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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.394.6446" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8534078f-1f99-4b9e-866b-80609e341172" ID-PMC="PMC3978267" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-394-1" ID-PubMed="24715784" ID-ZBK="32F5211696ED46C68BF9BE59C09F0B1A" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-394-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 394" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the ant genus Mystrium in the Malagasy region with description of six new species and remarks on Amblyopone and Stigmatomma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Amblyoponinae)" checkinTime="1451246058701" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Yoshimura, Masashi &amp; Fisher, Brian L." docDate="2014" docId="A6949D19D09FDF32F193A378CE1CFC04" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 394: 1-99" docOrigin="ZooKeys 394" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.394.6446" docTitle="Mystrium" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FF955F09FFA4FFC3FFC5FFA24014FFB0" masterDocTitle="A revision of the ant genus Mystrium in the Malagasy region with description of six new species and remarks on Amblyopone and Stigmatomma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Amblyoponinae)" masterLastPageNumber="99" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1668158113736" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of the ant genus Mystrium in the Malagasy region with description of six new species and remarks on Amblyopone and Stigmatomma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Amblyoponinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Yoshimura, Masashi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fisher, Brian L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>394</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.394.6446</mods:url>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152052256" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A6949D19D09FDF32F193A378CE1CFC04" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A6949D19D09FDF32F193A378CE1CFC04" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Genus
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Mystrium" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
Roger, 1862: 245. Type-species:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium mysticum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mysticum">Mystrium mysticum</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="649 - 776" title="Myrmecologische Studien." volume="12" year="1862">Mayr 1862</bibRefCitation>
: 715 [in key.]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="tribe" tribe="Amblyoponini">Amblyoponini</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="161 - 167" title="Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques." volume="37" year="1893">Forel 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 162;
<bibRefCitation author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 370" title="Synopsis and classification of Formicidae." volume="71" year="2003">Bolton 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 42, 155.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="tribe" tribe="Amblyoponini">Amblyoponini</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Abteilung fuer Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="685 - 778" title="Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden." volume="8" year="1895">Emery 1895</bibRefCitation>
: 766.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis of female">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis of female.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The characters uniquely observed in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
within the subfamily
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
are given in italics.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Compound eye present.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Posterior margin of head strongly expands posteriorly on each side.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anterior margin of clypeus with specialized conical setae.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Spatulate setae present on clypeus mesal of mandible insertion (Fig. 4A).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Labrum lacking small dentiform setae arranged horizontally.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Palpal formula 4,3.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distinct extension present on the distal edge of second labial palpomere (Fig. 4B).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mandible linear without a distinct basal angle.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Masticatory margin of mandible with two rows of projections: true mandibular teeth on dorsal row and a series of basal denticles on the ventral row; basal ventral denticles larger than true mandibular teeth except for apical teeth.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">At</pageBreakToken>
midlength of mandible, row of basal denticles arranged on ventral edge of mandibular shaft, distant from mandibular teeth (Fig. 4C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mandible twisted inward so that apical tooth is located ventrally (Fig. 4D).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">No basal large projection present on basal portion of mandibular inner margin.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Ridge present on apical portion of mandible, which is originally dividing ventral and inner surfaces of mandible, inserting dorsally to the apical tooth (Fig. 5A vs. 5B:
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma mystriops" order="Verrucariales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mystriops">Stigmatomma mystriops</taxonomicName>
Brown, 1960, see comments).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Constriction between petiole and abdominal segment III present.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cinctus 3, constriction between pre- and post-sclerites on abdominal segment IV, distinctly present.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">One or two stout spines present on posterior portion of abdominal sternum VII (Fig. 5C).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Body surface with spatulate to squamose setae in some workers of all species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis of male">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnosis of male.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The diagnostic characters uniquely observed in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
within the subfamily
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
are given in italics.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Frontal carinae present.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anterior margin (=free margin) of clypeus with specialized conical setae.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Antenna consisting of 13 segments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mandible with single, blunt apical tooth.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Palpal formula 4,3.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Notaulus distinct or absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mesepimeron often lacking distinct posterodorsal lobe (epimeral lobe).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mesotibia with one or two spurs in most cases, rarely indistinct.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Metatibia with two spurs.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distinct constriction present between petiole and abdominal segment III in dorsal view.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Abdominal segment IV with tergosternal fusion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pretergite of abdominal segment IV distinctly differentiated from posttergite, with the cinctus between them.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pygostyles absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distal margin of abdominal sternum IX convex.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Separation between basimere and telomere distinct.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Basal projection on cuspis well developed.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Basoventral portion of the aedeagus in lateral view extended basally, distal margin of extension rounded (Fig. 5D).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Serrate denticles present on basal portion of ventral margin of aedeagus in lateral view.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pterostigma well developed on forewing.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Radial sector on forewing fully present.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Radial sector on forewing reaches costal margin.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2r-rs on forewing connected with radial sector posterior to pterostigma.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2rs-m present on forewing.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">Position</pageBreakToken>
of cu-a on forewing variable, close to or far from junction between media and cubitus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Radius present on hindwing.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1rs-m present on hindwing.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Media on hindwing present apical to 1rs-m.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Figure 4. Generic diagnostic characters of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
. A
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium rogeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rogeri">Mystrium rogeri</taxonomicName>
(CASENT0001069) B
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium voeltzkowi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="voeltzkowi">Mystrium voeltzkowi</taxonomicName>
(CASENT0317584) C
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium mysticum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mysticum">Mystrium mysticum</taxonomicName>
(CASENT0429965) D
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium janovitzi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janovitzi">Mystrium janovitzi</taxonomicName>
(CASENT0482696). A, B, C worker D ergatoid queen. A clypeus and mandible in oblique anterior view B mouthparts in oblique anterior view (left galea is omitted) C mandible in oblique lateral view D head in lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Figure 5. Generic diagnostic characters of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
and the differences from
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
. A
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium voeltzkowi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="voeltzkowi">Mystrium voeltzkowi</taxonomicName>
(CASENT0002075) B
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma mystriops" order="Verrucariales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mystriops">Stigmatomma mystriops</taxonomicName>
(INB0003690672) C
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium mirror" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirror">Mystrium mirror</taxonomicName>
(CASENT0317582) D
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium janovitzi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janovitzi">Mystrium janovitzi</taxonomicName>
(CASENT0080644). A, B, C worker D male A, B mandible in oblique mesal view C abdominal segment VII in lateral view D aedeagus in lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="comments on generic diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Comments on generic diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The workers of the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished easily from those of the other amblyoponine genera by their characteristic head shape and mandibles (Fig. 1).
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
has a wide head with posterior margin strongly concave, mandible linear and longer than head with rounded apex in full-face view, and two separated rows of
<normalizedToken originalValue="“teeth”">&quot;teeth&quot;</normalizedToken>
on the masticatory margin. In this study, we propose further detailed characters as the result of our comparative study. All
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
females share six characters unique to this genus which distinguish it from the other amblyoponine genera: spatulate setae on clypeus mesal of the mandible insertion (character 4: Fig. 4A), a distinct extension on the distal edge of the second segment on the labial palp (character 6: Fig. 4B), mandibular teeth distant from basal denticles (character 10: Fig. 4C), twisted mandible (character 11: Fig. 4D), a ridge on the apical portion of the
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">mandible</pageBreakToken>
inserting dorsally to the apical tooth (character 13: 5A), and one or two lateral spines on abdominal sternum VII (character 16: 5C). Character 10, mandible teeth and basal denticles arranged in two rows (Fig. 4C), was used in
<bibRefCitation author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" title="Identification guide to the ant genera of the world." year="1994">Bolton (1994)</bibRefCitation>
to separate
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
, both of which were in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
at that time. For character 11,
<bibRefCitation author="Keller, RA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 90" title="A phylogenetic analysis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromorph subfamilies." url="10.1206/355.1" volume="355" year="2011">Keller (2011</bibRefCitation>
: character 29) described the mandibular type as
<normalizedToken originalValue="“torqued.”">&quot;torqued.&quot;</normalizedToken>
Although all amblyoponine genera share this character state, the mandible in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
is unique: in females the mandible is further twisted so that the apical tooth of queens and minors is directed ventrally (Fig. 4D). For character 13, the ridge (= hump in
<bibRefCitation author="Gronenberg, W" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Physiology" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="241 - 253" title="Jaws that snap: control of mandible movements in the ant Mystrium." url="10.1016/S0022-1910(97)00145-5" volume="44" year="1998">Gronenberg et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
) on the mandible functions as a pivot when the mandibles snap (
<bibRefCitation author="Gronenberg, W" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Physiology" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="241 - 253" title="Jaws that snap: control of mandible movements in the ant Mystrium." url="10.1016/S0022-1910(97)00145-5" volume="44" year="1998">Gronenberg et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
). We confirmed that all females have this ridge, although it is uncertain if all females can snap their mandibles regardless of the shape of the apical tooth (see description for each species group). For character 16, we have confirmed that some species of
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
have three to nine lateral spines on abdominal sternum VII, while neither
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
nor
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
have this spine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="143 - 230" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. III. Tribe Amblyoponini (Hymenoptera)." volume="122" year="1960">Brown (1960)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma mystriops" order="Verrucariales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mystriops">Stigmatomma mystriops</taxonomicName>
(Brown, 1960) as a species that has specialized mandibular characters similar to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
, e.g. teeth arranged in two separated rows, the presence of a ventral ridge on the subapical teeth, and a small apical tooth; however, these characters differ distinctly between
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma mystriops" order="Verrucariales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mystriops">Stigmatomma mystriops</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
species. The mandibular teeth and basal denticles are consistently separated and these two rows are almost parallel, except for the apical portion of the mandible in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
, while the separation exists only on the basal portion of the mandible in
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma mystriops" order="Verrucariales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mystriops">Stigmatomma mystriops</taxonomicName>
. The ridge in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
is the extension of a carina, which usually divides the lateral and ventral surfaces of the mandible, and the extension of the carina in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
is inserted dorsally to the apical tooth (Fig. 5A). However, the ridge in
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma mystriops" order="Verrucariales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mystriops">Stigmatomma mystriops</taxonomicName>
is developed independently from another carina along the ventral one mentioned above, which in
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma mystriops" order="Verrucariales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mystriops">Stigmatomma mystriops</taxonomicName>
continues to the ventral margin of the apical tooth the same as a usual mandible of ants (Fig. 5B). The apical tooth in
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma mystriops" order="Verrucariales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mystriops">Stigmatomma mystriops</taxonomicName>
is directed mesally, not ventrally as in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
. In addition to the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
-like characters (
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="143 - 230" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. III. Tribe Amblyoponini (Hymenoptera)." volume="122" year="1960">Brown 1960</bibRefCitation>
), we found two pairs of long setae on the anterior clypeal margin in
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma mystriops" order="Verrucariales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mystriops">Stigmatomma mystriops</taxonomicName>
. These strange characters observed in
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma mystriops" order="Verrucariales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mystriops">Stigmatomma mystriops</taxonomicName>
may be part of a specialized snapping mandible system.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
In addition to characters unique to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
, we discuss two generic characters (characters 5 and 9) that are useful for distinguishing amblyoponine genera. Neither character 5 nor 9 distinguish
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
from the other XMAS genera; however, both of these characters do distinguish
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Character 5 is provisionally proposed here to separate
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
from genera in the XMAS clade. In the XMAS clade, the basal part of the labrum is lacking small dentiform setae (Fig. 6A). However, in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
, small dentiform setae are present on the labrum (Fig. 6B). Mandible character 9 proposed in
<bibRefCitation author="Yoshimura, M" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination=": e 33325" title="A revision of male ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with resurrections of the genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0033325" volume="7" year="2012">Yoshimura and Fisher (2012)</bibRefCitation>
is unique to the XMAS clade. In our previous work, we described the unique evolution of the mandible in the XMAS clade. We presented as evidence the two-layered
<normalizedToken originalValue="“teeth”">&quot;teeth&quot;</normalizedToken>
on the masticatory surface of the mandible, which consists of true mandibular teeth on the dorsal row and apically extended basal denticles on the ventral row (Fig. 6E). We now update the mandibular character description because we have since observed
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">in</pageBreakToken>
a few species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
two-layered mandible dentition, such as in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
au02 (QMT152688). Even though two-layered mandible dentition was found in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
, as we described in character 9, the principal true mandibular teeth on the
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">dorsal</pageBreakToken>
row are developed (Fig. 6F) larger than the basal denticles on the ventral row in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
, while the basal denticles are usually larger than true mandibular teeth on the masticatory margin with the exception of apical teeth in the XMAS clade (Fig. 6E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The differences in mandibular characters between species in the XMAS clade and those in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
are associated with the parts of the mandible used for catching their prey. We assume that the masticatory margin is the main functional part of the mandible in XMAS clade species (Figs 6C, 6E), while the whole mandibular shaft is used for this purpose in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
(Figs 6D, 6F). The presence or absence of dentiform setae on the labrum (character 5: Figs 6B vs. 6A) supports our assumption.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
species probably
<normalizedToken originalValue="“hold”">&quot;hold&quot;</normalizedToken>
prey using teeth along the whole shaft of the mandible (Fig. 6F), conical setae on the flat clypeus, and dentiform setae on the labrum (Fig. 6B); while species of
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
(in XMAS clade)
<normalizedToken originalValue="“pinch”">&quot;pinch&quot;</normalizedToken>
prey using their masticatory margin (distal part) of the mandible (Fig. 6E), and support it using anterior clypeal conical setae strongly extended anteriorly (Fig. 6A). When the mandibles of both groups elongated under these two use conditions, their morphology adapted differently. The mandibular shaft in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
became wider and stouter (Fig. 6F), while the basal denticles in XMAS clade became larger than true teeth and distinctly directed basally (Fig. 6E).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Figure 6. Differences in characters of the worker mandible and labrum between XMAS clade genera and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
. A, C, E XMAS clade genera (
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
) B, D, F
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
. A
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma pallipes" order="Verrucariales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="pallipes">Stigmatomma pallipes</taxonomicName>
(CASENT0247077) B
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Amblyopone australis</taxonomicName>
(CASENT0100424) C
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma oregonense" order="Verrucariales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="oregonense">Stigmatomma oregonense</taxonomicName>
D
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Amblyopone australis</taxonomicName>
. A, B labrum C, D usage of the mandibles E, F pattern diagrams for mandibular use. A dentiform labral seta is absent B dentiform labral setae are present C, E the masticatory margin is the main functional part of the mandible in XMAS clade species D, F the whole mandibular shaft is the functional part of the mandible in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
. C, D Photos by Alex Wild.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="143 - 230" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. III. Tribe Amblyoponini (Hymenoptera)." volume="122" year="1960">Brown (1960)</bibRefCitation>
was the first to propose that the dentiform setae on the labrum functioned as a structure to grip active prey. He attributed this character to
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="tribe" tribe="Amblyoponini">Amblyoponini</taxonomicName>
but our review suggest that dentiform setae on the basal part of the labrum (as in Fig. 6B) is restricted to three genera:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Onychomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onychomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Onychomyrmex</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Apomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apomyrma</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Ward, PS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="159 - 175" title="Adetomyrma, an enigmatic new ant genus from Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and its implications for ant phylogeny." url="10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00585.x" volume="19" year="1994">Ward (1994)</bibRefCitation>
reported that conical setae are present on the labrum in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Apomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apomyrma stygia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygia">Apomyrma stygia</taxonomicName>
Brown, Gotwald &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lévieux">Levieux</normalizedToken>
, 1971.
<bibRefCitation author="Saux, C" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="457 - 468" title="Dracula ant phylogeny as inferred by nuclear 28 S rDNA sequences and implications for ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyoponinae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.017" volume="33" year="2004">Saux et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
described the presence of these setae in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Amblyopone australis</taxonomicName>
Erichson, 1842,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone hackeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hackeri">Amblyopone hackeri</taxonomicName>
Wheeler, 1927,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone longidens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longidens">Amblyopone longidens</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1910, and
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma gingivale" order="Verrucariales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="gingivale">Stigmatomma gingivale</taxonomicName>
(Brown, 1960).
<bibRefCitation author="Keller, RA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 90" title="A phylogenetic analysis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromorph subfamilies." url="10.1206/355.1" volume="355" year="2011">Keller (2011)</bibRefCitation>
reported the presence of these setae in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Amblyopone australis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone mercovichi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mercovichi">Amblyopone mercovichi</taxonomicName>
Brown, 1960,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Onychomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onychomyrmex doddi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doddi">Onychomyrmex doddi</taxonomicName>
Wheeler, 1916, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Apomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apomyrma stygia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygia">Apomyrma stygia</taxonomicName>
, but their absence in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Concoctio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Concoctio concenta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concenta">Concoctio concenta</taxonomicName>
Brown, 1974, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myopopone castanea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">Myopopone castanea</taxonomicName>
(Smith, 1860).
<bibRefCitation author="Ward, PS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="159 - 175" title="Adetomyrma, an enigmatic new ant genus from Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and its implications for ant phylogeny." url="10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00585.x" volume="19" year="1994">Ward (1994)</bibRefCitation>
showed in his figure 9 labral setae in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Onychomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onychomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Onychomyrmex</taxonomicName>
which is currently identified as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Onychomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onychomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Onychomyrmex</taxonomicName>
au01 (PSW10030, CASENT0172779) though in
<bibRefCitation author="Saux, C" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="457 - 468" title="Dracula ant phylogeny as inferred by nuclear 28 S rDNA sequences and implications for ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyoponinae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.017" volume="33" year="2004">Saux et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, this taxon is referred to as an undescribed species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
. In addition to the above species, we found the presence of dentiform setae on the labrum in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone michaelseni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="michaelseni">Amblyopone michaelseni</taxonomicName>
Forel (CASENT0100441),
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
au01 (CASENT0434465), and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
au02 (QMT152688). In
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Apomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apomyrma stygia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygia">Apomyrma stygia</taxonomicName>
(CASENT0000077), the dentiform setae are present and distributed not only along the basal portion but also along the whole surface of the labrum; in addition, the conical setae on the anterior clypeal margin are absent. We also confirm the absence of dentiform setae on the labrum in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prionopelta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prionopelta</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Concoctio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Concoctio" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Concoctio</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Bannapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bannapone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bannapone</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Because of the presence of the dentiform labral setae,
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma gingivale" order="Verrucariales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="gingivale">Stigmatomma gingivale</taxonomicName>
is retransferred to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone gingivalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gingivalis">Amblyopone gingivalis</taxonomicName>
Brown, 1960 comb. rev., although
<bibRefCitation author="Yoshimura, M" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination=": e 33325" title="A revision of male ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with resurrections of the genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0033325" volume="7" year="2012">Yoshimura and Fisher (2012)</bibRefCitation>
transferred this species from
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
. The dentiform labral setae in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone gingivalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gingivalis">Amblyopone gingivalis</taxonomicName>
are more abundant than those of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Amblyopone australis</taxonomicName>
, and covering on the distinct basal convexity on the labrum. In addition to the presence of the dentiform labral setae, true mandibular teeth larger than the basal ventral denticles
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">are</pageBreakToken>
also present in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone gingivalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gingivalis">Amblyopone gingivalis</taxonomicName>
and provide an additional supportive character for this generic transfer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
On the other hand, on the basis of the mandible characters,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone awa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="awa">Amblyopone awa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone kangba" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangba">Amblyopone kangba</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone meiliana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meiliana">Amblyopone meiliana</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone zomae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zomae">Amblyopone zomae</taxonomicName>
are transferred to the genus
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma awa" order="Verrucariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="awa">Stigmatomma awa</taxonomicName>
(Xu &amp; Chu, 2012), comb. n.,
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma kangba" order="Verrucariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="kangba">Stigmatomma kangba</taxonomicName>
(Xu &amp; Chu, 2012), comb. n.,
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma meilianum" order="Verrucariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="meilianum">Stigmatomma meilianum</taxonomicName>
(Xu &amp; Chu, 2012), comb. n., and
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma zomae" order="Verrucariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="zomae">Stigmatomma zomae</taxonomicName>
(Xu &amp; Chu, 2012), comb. n., respectively. According to the original description (Xu and Chu 2012), the mandibular characters in figures 29, 34, and 52 show that
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma zomae" order="Verrucariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="zomae">Stigmatomma zomae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma meilianum" order="Verrucariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="meilianum">Stigmatomma meilianum</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma awa" order="Verrucariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="awa">Stigmatomma awa</taxonomicName>
have typical forms observed in
<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
, although we did not examine actual specimens of any of these four Chinese species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The male diagnostic characters used in this revision follow those in
<bibRefCitation author="Yoshimura, M" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination=": e 33325" title="A revision of male ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with resurrections of the genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0033325" volume="7" year="2012">Yoshimura and Fisher (2012)</bibRefCitation>
. All worker diagnostic characters are applicable to both alate and ergatoid queens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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