treatments-xml/data/A7/E4/64/A7E464BBB9075E06A9C4E5BAA1944AC7.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.32822" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bd911c4-a027-4a72-a69b-f37bc46b24b9" ID-PMC="PMC7669820" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-989-79" ID-Pensoft-UUID="65AB71A5B3985F5E9FBF8CD56BC96143" ID-PubMed="33223897" ID-ZooBank="F78F6D879DDB4CD98E4C60E4883A59B6" ModsDocID="1313-2970-989-79" checkinTime="1604986516813" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Selz, Oliver M., Doenz, Carmela J., Vonlanthen, Pascal &amp; Seehausen, Ole" docDate="2020" docId="A7E464BBB9075E06A9C4E5BAA1944AC7" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 989: 79-162" docOrigin="ZooKeys 989" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.32822" docTitle="Coregonus profundus Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="6B17CFFD-08A3-4A6E-A4AA-CAE0678370FF" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" id="65AB71A5B3985F5E9FBF8CD56BC96143" lastPageNumber="120" masterDocId="65AB71A5B3985F5E9FBF8CD56BC96143" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the whitefish of lakes Brienz and Thun, Switzerland, with descriptions of four new species (Teleostei, Coregonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="79" pageNumber="116" updateTime="1668169826672" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of the whitefish of lakes Brienz and Thun, Switzerland, with descriptions of four new species (Teleostei, Coregonidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Selz, Oliver M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution &amp; Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland &amp; Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2210-5909</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">oliver.selz@eawag.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Doenz, Carmela J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution &amp; Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland &amp; Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vonlanthen, Pascal</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution &amp; Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland &amp; Aquabios GmbH, Les Fermes 57, 1792 Cordast, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Seehausen, Ole</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution &amp; Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland &amp; Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>989</mods:number>
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<mods:start>79</mods:start>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168961869" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6B17CFFD-08A3-4A6E-A4AA-CAE0678370FF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7E464BBB9075E06A9C4E5BAA1944AC7" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="37" pageNumber="116">
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="116" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicName LSID="A7E464BB-B907-5E06-A9C4-E5BAA1944AC7" authority="Selz, Dönz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus profundus" order="Teleostei" pageId="37" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="profundus" status="sp. nov.">
Coregonus profundus Selz, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="37" pageNumber="116">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="117" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fatio" authorityYear="1885" class="Actinopterygii" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus alpinus" order="Teleostei" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="38" pageNumber="117" start="start">Coregonus</pageBreakToken>
alpinus
</taxonomicName>
: 
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; 
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, 
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, 
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; 
<bibRefCitation author="Ingram, T" journalOrPublisher="Advances in Limnology" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" refId="B30" refString="Ingram, T, Hudson, AG, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2012. Does water depth or diet divergence predict progress towards ecological speciation in whitefish radiations? Evolutionary Ecology Research 14: 487-502." title="Does water depth or diet divergence predict progress towards ecological speciation in whitefish radiations? Evolutionary Ecology Research 14: 487 - 502." year="2012">Ingram et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10824" author="Vonlanthen, P" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" pagination="357 - 363" refId="B64" refString="Vonlanthen, P, Bittner, D, Hudson, A, Young, KA, Mueller, R, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Roy, D, Di Piazza, S, Largiader, CR, Seehausen, O, 2012. Eutrophication causes speciation reversal in whitefish adaptive radiations. Nature 482: 357 - 363, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10824" title="Eutrophication causes speciation reversal in whitefish adaptive radiations." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10824" volume="482" year="2012">Vonlanthen et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Vonlanthen, P" journalOrPublisher="Projet Lac, Eawag, Kastanien- baum" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" refId="B63" refString="Vonlanthen, P, Periat, G, Doenz, C, Hellmann, J, Alexander, TJ, Seehausen, O, 2015. Artenvielfalt und Zusammensetzung der Fischpopulation im Thunersee. Projet Lac, Eawag, Kastanien- baum" title="Artenvielfalt und Zusammensetzung der Fischpopulation im Thunersee." year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" author="Doenz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B15" refString="Doenz, CJ, Bittner, D, Vonlanthen, P, Wagner, CE, Seehausen, O, 2018. Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish. Ecology and Evolution 2018: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" title="Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" volume="2018" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Actinopterygii" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus lavaretus" order="Teleostei" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lavaretus">Coregonus lavaretus</taxonomicName>
natio 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">arurensis</emphasis>
, oekot. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="profundus" order="Teleostei" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="profundus">profundus</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" author="Steinmann, P" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" pagination="340 - 491" refId="B57" refString="Steinmann, P, 1950. Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil. Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie 12: 340 - 491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" title="Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" volume="12" year="1950">Steinmann 1950</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus" order="Teleostei" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
&quot;Tiefenalbock&quot;, &quot;Kropfer&quot;: 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" author="Steinmann, P" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" pagination="340 - 491" refId="B57" refString="Steinmann, P, 1950. Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil. Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie 12: 340 - 491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" title="Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" volume="12" year="1950">Steinmann 1950</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus" order="Teleostei" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
&quot;Kropfer&quot;: 
<bibRefCitation author="Heuscher, J" journalOrPublisher="Zwingli, Pfaeffikon" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" refId="B23" refString="Heuscher, J, 1901. Thuner- und Brienzer-See. Ihre Biologischen und Fischerei-Verhaeltnisse. Druck E. Zwingli, Pfaeffikon" title="Thuner- und Brienzer-See. Ihre Biologischen und Fischerei-Verhaeltnisse. Druck E." year="1901">Heuscher 1901</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus" order="Teleostei" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
&quot;Kropfer&quot;: 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502369" author="Rufli, H" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" pagination="7 - 31" refId="B54" refString="Rufli, H, 1978. Die heutigen sympatrischen Felchenpopulationen (Coregonus spp.) des Thuner- und Bielersees und ihre Morphologie. Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie 40: 7 - 31, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502369" title="Die heutigen sympatrischen Felchenpopulationen (Coregonus spp.) des Thuner- und Bielersees und ihre Morphologie." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502369" volume="40" year="1978">Rufli 1978</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02551760" author="Rufli, H" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" pagination="64 - 93" refId="B55" refString="Rufli, H, 1979. Ernaehrung und Wachstumder Felchen populationen (Coregonus spp.) des Thuner-und Bielersees. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie 41: 64 - 93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02551760" title="Ernaehrung und Wachstumder Felchen populationen (Coregonus spp.) des Thuner-und Bielersees." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02551760" volume="41" year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Kirchhofer, A" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie - Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="303 - 318" refId="B36" refString="Kirchhofer, A, Tschumi, PA, 1986. Age structure and growth of coregonid fish populations in Lake Thun. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie - Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie 22: 303 - 318" title="Age structure and growth of coregonid fish populations in Lake Thun." volume="22" year="1986">Kirchhofer and Tschumi 1986</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Kirchhofer, A" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Special Issues Advances in Limnology" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="61 - 70" refId="B35" refString="Kirchhofer, A, 1995. Growth characteristics of coregonid populations in three lakes with different trophic states and decreasing nutrient concentrations. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Special Issues Advances in Limnology 46: 61 - 70" title="Growth characteristics of coregonid populations in three lakes with different trophic states and decreasing nutrient concentrations." volume="46" year="1995">Kirchhofer 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04623.x" author="Bittner, D" journalOrPublisher=") in a Swiss lake: a role for eutrophication? Molecular Ecology" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="2152 - 2167" refId="B13" refString="Bittner, D, Excoffier, L, Largiader, CR, 2010. Patterns of morphological changes and hybridization between sympatric whitefish morphs (Coregonus spp.) in a Swiss lake: a role for eutrophication? Molecular Ecology 19: 2152 - 2167, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04623.x" title="Patterns of morphological changes and hybridization between sympatric whitefish morphs (Coregonus spp." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04623.x" volume="19" year="2010">Bittner et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
(see also synonymy of 
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. albellus" order="Teleostei" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="albellus">C. albellus</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus" order="Teleostei" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
&quot;Kropfer&quot;, &quot;THU3&quot;: Douglas et al. 1999, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" author="Douglas, MR" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B17" refString="Douglas, MR, Brunner, PC, Bernatchez, L, 2003. Doassemblages of Coregonus (Teleostei: Salmoniformes) in the Central Alpine region of Europe represent species flocks? Molecular Ecology 8: 589-603. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" title="Doassemblages of Coregonus (Teleostei: Salmoniformes) in the Central Alpine region of Europe represent species flocks? Molecular Ecology 8: 589 - 603." url="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" author="Douglas, MR" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B16" refString="Douglas, MR, Brunner, PC, 2002. Biodiversity of central alpine Coregonus (Salmoniformes): impact of one-hundred years of management. Ecological Applications 12: 154-172. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" title="Biodiversity of central alpine Coregonus (Salmoniformes): impact of one-hundred years of management. Ecological Applications 12: 154 - 172." url="https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" year="2002">Douglas and Brunner 2002</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="117" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3023655301" collectionCode="NMBE" country="Switzerland" latitude="46.666668" location="Lake Thun" longLatPrecision="1122" longitude="7.7666664" specimenCode="NMBE-1077208" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode>NMBE-1077208</specimenCode>
, 
<collectingCountry>Switzerland</collectingCountry>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A7E464BBB9075E06A9C4E5BAA1944AC7:BF655A898B36EC87DB9D33B78B59CA58" country="Switzerland" latitude="46.666668" longLatPrecision="1122" longitude="7.7666664" name="Lake Thun">Lake Thun</location>
(
<geoCoordinate degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="46.666668">46°40'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="7.7666664">7°46'E</geoCoordinate>
), 194 mm SL, 
<specimenCount type="male">male</specimenCount>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3023655312" collectionCode="NMBE" latitude="46.666668" location="Lake Thun" longLatPrecision="1122" longitude="7.7666664" municipality="Switzerland" specimenCode="NMBE-1077161-1077179, NMBE-1077203-1077207, NMBE-1077209-1077211" specimenCount="27" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<typeStatus>Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode>NMBE-1077161-1077179</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode>NMBE-1077203-1077207</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode>NMBE-1077209-1077211</specimenCode>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Switzerland</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A7E464BBB9075E06A9C4E5BAA1944AC7:526CD47497B2D815DEA8832F4919D8CB" latitude="46.666668" longLatPrecision="1122" longitude="7.7666664" municipality="Switzerland" name="Lake Thun">Lake Thun</location>
(
<geoCoordinate degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="46.666668">46°40'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="7.7666664">7°46'E</geoCoordinate>
), N = 
<specimenCount>27</specimenCount>
, 188-316 mm SL.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="117" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus profundus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">Coregonus profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a small whitefish species with moderate pigmentation of all fins and the body; brown-orange colouration on the flanks above the lateral line; elongate slender body; long head; large eye with a thick and triangular shaped eye socket; tip of snout is fleshy and roundish; few (15-27) and short gill rakers.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" type="differential diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus profundus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">Coregonus profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs only in Lake Thun and we therefore compare the characters of this species specifically with the species of Lake Thun. The differential diagnoses against 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alpinus" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">C. alpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. fatioi" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="fatioi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">C. fatioi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. steinmanni" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="steinmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">C. steinmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are given under those 
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
accounts. The lower number of gill rakers of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(total gill raker number: 15-27, mode = 21) distinguishes this species from all other 5 whitefish species, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(32-44, mode = 38), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alpinus" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">C. alpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(25-34, mode = 30), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. fatioi" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="fatioi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">C. fatioi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(32-43, mode = 38), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. steinmanni" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="steinmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">C. steinmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(30-35, mode = 31), and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(30-40, mode = 36) (Suppl. material 1: Table S6).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus profundus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="profundus">Coregonus profundus</taxonomicName>
- 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">Coregonus acrinasus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus profundus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">Coregonus profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="38" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="117">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having shorter gill rakers (middle gill raker length: 7.6-11.7% HL, mean = 9.2 vs. 9.1-16.6% HL, 
<pageBreakToken pageId="39" pageNumber="118" start="start">mean</pageBreakToken>
= 13.4; longest gill raker length: 7.8-12.4% HL, mean = 10.1 vs. 11.4-16.9% HL, mean = 14.5) and a longer head (15.5-18.4% HL, mean = 16.4 vs. 13.8-16.1% HL, mean = 15.2) (Tables 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 8" captionStartId="T8" captionText="Table 8. Morphological and meristic data of C. profundus from Lake Thun, NMBE- 1077208, male, holotype; paratypes N = 27. For ranges of males and for both sexes, the total range and mean include the holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/106D69D79FEC92DADECA69DE36ACE593" pageId="39" pageNumber="118" tableUuid="106D69D79FEC92DADECA69DE36ACE593">8</tableCitation>
, 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="T9" captionText="Table 9. Morphological and meristic data of C. acrinasus from Lake Thun, NMBE- 1077271, male, holotype; paratypes N = 25. For males and for both sexes, the range and mean include the holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9" pageId="39" pageNumber="118" tableUuid="630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9">9</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="39" pageNumber="118" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="118">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="118">
General appearance is shown in Figure 9. Morphological and meristic characters of both sexes can be found in Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 8" captionStartId="T8" captionText="Table 8. Morphological and meristic data of C. profundus from Lake Thun, NMBE- 1077208, male, holotype; paratypes N = 27. For ranges of males and for both sexes, the total range and mean include the holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/106D69D79FEC92DADECA69DE36ACE593" pageId="39" pageNumber="118" tableUuid="106D69D79FEC92DADECA69DE36ACE593">8</tableCitation>
and Suppl. material 1: Table S6 and first- and second-best ratios for both sexes combined can be found in Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 10" captionStartId="T10" captionText="Table 10. The first- and second-best ratios retrieved from the LDA ratio extractor of either head or body characters (see Table 1) alone or combined, used for pair-wise comparisons of all contemporary specimens from the six whitefish species of Lake Thun. For some comparisons only a subset of characters could be used (a-d); the respective characters that were excluded are listed at the end of the table. Only external characters were used for the LDA comparisons, since internal characters (gill raker and gill arch length) cannot be measured on live specimens, and are thus not informative to assign specimens to species in the field. Additionally, species were combined to find first- and second-best ratios that distinguish one species or a combination of species vs. all other species. For multi-species comparisons, only the comparisons that yielded distinguishing ratios are shown. δ is a measure of how good shape discriminates in comparison to size (i. e., the smaller δ the less allometry). Ratios marked with an asterisk * have very little (for the pairwise species comparisons not more than one specimen of one species overlaps with the other species) or no overlap and were thus eligible for use in the species key and the diagnoses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/1221F02E5B903E9544AEB92AE83A0152" pageId="39" pageNumber="118" tableUuid="1221F02E5B903E9544AEB92AE83A0152">10</tableCitation>
. The description is valid for both sexes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="118">Shape</emphasis>
: Body elongate. Slender bodied with greatest body depth anterior of the dorsal fin. Dorsal and ventral profile similar and slightly arched. Dorsal and ventral profile from tip of snout to interorbital area mostly straight and then slightly convex to dorsal and pelvic fin origin respectively. Head long. Snout often 60° angle to the body axis anterior of the eye, such that the profile from the tip of the snout to the vertical projection where the anterior part of the eye crosses the dorsal profile is straight and afterwards slightly convex. Mouth is wide (i.e., width of upper and lower jaw), rather short and mostly strongly sub-terminal and only rarely terminal. Snout is weakly pronounced, since the tip of the snout is often fleshy and roundish. Eye rather large with a large eye cavity and a thick and triangular eye-socket (i.e., sickle-shaped). Pectoral fin long and moderately tapered. Dorsal fin long with the anterior unbranched ray of the erected dorsal fin approx. 70-80° angle to body axis and only slightly bent posteriorly at the end of the ray. Caudal peduncle narrow and short with caudal fin forked and sometimes moderately to strongly asymmetrical with either the ventral or dorsal part being longer. Unbranched ray of anal fin straight and rarely bent posteriorly at the end of the ray. Anal fin is longest anteriorly and progressively shortening posteriorly with the outer margin of the anal fin slightly concave and only rarely straight.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="118">Meristics</emphasis>
: Very few and very short gill rakers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="39" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="118">Colour</emphasis>
: Pigmentation of fins and body is overall moderate in live specimens. Pectoral fin is translucent or yellowish in colouration with moderate pigmentation at the median to distal parts of the fin. Dorsal, adipose, pelvic, anal and caudal fins are moderately pigmented. Silvery appearance along the flanks and dorsally above the lateral line the silvery appearance changes to a pale brown-orange colouration (e.g., RGB 
<pageBreakToken pageId="40" pageNumber="119" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
232, 172, 52)) and very rarely the brown-orange colouration can have a hint of light greenish colour (e.g., RGB (136, 245, 205)). Sometimes the colouration above the lateral line is pale rose (e.g., RGB (247, 187, 175)) and then towards the dorsum becomes a brown-orange. This transition from one colouration to another can also be observed in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For a comparison to the main colouration found in the other species see Suppl. material 1: Figure S8. Dorsal part of the head is moderately pigmented. Snout around the nostrils is moderately pigmented and rarely with a gap of less pigmentation posteriorly of the nostrils up to the height of the middle of the eyes. The operculum and pre-operculum are silvery with one black dot on the lower margin of the pre-operculum. Preserved specimens are pale in colouration with similar pigmentation as described for live specimens. Silvery, translucent, not coloured or unpigmented parts of the body become brown-yellowish (e.g., RGB (239, 210, 40)), whereas the pigmented parts are conserved and the coloured parts (dorsally above the lateral line) become brownish (e.g., RGB (186, 140, 100)).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="119">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">Distribution and notes on biology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus profundus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">Coregonus profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in Lake Thun (
<geoCoordinate degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="46.666668">46°40'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="7.7666664">7°46'E</geoCoordinate>
). It is believed to have been endemic to this lake. Yet, based on matching genetic (microsatellite) and morphological (gill raker number, morphological characters) evidence one ripe specimen of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been caught by a local fisherman, Stefan Dasen, in 2016 in Lake Biel (
<geoCoordinate degrees="47" direction="north" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="47.083332">47°05'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="east" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="7.1666665">7°10'E</geoCoordinate>
) (Suppl. material 1: Figure S9). Lake Biel has been artificially connected with Lake Thun through the river Aare since the Jura water correction from 1868-1878, where the river Aare was artificially bypassed downstream from Lake Thun into Lake Biel. For another Lake Thun species, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it had been known since at least 2004 that it can be found in Lake Biel (see details in the note on biology for 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Bittner, D" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B12" refString="Bittner, D, 2009. Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." title="Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." year="2009">Bittner 2009</bibRefCitation>
; this study Suppl. material 1: Figure S9).
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">
It is important to note that native whitefish species of Lake Biel were only known to spawn in the winter months (
<bibRefCitation author="Fatio, V" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B18" refString="Fatio, V, 1885. Les coregones de la Suisse (feras diverses) classification et conditions de frai. Recueil Zoologie Suisse 1, 2: 649-665. [22, 23 pls]" title="Les coregones de la Suisse (feras diverses) classification et conditions de frai. Recueil Zoologie Suisse 1, 2: 649 - 665. [22, 23 pls]" year="1885">Fatio 1885</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" author="Steinmann, P" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" pagination="340 - 491" refId="B57" refString="Steinmann, P, 1950. Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil. Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie 12: 340 - 491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" title="Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" volume="12" year="1950">Steinmann 1950</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502369" author="Rufli, H" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" pagination="7 - 31" refId="B54" refString="Rufli, H, 1978. Die heutigen sympatrischen Felchenpopulationen (Coregonus spp.) des Thuner- und Bielersees und ihre Morphologie. Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie 40: 7 - 31, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502369" title="Die heutigen sympatrischen Felchenpopulationen (Coregonus spp.) des Thuner- und Bielersees und ihre Morphologie." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502369" volume="40" year="1978">Rufli 1978</bibRefCitation>
), whereas 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spawn in late summer and winter. Our study reports the first record of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Lake Biel. It is unclear though if 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has established as a self-sustaining population in Lake Biel. So far, we only know of one ripe specimen of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Lake Biel, whereas for 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reasonable numbers of ripe specimen have been caught for several years in Lake Biel during what is the normal spawning period (late summer) of this species in lakes Thun and Brienz (
<bibRefCitation author="Bittner, D" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B12" refString="Bittner, D, 2009. Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." title="Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." year="2009">Bittner 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 2016: Suppl. material 1: Figure S9). Based on isotopic signatures 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on benthic prey items (
<bibRefCitation author="Selz, OM" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" refId="B56" refString="Selz, OM, 2008. Building a link between dN and dC stable isotopes signatures and the ecological phenotypic forms of Whitefish (Coregonuslaveratus (L.)) in 4 Swiss Lakes. B.Sc. Thesis: University of Bern, Bern." title="Building a link between dN and dC stable isotopes signatures and the ecological phenotypic forms of Whitefish (Coregonuslaveratus (L. )) in 4 Swiss Lakes. B. Sc. Thesis: University of Bern, Bern." year="2008">Selz 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" refId="B25" refString="Hudson, AG, 2011. Population genomics and ecology of parallel adaptive radiations: the Alpine lake whitefish. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." title="Population genomics and ecology of parallel adaptive radiations: the Alpine lake whitefish. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." year="2011">Hudson 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Ingram, T" journalOrPublisher="Advances in Limnology" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" refId="B30" refString="Ingram, T, Hudson, AG, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2012. Does water depth or diet divergence predict progress towards ecological speciation in whitefish radiations? Evolutionary Ecology Research 14: 487-502." title="Does water depth or diet divergence predict progress towards ecological speciation in whitefish radiations? Evolutionary Ecology Research 14: 487 - 502." year="2012">Ingram et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
) and has a slow growth rate (Bittner et al. unpublished). Interestingly specimens of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that have been caught on the spawning grounds of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were often in past-spawning condition and occasional stomach content analysis revealed that these fish had been heavily preying on whitefish eggs (
<bibRefCitation author="Bittner, D" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B12" refString="Bittner, D, 2009. Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." title="Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." year="2009">Bittner 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Earlier stomach content analysis of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the months of October and February of 1971 and 1972, respectively, showed that 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="40" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="119">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mainly feed on chironomid larvae and occasionally on fish eggs (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02551760" author="Rufli, H" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" pagination="64 - 93" refId="B55" refString="Rufli, H, 1979. Ernaehrung und Wachstumder Felchen populationen (Coregonus spp.) des Thuner-und Bielersees. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie 41: 64 - 93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02551760" title="Ernaehrung und Wachstumder Felchen populationen (Coregonus spp.) des Thuner-und Bielersees." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02551760" volume="41" year="1979">Rufli 1979</bibRefCitation>
). Even earlier stomach content analysis by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" author="Steinmann, P" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" pagination="340 - 491" refId="B57" refString="Steinmann, P, 1950. Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil. Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie 12: 340 - 491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" title="Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" volume="12" year="1950">Steinmann (1950)</bibRefCitation>
also show that they feed on chironomid larvae, but also on pisidium and other benthic invertebrates. Habitat-stratified random sampling of Lake Thun (mid-October 2013: 
<bibRefCitation author="Vonlanthen, P" journalOrPublisher="Projet Lac, Eawag, Kastanien- baum" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" refId="B63" refString="Vonlanthen, P, Periat, G, Doenz, C, Hellmann, J, Alexander, TJ, Seehausen, O, 2015. Artenvielfalt und Zusammensetzung der Fischpopulation im Thunersee. Projet Lac, Eawag, Kastanien- baum" title="Artenvielfalt und Zusammensetzung der Fischpopulation im Thunersee." year="2015">
<pageBreakToken pageId="41" pageNumber="120" start="start">Vonlanthen</pageBreakToken>
et al. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
) shows that 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies mostly the moderately deep to the deepest waters in the benthic habitat (approx. 15 - 210 m; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">N</emphasis>
= 16) and rarely the moderately deep pelagic waters (approx. 15 - 45 m; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">N</emphasis>
= 3)(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" author="Doenz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B15" refString="Doenz, CJ, Bittner, D, Vonlanthen, P, Wagner, CE, Seehausen, O, 2018. Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish. Ecology and Evolution 2018: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" title="Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" volume="2018" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). The habitat-stratified random sampling did not distinguish between ripe and unripe specimens, and thus in the case of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the distribution pattern along the depth in the benthic zone is biased by the spawning aggregation of this species since the sampling period coincides partially with the spawning season of this species. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus profundus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Coregonus profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
phenotypically resembles superficially 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The average size (total length) at 3 years of age for specimens used in this study is 263 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
16 mm (mean and standard deviation, N = 11) (Suppl. material 1: Figures S4, S6). The size of 3-year-old specimens of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. fatioi" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="fatioi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. fatioi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but smaller than that of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and considerably smaller than that of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alpinus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. alpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. steinmanni" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="steinmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. steinmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Suppl. material 1: Figure S6). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus profundus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Coregonus profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a moderately long spawning season from August to December with one major peak from late August to late September / early October (Suppl. material 1: Figure S3; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bittner, D" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B12" refString="Bittner, D, 2009. Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." title="Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." year="2009">Bittner 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" author="Doenz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B15" refString="Doenz, CJ, Bittner, D, Vonlanthen, P, Wagner, CE, Seehausen, O, 2018. Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish. Ecology and Evolution 2018: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" title="Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" volume="2018" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). Spawning depth varies with spawning season and can range from approx. 30 m to 150 m (Suppl. material 1: Figure S3; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bittner, D" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B12" refString="Bittner, D, 2009. Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." title="Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." year="2009">Bittner 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" author="Doenz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B15" refString="Doenz, CJ, Bittner, D, Vonlanthen, P, Wagner, CE, Seehausen, O, 2018. Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish. Ecology and Evolution 2018: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" title="Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" volume="2018" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). The spawning season and depth of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
partially overlaps with that of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. steinmanni" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="steinmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. steinmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. fatioi" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="fatioi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. fatioi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Suppl. material 1: Figure S3; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bittner, D" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B12" refString="Bittner, D, 2009. Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." title="Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." year="2009">Bittner 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" author="Doenz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B15" refString="Doenz, CJ, Bittner, D, Vonlanthen, P, Wagner, CE, Seehausen, O, 2018. Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish. Ecology and Evolution 2018: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" title="Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" volume="2018" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus profundus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Coregonus profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known by the common name &quot;Kropfer&quot; and has previously been described under the name 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alpinus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. alpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Kottelat, M" journalOrPublisher="Biologia, Bratislava, Section Zoology" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="1 - 271" refId="B37" refString="Kottelat, M, 1997. European freshwater fishes. A heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation. Biologia, Bratislava, Section Zoology 52: 1 - 271" title="European freshwater fishes. A heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation." volume="52" year="1997">Kottelat (1997)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Kottelat, M" journalOrPublisher="Kottelat, Cornol, and Freyhof, Berlin" pageId="55" pageNumber="134" refId="B38" refString="Kottelat, M, Freyhof, J, 2007. Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes. Kottelat, Cornol, and Freyhof, Berlin" title="Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes." year="2007">Kottelat and Freyhof (2007)</bibRefCitation>
). As we explain in detail under the species account of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alpinus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. alpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the designated lectotype of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alpinus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. alpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is incongruent with the description of the species (with the common name &quot;Kropfer&quot;: 
<bibRefCitation author="Kottelat, M" journalOrPublisher="Biologia, Bratislava, Section Zoology" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="1 - 271" refId="B37" refString="Kottelat, M, 1997. European freshwater fishes. A heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation. Biologia, Bratislava, Section Zoology 52: 1 - 271" title="European freshwater fishes. A heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation." volume="52" year="1997">Kottelat (1997)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Kottelat, M" journalOrPublisher="Kottelat, Cornol, and Freyhof, Berlin" pageId="55" pageNumber="134" refId="B38" refString="Kottelat, M, Freyhof, J, 2007. Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes. Kottelat, Cornol, and Freyhof, Berlin" title="Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes." year="2007">Kottelat and Freyhof (2007)</bibRefCitation>
). We have thus retained the name 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alpinus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. alpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the lectotype designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Kottelat, M" journalOrPublisher="Biologia, Bratislava, Section Zoology" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="1 - 271" refId="B37" refString="Kottelat, M, 1997. European freshwater fishes. A heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation. Biologia, Bratislava, Section Zoology 52: 1 - 271" title="European freshwater fishes. A heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation." volume="52" year="1997">Kottelat (1997)</bibRefCitation>
and provided a new description of this taxon. For the species otherwise described by 
<bibRefCitation author="Kottelat, M" journalOrPublisher="Biologia, Bratislava, Section Zoology" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="1 - 271" refId="B37" refString="Kottelat, M, 1997. European freshwater fishes. A heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation. Biologia, Bratislava, Section Zoology 52: 1 - 271" title="European freshwater fishes. A heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation." volume="52" year="1997">Kottelat (1997)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Kottelat, M" journalOrPublisher="Kottelat, Cornol, and Freyhof, Berlin" pageId="55" pageNumber="134" refId="B38" refString="Kottelat, M, Freyhof, J, 2007. Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes. Kottelat, Cornol, and Freyhof, Berlin" title="Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes." year="2007">Kottelat and Freyhof (2007)</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alpinus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. alpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(with the common name &quot;Kropfer&quot;) we designated a new name, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="120" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
The adjective 
<taxonomicName lsidName="profundus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
means deep in Latin and is used for 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to describe the species unique ecology of living and breeding in great depths in Lake Thun.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="120" type="common name">
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Common name.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Kropfer.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>