="2.59" valueMin="1.78">1.78–2.59 mm</quantity>
(n = 7). Colour in life whitish, with head capsule dark brown, length 
<quantity id="E3569B5AFFC00A4FFC06CA65FBB0FCC3" box="[914,1071,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="671" unit="mm" value="0.215" valueMax="0.23" valueMin="0.2">0.20–0.23 mm</quantity>
(n = 8), L/ 
<geoCoordinate id="419A5078FFC00A4FFF20CA46FE9CFC1E" box="[180,259,871,896]" degrees="1.62" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="671" precision="555" value="-1.62">W 1.62</geoCoordinate>
–1.74 (n = 4), tapering to apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFC00A40FF34CA8DFE45FB31" blockId="6.[160,1157,940,1728]" lastBlockId="9.[160,1156,1001,1199]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="674" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC00A4FFF34CA8DFF7BFC58" bold="true" box="[160,228,940,966]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Pupa.</emphasis>
Habitus as in 
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFE03CA8CFD9CFC58" box="[407,515,941,966]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,157,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@8.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Dasyhelea mesophylla, male pupa: (a) pupa, in ventral view, and associated fourth instar larval exuvial head capsule, in lateral view; (b) right respiratory horn, posterior view; (c) abdominal segment 9, in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070238/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figures 4</figureCitation>
(a), 8(c–d). Total length 
<quantity id="E3569B5AFFC00A4FFC8FCA8CFC22FC58" box="[795,957,941,966]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.08" metricValueMax="2.29" metricValueMin="1.87" pageId="6" pageNumber="671" unit="mm" value="2.08" valueMax="2.29" valueMin="1.87">1.87–2.29 mm</quantity>
(n = 7). Clypeus (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFF3CCAEEFE9BFC76" box="[168,260,975,1000]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="10.[160,225,1627,1650]" captionTargetBox="[170,1137,149,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[166,1149,142,1596]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 6. Dasyhelea mesophylla, pupa: (a) posterior portion of head, ventral view; (b) dorsal apotome, anterior view; (c) mesonotum, dorsal view; (d) metathorax and tergite 1, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070242/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figure 6</figureCitation>
(a)) with CL-1-H, CL-2-H apparently absent in most, 
<specimenCount id="32A8FD36FFC00A4FFCD1CAEEFC7CFC76" box="[837,995,975,1000]" pageId="6" pageNumber="671" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
with very tiny seta CL-2-H, otherwise the area of these sensilla represented by small section of contorted cuticle; O-2-H absent; dorsal apotome (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFDCDCD34FD28FBB0" box="[601,695,1045,1070]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="10.[160,225,1627,1650]" captionTargetBox="[170,1137,149,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[166,1149,142,1596]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 6. Dasyhelea mesophylla, pupa: (a) posterior portion of head, ventral view; (b) dorsal apotome, anterior view; (c) mesonotum, dorsal view; (d) metathorax and tergite 1, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070242/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figure 6</figureCitation>
(b)) smooth, with DA-1-H a tiny seta, DA-2-H a campaniform sensillum. Mesonotum without short tubercles; respiratory organ (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFF3CCD7BFE97FBED" box="[168,264,1114,1139]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,157,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@8.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Dasyhelea mesophylla, male pupa: (a) pupa, in ventral view, and associated fourth instar larval exuvial head capsule, in lateral view; (b) right respiratory horn, posterior view; (c) abdominal segment 9, in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070238/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figure 4</figureCitation>
(b)) length/width 5.3–6.3 (n = 5), curved, apex pointed, somewhat circular in cross section, with a double row of about 7 circular pores each (so about 14 total), restricted to about apical 0.3 of respiratory organ, closely abutting apically, separated more basally, outer surface with strong annulations on posterior (inner curve) for about basal 0.2–0.5 to about 0.1–0.8, without spicules, tracheal tube curved along length of respiratory organ, somewhat thicker basally, with spirals restricted to base; sensilla: anterolaterals – 1 seta, 2 campaniform sensilla; dorsal setae (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFCFDCC0BFC57FADD" box="[873,968,1322,1347]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="10.[160,225,1627,1650]" captionTargetBox="[170,1137,149,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[166,1149,142,1596]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 6. Dasyhelea mesophylla, pupa: (a) posterior portion of head, ventral view; (b) dorsal apotome, anterior view; (c) mesonotum, dorsal view; (d) metathorax and tergite 1, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070242/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figure 6</figureCitation>
(c)) – D-1-T well anterior of D-2-T, D-3-T relatively close to D-2-T. Metathoracics (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFCFECC6CFC58FAF8" box="[874,967,1357,1382]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="10.[160,225,1627,1650]" captionTargetBox="[170,1137,149,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[166,1149,142,1596]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 6. Dasyhelea mesophylla, pupa: (a) posterior portion of head, ventral view; (b) dorsal apotome, anterior view; (c) mesonotum, dorsal view; (d) metathorax and tergite 1, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070242/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figure 6</figureCitation>
(d)) – 2 campaniform sensilla; M-2-T, M-3-T separated (not abutting), relatively near anterior margin of metathorax. Abdomen without dark pigmentation, segments 3–8 each with some wide, shelf-like tubercles; segment 9 with terminal processes closely approximated basally, each projecting posteriorly, each with 2–3 lateral, well-developed, pointed projections, with dorsal one bearing campaniform sensillum at its base; sensilla: tergite 1 (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFC5ECCDBFBB8F98D" box="[970,1063,1530,1555]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="10.[160,225,1627,1650]" captionTargetBox="[170,1137,149,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[166,1149,142,1596]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 6. Dasyhelea mesophylla, pupa: (a) posterior portion of head, ventral view; (b) dorsal apotome, anterior view; (c) mesonotum, dorsal view; (d) metathorax and tergite 1, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070242/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figure 6</figureCitation>
(d)) with 5 setae (D-2-I, D-3-I, L-1-I, L-2-I, L-3-I) and 2 campaniform sensilla (D-4-I, D-7-I); segment 4 (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFC00A4FFF3CCF1EFE95F9C6" box="[168,266,1599,1624]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[160,225,1656,1679]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-3@11.[166,1149,142,1624]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Dasyhelea mesophylla, pupa: (a) abdominal segment 4; (b) male abdominal segment 9. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070244/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="671">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(a)) with D-2-IV absent; D-4-IV, D-8-IV each on wide, low, slightly separate tubercle, D-7-IV on slightly pointed tubercle; posterior dorsal sensilla in transverse row, arranged medially to laterally: D-4-IV, D-7-IV each a campaniform sensillum, D-8-IV a short seta on wide, low tubercle, L-1-IV, L-2-IV, L-3-IV, L-4-IV each a short seta on apically pointed tubercle; V-5-IV absent; V-6-IV a campaniform sensillum; V-7-IV a seta on wide, low tubercle; segment 9 (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFCF0A40FE59CD2AFDA6FBBA" box="[461,569,1035,1060]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,157,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@8.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Dasyhelea mesophylla, male pupa: (a) pupa, in ventral view, and associated fourth instar larval exuvial head capsule, in lateral view; (b) right respiratory horn, posterior view; (c) abdominal segment 9, in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070238/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Figures 4</figureCitation>
(c), 7(b)) long, terminal process with 3–4 divisions, laterally directed tubercles curved to somewhat hook-like, posteriorly directed portion elongate, tapering to point; with only one of D-5-IX present (a campaniform sensillum), D-6-IX apparently present (difficult to discern amidst shagreen), V-1-IX, V-2-IX elongate and short seta, respectively.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="241136BFFFC10A4EFF34CF65FE7AF92D" blockId="7.[160,1157,1604,1715]" pageId="7" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC10A4EFF34CF65FF64F9C5" bold="true" box="[160,251,1604,1627]" pageId="7" pageNumber="672">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC10A4EFE90CF65FE46F9C5" box="[260,473,1604,1627]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC10A4EFE90CF65FE46F9C5" box="[260,473,1604,1627]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="672">Dasyhelea mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, fourth instar larva: (a) head capsule, lateral view; (b) head capsule, dorsal view; (c) head capsule, ventral view; (d) portion of head capsule, ventral view showing details of pharyngeal apparatus; (e) in situ in 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC10A4EFD97CF5EFD01F908" box="[515,670,1663,1686]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="7" pageNumber="672" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC10A4EFD97CF5EFD01F908" box="[515,670,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="672">Salvinia minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaf, (f) habitus. epi, epipharynx; hyp, hypopharynx; lab, labrum; md, mandibles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="70D16637FFCE0A41FF34CF72FE31F93B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070238" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8070238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070238/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="673" startId="8.[160,225,1619,1642]" targetBox="[166,1149,157,1587]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="241136BFFFCE0A41FF34CF72FE31F93B" blockId="8.[160,1155,1619,1701]" pageId="8" pageNumber="673">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCE0A41FF34CF72FF63F9F4" bold="true" box="[160,252,1619,1642]" pageId="8" pageNumber="673">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCE0A41FE91CF72FE43F9F4" box="[261,476,1619,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="673" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCE0A41FE91CF72FE43F9F4" box="[261,476,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="673">Dasyhelea mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male pupa: (a) pupa, in ventral view, and associated fourth instar larval exuvial head capsule, in lateral view; (b) right respiratory horn, posterior view; (c) abdominal segment 9, in ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="70D16637FFCF0A40FF34CA4CFEB8FC20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070240" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8070240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070240/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" startId="9.[160,226,877,900]" targetBox="[169,1145,145,843]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="241136BFFFCF0A40FF34CA4CFEB8FC20" blockId="9.[160,1155,877,958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCF0A40FF34CA4CFF60FC1A" bold="true" box="[160,255,877,900]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Figure 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCF0A40FE9ECA4CFE7BFC1A" box="[266,484,877,900]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCF0A40FE9ECA4CFE7BFC1A" box="[266,484,877,900]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Dasyhelea mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male (a, b), female (c): (a) genitalia with right gonocoxite and gonostylus removed, ventral view; (b) left palpus, anterior view; (c) sternite 9, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="6CB46534FFCF0A46FF34CDC5FC7FFCC4" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="680" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="241136BFFFCF0A40FF34CDC5FE7CFB60" blockId="9.[160,1156,1252,1728]" box="[160,483,1252,1278]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCF0A40FF34CDC5FE7CFB60" bold="true" box="[160,483,1252,1278]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Distribution and bionomics</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFCF0A40FF34CC26FEA2F9E5" blockId="9.[160,1156,1252,1728]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCF0A40FF34CC26FE14FABE" box="[160,395,1287,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCF0A40FF34CC26FE14FABE" box="[160,395,1287,1312]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Dasyhelea mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known only from the 
<typeStatus id="FB15881DFFCF0A40FD04CC26FD5EFABE" box="[656,705,1287,1312]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">type</typeStatus>
locality on the west coast of 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFCF0A40FC6DCC26FBF6FABE" box="[1017,1129,1287,1312]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
at an altitude of about 
<quantity id="E3569B5AFFCF0A40FE13CC0BFE2BFADD" box="[391,436,1322,1347]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" unit="m" value="5.0">
<specimenCount id="32A8FD36FFCF0A40FE13CC0BFE2BFADD" box="[391,436,1322,1347]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" type="generic">
<elevation id="AF83D18CFFCF0A40FE13CC0BFE2BFADD" box="[391,436,1322,1347]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</elevation>
</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. Adult specimens were reared from larvae and pupae present in 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCF0A40FF34CC6CFE94FAF8" box="[160,267,1357,1382]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCF0A40FF34CC6CFF2CFAF8" box="[160,179,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">S.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="94C63CE2FFCF0A40FF2DCC6CFE94FAF8" box="[185,267,1357,1382]" country="Costa Rica" location="Carara National Park" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCF0A40FF2DCC6CFE94FAF8" box="[185,267,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">minima</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
leaves (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFCF0A40FEF1CC6CFE20FAF8" box="[357,447,1357,1382]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[160,225,1604,1627]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Immatures and exuviae of immatures of Dasyhelea D. mesophylla in leaves of Salvinia minima, all in dorsal view of leaf, other than b, taken from ventral view of leaf: (a) second and third instar larvae; (b) fourth instar larva; (c) pupa and larval exuviae in entire Salvinia minima leaf (for larval exuviae, only head capsule visible); (d) pupal and larval exuviae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070246/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Figure 8</figureCitation>
) floating in a lagoon on the northern margin of 
<location id="21716064FFCF0A40FC4DCC6CFF4DFA16" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC0787A9FFC50A46FF34C9EBFC7FFCC4:21716064FFCF0A40FC4DCC6CFF4DFA16" country="Costa Rica" name="Carara National Park" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Carara National Park</location>
, about 
<quantity id="E3569B5AFFCF0A40FEB6CC4EFEF4FA16" box="[290,363,1391,1416]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" unit="km" value="1.5">1.5 km</quantity>
east from highway 34 along the hiking trail. 
<collectorName id="895B5369FFCF0A40FCC1CC4EFCE1FA16" box="[853,894,1391,1416]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">The</collectorName>
lagoon from which this species was collected in 1993 is periodically flooded by the abutting and extremely large 
<location id="21716064FFCF0A40FF34CC94FEA6FA50" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC0787A9FFC50A46FF34C9EBFC7FFCC4:21716064FFCF0A40FF34CC94FEA6FA50" box="[160,313,1461,1486]" country="Costa Rica" name="Tarcoles River" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Tárcoles River</location>
. The larvae and pupae were common but no specific data were taken in this regard. Virtually every clump of leaves had at least one leaf being mined (or that had been previously mined). Leaves were generally in clumps of 6–12 leaves. 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFCF0A40FCE2CCDBFB1BF98D" author="Borkent A &amp; Craig DA" box="[886,1156,1530,1555]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" pagination="655 - 665" refId="ref6641" refString="Borkent A, Craig DA. 2001. Submerged Stilobezzia rabelloi LANE (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) pupae obtain oxygen from the aquatic fern Salvinia minima BAKER. Proc Entomol Soc Wash. 103: 655 - 665." type="journal article" year="2001">Borkent and Craig (2001)</bibRefCitation>
described the pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCF0A40FE0BCF3CFD39F9A8" authority="Lane" authorityName="Lane" authorityYear="1947" box="[415,678,1565,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Stilobezzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rabelloi">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCF0A40FE0BCF3CFDF8F9A8" box="[415,615,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Stilobezzia rabelloi</emphasis>
Lane
</taxonomicName>
, which have piercing respiratory organs to obtain oxygen from the dangling ̍roots′ (actually modified leaves), from the same habitat as 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCF0A40FF34CF43FEA8F9E5" box="[160,311,1634,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCF0A40FF34CF43FEA8F9E5" box="[160,311,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">D. mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFCF0A44FF54CFA4FDAAFD13" blockId="9.[160,1156,1252,1728]" lastBlockId="13.[160,1156,142,1727]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="678" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">
Observations of the mining larvae and of pupae in the 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCF0A40FCAACFA4FC33F900" box="[830,940,1669,1694]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCF0A40FCAACFA4FC33F900" box="[830,940,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">S. minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves were made under the dissecting microscope as follows. Several fourth instar larvae were observed in some detail, although many were otherwise present. The larvae actively mined the leaves, scraping at live fern tissue, had green material in their guts and produced green excrement. The narrow labrum and anterolateral margins of head capsule extending anteriorly likely facilitate the scraping of plant tissue. The mines of at least fourth instar larvae produced a bulge on the upper surface of the leaves. The frass produced by larvae was either in the mine or on the surface of the leaf. At least some larvae periodically leave the mine for the surface and then burrow back into the leaf. A few larvae were observed to move from one leaf to another. Possibly this is a means of ensuring that overcrowding does not limit any given larva which can probably move from one abutting leaf to another. One larva was observed feeding on the interior of the leaf but with about 2/3 of its body on the surface of the leaf. Another larva was seen crawling on the surface, then gnawing through the surface to the interior and, after feeding for some time, drawing the rest of the body into the leaf. Generally, when a leaf was mined, there were only 1–2 fourth instars present (aside from other earlier instar larvae), but one instance of 
<specimenCount id="32A8FD36FFCB0A44FBDCCB70FF7CFD13" pageId="13" pageNumber="678" type="larva">three larvae</specimenCount>
in a single leaf was observed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="70D16637FFCC0A43FF34CF7AFF6DF933" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070242" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8070242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070242/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="675" startId="10.[160,225,1627,1650]" targetBox="[170,1137,149,1593]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="241136BFFFCC0A43FF34CF7AFF6DF933" blockId="10.[160,1157,1627,1709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCC0A43FF34CF7AFF66F9EC" bold="true" box="[160,249,1627,1650]" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCC0A43FE94CF7AFE4BF9EC" box="[256,468,1627,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="675" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCC0A43FE94CF7AFE4BF9EC" box="[256,468,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">Dasyhelea mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pupa: (a) posterior portion of head, ventral view; (b) dorsal apotome, anterior view; (c) mesonotum, dorsal view; (d) metathorax and tergite 1, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="70D16637FFCD0A42FF34CF59FEB8F932" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070244" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8070244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070244/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" startId="11.[160,225,1656,1679]" targetBox="[166,1149,142,1623]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="241136BFFFCD0A42FF34CF59FEB8F932" blockId="11.[160,1155,1656,1708]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCD0A42FF34CF59FF66F911" bold="true" box="[160,249,1656,1679]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Figure 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCD0A42FF6BCF59FE4DF911" box="[255,466,1656,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCD0A42FF6BCF59FE4DF911" box="[255,466,1656,1679]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Dasyhelea mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pupa: (a) abdominal segment 4; (b) male abdominal segment 9. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="70D16637FFCA0A45FF34CF65FC81F92D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070246" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8070246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070246/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" startId="12.[160,225,1604,1627]" targetBox="[166,1149,142,1587]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="241136BFFFCA0A45FF34CF65FC81F92D" blockId="12.[160,1156,1604,1715]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCA0A45FF34CF65FF61F9C5" bold="true" box="[160,254,1604,1627]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Immatures and exuviae of immatures of 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCA0A45FD27CF65FC35F9C5" box="[691,938,1604,1627]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCA0A45FD27CF65FC8BF9C5" box="[691,788,1604,1627]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dasyhelea</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCA0A45FCB4CF65FC35F9C5" box="[800,938,1604,1627]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">D. mesophylla</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
in leaves of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCA0A45FBADCF65FF76F9E7" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCA0A45FBADCF65FF76F9E7" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">Salvinia minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all in dorsal view of leaf, other than b, taken from ventral view of leaf: (a) second and third instar larvae; (b) fourth instar larva; (c) pupa and larval exuviae in entire 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCA0A45FCCACF5EFC68F908" box="[862,1015,1663,1686]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCA0A45FCCACF5EFC68F908" box="[862,1015,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">Salvinia minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaf (for larval exuviae, only head capsule visible); (d) pupal and larval exuviae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFCB0A44FF54CBB7FD32FC3C" blockId="13.[160,1156,142,1727]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">Several third instar larvae were observed mining the interior of the leaves, in an identical manner to the fourth instar larvae, but no third instars were seen on the surface of the leaves. One second instar larva was observed in a tunnel just slightly wider than its body, winding through the leaf. The mines of third and fourth instar larvae were more excavated in places, connected by swollen (leaf surface bulging at least dorsally) tunnels about the width of those larvae. First and second instar larvae seemed to be concentrated on the peripheral margins of the leaves, while third and fourth instar larvae were generally in the main body of the leaves.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFCB0A44FF54CA8DFEBDFB94" blockId="13.[160,1156,142,1727]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">On the other hand, several leaves were observed to be partially mined but without larvae, suggesting the larva had died or, more likely, had moved on to another leaf to mine there.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFCB0A44FF54CD35FD08FADC" blockId="13.[160,1156,142,1727]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">
Two larvae were observed to pupate. One pupa was entirely encased within the mine with no direct opening to the surface, other than the insertion of its respiratory organs through the surface cuticle of the leaf. Another pupa had cut an opening near the anterior end of the pupa, but without the respiratory organs protruding. Observed again later, the pupa had stuck one respiratory organ up through the leaf cuticle, indicating the pupa only needs to obtain oxygen periodically from the surface (or can withdraw for some time if disturbed). Both pupae had their fourth instar exuviae present nearby (
<figureCitation id="BC952A3AFFCB0A44FF3CCC27FE8CFA81" box="[168,275,1286,1311]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[166,1149,157,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-3@8.[166,1149,142,1587]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Dasyhelea mesophylla, male pupa: (a) pupa, in ventral view, and associated fourth instar larval exuvial head capsule, in lateral view; (b) right respiratory horn, posterior view; (c) abdominal segment 9, in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8070238/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">Figures 4</figureCitation>
(a), 8(c–d)). A number of other pupae were observed with either one or both respiratory organs protruding from the leaf.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFCB0A44FF54CC6DFB1BFA53" blockId="13.[160,1156,142,1727]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">
Two emerging adults in the laboratory had free-floating pupal exuviae. The 
<specimenCount id="32A8FD36FFCB0A44FB83CC6DFB1CFAFB" box="[1047,1155,1356,1381]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678" type="pupa">one pupa</specimenCount>
noted above that had been entirely encased by the surface of the leaf had made a jagged exit hole in the leaf, and the other appeared to escape through the hole already present. Some leaves were found with pupal exuviae with part of their abdomens still in the leaves.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFCB0A47FF54CCF7FBB7FEAC" blockId="13.[160,1156,142,1727]" lastBlockId="14.[160,1156,142,306]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="679" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">
It is worth noting that 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFCB0A44FE5DCCF7FD77FA71" author="Forno IW &amp; Bourne AS" box="[457,744,1494,1519]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678" pagination="609 - 621" refId="ref7508" refString="Forno IW, Bourne AS. 1984. Studies in South America of arthropods on the Salvinia auriculata complex of floating ferns and their effects on S. molesta. Bull Entomol Res. 74: 609 - 621. doi: 10. 1017 / S 0007485300013985." type="journal article" year="1984">Forno and Bourne (1984)</bibRefCitation>
previously recognised an unnamed 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCB0A44FF34CCD8FE90F98C" box="[160,271,1529,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="678" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCB0A44FF34CCD8FE90F98C" box="[160,271,1529,1554]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as ̍phytophagous′ on 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCB0A44FD8FCCD8FCCCF98C" authority="D. S. Mitch." authorityName="D. S. Mitch." box="[539,851,1529,1554]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="678" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="molesta">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCB0A44FD8FCCD8FD4FF98C" box="[539,720,1529,1554]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">Salvinia molesta</emphasis>
D.S. Mitch.
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFCB0A44FCE8CCD8FC24F98C" box="[892,955,1529,1554]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Another species, called 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCB0A44FF7ECF3DFE07F9AB" box="[234,408,1564,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="678" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undefined-3">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCB0A44FF7ECF3DFEC6F9AB" box="[234,345,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
sp. 3
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCB0A44FE3CCF3DFE76F9AB" box="[424,489,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">grisea</emphasis>
group), was reported by 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFCB0A44FC9ACF3DFC6AF9AB" author="Torreias SRS &amp; Ferreira-Keppler RL &amp; Ronderos MM" box="[782,1013,1564,1589]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678" pagination="109 - 122" refId="ref8912" refString="Torreias SRS, Ferreira-Keppler RL, Ronderos MM. 2013. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) present in aquatic macrophytes from wetlands of Marchantaria Island, Iranduba, Central Amazonia, Brazil. J Nat Hist. 48 (2014): 109 - 122. doi: 10.1080 / 00222933.2013.791934." type="journal article" year="2013">
Torreias 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCB0A44FCFBCF3DFC3FF9AB" box="[879,928,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">et al</emphasis>
. (2013)
</bibRefCitation>
from southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFCB0A44FE95CF1FFEDDF9C9" box="[257,322,1598,1623]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, where its ̍immature stages were collected in 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCB0A44FCE8CF1FFBCBF9C9" authority="' Aubl" authorityName="Aubl" box="[892,1108,1598,1623]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="678" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="auriculata">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCB0A44FCE8CF1FFB93F9C9" box="[892,1036,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">S. auriculata</emphasis>
′ Aubl
</taxonomicName>
(6). However, considering the sampling method used, the immatures (pupae only?) were most probably found among rhizomes and submerged, root-like leaves of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFCB0A44FC76CFA5FBA8F903" box="[994,1079,1668,1693]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="13" pageNumber="678" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFCB0A44FC76CFA5FBA8F903" box="[994,1079,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">Salvinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Three males and 
<specimenCount id="32A8FD36FFCB0A44FE83CF87FE0BF921" box="[279,404,1702,1727]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
were obtained but no details regarding their morphology are given by the authors (
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FECDC9AFFDAAFF39" author="Torreias SRS &amp; Ferreira-Keppler RL &amp; Ronderos MM" box="[345,565,142,167]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="109 - 122" refId="ref8912" refString="Torreias SRS, Ferreira-Keppler RL, Ronderos MM. 2013. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) present in aquatic macrophytes from wetlands of Marchantaria Island, Iranduba, Central Amazonia, Brazil. J Nat Hist. 48 (2014): 109 - 122. doi: 10.1080 / 00222933.2013.791934." type="journal article" year="2013">
Torreias 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FE29C9AFFE6AFF39" box="[445,501,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FDD8C9AFFCFDFF39" author="Pelli A &amp; Barbosa FAR" box="[588,866,142,167]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="9 - 12" refId="ref8304" refString="Pelli A, Barbosa FAR. 1998. Insetos coletados em Salvinia molesta Mitchell (Salviniaceae), com especial referencia as especies que causam dano a planta, na lagoa Olhos d'Agua, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. 42 (1 - 2): 9 - 12." type="journal article" year="1998">Pelli and Barbosa (1998)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FC64C9AFFE18FF54" authority="Forattini and Rabello" authorityName="Forattini and Rabello" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paulistana">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FC64C9AFFB1BFF39" box="[1008,1156,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. paulistana</emphasis>
Forattini and Rabello
</taxonomicName>
as present on 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FDBCC990FD09FF54" box="[552,662,177,202]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="molesta">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FDBCC990FDA4FF54" box="[552,571,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">S.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="94C63CE2FFC80A47FDD4C990FD09FF54" box="[576,662,177,202]" country="Brazil" location="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FDD4C990FD09FF54" box="[576,662,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">molesta</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFC80A47FD23C990FD69FF54" box="[695,758,177,202]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, but they did not assign this species to taxa feeding 
<collectedFrom id="97B27542FFC80A47FECEC9F5FE49FF73" box="[346,470,212,237]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">
on 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FE15C9F5FE49FF73" box="[385,470,212,237]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FE15C9F5FE49FF73" box="[385,470,212,237]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Salvinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
or to taxa causing harm to it. The latter 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FC2DC9F5FB1CFF73" box="[953,1155,212,237]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FC2DC9F5FBB7FF73" box="[953,1064,212,237]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
together with 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FEC5C9D7FC83FE91" authority="Diaz and Ronderos" authorityName="Diaz and Ronderos" box="[337,796,246,271]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudopollinosa">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FEC5C9D7FDB3FE91" box="[337,556,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. pseudopollinosa</emphasis>
Díaz and Ronderos
</taxonomicName>
were collected from mats of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FF34C838FEB8FEAC" box="[160,295,281,306]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="auriculata">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FF34C838FEB8FEAC" box="[160,295,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">S. auriculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FEF5C838FDC5FEAC" authority="Lam." authorityName="Lam." box="[353,602,281,306]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Azolla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="filiculoides">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FEF5C838FD83FEAC" box="[353,540,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Azolla filiculoides</emphasis>
Lam.
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFC80A47FDE9C838FD26FEAC" box="[637,697,281,306]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFC80A47FD66C838FCFEFEAC" box="[754,865,281,306]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FCFAC838FB83FEAC" author="Diaz F &amp; Torreias SRS &amp; Spinelli GR &amp; Donato M &amp; Ronderos MM" box="[878,1052,281,306]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="715 - 728" refId="ref7295" refString="Diaz F, Torreias SRS, Spinelli GR, Donato M, Ronderos MM. 2014. A new species of Dasyhelea from Brazilian Amazonas and the description of the male of D. paulistana (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae. 54: 715 - 728." type="journal article" year="2014">
Díaz 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FC3CC838FC47FEAC" box="[936,984,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFC80A47FF34C87FFDE8FEE6" blockId="14.[160,1156,350,1728]" box="[160,631,350,376]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FF34C87FFDE8FEE6" bold="true" box="[160,631,350,376]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Taxonomic and phylogenetic discussion</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFC80A47FF34C8A3FC06FC58" blockId="14.[160,1156,350,1728]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">
This new species belongs to the 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FDAEC8A3FDE2FE05" box="[570,637,386,411]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">grisea</emphasis>
species group or subgenus 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FC49C8A3FC71FE05" box="[989,1006,386,411]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FB9DC8A3FBE3FE05" box="[1033,1148,386,411]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FB9DC8A3FBE3FE05" box="[1033,1148,386,411]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FF32C884FECBFE20" author="Dominiak P" box="[166,340,421,446]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="211 - 304" refId="ref7427" refString="Dominiak P. 2012. Biting midges of the genus Dasyhelea Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Poland. Pol J Entomol. 81: 211 - 304." type="journal article" year="2012">Dominiak 2012</bibRefCitation>
) if following the subgeneric division proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FC34C884FBAFFE20" author="Remm H" box="[928,1072,421,446]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="108 - 133" refId="ref8396" refString="Remm H. 1962. The genus Dasyhelea Kieffer in Estonia (Diptera, Heleidae). Tartu Riikliku Ulikooli Toimetised. 120: 108 - 133." type="journal article" year="1962">Remm (1962</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FBABC884FBE9FE20" author="Remm H" box="[1087,1142,421,446]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="40 - 60" refId="ref8424" refString="Remm H. 1979. A catalogue of the Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) of the Estonian S. S. R. Tartu: Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Tartu; p. 40 - 60." type="book chapter" year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
). The presence of the strongly modified pupal respiratory organ of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FC14C8E6FB85FE7E" box="[896,1050,455,480]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FC14C8E6FB85FE7E" box="[896,1050,455,480]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is shared by a number of species in the 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FE69C8CBFDA1FD9D" box="[509,574,490,515]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">grisea</emphasis>
species group, and because it is unique within the family (
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FF66CB2CFE15FDB8" author="Borkent A" box="[242,394,525,550]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="1 - 327" refId="ref6592" refString="Borkent A. 2014. The pupae of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), with a generic key and analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between genera. Zootaxa. 3879: 1 - 327. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3879.1.1." type="journal article" year="2014">Borkent 2014</bibRefCitation>
), we consider this a synapomorphy of these species. As such, from the limited number of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FE3DCB0EFDEDFDD6" box="[425,626,559,584]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FE3DCB0EFD87FDD6" box="[425,536,559,584]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
known as pupae (
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FCDECB0EFC7CFDD6" author="Borkent A" box="[842,995,559,584]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="1 - 327" refId="ref6592" refString="Borkent A. 2014. The pupae of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), with a generic key and analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between genera. Zootaxa. 3879: 1 - 327. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3879.1.1." type="journal article" year="2014">Borkent 2014</bibRefCitation>
), we consider 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FF34CB73FEA1FDF5" box="[160,318,594,619]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FF34CB73FEA1FDF5" box="[160,318,594,619]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to form a monophyletic group with 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FD63CB73FC7AFDF5" authority="Thomsen" authorityName="Thomsen" authorityYear="1935" box="[759,997,594,619]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="traverae">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FD63CB73FCEDFDF5" box="[759,882,594,619]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. traverae</emphasis>
Thomsen
</taxonomicName>
from eastern 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFC80A47FF34CB54FEA4FD10" box="[160,315,629,654]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">United States</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FEDCCB54FD8DFD10" authority="Wirth" authorityName="Wirth" authorityYear="1952" box="[328,530,629,654]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pollinosa">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FEDCCB54FE54FD10" box="[328,459,629,654]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. pollinosa</emphasis>
Wirth
</taxonomicName>
from the western and eastern 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFC80A47FCEACB54FB85FD10" box="[894,1050,629,654]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">United States</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FBB3CB54FEC1FD2E" authority="Wirth and Linley" authorityName="Wirth and Linley" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chani">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FBB3CB54FB1CFD10" box="[1063,1155,629,654]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. chani</emphasis>
Wirth and Linley
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingRegion id="E66AF85DFFC80A47FE3CCBB6FE6AFD2E" box="[424,501,663,688]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Florida</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFC80A47FD91CBB6FD3BFD2E" box="[517,676,663,688]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">United States</collectingCountry>
), 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FD23CBB6FCD4FD2E" box="[695,843,663,688]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paulistana">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FD23CBB6FCD4FD2E" box="[695,843,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. paulistana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFC80A47FC00CBB6FB9CFD2E" box="[916,1027,663,688]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Argentina</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFC80A47FBD6CBB6FB1EFD2E" box="[1090,1153,663,688]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FF34CB9BFEF0FD4D" box="[160,367,698,723]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudopollinosa">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FF34CB9BFEF0FD4D" box="[160,367,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. pseudopollinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFC80A47FE20CB9BFE6CFD4D" box="[436,499,698,723]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FE69CB9BFD30FD4D" authority="Remm" authorityName="Remm" authorityYear="1993" box="[509,687,698,723]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesia">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FE69CB9BFDC0FD4D" box="[509,607,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. caesia</emphasis>
Remm
</taxonomicName>
(syn. 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FD66CB9BFC7CFD4D" authority="Brodskaya" authorityName="Brodskaya" authorityYear="1995" box="[754,995,698,723]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugensis">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FD66CB9BFCF8FD4D" box="[754,871,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. lugensis</emphasis>
Brodskaya
</taxonomicName>
) from Europe, and two unnamed species from 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFC80A47FD8ECBFDFD18FD6B" box="[538,647,732,757]" name="Indonesia" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="E66AF85DFFC80A47FD02CBFDFD67FD6B" box="[662,760,732,757]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
, listed as 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FCF8CBFDFB89FD6B" box="[876,1046,732,757]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Holoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FCF8CBFDFC73FD6B" box="[876,1004,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Holoconops</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
in 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FBAACBFDFF79FC86" author="Mayer K" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="166 - 202" refId="ref8242" refString="Mayer K. 1934 b. Ceratopogoniden-Metamorphosen der Deutschen Limnologischen Sunda- Expedition. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Suppl. 13 (1): 166 - 202." type="journal article" year="1934">Mayer 1934b</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFC80A47FEA5CBDEFE0BFC86" box="[305,404,767,792]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Australia</collectingCountry>
(A. Borkent, pers. obs.), respectively. All of them have virtually identical respiratory organs; these are thick at the base to about midlength and taper to a sharp apex. The respiratory organs of the pupae of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FD6ACA65FC06FCC3" box="[766,921,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FD6ACA65FC06FCC3" box="[766,921,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are somewhat more elongate than those of the other abovementioned species of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FCFFCA46FC45FC1E" box="[875,986,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FCFFCA46FC45FC1E" box="[875,986,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although not known as immatures, male 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FE76CAABFD23FC3D" authority="Remm" authorityName="Remm" authorityYear="1962" box="[482,700,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolour">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FE76CAABFDF6FC3D" box="[482,617,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. unicolour</emphasis>
Remm
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FD68CAABFC6FFC3D" authority="Remm" authorityName="Remm" authorityYear="1993" box="[764,1008,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stackelbergi">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FD68CAABFC02FC3D" box="[764,925,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. stackelbergi</emphasis>
Remm
</taxonomicName>
appear very similar to those in this group of species and may be closely related.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFC80A47FF54CAEEFB89FB08" blockId="14.[160,1156,350,1728]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">
The pupae of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FECFCAEEFE6BFC76" box="[347,500,975,1000]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FECFCAEEFE6BFC76" box="[347,500,975,1000]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stick their respiratory organs through the upper surface of the mined 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FEB0CAD3FE09FB95" box="[292,406,1010,1035]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FEB0CAD3FE09FB95" box="[292,406,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">S. minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves to obtain oxygen from the exposed surface of the leaf, suggesting that these other species also use their respiratory organs in a similar manner. However, because at least the larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FD19CD16FC93FBCE" authorityName="Thomsen" authorityYear="1935" box="[653,780,1079,1104]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="traverae">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FD19CD16FC93FBCE" box="[653,780,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. traverae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not appear to mine leaves (
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FF32CD7BFED0FBED" author="Thomsen LC" box="[166,335,1114,1139]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="283 - 297" refId="ref8712" refString="Thomsen LC. 1935. New species of New York State Ceratopogonidae. J N Y Entomol Soc. 43: 283 - 297." type="journal article" year="1935">Thomsen 1935</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FEC9CD7BFE0BFBED" author="Thomsen LC" box="[349,404,1114,1139]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="57 - 80" refId="ref8737" refString="Thomsen LC. 1937. Aquatic Diptera. Part V. Ceratopogonidae. Memoirs Cornell Univ Agric Exp Station. 210: 57 - 80." type="journal article" year="1937">1937</bibRefCitation>
; Waugh and 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FDB9CD7BFD35FBED" author="Wirth WW &amp; Waugh WT" box="[557,682,1114,1139]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="223 - 236" refId="ref9284" refString="Wirth WW, Waugh WT. 1976. Five new Neotropical Dasyhelea midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) associated with culture of cocoa. Studia Entomologica. 19: 223 - 236." type="journal article" year="1976">Wirth 1976</bibRefCitation>
) it is also possible that 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FC2ECD7BFB1CFBED" box="[954,1155,1114,1139]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FC2ECD7BFBB6FBED" box="[954,1065,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
with such respiratory horns obtain air from water plants, similarly to 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FC32CD5CFB8EFB08" authorityName="Lane" authorityYear="1947" box="[934,1041,1149,1174]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Stilobezzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rabelloi">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FC32CD5CFB8EFB08" box="[934,1041,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">S. rabelloi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFC80A47FF54CDBEFE21FABE" blockId="14.[160,1156,350,1728]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">
The piercing respiratory organs of pupae of a group of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FCC4CDBEFB8AFB26" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1911" box="[848,1045,1183,1208]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Stilobezzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FCC4CDBEFC5CFB26" box="[848,963,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Stilobezzia</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
is clearly separately evolved, as evidenced by differences in the details of the respiratory organs compared with 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FEC9CDC4FE51FB60" box="[349,462,1253,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FEC9CDC4FE51FB60" box="[349,462,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as the phyletic distance between the two groups (
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FF32CC26FE2EFABE" author="Borkent A &amp; Craig DA" box="[166,433,1287,1312]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="655 - 665" refId="ref6641" refString="Borkent A, Craig DA. 2001. Submerged Stilobezzia rabelloi LANE (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) pupae obtain oxygen from the aquatic fern Salvinia minima BAKER. Proc Entomol Soc Wash. 103: 655 - 665." type="journal article" year="2001">Borkent and Craig 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFC80A46FF54CC0BFBF1FE91" blockId="14.[160,1156,350,1728]" lastBlockId="15.[160,1156,142,271]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="680" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">
In spite of the fact that species of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FDC0CC0BFD5CFADD" box="[596,707,1322,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FDC0CC0BFD5CFADD" box="[596,707,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are common throughout much of the world, only 62 out of 628 known species have been described as larvae (
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FC45CC6CFBE1FAF8" author="Diaz F &amp; Ronderos MM &amp; Spinelli GR &amp; Ferreira-Keppler RL &amp; Torreias SRS" box="[977,1150,1357,1382]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="85 - 93" refId="ref7145" refString="Diaz F, Ronderos MM, Spinelli GR, Ferreira-Keppler RL, Torreias SRS. 2013. A new species of Dasyhelea Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Brazilian Amazonia. Zootaxa. 3686: 85 - 93. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3686.1.5." type="journal article" year="2013">
Díaz 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FB9ECC6CFBA5FAF8" box="[1034,1082,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FF34CC4EFEA8FA16" author="Borkent A" box="[160,311,1391,1416]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="1 - 327" refId="ref6592" refString="Borkent A. 2014. The pupae of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), with a generic key and analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between genera. Zootaxa. 3879: 1 - 327. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3879.1.1." type="journal article" year="2014">Borkent 2014</bibRefCitation>
, 2016, 2018, 2019; 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FD80CC4EFD50FA16" author="Duan C &amp; Jiang XH &amp; Chang QQ &amp; Hou XH" box="[532,719,1391,1416]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="135 - 145" refId="ref7457" refString="Duan C, Jiang XH, Chang QQ, Hou XH. 2019. First description of the immature stages of Dasyhelea alula and a redescription of adults from China (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). ZooKeys. 824: 135 - 145. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 824.3172" type="journal article" year="2019">
Duan 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FDCCCC4EFD16FA16" box="[600,649,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FD48CC4EFB84FA16" author="Borkent A &amp; Dominiak P" box="[732,1051,1391,1416]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="1 - 377" refId="ref6680" refString="Borkent A, Dominiak P. 2020. Catalog of the biting midges of the world (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Zootaxa. 4787 (1): 1 - 377. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4787.1.1." type="journal article" year="2020">Borkent and Dominiak 2020</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FBBDCC4EFF48FA35" author="Lu X &amp; Duan C &amp; Ning Y &amp; Jiang XH &amp; Hou XH" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="119 - 127" refId="ref8046" refString="Lu X, Duan C, Ning Y, Jiang XH, Hou XH. 2020. Morphology of the immature stages of Dasyhelea silvatica Wang, Zhang &amp; Yu with redescriptions of adults (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). ZooKeys. 961: 119 - 127. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 961.53882." type="journal article" year="2020">
Lu 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FBD9CC4EFBE1FA16" box="[1101,1150,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FF70CCB3FE27FA35" author="Borkent A &amp; Dominiak P &amp; Diaz F" box="[228,440,1426,1451]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="53 - 64" refId="ref6721" refString="Borkent A, Dominiak P, Diaz F. 2022. An update and errata for the catalog of the biting midges of the world (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Zootaxa. 5120 (1): 53 - 64. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5120.1.3." type="journal article" year="2022">
Borkent 
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FED7CCB3FEEBFA35" box="[323,372,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">et al</emphasis>
. 2022
</bibRefCitation>
). One reason is probably that larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FCEECCB3FC76FA35" box="[890,1001,1426,1451]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FCEECCB3FC76FA35" box="[890,1001,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are generally morphologically conservative. However, the very narrow protruding labrum and corresponding anterolateral projections of the head capsule, likely important for scraping leaf material free to ingest, may be distinctive among those larvae which have been described so far, keeping in mind that, of the species with a piercing respiratory organ, only the larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FE9BCF1EFDDDF9C6" authority="(Brodskaya 1995)" baseAuthorityName="Brodskaya" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[271,578,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesia">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FE9BCF1EFEECF9C6" box="[271,371,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. caesia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FE10CF1EFDA6F9C6" author="Brodskaya NK" box="[388,569,1599,1624]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="9 - 12" refId="ref6931" refString="Brodskaya NK. 1995. A new species of biting midge of the genus Dasyhelea Kieff. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Leningrad region. Int J Dipterol Res. 6: 9 - 12." type="journal article" year="1995">Brodskaya 1995</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FDC5CF1EFC56F9C6" authority="(Wirth and Linley 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Wirth and Linley" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[593,969,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chani">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FDC5CF1EFD31F9C6" box="[593,686,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. chani</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FD2BCF1EFC5EF9C6" author="Wirth WW &amp; Linley JR" box="[703,961,1599,1624]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="273 - 279" refId="ref9237" refString="Wirth WW, Linley JR. 1990. Description of Dasyhelea chani new species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from leaves of the water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) in Florida. Fla Entomol. 73: 273 - 279. doi: 10.2307 / 3494811." type="journal article" year="1990">Wirth and Linley 1990</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FB9CCF1EFECAF9E5" authority="(Thomsen 1937)" baseAuthorityName="Thomsen" baseAuthorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="traverae">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FB9CCF1EFB1CF9C6" box="[1032,1155,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">D. traverae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC80A47FF32CF43FED2F9E5" author="Thomsen LC" box="[166,333,1634,1659]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="57 - 80" refId="ref8737" refString="Thomsen LC. 1937. Aquatic Diptera. Part V. Ceratopogonidae. Memoirs Cornell Univ Agric Exp Station. 210: 57 - 80." type="journal article" year="1937">Thomsen 1937</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
have been described. It is important to recognise that most descriptions of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC80A47FF29CFA4FEB3F900" box="[189,300,1669,1694]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC80A47FF29CFA4FEB3F900" box="[189,300,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae are rather superficial. Detailed comparative studies are needed of the significant differences in larvae between the numerous species of this genus. There are at least some marked differences exhibited by some taxa (eg those species living in 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC90A46FF34C990FE8DFF54" box="[160,274,177,202]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nepenthaceae" genus="Nepenthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC90A46FF34C990FE8DFF54" box="[160,274,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Nepenthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pitcher plants in Southeast Asia which have extremely long, narrow head capsules; 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC90A46FE82C9F5FE53FF73" author="Tokunaga M" box="[278,460,212,237]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="180 - 185" refId="ref8893" refString="Tokunaga M. 1961. Notes on biting midges II. Kontyu. 29: 180 - 185." type="journal article" year="1961">Tokunaga 1961</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="403F4B4EFFC90A46FE4AC9F5FD6AFF73" author="Wirth WW &amp; Beaver RA" box="[478,757,212,237]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="41 - 52" refId="ref9193" refString="Wirth WW, Beaver RA. 1979. The Dasyhelea biting midges living in pitchers of Nepenthes in Southwest Asia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N S). 15: 41 - 52." type="journal article" year="1979">Wirth and Beaver 1979</bibRefCitation>
). None of the 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC90A46FC25C9F5FB1BFF73" box="[945,1156,212,237]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC90A46FC25C9F5FBBBFF73" box="[945,1060,212,237]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
described from larvae or pupae other than 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC90A46FD1CC9D7FCBCFE91" box="[648,803,246,271]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC90A46FD1CC9D7FCBCFE91" box="[648,803,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">D. mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known to be leaf-miners.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFC90A46FF34C86AFF7CFEFB" blockId="15.[160,1156,331,703]" box="[160,227,331,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC90A46FF34C86AFF7CFEFB" bold="true" box="[160,227,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Types</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFC90A46FF34C84FFF72FD21" blockId="15.[160,1156,331,703]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">
<materialsCitation id="94C63CE2FFC90A46FF34C84FFE82FE71" collectingDate="1993-07-26" collectionCode="CNCI" collectorName="A. Borkent" country="Costa Rica" location="Tarcoles" municipality="Tarcoles" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" specimenCode="CD1490" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="FB15881DFFC90A46FF34C84FFE95FE19" box="[160,266,366,391]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Holotype</typeStatus>
: 
<specimenCount id="32A8FD36FFC90A46FE8DC84FFE09FE19" box="[281,406,366,391]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" type="male">male adult</specimenCount>
with associated larval and pupal exuviae, on microscope slide, labelled ̍HOLOTYPE 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC90A46FE1DC8B0FCBCFE34" authority="Dominiak and" box="[393,803,401,426]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="665" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC90A46FE1DC8B0FDE2FE34" box="[393,637,401,426]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Dasyhelea mesophylla</emphasis>
Dominiak and
</taxonomicName>
Borkent′, ̍ 
<collectingCountry id="5CB9762FFFC90A46FC0CC8B0FB8DFE34" box="[920,1042,401,426]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, 
<locationDeviation id="35A32F9DFFC90A46FB8AC8B0FB1FFE34" bearing="45.0" box="[1054,1152,401,426]" distance="5000.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">
<quantity id="E3569B5AFFC90A46FB8AC8B0FBC8FE34" box="[1054,1111,401,426]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
NE
</locationDeviation>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="C475ACC5FFC90A46FF34C895FF61FE53" box="[160,254,436,461]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Tarcoles</collectingMunicipality>
, C.R. 
<date id="5010107FFFC90A46FEA2C895FE2BFE53" box="[310,436,436,461]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" value="1993-07-26">
<collectingDate id="4054E997FFC90A46FEA2C895FE2BFE53" box="[310,436,436,461]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" value="1993-07-26">26-vii-1993</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="895B5369FFC90A46FE29C895FDAFFE53" box="[445,560,436,461]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">A. Borkent</collectorName>
<specimenCode id="74089EC4FFC90A46FDA2C895FD0EFE53" box="[566,657,436,461]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">CD1490</specimenCode>
, CD 1490′, ̍Reared from larva mining 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC90A46FBBAC895FB1CFE53" box="[1070,1155,436,461]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Salvinia</taxonomicName>
leaf′ (
<collectionCode id="42BFAE7AFFC90A46FF4EC8F7FE88FE71" box="[218,279,470,495]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">CNCI</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<typeStatus id="FB15881DFFC90A46FEB3C8F7FE18FE71" box="[295,391,470,495]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Allotype</typeStatus>
: female adult with associated pupal exuviae labelled as for 
<typeStatus id="FB15881DFFC90A46FB8BC8F7FB1CFE71" box="[1055,1155,470,495]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">holotype</typeStatus>
(CNCI). 
<typeStatus id="FB15881DFFC90A46FF60C8D8FEFBFD8C" box="[244,356,505,530]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: 
<specimenCount id="32A8FD36FFC90A46FEE4C8D8FE57FD8C" box="[368,456,505,530]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
each with associated pupal exuviae, labelled as for 
<typeStatus id="FB15881DFFC90A46FB8BC8D8FB1CFD8C" box="[1055,1155,505,530]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">holotype</typeStatus>
except ̍Reared from pupa embedded in 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC90A46FDF5CB3DFD29FDAB" box="[609,694,540,565]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Salvinia</taxonomicName>
leaf′ (1, MNCR; 2, CNCI); 
<specimenCount id="32A8FD36FFC90A46FC57CB3DFB8CFDAB" box="[963,1043,540,565]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" type="pupa">1 pupa</specimenCount>
, 19 fourth instars, 6 third instars, from type locality, 
<date id="5010107FFFC90A46FD16CB1FFCB3FDC9" box="[642,812,574,599]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" value="1993-08-03">3 August 1993</date>
, in 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC90A46FCCCCB1FFC32FDC9" box="[856,941,574,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC90A46FCCCCB1FFC32FDC9" box="[856,941,574,599]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Salvinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves, CD1502 (4 fourth instars, MNCR; remainder, CNCI); 
<specimenCount id="32A8FD36FFC90A46FDCCCB40FD2CFDE4" box="[600,691,609,634]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" type="pupa">2 pupae</specimenCount>
and their associated fourth instar exuviae in 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC90A46FF2FCBA5FE8FFD03" box="[187,272,644,669]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC90A46FF2FCBA5FE8FFD03" box="[187,272,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Salvinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves, 2 fourth instars, 1 third instar from type locality, 
<date id="5010107FFFC90A46FCEBCBA5FBBDFD03" box="[895,1058,644,669]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" value="1993-08-03">3 August 1993</date>
, CD1502 (CNCI).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFC90A46FF34CBDAFE6AFC8B" blockId="15.[160,1156,763,858]" box="[160,501,763,789]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC90A46FF34CBDAFE6AFC8B" bold="true" box="[160,501,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Derivation of specific epithet</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="241136BFFFC90A46FF34CA3FFC7FFCC4" blockId="15.[160,1156,763,858]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">
The name 
<taxonomicName id="E3AE4D3CFFC90A46FE8ECA3FFE09FCA9" box="[282,406,798,823]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesophylla">
<emphasis id="16DAEAADFFC90A46FE8ECA3FFE09FCA9" box="[282,406,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">mesophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to the parenchyma between the epidermal layers of a leaf, the tissue where the larva and pupa of the new species have been found.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>