112 lines
17 KiB
XML
112 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="448D89F5AD2E6F089D4FFBDDAA4EBE69" ENCODING="Cp1252" ID-GBIF-Dataset="54f50fd3-f456-4d76-b185-c2bfcc2963e9" ModsDocID="20017" checkinTime="1252781355209" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Wilson, E. O." docDate="2003" docId="A6C827CC8D9E37ED094378EC80D0C931" docLanguage="en" docName="20017_tristis_group_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press" docSource="http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=20017" docTitle="Pheidole subarmata" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="760" masterDocId="E2C3EA16EFBE44B5493D3E8099DC2AEA" masterDocTitle="Pheidole in the New World. A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." pageNumber="759" updateTime="1701311097043" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4B576A256AB3D626FAF7D829736EB369">
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<mods:title id="9A49AF49A473F8CC1BF77C30EC6E725A">Pheidole in the New World. A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus.</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="09251D8569A5FB065EB29C318E967E2B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C381741B66AD4329D4442784A7E7CC6E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8D2D57E89E14FAB9B986AAA5D02D6464">Wilson, E. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9F409B132C690D3FEF1CD12C664E9FEC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="A88C886645CBAB89BBECFCA10176911D">2003</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="655574F3B9CE101662ACE97C8690C9EE">Harvard University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="3B5D3695ADFB924AD3B5AB6F9DA89E10">Cambridge, MA</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="5BCF1401FB6D19355FCA369E6A6FBD12">book</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6BD790F41A46C6B32371BB28AB5CEE30" type="HNS-Pub">20017</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="A6C827CC8D9E37ED094378EC80D0C931" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6275597" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100119485" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6275597" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A6C827CC8D9E37ED094378EC80D0C931" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A6C827CC8D9E37ED094378EC80D0C931" lastPageNumber="760" pageNumber="759">
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<subSubSection id="A00B34082F0F399EDEA102B9559C591B" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7E4235A1CEF8C0007A1CFB40BFCD3450" pageNumber="759">
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<taxonomicName id="3B2DE76CE750E3C2B6694D402CB8F087" ID-CoL="4FYM7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:34032" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole subarmata Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole subarmata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subarmata">Pheidole subarmata</taxonomicName>
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Mayr
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3FE987B147CDCD1E9E43EF226EBA69B2" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="7953E499479543C3980C0D7CF84FFF1D" pageNumber="759">
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<taxonomicName id="812794F713FD4D64FAB20A6750B18FAD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:34032" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole subarmata Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole subarmata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subarmata">Pheidole subarmata</taxonomicName>
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Mayr 1884: 37. Syn.:
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<taxonomicName id="94EA3E796549CBEDE4D752C92AF84642" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142607" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole cornutula Emery" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole cornutula Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornutula">Pheidole cornutula Emery</taxonomicName>
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1890c: 52 (footnote), synonymy by Brown 1981: 526;
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<taxonomicName id="53930A3F226C4C526F3E4A77C8C38743" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142609" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole subarmata var. elongatula Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole subarmata var. elongatula Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="subarmata" variety="elongatula">Pheidole subarmata var. elongatula</taxonomicName>
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Forel 1893j: 408, synonymy by Brown 1981: 526;
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<taxonomicName id="7AF8A8D6BCD277119379D044915B9045" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142612" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole subarmata var. nassavensis Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole subarmata var. nassavensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="subarmata" variety="nassavensis">Pheidole subarmata var. nassavensis Wheeler</taxonomicName>
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1905c: 92, synonymy by Brown 1981: 526;
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<taxonomicName id="1E05868F4D2ED34A5FE41AEE06699AE1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142611" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole cornutula var. imbecillis Emery" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole cornutula var. imbecillis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="cornutula" variety="imbecillis">Pheidole cornutula var. imbecillis Emery</taxonomicName>
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1906c: 151, synonymy by Brown 1981: 526;
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<taxonomicName id="0CAB1144BA44CD8451D7EFF37F1F93A3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142606" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole subarmata var. borinquenensis Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole subarmata var. borinquenensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="subarmata" variety="borinquenensis">Pheidole subarmata var. borinquenensis Wheeler</taxonomicName>
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1908a: 133, syn. by Brown 1981: 526;
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<taxonomicName id="66A4307E72C03313EF24754452F5B623" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232266" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole (Elasmopheidole) hondurensis Mann" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole hondurensis Mann" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hondurensis">Pheidole hondurensis Mann</taxonomicName>
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1922: 25, synonymy by Brown 1981: 526;
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<taxonomicName id="91EA50FD830E9321F7DB1EE45CDE9F46" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142608" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole cornutula var. dentimentum Santschi" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole cornutula var. dentimentum Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="cornutula" variety="dentimentum">Pheidole cornutula var. dentimentum Santschi</taxonomicName>
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1929d: 285, synonymy by Brown 1981: 526;
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<taxonomicName id="0DFDA4A21035365CC94B79660007A695" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142613" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole subarmata var. nefasta Santschi" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole subarmata var. nefasta Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="subarmata" variety="nefasta">Pheidole subarmata var. nefasta Santschi</taxonomicName>
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1929d: 285, synonymy by Brown 1981: 526.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DCEA77C680B49E4BCB4BD24F17198FCA" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7B12BCE9DC6ABD4000C8FF5F76FCE573" pageNumber="759">Types Naturhist. Mus. Wien.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9EBD2FCF2C7A57F21496C5BAEE268DBF" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="386BB0FDE43841C07B80A1F8E9636A6F" pageNumber="759">
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etymology L
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<taxonomicName id="6CE8BA989C19648E84A8F218272814E8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:34032" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole subarmata Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole subarmata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subarmata">subarmata</taxonomicName>
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, presumably, less well armed, referring to the small propodeal spines.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="822B0FAAA7A6C54F711CC258226A076F" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="F7F106CF4F73F62AEBBDBDEE1DF9C480" pageNumber="759">
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diagnosis Similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4520113DB81BA74D7A5E04A9F957CD52" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182006" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole allarmata Wilson" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole allarmata Wilson" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="allarmata">allarmata</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="F2F15F37BF40475DC131E6733823787A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33687" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole cramptoni Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole cramptoni Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cramptoni">cramptoni</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="0ED6C2E3578FE48CB172C5B8E4F4F9B2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182041" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole hasticeps Wilson" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole hasticeps Wilson" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hasticeps">hasticeps</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="2C2B32832CC5BF53FC55A1B338CD2BC5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182084" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole synarmata Wilson" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole synarmata Wilson" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="synarmata">synarmata</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="6EA88B1198BD3FD2633F09983004EDA2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182088" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole triplex Wilson" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole triplex Wilson" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triplex">triplex</taxonomicName>
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, differing from them and other
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<taxonomicName id="5698744032813ECEBE3C79AF75B3238D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole Westwood" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="759" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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by the following combination of traits.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="47D286E38058D35AD1BB63434EB3AD76" type="description">
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<paragraph id="047B16B295E516214C9160836D11E37B" pageNumber="759">Major: head elongate; frontal lobes seen from the side triangular, pointing slightly downward; pronotum low and rounded, descending into the mesonotum in a weakly convex, continuous curve; propodeal spines very small; carinulae limited to the anterior half of the head, and those immediately mesad to the eyes reaching only to the posterior margins of the eyes; rest of head and body smooth and shiny.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9485407DA73A8B55873C553ED50C6980" pageNumber="759">Minor: occiput broad, lacking nuchal collar; propodeal spines reduced to denticles; except for circular carinulae of the antennal fossa, entire head and body smooth and shiny.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="52F61DB6DA00243EDD6B7D863C986AFA" pageNumber="759">I have confirmed most of the synonymies made by William L. Brown (1981) and listed above.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="19F63E6EDD950971BACBAB388E658FD4" pageNumber="759">measurements (mm) Paralectotype major (Santa Catarina, Brazil): HW 0.94, HL 1.18, SL 0.50, EL 0.14, PW 0.54. Lectotype minor: HW 0.42, HL 0.48, SL 0.42, EL 0.08, PW 0.28.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C698CAA713369EACB418336879633B79" pageNumber="760">COLOR Major: reddish yellow to dark brown, including appendages; on some specimens at least, there is a diffuse round light brown spot on the vertex, as illustrated.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8D72EC144F29715345724CAE35D7E70A" pageNumber="760">Minor: light yellowish brown, appendages yellow.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D8F0613B7BEE02910EF5DF5BE8E5A7AB" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="AA705AFAA8739E20A894088D4FAB3200" pageNumber="760">
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RANGE
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<taxonomicName id="B721056C4A48AEB1663DD1309ADAEBC9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:34032" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole subarmata Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole subarmata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="760" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subarmata">Pheidole subarmata</taxonomicName>
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is one of the most abundant and wide-ranging species of New World
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<taxonomicName id="B9A35D3DBCDF40FCA53BD9D5A3D1DC9D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole Westwood" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="760" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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, as evidenced by the heavy synonymic fouling cited above. It has been recorded from Veracruz, Mexico, south to Santa Catarina in southern Brazil, and widely through the West Indies, including the Bahamas, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and some of the Lesser Antilles, including St. Vincent and Grenada. It has also been found on Cocos Island off the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B171325446C9A6707BDEFC7CE4408ED6" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="090A78EE2DFC688CE46A2537D94D3190" pageNumber="760">
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BIOLOGY
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<taxonomicName id="DBDE4A12A415FDD6BC46E2B8BB408CDF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:34032" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole subarmata Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole subarmata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="760" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subarmata">Pheidole subarmata</taxonomicName>
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favors moist soil in open places, including habitats seriously disturbed by human activity -such as the edges of dirt roads, agricultural fields, coconut groves, secondary rainforest, city parks, and seashores. When exploring in the deeper rainforest is done, it is usually easy for the collector to add
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<taxonomicName id="D504347293ABF17930716FBCB2AC9916" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:34032" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole subarmata Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole subarmata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="760" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subarmata">subarmata</taxonomicName>
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to his list by searching adjacent roads and fields. On St. Vincent, the indefatigable H. H. Smith (in Forel 1893j) found colonies of this species from sea level to 460 m. The nests are usually constructed in open soil or soil beneath rocks or sod, but also occasionally in pieces of rotting wood. When in the open they are marked by irregular accumulations of excavated soil. The galleries are irregular and difficult to follow by excavation, although I was able to do so in a Costa Rican banana plantation by digging a lateral pit and shaving the soil away from the side. The colonies are relatively small, with workers numbering probably only in the hundreds. On St. Vincent, H. H. Smith observed workers foraging on the ground and bushes. He found colony-founding queens in November.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5FADBEA9979A6E8C703B3663F425CA3F" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="22623BE5A5565FF1BF3F0E626B7460B7">Figure Upper: major. Lower: minor. COLOMBIA: Yumbo. (Compared with syntypes from Santa Catarina, Brazil, by E. O. Wilson.) (Type locality: Cayenne, French Guiana, collected by M. Jelski.) Scale bars = 1 mm.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |