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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.647.11098" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dfd903c1-7bec-41be-9dc1-4acb129ce00e" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-647-67" ID-ZBK="80483F136B92468AB4CC5AD347ACD66F" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-647-67" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 647" ModsDocTitle="A review of insect parasitoids associated with Lobesiabotrana (Denis &amp; Schiffermüller, 1775) in Italy. 1. DipteraTachinidae and HymenopteraBraconidae (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)" checkinTime="1485645065564" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Scaramozzino, Pier Luigi, Loni, Augusto &amp; Lucchi, Andrea" docDate="2017" docId="A650EC5C21F6B0FE453EF923AA4A3621" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 647: 67-100" docOrigin="ZooKeys 647" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.647.11098" docTitle="Apanteles sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="83" masterDocId="FF95AC3BFFAEFFF0FFBEFFC25B35347E" masterDocTitle="A review of insect parasitoids associated with Lobesiabotrana (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller, 1775) in Italy. 1. DipteraTachinidae and HymenopteraBraconidae (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)" masterLastPageNumber="100" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="83" updateTime="1662235851137" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:title>A review of insect parasitoids associated with Lobesiabotrana (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller, 1775) in Italy. 1. DipteraTachinidae and HymenopteraBraconidae (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Scaramozzino, Pier Luigi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Loni, Augusto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lucchi, Andrea</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>647</mods:number>
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<mods:start>67</mods:start>
<mods:end>100</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.647.11098</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.647.11098</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127882493" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A650EC5C21F6B0FE453EF923AA4A3621" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A650EC5C21F6B0FE453EF923AA4A3621" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="83" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apanteles sp.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="83" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apanteles sp.</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Nuzzaci, G" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" pagination="47 - 52" title="Notes on the biocenosis in Puglia of Lobesia (Polychrosis) botrana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) exclusive to Daphnegnidium L." volume="17" year="1982">Nuzzaci and Triggiani 1982</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Luciano, P" journalOrPublisher="Atti XV Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, L'Aquila" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" pagination="543 - 548" title="Osservazioni sulle popolazioni di Lobesiabotrana (Den. &amp; Schiff.) su Daphnegnidium L. in Sardegna." volume="1988" year="1988">Luciano et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Moleas, T" journalOrPublisher="Informatore Fitopatologico" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" pagination="8 - 11" title="Lotta alle tignole della vite da tavola nell'Italia meridionale." volume="45" year="1995">Moleas 1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Coscolla, R" journalOrPublisher="Generalitat Valenciana, Consejerfa de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion, Valencia, Spain" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" title="La polilla del racimo de la vid (Lobesiabotrana Den. y Schiff.)." year="1997">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Coscollá">Coscolla</normalizedToken>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="83" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Italian distribution of reared parasitoids.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
Apulia:
<bibRefCitation author="Nuzzaci, G" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" pagination="47 - 52" title="Notes on the biocenosis in Puglia of Lobesia (Polychrosis) botrana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) exclusive to Daphnegnidium L." volume="17" year="1982">Nuzzaci and Triggiani 1982</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
Sardinia:
<bibRefCitation author="Luciano, P" journalOrPublisher="Atti XV Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, L'Aquila" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" pagination="543 - 548" title="Osservazioni sulle popolazioni di Lobesiabotrana (Den. &amp; Schiff.) su Daphnegnidium L. in Sardegna." volume="1988" year="1988">Luciano et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="83" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apanteles</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, 1863 is a big cosmopolitan genus which - according to
<bibRefCitation author="Mason, WRM" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 147" title="The polyphyletic nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): A phylogeny and reclassification of Microgastrinae." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm113115fv" volume="115" year="1981">Mason (1981)</bibRefCitation>
- would include between 5,000 and 10,000 species.
<bibRefCitation author="Yu, DSK" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" title="Home of Ichneumonoidea" url="http://www.taxapad.com/" year="1997 - 2012">Yu (1997-2012)</bibRefCitation>
lists a little less than a thousand species. In Europe are reported 195 species (Fauna Europaea).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="83" type="taxonomic notes">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Taxonomic notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apanteles</taxonomicName>
is a polyphyletic complicated group, both for the high number of species and for the evident morphological convergence accompanied by the characters reduction.
<bibRefCitation author="Mason, WRM" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 147" title="The polyphyletic nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): A phylogeny and reclassification of Microgastrinae." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm113115fv" volume="115" year="1981">Mason (1981)</bibRefCitation>
divided this group in 26 distinct genera (see
<bibRefCitation author="Whitfield, JB" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" pagination="337 - 359" title="Phylogenetic relationships among microgastrine braconid wasp genera based on data from the 16 S, COI and 28 S genes and morphology." url="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3113.2002.00183.x" volume="27" year="2002">Whitfield et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
The situation is still controversial and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Masons">Mason's</normalizedToken>
opinion is not accepted by all taxonomists of the group (see note 180 in
<bibRefCitation author="Broad, GR" journalOrPublisher="Masson et Cie., Paris" pageId="18" pageNumber="85" title="Checklist of British and Irish Braconidae (Hymenoptera)" url="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources-rx/files/braconidae-checklist-for-web-34139.pdf" year="2012">Broad et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="83" type="host">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Host range.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
Like all
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Microgastrinae">Microgastrinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apanteles</taxonomicName>
spp. are koinobiont endophagous larval parasitoids of
<taxonomicName lsidName="Tortricoidea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName clade="Ditrysia" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Ditrysia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ditrysia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="clade">Ditrysia</taxonomicName>
and are undoubtedly among the most important parasitoids of this order. For more details, see
<bibRefCitation author="Shaw, MR" journalOrPublisher="Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 126" title="Classification and biology of braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="7" year="1991">Shaw and Huddleston (1991)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="83" type="ecological role">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Ecological role.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
In Apulia, an unidentified species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apanteles</taxonomicName>
was repeatedly found in September-October; this emerged from EGVM larvae living on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Daphne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Daphne gnidium" order="Malvales" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gnidium">Daphne gnidium</taxonomicName>
, with a parasitization rate of approx. 20% (
<bibRefCitation author="Nuzzaci, G" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" pagination="47 - 52" title="Notes on the biocenosis in Puglia of Lobesia (Polychrosis) botrana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) exclusive to Daphnegnidium L." volume="17" year="1982">Nuzzaci and Triggiani 1982</bibRefCitation>
). Again, on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Daphne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Daphne gnidiun" order="Malvales" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gnidiun">Daphne gnidiun</taxonomicName>
in Sardinia, another unidentified
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apanteles</taxonomicName>
was obtained both from EGVM larvae of first and third generation, with parasitization rates of 6.2% and 24.1% respectively (
<bibRefCitation author="Luciano, P" journalOrPublisher="Atti XV Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, L'Aquila" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" pagination="543 - 548" title="Osservazioni sulle popolazioni di Lobesiabotrana (Den. &amp; Schiff.) su Daphnegnidium L. in Sardegna." volume="1988" year="1988">Luciano et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>