466 lines
71 KiB
XML
466 lines
71 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e98141" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1864-8312-81-705" ID-Pensoft-UUID="C90BD778E72F528EB27F6F2EF6CD8B1B" ID-ZooBank="A42A883FFE284EC28C3BF877D52EDB5B" ModsDocID="1864-8312-81-705" checkinTime="1691213783035" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Viciriuc, Ionela-Mădălina, Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan, Askew, Richard Robinson, Ris, Nicolas, Fusu, Lucian & Borowiec, Nicolas" docDate="2023" docId="A6A3C13A88D255728B784AAF6D35CBB9" docLanguage="en" docName="ArthropodSystPhyl 81: 705-730" docOrigin="Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81" docPubDate="2023-08-04" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e98141" docTitle="Torymus sinensis Kamijo 1982" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="C90BD778E72F528EB27F6F2EF6CD8B1B" lastPageNumber="705" masterDocId="C90BD778E72F528EB27F6F2EF6CD8B1B" masterDocTitle="Torymus sinensis and its close relatives in Europe: a multilocus phylogeny, detailed morphological analysis, and identification key" masterLastPageNumber="730" masterPageNumber="705" pageNumber="705" updateTime="1691213783035" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="DE5582C25BCEC6FB841FDA33B4342EFF">Torymus sinensis and its close relatives in Europe: a multilocus phylogeny, detailed morphological analysis, and identification key</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="06DBB4103A0633B067E2D0823451D0D2">Viciriuc, Ionela-Mădălina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E83E4BEDC7C223E1C2F496F1DE7970A9">Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research on the Marine Environment and Marine Terrestrial Atmosphere, Al. I. Cuza University of Iasi, Prof. Dr. Ioan Borcea Marine Biological Station, Nicolae Titulescu str. no. 163, Agigea, Constanta, Romania</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D74118E39A25B00E18C42261B5DF82EA">Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2BCA971BFC4254E3B901D61FC24E6356" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-7721</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="B7652F173D08AC473939F8FA468F1CEC">Research Group in Invertebrate Diversity and Phylogenetics, Faculty of Biology, Al. I. Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I BD. no. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E960A58986EC38C9457A8108D0D546D0">Askew, Richard Robinson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CEC47D567F4C75283D5A7000911846BB">Le Bourg, St Marcel du Perigord, 24510, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F4E9863C7410AD132DFE798337AF4403">Ris, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="691CADC19C790EED2807EF58A0F6BBFB">Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, UMR INRAE-CNRS-Universite Cote d'Azur, 400 Route des Chappes BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9AFF64E7FF2054DAB5FC89337898FC12">Fusu, Lucian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="75D8ADD2B743492971A8953D52704A56">Research Group in Invertebrate Diversity and Phylogenetics, Faculty of Biology, Al. I. Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I BD. no. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A5FB9E02A1BEE0BCB8AFEBFF61B613BD" type="email">lucfusu@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="2DFBE5FF7A9A69A0B878BBBD593C21EC">Borowiec, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1FA76FDBDE9A565226D83111D2164767">Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, UMR INRAE-CNRS-Universite Cote d'Azur, 400 Route des Chappes BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="E164BAAFF35CA0382BC4CFE7F041365F">Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EA0ACF1ACD30AD15A8A35FA075FF5E4B">
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<mods:date id="DEBBADDBA092C3D00CEDB9BD440FD9CB">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B60A8179FE806469A4E5630D660AC4B1">2023-08-04</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A3D09DE46E1565BE402970F201DABB33">81</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="0C2097101AE1A9DC1F663FD5384E7A80">705</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="E97746910F799F622CB7A3D808BB869F">730</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="A020F62948CC97C9D5105946A31B49F3">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e98141</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="901A5E1692640C3DEBE3860438214ECC" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e98141</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A6A3C13A88D255728B784AAF6D35CBB9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A6A3C13A88D255728B784AAF6D35CBB9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A6A3C13A88D255728B784AAF6D35CBB9" lastPageNumber="705" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
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<subSubSection id="E39F550E02EEDEF32DD2188EE7899FF1" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="17E4F137006113F36C19F00D63567F1E" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
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<taxonomicName id="2323E0A58EB3CA331D9321324BF22B53" ID-CoL="57K5Z" ID-ENA="169553" LSID="A6A3C13A-88D2-5572-8B78-4AAF6D35CBB9" authority="Kamijo" authorityName="Kamijo" authorityYear="1982" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Torymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Torymus sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">Torymus sinensis Kamijo</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F788EEB63065F7920E645985D8A6B84E" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" type="chresonymy">
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<paragraph id="EB8AF210CC429867DD4B0D3AE8637EA9" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Chresonymy.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D81C830B01CBB7DA317375F168B3EE32" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
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<taxonomicName id="5C1D495BAB4F26D28CA31CE64F868C4E" authorityName="Kamijo" authorityYear="1982" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Torymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Torymus sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
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<emphasis id="AB6EB35B44759DF29658E7BF51253E96" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Torymus sinensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Kamijo, 1982: 505-507. Holotype ♀, Museum of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing, not examined. Type locality: Taliuchuang, Tsunhua, Hopei, China. -
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<taxonomicName id="B72668423B45F68E3D726A78AF60FB10" authorityName="Kamijo" authorityYear="1982" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Torymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Torymus sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
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<emphasis id="A73822769C2C759E1FC63850124B75E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Torymus sinensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="1CD6197A4EEBA028F7B0FB452DAFA13D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.22.600" author="Otake, A" journalOrPublisher="Applied Entomology and Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="600 - 609" refId="B83" refString="Otake, A, 1987. Comparison of some morphological characters among two strains of Torymus beneficus Yasumatsu et Kamijo and T. sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 22 (4): 600 - 609, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.22.600" title="Comparison of some morphological characters among two strains of Torymus beneficus Yasumatsu et Kamijo and T. sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.22.600" volume="22" year="1987">
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;
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<normalizedToken id="E37530E5ED98DFCF2016861463C1822A" originalValue="Ôtake">Otake</normalizedToken>
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1987
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 601-609 (compared with
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<taxonomicName id="4BC2932B07EA8451750A40D2BE9E74CA" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
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<emphasis id="277D5DC7A7187CF38F7C313B94E02600" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, illustrated):
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<bibRefCitation id="6B779DF94ABD3DA0E42E3AB5228A8A5D" author="Izawa, H" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="58 - 60" refId="B44" refString="Izawa, H, Osakabe, M, Moriya, S, 1992. Isozyme discrimination between an imported parasitoid wasp, Torymus sinensis Kamijo and its sibling species, T. beneficus Yasumatsu et Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) attacking Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 36 (1): 58 - 60" title="Isozyme discrimination between an imported parasitoid wasp, Torymus sinensis Kamijo and its sibling species, T. beneficus Yasumatsu et Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) attacking Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)." volume="36" year="1992">Izawa et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
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: 58-60 (compared with
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<taxonomicName id="467517C591916EC697D7F417A4513CF7" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
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<emphasis id="0718BE2BA785BBCD6652D756E7CC65CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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using allozymes); Grissel 1995: 287 (catalogued);
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<bibRefCitation id="1A3D2738F963383A7CE3480DE6C1B836" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.201" author="Yara, K" journalOrPublisher="Applied Entomology and Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="201 - 206" refId="B110" refString="Yara, K, Yano, E, Sasawaki, T, Shiga, M, 2000. Detection of hybrids between introduced Torymus sinensis and native T. beneficus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) in central Japan, using malic enzyme. Applied Entomology and Zoology 35 (2): 201 - 206, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.201" title="Detection of hybrids between introduced Torymus sinensis and native T. beneficus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) in central Japan, using malic enzyme." url="https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.201" volume="35" year="2000">Yara et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
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: 201-206 (compared with
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<taxonomicName id="88BF128D396135AA3BE79FA85B0F9FF2" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
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<emphasis id="D3FB5B91892BF9A544C8A583174671E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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using morphology and allozymes);
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<bibRefCitation id="404BF038575D28F00CD78FE02B901B62" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2004.427" author="Yara, K" journalOrPublisher="Applied Entomology and Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="427 - 433" refId="B108" refString="Yara, K, 2004. Relationship between the introduced and indigenous parasitoids Torymus sinensis and T. beneficus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) as inferred from mt-DNA (COI) sequences. Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 (3): 427 - 433, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2004.427" title="Relationship between the introduced and indigenous parasitoids Torymus sinensis and T. beneficus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) as inferred from mt-DNA (COI) sequences." url="https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2004.427" volume="39" year="2004">Yara 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 428-432 (compared with
|
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<taxonomicName id="5F9FF0B4C4877D95A5DE9F79CF31F3C3" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
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<emphasis id="98555265DF289E127CA4DD9851C15196" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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using morphology and DNA);
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<bibRefCitation id="1BF96EB2A8539CF13D2364AD342B7CBA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.08.003" author="Yara, K" journalOrPublisher="Biological Control" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="15 - 21" refId="B109" refString="Yara, K, 2006. Identification of Torymus sinensis and T. beneficus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), introduced and indigenous parasitoids of the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), using the ribosomal ITS2 region. Biological Control 36 (1): 15 - 21, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.08.003" title="Identification of Torymus sinensis and T. beneficus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), introduced and indigenous parasitoids of the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), using the ribosomal ITS 2 region." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.08.003" volume="36" year="2006">Yara 2006</bibRefCitation>
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: 18-19 (compared with
|
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<taxonomicName id="3AB26C605E18F558BAAFD656006D02C8" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
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<emphasis id="C2B434FC3CB42B17B824611007DB74AD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
using DNA);
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<bibRefCitation id="4B0B0EA6728F2F4391365C5F4F24D68A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2009.275" author="Yara, K" journalOrPublisher="Applied Entomology and Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="275 - 280" refId="B112" refString="Yara, K, Kunimi, Y, 2009. Discrimination of Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) and T. beneficus Yasumatsu et Kamijo and their hybrids by allele-specific PCR. Applied Entomology and Zoology 44 (2): 275 - 280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2009.275" title="Discrimination of Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) and T. beneficus Yasumatsu et Kamijo and their hybrids by allele-specific PCR." url="https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2009.275" volume="44" year="2009">Yara and Kunimi 2009</bibRefCitation>
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: 278-279 (compared with
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<taxonomicName id="2F2138805488F2E387DA90CA153D13DC" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
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<emphasis id="03803E9C8D5F62C3B3978B48CB76A0E1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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using DNA);
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<bibRefCitation id="71A9D0C055B6C4349D729D29FD1653F6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1043.26" author="Quacchia, A" journalOrPublisher="Acta Horticulturae" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="199 - 204" refId="B92" refString="Quacchia, A, Bosio, G, Moriya, S, 2014. Effectiveness of Torymus sinensis in the Biological Control of Dryocosmus kuriphilus in Italy. Acta Horticulturae 1043: 199 - 204, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1043.26" title="Effectiveness of Torymus sinensis in the Biological Control of Dryocosmus kuriphilus in Italy." url="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1043.26" volume="1043" year="2014">Quacchia et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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: 107, 110 (interspecific crosses);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="34B13856D182E3D54A678728ABBFAC70" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9803-2" author="Ferracini, C" journalOrPublisher="BioControl" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="445 - 456" refId="B20" refString="Ferracini, C, Ferrari, E, Pontini, M, Nova, HLK, Saladini, MA, Alma, A, 2017. Post-release evaluation of the non-target effects of Torymus sinensis, a biological control agent of Dryocosmus kuriphilus in -Italy. BioControl 62: 445 - 456, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9803-2" title="Post-release evaluation of the non-target effects of Torymus sinensis, a biological control agent of Dryocosmus kuriphilus in - Italy." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9803-2" volume="62" year="2017">Ferracini et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 447, 449-450 (interspecific crosses);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="558359A61BA682C401761FC0462BB1A5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-00002188" author="Montagna, M" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics & Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="327 - 345" refId="B71" refString="Montagna, M, Gonella, E, Mereghetti, V, Magoga, G, Ferrari, E, Pontini, M, Ferracini, C, Alma, A, 2019. Molecular species delimitation of the Asian chestnut gall wasp biocontrol agent released in Italy. Insect Systematics & Evolution 50 (3): 327 - 345, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-00002188" title="Molecular species delimitation of the Asian chestnut gall wasp biocontrol agent released in Italy." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-00002188" volume="50" year="2019">Montagna et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 334-341 (compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B826E9B0DB08C064F44931422923B541" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4AA7BB0DA12F21BD0A21EF472FB28389" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using DNA);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6D1683B00947297C64800445084ADAFE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12316" author="Pogolotti, C" journalOrPublisher="Agricultural and Forest Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="159 - 167" refId="B87" refString="Pogolotti, C, Cuesta-Porta, V, Pujade-Villar, J, Ferracini, C, 2019. Seasonal flight activity and genetic relatedness of Torymus species in Italy. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 21 (2): 159 - 167, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12316" title="Seasonal flight activity and genetic relatedness of Torymus species in Italy." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12316" volume="21" year="2019">Pogolotti et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 5-6 (compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F33E3433C32E8530F5F0B28361625F8C" authorityName="Dalman.Members" authorityYear="1820" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Torymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Torymus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8A7D25DBDFF9B795F69E48CBE5CB62AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Torymus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. using DNA);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91EEADC4A2A85EA69ACC6E49DE5BAA2F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iez080" author="Viviani, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="1 - 8" refId="B106" refString="Viviani, A, Bernardi, R, Cavallini, A, Rossi, E, 2019. Genotypic Characterization of Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) after its Introduction in Tuscany (Italy) for the biological control of Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Journal of Insect Science 19 (4): 1 - 8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iez080" title="Genotypic Characterization of Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) after its Introduction in Tuscany (Italy) for the biological control of Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iez080" volume="19" year="2019">Viviani et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 5-7 (compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="594A0F0CE67989CFBE95C99ADCEE72D7" authorityName="Dalman.Members" authorityYear="1820" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Torymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Torymus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="51E75628381F8240C337EBEBE772B69D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Torymus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. using DNA);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F47499FE8744FECFEA8CCAC32F0571F2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.1" author="Matsuo, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="401 - 441" refId="B68" refString="Matsuo, K, 2020. A revision of Japanese Torymus Dalman (Hymeno-ptera: Torymidae). Zootaxa 4758 (3): 401 - 441, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11-64-6/zootaxa.4758.3.1" title="A revision of Japanese Torymus Dalman (Hymeno-ptera: Torymidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.1" volume="4758" year="2020">Matsuo 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 403, 408, 433-434 (compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BED9FBA2F9693AE7A088CBCA12163C64" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3F7CF7CCDF3870CB23E6FDBE1184D0D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, keyed, illustrated);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BB5A4538356A0C3785553950FC58702D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-021-00752-8" author="Matsuo, K" journalOrPublisher="Applied Entomology and Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="451 - 463" refId="B69" refString="Matsuo, K, Ide, T, Yara, K, Matsunaga, K, Gyoutoku, N, Higashiura, Y, -Yukawa, J, Abe, Y, Moriya, S, 2021. Discovery of a native host of Torymus beneficus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), with description of a new Dryocosmus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 56: 451 - 463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-021-00752-8" title="Discovery of a native host of Torymus beneficus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), with description of a new Dryocosmus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-021-00752-8" volume="56" year="2021">Matsuo et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 457-459 (compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87A282934368A91226C21E17B1C18704" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E7013C722D6D640A9316CBA7B877E216" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using morphology and DNA);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="309C1074C6A894AED46994A1AF709221" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12515" author="Gil-Tapetado, D" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta," pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="91 - 118" refId="B35" refString="Gil-Tapetado, D, Duran-Montes, P, Garcia-Paris, M, Lopez-Estrada, EK, Sanchez-Vialas, A, Jimenez-Ruiz, Y, Gomez, JF, Nieves-Aldrey, JL, 2022. Host specialization is ancestral in Torymus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) cynipid gall parasitoids. Zoologica Scripta, 51 (1): 91 - 118, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12515" title="Host specialization is ancestral in Torymus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) cynipid gall parasitoids." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12515" volume="51" year="2022">Gil Tapetado et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 106-110 (compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F228404C97D358DD7527A4BECC88A8DE" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. cyaneus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyaneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BABF0F3772641C9442C61A6CC40D624E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. cyaneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="964A3DC4D7DA3756CC9328F6EE4699BC" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. notatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="notatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="396AE86384AD74BFED4D30C82304B10A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. notatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using DNA);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1D7B8FA82944F3A1BCFDD36F9666BEE2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" author="Viciriuc, IM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="839 - 855" refId="B105" refString="Viciriuc, IM, Thaon, M, Moriya, S, Warot, S, Zhang, J, Aebi, A, Nicolas, R, Fusu, L, Borowiec, N, 2021. Contribution of integrative taxonomy to tracking interspecific hybridisations between the biological control agent Torymus sinensis and its related taxa. Systematic Entomology 46 (4): 839 - 855, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" title="Contribution of integrative taxonomy to tracking interspecific hybridisations between the biological control agent Torymus sinensis and its related taxa." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" volume="46" year="2021">Viciriuc et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 5-13 (compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B780851EF2AA272BCB8CB9217D0806A7" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E69657574E6B5EC21FFEBCDC61530D31" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, taxonomy);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6529FA1E9657DE753E1381658FA5AB34" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105187" author="Gil-Tapetado, D" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta," pageId="0" pageNumber="705" refId="B36" refString="Gil-Tapetado, D, Lopez-Estrada, EK, Ruiz, YJ, Cabrero-Sanudo, FJ, Gomez, JF, Montes, PD, Duran Montes, P, Rey del Castillo, C, Rodriguez-Rojo, MP, Polidori, C, Nieves-Aldrey, JL, 2023. Torymus sinensis against the invasive chestnut gall wasp: Evaluating the physiological host range and hybridization risks of a classical bio-logical control agent. Biological Control 180: 105187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105187" title="Torymus sinensis against the invasive chestnut gall wasp: Evaluating the physiological host range and hybridization risks of a classical bio-logical control agent. Biological Control 180: 105187." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105187" year="2023">Gil-Tapetado et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 6-9 (compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDC22B7FD00CC0771EEEA1699D5EB946" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6466415BE43962CB96B9E4903BD9E6B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9656C3A4DBA824C25F5B621872068A7F" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. notatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="notatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EEFD24918D7B1E2E9E54D0591CAC696" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. notatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using DNA, interspecific crosses).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="476E435CDBA7F7111BA0884CB9ABFF03" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
|
||
<emphasis id="75D214118EEC09E47BC3B74291D3F419" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
|
||
Diagnosis.
|
||
<emphasis id="128F977D6D25E0C810F95B5F33573F19" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Both sexes</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Head (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="125496096D33A75B69D6230283AE8465" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Torymus sinensis, head in frontal view: female (A), male (B); fore wing: female (C), male (D); mesosoma: female (E), male (F); propodeum: female (G), male (H); mesosoma in teratological specimens: male 22204 (I), male 28598 (J), female 28629 (K)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e98141.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/888182" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">12A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and mesosoma (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="AA0BF3355A2B44A7C26B971765929945" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Torymus sinensis, head in frontal view: female (A), male (B); fore wing: female (C), male (D); mesosoma: female (E), male (F); propodeum: female (G), male (H); mesosoma in teratological specimens: male 22204 (I), male 28598 (J), female 28629 (K)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e98141.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/888182" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">12E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
) from green to blue, occasionally with coppery reflections; gaster usually concolorous with mesosoma (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="910B6AC0EA4BD503976B65AA69360889" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus for Torymus sinensis (A, B) and T. beneficus paratypes (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e98141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/888177" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">7A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), sometimes mostly brown with green to blue reflections in smaller specimens, where body colour is generally less metallic and darker; scape yellowish brown, darker apically, sometimes completely darkened. Fore wing hyaline with brown venation (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="228A0A9A0EE40A1AF6F90BA132303473" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Torymus sinensis, head in frontal view: female (A), male (B); fore wing: female (C), male (D); mesosoma: female (E), male (F); propodeum: female (G), male (H); mesosoma in teratological specimens: male 22204 (I), male 28598 (J), female 28629 (K)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e98141.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/888182" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">12C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Coxae and femora from dark brown to concolorous with mesosoma; hind tibia less strongly darkened, usually more or less infuscate but not dark brown, occasionally yellow; fore and mid tibiae mostly yellow. In smaller individuals the body colour is less metallic and darker. Scutellum immediately anterior of the frenal line alutaceous, more strongly sculptured or even strigose on the anterior half, frenum smooth and bare, rarely with weak striae posterolaterally; in some small specimens scutellum almost completely smooth. Propodeum with a pair of distinct and curved submedian carinae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="750BCBEB6CF29F672682C4218456B52E" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Torymus sinensis, head in frontal view: female (A), male (B); fore wing: female (C), male (D); mesosoma: female (E), male (F); propodeum: female (G), male (H); mesosoma in teratological specimens: male 22204 (I), male 28598 (J), female 28629 (K)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e98141.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/888182" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">12G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
), present irrespective of body size; propodeum with or without smaller additional carinae laterad of the central pair. Female: ovipositor index 1.2-2.7.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="47E8373628C082B590C450FF612D5F28" doi="10.3897/asp.81.e98141.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/888182" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
|
||
<paragraph id="E992D7E36B4CE57414063266FA3F6B73" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
|
||
<emphasis id="3841E551F97EECCB8231CFC0978AE9FF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E27A2C8197995AD741EA9C43EEE15400" authorityName="Kamijo" authorityYear="1982" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Torymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Torymus sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CE0282C7C09AC97F0D992FEA944DDE82" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Torymus sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, head in frontal view: female (
|
||
<emphasis id="CB181ADE77037EBFCA52961E0809C003" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">A</emphasis>
|
||
), male (
|
||
<emphasis id="69121514EC88687060195FBF59E80E88" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">B</emphasis>
|
||
); fore wing: female (
|
||
<emphasis id="67166EF5894DE82201661066B137C234" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">C</emphasis>
|
||
), male (
|
||
<emphasis id="6DE32FD512C906ADEF5F7FF8F2E0A519" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">D</emphasis>
|
||
); mesosoma: female (
|
||
<emphasis id="36A7F5ADB79C82F182084B743EAF4841" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">E</emphasis>
|
||
), male (
|
||
<emphasis id="14A6DB71F4A8E0D878E139FAF2E5D9A3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">F</emphasis>
|
||
); propodeum: female (
|
||
<emphasis id="C75A6C21F64219CE0FC992D5F4FC1767" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">G</emphasis>
|
||
), male (
|
||
<emphasis id="5C74C6C263ED14796C2868D05BB3B38E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">H</emphasis>
|
||
); mesosoma in teratological specimens: male 22204 (
|
||
<emphasis id="AC75B9901A641601ADC465573FAF0B4F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">I</emphasis>
|
||
), male 28598 (
|
||
<emphasis id="E7B1451A54E3B34B4DAEAC22095F6DBB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">J</emphasis>
|
||
), female 28629 (
|
||
<emphasis id="BCFBAA1D2BF864D67D21066E0BEE4D78" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">K</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DE62DF4E1D42C43AE55FA3089E68A1A9" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B960E6784E5A67280C95EAC2D5D6A55" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="54FD82278EB3BA5F44CAB676F0B1C4DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
|
||
In this study, we analysed several hundred specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3CA36B3BF9EEEB07F9FFA457D4431183" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FD8141142A2D0F40FB533C6A0A5B3D3F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected from different geographical areas in both Europe and Asia and the most variable character of European individuals was found to be the body colour.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70160881B00BF31F0A92B7D92BF6BE6" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
|
||
Besides the characters given in the key, females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="293ECCBD5BD0F80CCF15F21C612446B8" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EA0A414926401385EF5FEE80F865270" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DC2CD3321CE931EA4D7C6291FC499ED" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. affinis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="87E0A8886B16839D2D6932DA5BC26355" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. affinis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that sometimes can have a shorter ovipositor, in having the hind coxa bare in basal half (hind coxa with short setae in basal half in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="366854CEFFA2AB487EF0760E74515AEE" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. affinis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="12B172D1E835D5AC1E0C68C5F33A85F2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. affinis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9695AB7480340F9F7CD55A64DD9C70D5" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. notatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="notatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47D3A814A66424B5315C95392935E33E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. notatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, besides the more obvious characters used in the key,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="917A735792D021777071CAC81DF20241" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="331FC0C3B87CCC1544F58542895DC0B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs in some less obvious ratios obtained in the LDA analysis: width of the first funicular segment and length of greatest spur for females, and width of the first funicular segment and length of the short spur for males (Table S6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="553509FE4A3BBA6515D553EBAC17C69A" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
|
||
However, the closest species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF3FD76D6B9A16EB299B6CEB87AE558E" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5701B4990B24EDD91FAD019D80BC73E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DB461EEA63AE7EE12FC08CFF5171805" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus for Torymus sinensis (A, B) and T. beneficus paratypes (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e98141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/888177" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">7A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AC6DB95A50B9A24B85F2F43F2AFF27B2" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6AF8AE8BE21E5B399F03B999784CDE63" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E0021430BF6EC9C5919B45CD127CE73B" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus for Torymus sinensis (A, B) and T. beneficus paratypes (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e98141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/888177" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">7C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is endemic to Japan. The two can be differentiated using the ratio of antennal flagellum (combined length of anellus, funiculars and clava) to head width (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F71924DFE01B8591098EFEFEE11056D" author="Kamijo, K" journalOrPublisher="Kontyu, Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="505 - 510" refId="B51" refString="Kamijo, K, 1982. Two new species of Torymus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) reared from Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in China and Korea. Kontyu, Tokyo 50 (4): 505 - 510" title="Two new species of Torymus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) reared from Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in China and Korea." volume="50" year="1982">Kamijo 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and ovipositor sheath and hind tibia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40EE5B8F8DEA8AB28D0AB77E8E0FC972" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.1" author="Matsuo, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="401 - 441" refId="B68" refString="Matsuo, K, 2020. A revision of Japanese Torymus Dalman (Hymeno-ptera: Torymidae). Zootaxa 4758 (3): 401 - 441, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11-64-6/zootaxa.4758.3.1" title="A revision of Japanese Torymus Dalman (Hymeno-ptera: Torymidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.1" volume="4758" year="2020">Matsuo 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Differences in the length of individual funicular segments were also found by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9071CB40886FF64466858927740FD9D6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" author="Viciriuc, IM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="839 - 855" refId="B105" refString="Viciriuc, IM, Thaon, M, Moriya, S, Warot, S, Zhang, J, Aebi, A, Nicolas, R, Fusu, L, Borowiec, N, 2021. Contribution of integrative taxonomy to tracking interspecific hybridisations between the biological control agent Torymus sinensis and its related taxa. Systematic Entomology 46 (4): 839 - 855, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" title="Contribution of integrative taxonomy to tracking interspecific hybridisations between the biological control agent Torymus sinensis and its related taxa." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" volume="46" year="2021">Viciriuc et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but they failed to find a difference when using the entire length of the flagellum. Presumably this is because it is difficult to accurately measure the antenna which is usually more or less curved in dry mounted specimens. Our new measurements indicate that the ratio given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC7AB0B4292932DA1AF7F1D607A90489" author="Kamijo, K" journalOrPublisher="Kontyu, Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="505 - 510" refId="B51" refString="Kamijo, K, 1982. Two new species of Torymus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) reared from Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in China and Korea. Kontyu, Tokyo 50 (4): 505 - 510" title="Two new species of Torymus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) reared from Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in China and Korea." volume="50" year="1982">Kamijo (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is accurate. It is 1.22-1.34 in four female paratypes and 1.75-1.77 in four male paratypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="660EB0591D8B757050F32F924E021236" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
|
||
<emphasis id="93FEB00EE9D4FAB81CBE232A44C0EA04" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[repository and label details given in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB98BCBAD85975C590E5939C7ECB4C99" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" author="Viciriuc, IM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="839 - 855" refId="B105" refString="Viciriuc, IM, Thaon, M, Moriya, S, Warot, S, Zhang, J, Aebi, A, Nicolas, R, Fusu, L, Borowiec, N, 2021. Contribution of integrative taxonomy to tracking interspecific hybridisations between the biological control agent Torymus sinensis and its related taxa. Systematic Entomology 46 (4): 839 - 855, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" title="Contribution of integrative taxonomy to tracking interspecific hybridisations between the biological control agent Torymus sinensis and its related taxa." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" volume="46" year="2021">Viciriuc et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], and 1.13-1.16 and 1.51-1.69 in eight females and two males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E690F5AD4EB2C963CCF2D923BAF09D8" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4E2B3FD5ABE0C94B81F66130FCFDABB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from China, respectively. For the European or Japanese specimens this ratio cannot be used because the values for the females correspond to both species (1.17-1.25 in four females from France) and for the males this ratio corresponds to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E139F5C7EB14FADCFBA765F788431AF2" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F59A44C178043744C3F9E5A4BBA3990E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.64-1.86 in five males). This confirms their intermediate morphology between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68EDC7DE435611C5BAADE8D0968850F7" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CD2DB483FDF504451573976E0DCEE4E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="341218082B8FE7F12F2A45F79C60C5B4" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F53C53F4DF89932382C4AAC432667505" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1648114796B10A7017C9E75A380E2070" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" author="Viciriuc, IM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="839 - 855" refId="B105" refString="Viciriuc, IM, Thaon, M, Moriya, S, Warot, S, Zhang, J, Aebi, A, Nicolas, R, Fusu, L, Borowiec, N, 2021. Contribution of integrative taxonomy to tracking interspecific hybridisations between the biological control agent Torymus sinensis and its related taxa. Systematic Entomology 46 (4): 839 - 855, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" title="Contribution of integrative taxonomy to tracking interspecific hybridisations between the biological control agent Torymus sinensis and its related taxa." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" volume="46" year="2021">Viciriuc et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4B2B8C4CB6C7D1B6194086DF3C2FE128" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
|
||
The length of the ovipositor comparatively with the mesosoma (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2B1284ADB8C012569008512A6A8E40A9" originalValue="“thorax”">"thorax"</normalizedToken>
|
||
) cannot be used as originally proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9B090280B0BF20303AEE2E090600906A" author="Kamijo, K" journalOrPublisher="Kontyu, Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="505 - 510" refId="B51" refString="Kamijo, K, 1982. Two new species of Torymus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) reared from Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in China and Korea. Kontyu, Tokyo 50 (4): 505 - 510" title="Two new species of Torymus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) reared from Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in China and Korea." volume="50" year="1982">Kamijo (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
when he described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37D0F749CC367EEE31361116B4E6ACD9" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6BFDC8B18B404B2711F1F382AA40FEB4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and used afterwards by many authors following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="376BE4E3F5898726AC31BA4F6E425A93" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.22.600" author="Otake, A" journalOrPublisher="Applied Entomology and Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="600 - 609" refId="B83" refString="Otake, A, 1987. Comparison of some morphological characters among two strains of Torymus beneficus Yasumatsu et Kamijo and T. sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 22 (4): 600 - 609, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.22.600" title="Comparison of some morphological characters among two strains of Torymus beneficus Yasumatsu et Kamijo and T. sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.22.600" volume="22" year="1987">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="72397F7939CE12AD5718AFCB4BFB5543" originalValue="Ôtake">Otake</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1987)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Even if
|
||
<taxonomicName id="276BF63C8D007B92A73AB53B547B57A7" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D2C0BFE407DCE7C20271B6684295A0E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a comparatively shorter ovipositor than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9687E9D4B2B1DCDCA2786E5EADC0ABDB" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EC2284C510EDBA6EFB933D7A1B95FE6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the latter species is too variable, including in China, its original distribution area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3CE8775B728E831E9975FE813F3BCD30" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2004.427" author="Yara, K" journalOrPublisher="Applied Entomology and Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="427 - 433" refId="B108" refString="Yara, K, 2004. Relationship between the introduced and indigenous parasitoids Torymus sinensis and T. beneficus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) as inferred from mt-DNA (COI) sequences. Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 (3): 427 - 433, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2004.427" title="Relationship between the introduced and indigenous parasitoids Torymus sinensis and T. beneficus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) as inferred from mt-DNA (COI) sequences." url="https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2004.427" volume="39" year="2004">Yara 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5451E5A22DB380070A1A4B20BAC2DF39" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" author="Viciriuc, IM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="839 - 855" refId="B105" refString="Viciriuc, IM, Thaon, M, Moriya, S, Warot, S, Zhang, J, Aebi, A, Nicolas, R, Fusu, L, Borowiec, N, 2021. Contribution of integrative taxonomy to tracking interspecific hybridisations between the biological control agent Torymus sinensis and its related taxa. Systematic Entomology 46 (4): 839 - 855, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" title="Contribution of integrative taxonomy to tracking interspecific hybridisations between the biological control agent Torymus sinensis and its related taxa." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" volume="46" year="2021">Viciriuc et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F0EA28A101D8ACBBDBDFBE54F41BBEB1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.1" author="Matsuo, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="401 - 441" refId="B68" refString="Matsuo, K, 2020. A revision of Japanese Torymus Dalman (Hymeno-ptera: Torymidae). Zootaxa 4758 (3): 401 - 441, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11-64-6/zootaxa.4758.3.1" title="A revision of Japanese Torymus Dalman (Hymeno-ptera: Torymidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.1" volume="4758" year="2020">Matsuo (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed a separation based on the ovipositor index (the ratio between the length of ovipositor sheath and hind tibia). For the four female paratypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5F53DCFAA3398BA7547C579B6EAC0068" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
|
||
<emphasis id="449DCFE3777D1C72DBDAB86CC18DCD10" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this is 1.61-2.06 and for the seven females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DE22A7B13B99BE78F60E8F9D9A18AD7" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6C6617E30EBF318392DA34A50E6B9BFA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from China it is 2.14-2.42. In Europe the interval of the ovipositor index overlaps that of the two species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C5E9AE85BD74668B9C2189265610BB53" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" author="Viciriuc, IM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="839 - 855" refId="B105" refString="Viciriuc, IM, Thaon, M, Moriya, S, Warot, S, Zhang, J, Aebi, A, Nicolas, R, Fusu, L, Borowiec, N, 2021. Contribution of integrative taxonomy to tracking interspecific hybridisations between the biological control agent Torymus sinensis and its related taxa. Systematic Entomology 46 (4): 839 - 855, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" title="Contribution of integrative taxonomy to tracking interspecific hybridisations between the biological control agent Torymus sinensis and its related taxa." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12493" volume="46" year="2021">Viciriuc et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Basically, only native
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CE304AED8BDCEA80A6D6C067BD6E49DD" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="67D76403E144C8E7A4B8CA8AA408CDBC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFE98DDBBA6AF888DE194CA5B3A41DD5" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. beneficus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beneficus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4284AAE5ED558C3B9A6770DCC584E19F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. beneficus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be discriminated from each other, but not the specimens used for biological control in Japan or imported from Japan to Europe, due to their intermediate characteristics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="84F501081A63BB3C4DEB04A217CB8EA0" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" type="teratological specimens">
|
||
<paragraph id="58691A0887E32C557E3E5964D4D98FD9" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Teratological specimens.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2C41AC931F4B7EDF540951F040E1DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
|
||
During the morphological study of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2097654A6D9FFF348DA3A32E99FAD5CD" class="Hexapoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="92791E0E1C73F1A253512E90CF0A3D7B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">T. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A6E7C8DE95AC4E959F1B07FA68F18B71" lsidName="D. kuriphilus" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" rank="species" species="kuriphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="30AA3284A0C19DDAE50F4F79CD1A91FD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">D. kuriphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
we found a few specimens (two males and a female out of several hundred examined) that have malformations on the mesosoma. If such specimens are found in the future they could be misidentified, especially if the modifications are on the propodeum. The male with the molecular code 22204 (length 2 mm; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="F805B9AF27339E1C7F113EC9FA63F5CE" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Torymus sinensis, head in frontal view: female (A), male (B); fore wing: female (C), male (D); mesosoma: female (E), male (F); propodeum: female (G), male (H); mesosoma in teratological specimens: male 22204 (I), male 28598 (J), female 28629 (K)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e98141.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/888182" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">12I</figureCitation>
|
||
), collected in San Lorenzo (France) in 2015, has the central part of the frenum rugose, and the propodeum has two pair of submedian carinae instead of one pair. The male 28598 (2.16 mm; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C175DB1565AE729B2561F26ECAF8266" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Torymus sinensis, head in frontal view: female (A), male (B); fore wing: female (C), male (D); mesosoma: female (E), male (F); propodeum: female (G), male (H); mesosoma in teratological specimens: male 22204 (I), male 28598 (J), female 28629 (K)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e98141.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/888182" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">12J</figureCitation>
|
||
), collected in St. Georges les Bains (France) in 2016, has teratological modifications in the structure of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum: the mesoscutal median lobe is transverse and has a U-shaped depression; the mesoscutellum has a longitudinal depression along midline and its posterior margin is strongly emarginated. The female 28629 (3.1 mm; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="01B1E51E6479DC7BF8F201A1C326D749" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Torymus sinensis, head in frontal view: female (A), male (B); fore wing: female (C), male (D); mesosoma: female (E), male (F); propodeum: female (G), male (H); mesosoma in teratological specimens: male 22204 (I), male 28598 (J), female 28629 (K)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e98141.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/888182" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">12K</figureCitation>
|
||
), collected in Prigorieux (France) in 2016, has modifications in the structure of the pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum: the pronotum has a median groove in its posterior half; the mesoscutal median lobe is transverse and has a U-shaped depression; the frenum has an unusual longitudinal notch; the posterior margin of the mesoscutellum is emarginated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CC44D58D096342B2199F70A62E5195CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="EA6755306C5E352FAF5CF29E104D550E" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6BBBDCC595E4941C21600FCBAACC86B" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36A3E0A2025C5C45248FCB373E7D5776" authorityName="Kamijo" authorityYear="1982" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Torymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Torymus sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FE0DB3DF06BBD94968A5EB0DE81ADF49" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Torymus sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most frequently reared from galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DED67E900F0550EF1B170C12D6C3B7A" lsidName="D. kuriphilus" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" rank="species" species="kuriphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD6A56E213D49AAE6CAB3023F79B6CE7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">D. kuriphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0080290B1C925044A63DE85F4B57A543" class="Thecofilosea" family="Castanellidae" genus="Castanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="Castanea crenata" order="Opaloconchida" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||
<emphasis id="6B20EE9789803FFE808C9D2DEFFAB1A9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Castanea crenata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="824FB883E08842B5958F287CB78D441C" lsidName="C. molissima" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" rank="species" species="molissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="C31DC133A24375647B4B8C2A8DAFAE65" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">C. molissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Asia,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F0BA97F5320227A7BEE1AD461484C01" lsidName="C. dentata" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" rank="species" species="dentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A0C7104C57666750A2EB3295B2EEABDA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">C. dentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in North America, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B94D4EC421F0D7AAE65C49797D887F74" lsidName="C. sativa" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="6AEC677E67F256EA4CFEF824A443643F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">C. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Europe; with a low incidence it may be reared from other non-target gall wasps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7CA9E40D64A84F858C2B568A9A2E5DD6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9803-2" author="Ferracini, C" journalOrPublisher="BioControl" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="445 - 456" refId="B20" refString="Ferracini, C, Ferrari, E, Pontini, M, Nova, HLK, Saladini, MA, Alma, A, 2017. Post-release evaluation of the non-target effects of Torymus sinensis, a biological control agent of Dryocosmus kuriphilus in -Italy. BioControl 62: 445 - 456, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9803-2" title="Post-release evaluation of the non-target effects of Torymus sinensis, a biological control agent of Dryocosmus kuriphilus in - Italy." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9803-2" volume="62" year="2017">Ferracini et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D6C29491730C6E0A475934D2F1EE8A4E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105187" author="Gil-Tapetado, D" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta," pageId="0" pageNumber="705" refId="B36" refString="Gil-Tapetado, D, Lopez-Estrada, EK, Ruiz, YJ, Cabrero-Sanudo, FJ, Gomez, JF, Montes, PD, Duran Montes, P, Rey del Castillo, C, Rodriguez-Rojo, MP, Polidori, C, Nieves-Aldrey, JL, 2023. Torymus sinensis against the invasive chestnut gall wasp: Evaluating the physiological host range and hybridization risks of a classical bio-logical control agent. Biological Control 180: 105187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105187" title="Torymus sinensis against the invasive chestnut gall wasp: Evaluating the physiological host range and hybridization risks of a classical bio-logical control agent. Biological Control 180: 105187." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105187" year="2023">Gil-Tapetado et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B46C2C2EDE0B82ACE229AB4B1A48307C" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
|
||
The species has one generation per year. In southern France the adults start to emerge in mid-February and emergence continues to early-May, but some individuals emerge from June to August (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F705DA063217A2CF9A4C6B599C9E5FB4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12660" author="Borowiec, N" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="367 - 379" refId="B12" refString="Borowiec, N, Thaon, M, Brancaccio, L, Cailleret, B, Ris, N, Vercken, E, 2018. Early population dynamics in classical biological control: establishment of the exotic parasitoid Torymus sinensis and control of its target pest, the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus, in France. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 166 (5): 367 - 379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12660" title="Early population dynamics in classical biological control: establishment of the exotic parasitoid Torymus sinensis and control of its target pest, the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus, in France." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12660" volume="166" year="2018">Borowiec et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A diapause as larva of 12 months was identified in Italy in some cases (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2B55F58740FC7D0F6ABDC23D27B8F67E" author="Picciau, L" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Insectology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="49 - 55" refId="B86" refString="Picciau, L, Ferracini, C, Alma, A, 2017. Reproductive traits in Torymus sinensis, biocontrol agent of the Asian chestnut gall wasp: implications for biological control success. Bulletin of Insectology 70 (1): 49 - 55" title="Reproductive traits in Torymus sinensis, biocontrol agent of the Asian chestnut gall wasp: implications for biological control success." volume="70" year="2017">Picciau et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5950737BDB4307BF38B3D2A134972D93" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="744378FC7711BD7BABC0B36608EB47D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="40CE2685711173B73339CDE7D13A0075" pageId="0" pageNumber="705">
|
||
Native to China and introduced to Japan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="096A1765E910A38632281C31F613A042" author="Murakami, Y" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="197 - 203" refId="B75" refString="Murakami, Y, Umeya, K, Ono, N, 1977. A preliminary introduction and release of a parasitoid (Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) of the chestnut gall wasp, Drycosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Cynipidae) from China. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 21: 197 - 203" title="A preliminary introduction and release of a parasitoid (Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) of the chestnut gall wasp, Drycosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Cynipidae) from China." volume="21" year="1977">Murakami et al. 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), USA (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="25477C57F95611026A4CB5FF20F3BC3D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2007.01100.x" author="Rieske, LK" journalOrPublisher="EPPO Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="172 - 174" refId="B95" refString="Rieske, LK, 2007. Success of an exotic gall maker, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, on chestnut in the USA: a historical account. EPPO Bulletin 37 (1): 172 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2007.01100.x" title="Success of an exotic gall maker, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, on chestnut in the USA: a historical account." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2007.01100.x" volume="37" year="2007">Rieske 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Italy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28C529FD2CE41A13860271729EA47EBD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-007-9139-4" author="Quacchia, A" journalOrPublisher="BioControl" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="829 - 839" refId="B90" refString="Quacchia, A, Moriya, S, Bosio, G, Scapin, I, Alma, A, 2008. Rearing, release and settlement prospect in Italy of Torymus sinensis, the biological control agent of the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus. BioControl 53: 829 - 839, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-007-9139-4" title="Rearing, release and settlement prospect in Italy of Torymus sinensis, the biological control agent of the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-007-9139-4" volume="53" year="2008">Quacchia et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), France (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91E86E82A622997D100B3ACBEE420581" author="Borowiec, N" journalOrPublisher="Plant Protection Quartely" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="7 - 10" refId="B11" refString="Borowiec, N, Thaon, M, Brancaccio, L, Warot, S, Vercken, E, Fauvergue, X, Ris, N, Malausa, JC, 2014. Classical biological control against the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hym. Cynipidae) in France. Plant Protection Quartely 29 (1): 7 - 10" title="Classical biological control against the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hym. Cynipidae) in France." volume="29" year="2014">Borowiec et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Spain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E67103AE5CAA37663F932CA05530CEF0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2019281-14361" author="Nieves-Aldrey, JL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Applied Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" refId="B81" refString="Nieves-Aldrey, JL, Gil-Tapetado, D, Gavira, ON, Boyero, JR, Polidori, C, Blanco, D, Rey del Castillo, C, Rodriguez-Rojo, MP, Wong, ME, Vela, JM, Lombardero, MJ, 2019. Torymus sinensis Kamijo, a biocontrol agent against the invasive chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu in Spain: its natural dispersal from France and the first data on establishment after experimental releases. Forest Systems 28(1): e001. https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2019281-14361" title="Torymus sinensis Kamijo, a biocontrol agent against the invasive chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu in Spain: its natural dispersal from France and the first data on establishment after experimental releases. Forest Systems 28 (1): e 001." url="https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2019281-14361" year="2019">Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Croatia, Hungary, Slovenia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8483FD15363234CFBDE6606341A06919" DOI="https://doi.org/10.18054/pb.2015.117.4.3445" author="Matosevic, D" journalOrPublisher="Periodicum Biologorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="471 - 477" refId="B66" refString="Matosevic, D, Lackovic, N, Melika, G, Kos, K, Franic, I, Kriston, E, Bozso, M, Seljak, G, Rot, M, 2015. Biological control of invasive Dryocosmus kuriphilus with introduced parasitoid Torymus sinensis in Croatia, Slovenia and Hungary. Periodicum Biologorum 117 (4): 471 - 477, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18054/pb.2015.117.4.3445" title="Biological control of invasive Dryocosmus kuriphilus with introduced parasitoid Torymus sinensis in Croatia, Slovenia and Hungary." url="https://doi.org/10.18054/pb.2015.117.4.3445" volume="117" year="2015">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7F04AC2B335919F3D940DC3CBFCEE9AB" originalValue="Matošević">Matosevic</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Portugal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DA09244983CC3BAEF2B7E5221E8D953E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092184" author="Amorim, A" journalOrPublisher="Agronomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination=": 2184" refId="B2" refString="Amorim, A, Rodrigues, R, Nunes, LJ, Freitas, M, Moura, L, 2022. Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Minho (Northern Portugal): Bioecology, Native Parasitoid Communities and Biological Control with Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Agronomy 12 (9): 2184, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092184" title="Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Minho (Northern Portugal): Bioecology, Native Parasitoid Communities and Biological Control with Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092184" volume="12" year="2022">Amorim et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Turkey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5239CF2399F6819572F148D9FD2FDB07" author="Ipekdal, K" journalOrPublisher="Tuerkiye Entomoloji Buelteni" pageId="0" pageNumber="705" pagination="113 - 129" refId="B45" refString="Ipekdal, K, Emin, A, Kuzucu, AȘ, Karadag, M, Kocluk, M, Acici, Oe, Șah, S, Aksu, Y, Colombari, F, 2017. Rearing and releasing Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), larval parasitoid of the chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Tuerkiye Entomoloji Buelteni 7 (2): 113 - 129" title="Rearing and releasing Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), larval parasitoid of the chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)." volume="7" year="2017">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0366F937D911118D674B3DBB8E67D63D" originalValue="İpekdal">Ipekdal</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |