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<heading id="75721F0DFFD7FFE2AE40FB40FDE42AD6" box="[309,634,1169,1190]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="E985D3E2FFD7FFE2AE40FB40FDE42AD6" ID-CoL="68WWK" baseAuthorityName="Fenucci" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[309,634,1169,1190]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Calyptraeotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garthi">
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<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AE40FB40FD832AD6" box="[309,541,1169,1190]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">CALYPTRAEOTHERES</emphasis>
GARTHI
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<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AFD1FB69FE2D2ABE" box="[164,435,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">Calyptraeotheres garthi</emphasis>
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has a high degree of genetic homogeneity across its distribution range, as indicated by the AMOVA and the haplotype network. Genetic structure is observed when ongoing or historical processes have limited gene flow (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AD0CFAE3FC9E2B3B" author="Avise JC" box="[633,768,1330,1352]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="3 - 15" refId="ref9417" refString="Avise JC. 2009. Phylogeography: retrospect and prospect. Journal of Biogeography 36: 3 - 15." type="journal article" year="2009">Avise, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). However, marine species commonly exhibit low levels of global population differentiation, even when physical barriers limit gene flow (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AD5CFA5FFEFC2BB2" author="Ward RD &amp; Woodwark M &amp; Skibinski DOF" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="213 - 232" refId="ref12903" refString="Ward RD, Woodwark M, Skibinski DOF. 1994. A comparison of genetic diversity levels in marine, freshwater, and anadromous fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 44: 213 - 232." type="journal article" year="1994">Ward, Woodwark &amp; Skibinski, 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AE0CFA7DFD832BB2" author="Waples RS" box="[377,541,1452,1474]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="438" refId="ref12874" refString="Waples RS. 1998. Separating the wheat from the chaff: patterns of genetic differentiation in high gene flow species. Journal of Heredity 89: 438." type="journal article" year="1998">Waples, 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AD46FA7DFEBB2B92" author="Fernandez Iriarte P &amp; Alonso MP &amp; Sabadin D &amp; Arauz PA &amp; Iudica C" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="701 - 706" refId="ref10138" refString="Fernandez Iriarte P, Alonso MP, Sabadin D, Arauz PA, Iudica C. 2011. Phylogeography of weakfish Cynoscion guatucupa (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) from the southwestern Atlantic. Scientia Marina 75: 701 - 706." type="journal article" year="2011">
Fernández Iriarte
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AFD1FA1DFF4A2B93" box="[164,212,1483,1505]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Although the San Matias Gulf has been considered to be a closed system with larvae retention (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AFDEF9D9FE28286D" author="Guerrero RA &amp; Piola AR" box="[171,438,1544,1566]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="107 - 118" refId="ref10311" refString="Guerrero RA, Piola AR. 1997. Masas de agua en la plataforma continental. In: Boschi EE, ed. El mar Argentino y sus recursos pesqueros, Vol. 1. Mar del Plata, Argentina: Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), 107 - 118." type="book chapter" year="1997">
<collectingRegion id="EC416683FFD7FFE2AFDEF9D9FE8A286E" box="[171,276,1544,1565]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
&amp; Piola, 1997
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), this does not seem to lead to genetic structure in
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<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AEE5F9F6FE68284F" box="[400,502,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">C. garthi</emphasis>
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. Similarly to almost all other pinnotherids,
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<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AEFBF997FE6D2829" box="[398,499,1605,1627]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">C. garthi</emphasis>
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has a long larval cycle and requires about 30 days to settle (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AD11F9B5FF4228EA" author="Ocampo EH &amp; Nunez JD &amp; Lizarralde MS &amp; Cledon M" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="347 - 359" refId="ref11668" refString="Ocampo EH, Nunez JD, Lizarralde MS, Cledon M. 2011. Larval development of Calyptraeotheres garthi (Fenucci, 1975) (Brachyura, Pinnotheridae) described from laboratoryreared material, with notes of larval character use on Pinnotheridae systematic. Helgoland Marine Research 65: 347 - 359." type="journal article" year="2011">
Ocampo
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2ADB9F9B4FD63280A" box="[716,765,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
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), giving the species sufficient time for marine dispersal and to maintain connectivity amongst populations across its geographical range.
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="E985D3E2FFD7FFE2AFC9F90FFE4E2880" ID-CoL="68WWK" baseAuthorityName="Fenucci" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[188,464,1758,1779]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Calyptraeotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garthi">
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AFC9F90FFE4E2880" box="[188,464,1758,1779]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">Calyptraeotheres garthi</emphasis>
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displayed high haplotype (28 haplotypes in 30 individuals) and low nucleotide diversity (overall 0.009), which may be attributable to rapid population growth and accumulation of mutations after a period of low effective population size. In support of this idea, the mismatch distribution showed a unimodal distribution that, together with the results of the neutrality tests (negative and significant), can be interpreted as indicators of sudden expansion. Population expansion of
<taxonomicName id="E985D3E2FFD7FFE2AB6DFE91FBE02F26" ID-CoL="68WWK" baseAuthorityName="Fenucci" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1048,1150,320,341]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Calyptraeotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garthi">
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AB6DFE91FBE02F26" box="[1048,1150,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">C. garthi</emphasis>
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started ~300 Kya according to the estimate from the mismatch distribution, and ~220 Kya using BSP analysis.
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<paragraph id="2E3AA861FFD7FFE2AC26FE4DFA8D2AE3" blockId="11.[826,1442,198,1902]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">
Climate changes in the Quaternary shaped the diversity of marine and terrestrial species (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AA6FFE6BFA022FA3" author="Avise JC" box="[1306,1436,442,464]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" refId="ref9398" refString="Avise JC. 2000. Phylogeography: the history and formation of species. Cambridge: Harvard University." type="book" year="2000">Avise, 2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AC4FFE08FCEB2F9C" author="Avise JC" box="[826,885,473,495]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="3 - 15" refId="ref9417" refString="Avise JC. 2009. Phylogeography: retrospect and prospect. Journal of Biogeography 36: 3 - 15." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
). One of the climate events that played a crucial role in determining the abundance and distribution of natural populations was the last glacial maximum (LGM) in the late Pleistocene (~20 Kya;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AA73FDE4FA022C39" author="Hewitt GM" box="[1286,1436,565,587]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="183 - 195" refId="ref10746" refString="Hewitt GM. 2004. Genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the Quaternary. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 359: 183 - 195." type="journal article" year="2004">Hewitt, 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AC4FFD85FBC82C19" author="Provan J &amp; Bennett KD" box="[826,1110,596,618]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="564 - 571" refId="ref11904" refString="Provan J, Bennett KD. 2008. Phylogeographic insights into cryptic glacial refugia. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: 564 - 571." type="journal article" year="2008">Provan &amp; Bennett, 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Although strongly disputed by some authors (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AB68FDA3FB552CF4" author="Rabassa J" box="[1053,1227,626,648]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="151 - 204" refId="ref11981" refString="Rabassa J. 2008. Late Cenozoic glaciations in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. In: Rabassa J, ed. Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, developments in Quaternary sciences. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 151 - 204." type="book chapter" year="2008">Rabassa, 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2ABAAFDA3FC702CD4" author="Lessa EP &amp; D'Elia G &amp; Pardinas UFJ" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="3031 - 3037" refId="ref11032" refString="Lessa EP, D'Elia G, Pardinas UFJ. 2010. Genetic footprints of late Quaternary climate change in the diversity of Patagonian - Fueguian rodents. Molecular Ecology 19: 3031 - 3037." type="journal article" year="2010">Lessa, D’Elía &amp; Pardiñas, 2010</bibRefCitation>
), during the LGM many species are generally thought to have remained in refuges and then expanded when the glaciers retreated. Recent population expansions resulting from post-LGM recolonization have been detected mainly for terrestrial (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AC37FCFBFC462D4C" author="Hewitt GM" box="[834,984,810,832]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="907 - 913" refId="ref10725" refString="Hewitt GM. 2000. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature 405: 907 - 913." type="journal article" year="2000">Hewitt, 2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AC91FCFBFB822D33" author="Hewitt GM" box="[996,1052,810,832]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="183 - 195" refId="ref10746" refString="Hewitt GM. 2004. Genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the Quaternary. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 359: 183 - 195." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
) and for some marine species (see examples given by
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AB6FFC99FB6F2D2D" author="Marko PB &amp; Hoffman JM &amp; Emme SA &amp; McGovern TM &amp; Keever CC &amp; Cox LN" box="[1050,1265,840,862]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="146 - 169" refId="ref11319" refString="Marko PB, Hoffman JM, Emme SA, McGovern TM, Keever CC, Cox LN. 2010. The ' Expansion - Contraction' model of Pleistocene biogeography: rocky shores suffer a sea change? Molecular Ecology 19: 146 - 169." type="journal article" year="2010">
Marko
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AB1BFC98FB012D2E" box="[1134,1183,840,862]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). Nevertheless, our results show that
<taxonomicName id="E985D3E2FFD7FFE2AB35FCB6FB3B2D0F" baseAuthorityName="Fenucci" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1088,1189,871,892]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Calyptraeotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garthi">
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AB35FCB6FB3B2D0F" box="[1088,1189,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">C. garthi</emphasis>
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underwent a population expansion earlier than the LGM (~220 Kya based on BSP and ~300 Kya calculated by T). Thus, if this expansion was a result of climate change, this event would have occurred before the LGM. Consistent with our results, several marine species underwent population growth before the LGM in the south-western Atlantic (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2ACD1FBECFB6C2A21" author="Fernandez Iriarte P &amp; Alonso MP &amp; Sabadin D &amp; Arauz PA &amp; Iudica C" box="[932,1266,1085,1107]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="701 - 706" refId="ref10138" refString="Fernandez Iriarte P, Alonso MP, Sabadin D, Arauz PA, Iudica C. 2011. Phylogeography of weakfish Cynoscion guatucupa (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) from the southwestern Atlantic. Scientia Marina 75: 701 - 706." type="journal article" year="2011">
Fernández Iriarte
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AB00FBEFFB382A21" box="[1141,1190,1085,1107]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AB89FBECFCEC2A01" author="Ceballos SG &amp; Lessa EP &amp; Victorio MF &amp; Fernandez DA" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="499 - 505" refId="ref9766" refString="Ceballos SG, Lessa EP, Victorio MF, Fernandez DA. 2012. Phylogeography of the sub-Antarctic notothenioid fish Eleginops maclovinus: evidence of population expansion. Marine Biology 159: 499 - 505." type="journal article" year="2012">
Ceballos
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AA17FBEFFA0D2A21" box="[1378,1427,1085,1107]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
) and elsewhere (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AB3BFB8AFB742A02" author="Marko PB" box="[1102,1258,1115,1137]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="597 - 611" refId="ref11280" refString="Marko PB. 2004. ' What's larvae got to do with it? ' Disparate patterns of post-glacial population structure in two benthic marine gastropods with identical dispersal potential. Molecular Ecology 13: 597 - 611." type="journal article" year="2004">Marko, 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AB8AFB8AFA022A02" author="Wilson AB" box="[1279,1436,1115,1137]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="1857 - 1871" refId="ref13073" refString="Wilson AB. 2006. Genetic signature of recent glaciation on populations of a near-shore marine fish species (Syngnathus leptorhynchus). Molecular Ecology 15: 1857 - 1871." type="journal article" year="2006">Wilson, 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AC4FFBAAFBB82AFC" author="Wang C &amp; Li C &amp; Li S" box="[826,1062,1146,1168]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="3515 - 3527" refId="ref12831" refString="Wang C, Li C, Li S. 2008. Mitochondrial DNA-inferred population structure and demographic history of the mitten crab (Eriocheir sensu stricto) found along the coast of mainland China. Molecular Ecology 17: 3515 - 3527." type="journal article" year="2008">Wang, Li &amp; Li, 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AB46FBABFA962AE3" author="Marko PB &amp; Hoffman JM &amp; Emme SA &amp; McGovern TM &amp; Keever CC &amp; Cox LN" box="[1075,1288,1146,1168]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="146 - 169" refId="ref11319" refString="Marko PB, Hoffman JM, Emme SA, McGovern TM, Keever CC, Cox LN. 2010. The ' Expansion - Contraction' model of Pleistocene biogeography: rocky shores suffer a sea change? Molecular Ecology 19: 146 - 169." type="journal article" year="2010">
Marko
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2ABF3FBAAFB282AFC" box="[1158,1206,1146,1168]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E3AA861FFD7FFE2AC26FB48FBEB291D" blockId="11.[826,1442,198,1902]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">
Glaciations in the mid-Pleistocene appear to have left traces in the evolutionary history of several marine species (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AB77FB07FB012A9F" author="Wilson AB" box="[1026,1183,1238,1260]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="1857 - 1871" refId="ref13073" refString="Wilson AB. 2006. Genetic signature of recent glaciation on populations of a near-shore marine fish species (Syngnathus leptorhynchus). Molecular Ecology 15: 1857 - 1871." type="journal article" year="2006">Wilson, 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2ABC6FB07FA082A9F" author="Marko PB &amp; Hoffman JM &amp; Emme SA &amp; McGovern TM &amp; Keever CC &amp; Cox LN" box="[1203,1430,1238,1260]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="146 - 169" refId="ref11319" refString="Marko PB, Hoffman JM, Emme SA, McGovern TM, Keever CC, Cox LN. 2010. The ' Expansion - Contraction' model of Pleistocene biogeography: rocky shores suffer a sea change? Molecular Ecology 19: 146 - 169." type="journal article" year="2010">
Marko
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AA78FB06FAA02A98" box="[1293,1342,1238,1260]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). Indeed, after the Great Patagonian Glaciation during the Miocene (~1 Mya;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AB23FAC2FA982B5A" author="Rabassa J" box="[1110,1286,1299,1321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="151 - 204" refId="ref11981" refString="Rabassa J. 2008. Late Cenozoic glaciations in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. In: Rabassa J, ed. Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, developments in Quaternary sciences. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 151 - 204." type="book chapter" year="2008">Rabassa, 2008</bibRefCitation>
) and before the LGM, three glacial periods strongly affected the region. Two of these occurred at or around 145 Kya (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AC37FABEFB812BF6" author="Kaplan MR &amp; Douglass DC &amp; Ackert RP &amp; Caffee MW" box="[834,1055,1391,1413]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="301 - 315" refId="ref10912" refString="Kaplan MR, Douglass DC, Ackert RP, Caffee MW. 2005. Cosmogenic nuclide chronology of pre-last glaciation maximum moraines at Lago Buenos Aires, 46 S, Argentina. Quaternary Research 63: 301 - 315." type="journal article" year="2005">
Kaplan
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2ACEAFAA1FC512BF7" box="[927,975,1391,1413]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 2005
</bibRefCitation>
) and 260 Kya (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2ABA7FABEFA082BF6" author="Hein AS &amp; Hulton NRJ &amp; Dunai TJ &amp; Schnabel C &amp; Kaplan MR &amp; Naylor M &amp; Xu S" box="[1234,1430,1391,1413]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="184 - 197" refId="ref10620" refString="Hein AS, Hulton NRJ, Dunai TJ, Schnabel C, Kaplan MR, Naylor M, Xu S. 2009. Middle Pleistocene glaciation in Patagonia dated by cosmogenic-nuclide measurements on outwash gravels. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 286: 184 - 197." type="journal article" year="2009">
Hein
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AA66FAA1FADA2BF7" box="[1299,1348,1391,1413]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). In these periods, the decrease in sea level and water temperature and changes in marine currents may have forced species to take refuge at lower latitudes, as has been suggested for the sub-Antarctic fish
<taxonomicName id="E985D3E2FFD7FFE2AC4FF9D9FCE7284E" authority="(Cuvier, 1830) (Ceballos et al., 2012)" authorityName="Ceballos et al." authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleginopsidae" genus="Eleginops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maclovinus">
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AC4FF9D9FBAB286E" box="[826,1077,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">Eleginops maclovinus</emphasis>
(Cuvier, 1830) (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AB83F9D9FCEC284E" author="Ceballos SG &amp; Lessa EP &amp; Victorio MF &amp; Fernandez DA" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="499 - 505" refId="ref9766" refString="Ceballos SG, Lessa EP, Victorio MF, Fernandez DA. 2012. Phylogeography of the sub-Antarctic notothenioid fish Eleginops maclovinus: evidence of population expansion. Marine Biology 159: 499 - 505." type="journal article" year="2012">
Ceballos
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AA17F9D9FA0D286E" box="[1378,1427,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and the south-western Atlantic fish
<taxonomicName id="E985D3E2FFD7FFE2AA5BF9F6FCE52809" authority="(Cuvier, 1830) (Fernandez Iriarte et al., 2011)" authorityName="Fernandez Iriarte et al." authorityYear="2011" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Cynoscion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guatucupa">
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AA5BF9F6FC2C2828" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">Cynoscion guatucupa</emphasis>
(Cuvier, 1830) (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2ABF5F994FCED2809" author="Fernandez Iriarte P &amp; Alonso MP &amp; Sabadin D &amp; Arauz PA &amp; Iudica C" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="701 - 706" refId="ref10138" refString="Fernandez Iriarte P, Alonso MP, Sabadin D, Arauz PA, Iudica C. 2011. Phylogeography of weakfish Cynoscion guatucupa (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) from the southwestern Atlantic. Scientia Marina 75: 701 - 706." type="journal article" year="2011">
Fernández Iriarte
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AA17F997FA0D2829" box="[1378,1427,1605,1627]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="E985D3E2FFD7FFE2ACF2F9B5FB0A280A" baseAuthorityName="Fenucci" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[903,1172,1636,1657]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Calyptraeotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garthi">
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2ACF2F9B5FB0A280A" box="[903,1172,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">Calyptraeotheres garthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have undergone a northward retraction during glacial phases, similar to the process that has been suggested either for marine species such as those mentioned above or for other continental organisms in Patagonia (
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2AB99F90FFCED2961" author="Ruzzante DE &amp; Walde SJ &amp; Gosse JC &amp; Cussac VE &amp; Habit E &amp; Zemlak TS &amp; Adams EDM" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="2234 - 2244" refId="ref12293" refString="Ruzzante DE, Walde SJ, Gosse JC, Cussac VE, Habit E, Zemlak TS, Adams EDM. 2008. Climate control on ancestral population dynamics: insight from Patagonian fish phylogeography. Molecular Ecology 17: 2234 - 2244." type="journal article" year="2008">
Ruzzante
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2AA17F90EFA0D2880" box="[1378,1427,1758,1780]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 2008
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD7FFE2ACFEF92CFBF52960" author="Lessa EP &amp; D'Elia G &amp; Pardinas UFJ" box="[907,1131,1789,1811]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" pagination="3031 - 3037" refId="ref11032" refString="Lessa EP, D'Elia G, Pardinas UFJ. 2010. Genetic footprints of late Quaternary climate change in the diversity of Patagonian - Fueguian rodents. Molecular Ecology 19: 3031 - 3037." type="journal article" year="2010">
Lessa
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2ACAAF92CFB912961" box="[991,1039,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="E985D3E2FFD7FFE2ABFCF92CFA3F2961" baseAuthorityName="Fenucci" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1161,1441,1789,1810]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Calyptraeotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garthi">
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD7FFE2ABFCF92CFA3F2961" box="[1161,1441,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="38">Calyptraeotheres garthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations expanded at the end of the glacial period, by ~260 Kya, either recolonizing or colonizing higher latitudes for the first time.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E3AA861FFD0FFE5AFDDFF17FE852CFB" blockId="12.[144,759,198,648]" pageId="12" pageNumber="39">
Given the species’ obligate symbiont lifestyle, a
<taxonomicName id="E985D3E2FFD0FFE5AFE5FF34FF6B2E8A" baseAuthorityName="Fenucci" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[144,245,228,250]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Calyptraeotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garthi">
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD0FFE5AFE5FF34FF6B2E8A" box="[144,245,228,250]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="39">C. garthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
population requires the prior existence of its hosts for growth and survival. It is plausible that the evolution of this crab is intimately related to the history of its host. The presence of limpet hosts [e.g.
<taxonomicName id="E985D3E2FFD0FFE5AFE5FE8EFDAE2F06" authority="(d'Orbigny, 1841)" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[144,560,351,373]" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Crepidula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="protea">
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD0FFE5AFE5FE8EFEC92F07" box="[144,343,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="39">Crepidula protea</emphasis>
(d’Orbigny, 1841)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E985D3E2FFD0FFE5AD37FE8EFED82FE7" authority="(Sowerby, 1824)" baseAuthorityName="Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Crepidula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="onyx">
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD0FFE5AD37FE8EFD682F07" box="[578,758,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="39">Crepidula onyx</emphasis>
(Sowerby, 1824)
</taxonomicName>
] on the Argentinean coast dates from the Miocene (~20 Mya;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD0FFE5AECCFE4DFDFC2FC2" author="Aguirre ML" box="[441,610,412,434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="39" pagination="23 - 38" refId="ref9296" refString="Aguirre ML. 1993. Type specimens of Quaternary marine gastropods from Argentina. Ameghiniana 30: 23 - 38." type="journal article" year="1993">Aguirre, 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4A14D590FFD0FFE5AD0CFE4DFEDD2FA2" author="Aguirre ML &amp; Farinati EA" pageId="12" pageNumber="39" pagination="93 - 112" refId="ref9317" refString="Aguirre ML, Farinati EA. 1999. Paleobiogeografia de las faunas de moluscos marinos del Neogeno y Cuaternario del Atlantico sudoccidental. Revista de la Sociedad Geologica de Espana 12: 93 - 112." type="journal article" year="1999">Aguirre &amp; Farinati, 1999</bibRefCitation>
), which would have enabled the crab population to establish. However, whether these host species either expanded or maintained stable population sizes over the last 300 000 years is unknown. It would be interesting to assess, in future studies, the historical demography of the limpet hosts of
<taxonomicName id="E985D3E2FFD0FFE5AFDBFDA3FE8D2CF4" baseAuthorityName="Fenucci" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[174,275,626,647]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Calyptraeotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garthi">
<emphasis id="1CF17473FFD0FFE5AFDBFDA3FE8D2CF4" box="[174,275,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="39">C. garthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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