199 lines
22 KiB
XML
199 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="1919BCD26A70D95ADCEB896D7595A190">
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<mods:title id="EDB105AF7BBE8234EC83C61676D895C5">Lemuridae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="53B35FBD30BB833DAEBC94ACD48CD8FD" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="49C52DFBB0880DAB3134C06C04BD1DD2">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="427EE1FA07E1A468CFA770207CD825CD">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6520D17CEF5553F3A3CDE91C83AF54F1">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="0A174CB92C497AE3A5C79691B95548C9">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="45C3C89005720B1073EEDCE47AB19AD2" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="B26F5D6D9EC4CD62FB450B64B0860DA8">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="73163C13DA88AA41E20D111E409B7A87">
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<mods:placeTerm id="06350967240FA48B2D4BF7AD30A14179">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="B72BF68A835A1FE9CFA70BDC3165ABA7">
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<mods:title id="5D2181218ED0FBB17B04801A894790EF">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="A70287F4C257FFAAFF26FEEE7CCDF621" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6646242" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195913787" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6646242" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A70287F4C257FFAAFF26FEEE7CCDF621" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A70287F4C257FFAAFF26FEEE7CCDF621" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFF26FEEE7EF1FEC7" box="[170,225,277,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFF26FEEE7EF1FEC7" blockId="13.[166,1173,277,398]" box="[170,225,277,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<heading id="745C818EC257FFAAFF26FEEE7EF1FEC7" box="[170,225,277,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<figureCitation id="B7902A67C257FFAAFF26FEEE7EF1FEC7" box="[170,225,277,319]" captionStart="Plate 8: Lemuridae" captionStartId="10.[86,116,3398,3423]" captionTargetBox="[17,2711,13,3630]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="8. Brown (Lemur Fulemurfulvus), 9. Rufous Brown Lemur (Eulemur rufus), 10. Red-fronted Brown Lemur (FEulemur rufifrons), 11. White-fronted Brown Lemur (Eulemur albifrons), 12. Sanford’s Brown Lemur (Fulemur sanfordi), 13. White-collared Brown Lemur (Eulemur cinereiceps), 14. Red-collared Brown Lemur (Eulemur collars), 15. Black Lemur (Eulemur macaco), 16. Blue-eyed Black (Lemur Eulemurflavifrons), 17. Crowned Lemur (Eulemur coronatus), 18. Red-bellied Lemur (Eulemur rubriventer), 19. Mongoose Lemur (Eulemur mongoz)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6638720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6638720/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">14.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFF7EFEEE7D3AFEC7" box="[242,810,277,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFF7EFEEE7D3AFEC7" blockId="13.[166,1173,277,398]" box="[242,810,277,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<heading id="745C818EC257FFAAFF7EFEEE7D3AFEC7" box="[242,810,277,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<vernacularName id="A1A846CCC257FFAAFF7EFEEE7D3AFEC7" box="[242,810,277,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Red-collared Brown Lemur</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFCD7FEEE7A9DFEC7" box="[859,1165,277,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFCD7FEEE7A9DFEC7" blockId="13.[166,1173,277,398]" box="[859,1165,277,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<heading id="745C818EC257FFAAFCD7FEEE7A9DFEC7" box="[859,1165,277,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFCD7FEEE7A9DFEC7" ID-CoL="6GXMJ" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1812" box="[859,1165,277,319]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Eulemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collaris">
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<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFCD7FEEE7A9DFEC7" box="[859,1165,277,319]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Eulemur collaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFF24FEAA7D48FE76" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFF24FEAA7A84FE9E" blockId="13.[166,1173,277,398]" box="[168,1172,337,358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<heading id="745C818EC257FFAAFF24FEAA7A84FE9E" box="[168,1172,337,358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFF24FEAA7EE5FE9E" bold="true" box="[168,245,337,358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="A1A846CCC257FFAAFF72FEAA7FD2FE9E" box="[254,450,337,358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Lémur a collier roux</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFE54FEAA7C22FE9E" bold="true" box="[472,562,337,358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="A1A846CCC257FFAAFDB0FEAA7D50FE9E" box="[572,832,337,358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Rotwangen-Halsbandmaki</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFCDAFEAA7DA1FE9E" bold="true" box="[854,945,337,358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="A1A846CCC257FFAAFC37FEAA7A84FE9E" box="[955,1172,337,358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Lémur pardo de collar</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFF2BFE827D48FE76" blockId="13.[166,1173,277,398]" box="[167,856,377,398]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<heading id="745C818EC257FFAAFF2BFE827D48FE76" box="[167,856,377,398]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFF2BFE827F8DFE76" bold="true" box="[167,413,377,398]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="A1A846CCC257FFAAFE2BFE827C97FE76" box="[423,647,377,398]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Collared Brown Lemur</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="A1A846CCC257FFAAFD19FE827D48FE76" box="[661,856,377,398]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Red-collared Lemur</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFC81FE457A09FDFB" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFC81FE457A09FDFB" blockId="13.[781,1367,446,868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFC81FE457DB9FE23" bold="true" box="[781,937,446,475]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFC4BFE457A04FDFB" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Lemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collaris">Lemur collaris E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFBA9FE117ADCFDFB" box="[1061,1228,490,515]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFBA9FE117ADCFDFB" blockId="13.[781,1367,446,868]" box="[1061,1228,490,515]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<materialsCitation id="9FC33CBFC257FFAAFBA9FE117ADCFDFB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3808186308" box="[1061,1228,490,515]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Madagascar.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFC81FDF67B0BFD80" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFC81FDF67B0BFD80" blockId="13.[781,1367,446,868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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Although externally very similar, genetic analyses supportfull speciesstatus for both
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<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFC81FDA07DA0FD80" baseAuthorityName="A. Grandidier & A. Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[781,944,603,632]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Eulemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereiceps">E. cinereiceps</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFC7AFDA07A62FD80" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1812" box="[1014,1138,603,632]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Eulemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collaris">E. collaris</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFC81FD787AC7FC4B" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="distribution">
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<caption id="7BD4666AC257FFAAFC81FD787AC7FC4B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6638702" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6638702" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6638702/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" startId="13.[781,952,643,672]" targetBox="[170,750,455,860]" targetPageId="13">
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFC81FD787AC7FC4B" blockId="13.[781,1367,446,868]" lastBlockId="13.[163,1369,879,2521]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFC81FD787DADFD58" bold="true" box="[781,957,643,672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Distribution.</emphasis>
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SE Madagascar, from the Mananara River S to the limits of the rainforest near Tolagnaro (= Fort-Dauphin), W limits of the distribution are forests in the Kalambatritra region; the Mananara River serves as a boundary between this species and the White-collared Brown
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<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFD4DFC947D0FFC74" box="[705,799,879,908]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Lemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lemur</taxonomicName>
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(FE.
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<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFCD7FC947DF2FC74" baseAuthorityName="A. Grandidier & A. Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[859,994,879,908]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Eulemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereiceps">cinereiceps</taxonomicName>
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), except for isolated populations at Midongy du Sud National Park and Vohipaho, near Vangaindrano.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFF29FC427A79FAC4" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="description">
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFF29FC427A79FAC4" blockId="13.[163,1369,879,2521]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFF29FC427F85FC22" bold="true" box="[165,405,953,986]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 39-40 cm,tail 50-55 cm; weight 2-2 kg. The Red-collared Brown Lemuris a large, sexually dichromatic species. In males, the dorsal coat is brownishgray, the tail is darker, and there is a dark stripe running down the length of the spine. The ventral coat is a paler gray, and the muzzle, face, and crown are dark gray to black. The creamy to rufous-brown cheeks and beard are thick and bushy, while the creamy to gray-colored eyebrow patches vary in their prominence. Females have a dorsal coat that is browner or more rufous than that of males, with a pale creamy-gray ventral side and a grayish face and head. Cheek ruffs of females are rufous-brown and far less developed than those of males. Female Red-collared Brown Lemurs are virtually indistinguishable from female White-collared Brown
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<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFDB5FAE47C84FAC4" box="[569,660,1311,1340]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Lemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lemur</taxonomicName>
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. Eyes of both sexes are orange-red.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFF29FABC7AD8FA9C" box="[165,1224,1351,1380]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFF29FABC7AD8FA9C" blockId="13.[163,1369,879,2521]" box="[165,1224,1351,1380]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFF29FABC7F04FA9C" bold="true" box="[165,276,1351,1380]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primary and secondary tropical moist lowland and montane forest.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFF29FA917B44F9A8" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFF29FA917B44F9A8" blockId="13.[163,1369,879,2521]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFF29FA917FBCFA73" bold="true" box="[165,428,1386,1419]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Red-collared Brown
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<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFC91FA917D6BFA73" box="[797,891,1386,1419]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Lemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lemur</taxonomicName>
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is largely frugivorous throughout the year in the littoral forest of Sainte Luce, with 74% of its diet being ripe fruits and 4-5% unripe fruits. Other food items are flowers (14%), leaves (3% young and 1-2% mature leaves), invertebrates (3%), and miscellaneous items (0-7%). In a year-long study, Red-collared Brown Lemurs exploited food items from 120 plant species in 45 families. Thirty-five plant species were visited only diurnally and 21 species only at night.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFF29F9A17DF8F98F" box="[165,1000,1626,1655]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFF29F9A17DF8F98F" blockId="13.[163,1369,879,2521]" box="[165,1000,1626,1655]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFF29F9A17F3BF98F" bold="true" box="[165,299,1626,1655]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Breeding.</emphasis>
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There is no information available for this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFF2FF9867DDAF8EC" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFF2FF9867DDAF8EC" blockId="13.[163,1369,879,2521]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFF2FF9867F9FF966" bold="true" box="[163,399,1661,1694]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Red-collared Brown
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<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFD73F9867D4EF966" box="[767,862,1661,1694]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Lemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lemur</taxonomicName>
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is cathemeral and arboreal. It is active day and night throughout the year, with higher nocturnal activity in winter and higher diurnal activity in summer. Activity of the Red-collared Brown
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<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFBFBF92B7AC6F915" box="[1143,1238,1744,1773]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Lemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lemur</taxonomicName>
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seems to vary with photoperiod and nocturnal ambient luminosity.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFF29F8E47AB1F84A" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFF29F8E47AB1F84A" blockId="13.[163,1369,879,2521]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFF29F8E47D67F8C4" bold="true" box="[165,887,1823,1852]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Very little information has been published regarding the natural history of the Red-collared Brown
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFB1CF8BA7AFFF89A" box="[1168,1263,1857,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Lemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lemur</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Social groups tend to be multimale-multifemale and contain 2-17 individuals. Female dominance has not been observed. Density has been estimated at 14 ind/km?*.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFF29F8467CE1F6EC" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFF29F8467CE1F6EC" blockId="13.[163,1369,879,2521]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFF29F8467C10F822" bold="true" box="[165,512,1981,2010]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. However, at the IUCN/SSC
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFDE0F81B7A1AF7F9" authority="Red-Listing Workshop" authorityName="Red-Listing Workshop" box="[620,1034,2016,2049]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Lemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lemur Red-Listing Workshop</taxonomicName>
|
||
held in July 2012,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFA87F81B7ECEF7D0" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Eulemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collaris">E. collaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
was assessed as endangered. The Red-collared Brown
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFC5EF7FC7A21F7D0" box="[978,1073,2055,2088]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Lemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lemur</taxonomicName>
|
||
is threatened mainly by habitat loss from slash-and-burn agriculture and charcoal production, hunting for food, and capture to supply the local pet trade. Protected areas where it occurs include two national parks (Andohahela and Midongy du Sud), Kalambatritra Special Reserve, and Mandena Conservation Zone, east of Tolagnaro. An introduced population occurs in the Sainte-Luce Reserve, and there is an introduced population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFB4CF72F7B2EF715" box="[1216,1342,2260,2285]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Lemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collars">E. collars</taxonomicName>
|
||
x
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E8AB4D61C257FFAAFF29F7087F26F6EC" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1833" box="[165,310,2291,2324]" class="Mammalia" family="Lemuridae" genus="Lemur" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufifrons">E. rufifrons</taxonomicName>
|
||
hybrids in the Berenty Reserve.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="67B16569C257FFAAFF2AF6DC7CCDF621" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="2F1436E2C257FFAAFF2AF6DC7CCDF621" blockId="13.[163,1369,879,2521]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="1DDFEAF0C257FFAAFF2AF6DC7F50F6C4" bold="true" box="[166,320,2343,2364]" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bollen et al. (2004), Djletati et al. (1997), Donati (2002), Donati & Borgognini-Tarli (2006), Donati, Kesch et al. (2011), Donati, Ramanamanjato et al. (2007), Harcourt & Thornback (1990), Irwin et al. (2001, 2005), Mittermeier, Langrand et al. (2010), Mittermeier, Tattersall et al. (1994), Nicoll & Langrand (1989), Petter & Petter-Rousseaux (1979), Petter et al. (1977), Raharivololona & Ranaivosoa (2000), Tattersall (1982, 1982b), Wright & Porter (2004), Wyner, Absher et al. (1999).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |