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<mods:title id="8457B35878BE3243A9E3A22A2CF4B05E">The spongillafly genus Sisyra Burmeister, 1839 (Neuroptera: Sisyridae) from Brazil: Distributional, taxonomical and bionomical notes</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D78C07DB153BD963939A75846E0D8177">Assmar, Alice Carvalho</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF87C85C3BD08AEE106B7482" blockId="2.[151,626,1693,1755]" box="[151,626,1693,1719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">
<heading id="757581D5FF87C85C3BD08AEE106B7482" bold="true" box="[151,626,1693,1719]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF87C85C3BD08AEE106B7482" ID-CoL="4XSFV" authority="Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[151,626,1693,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF87C85C3BD08AEE106B7482" bold="true" box="[151,626,1693,1719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF87C85C3BD08AEE13527482" bold="true" box="[151,331,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">Sisyra panama</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF87C85C3A148AEE106B7482" author="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B." box="[339,626,1693,1719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" pagination="421 - 529" refId="ref6097" refString="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B. (1956) The spongilla-flies, with special reference to those of the western hemisphere (Sisyridae, Neuroptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 105, 421 - 529. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.105 - 3360.421" type="journal article" year="1956">Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="66986532FF87C85C3BD08AB2138E74EE" box="[151,407,1729,1755]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" type="description">
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF87C85C3BD08AB2138E74EE" blockId="2.[151,626,1693,1755]" box="[151,407,1729,1755]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">
(
<figureCitation id="B6B92A3CFF87C85C3BD88AB2132574EE" box="[159,316,1729,1755]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1915,1940]" captionTargetBox="[166,1430,199,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,181,1890]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Maps of the new distributional records of Sisyra Burmeister, 1839 species (1) in Brazil. Emphasis in the (2) Amazonas state; (3) Northeast region of Brazil, with the first records to states of (4) Ceará and (5) Pernambuco, and additional records to (6) Bahia state; and (7) Minas Gerais state. The half-green half-red hexagon means superposition of species records." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3907440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3907440/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">Figs 1, 3–4, 6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="B6B92A3CFF87C85C3A0F8AB2139674EE" box="[328,399,1729,1755]" captionStart="FIGURES 12–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1876]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,191,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[157,1430,181,1826]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12–20. Specimens of Sisyra Burmeister, 1839. Sisyra ariasi Penny, 1981 male holotype (12) mounted on slide, (13) forewing and (14) hind wing with label, both mounted on slide with broken base. Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 (15) holotype forewing and (16) hind wing with label; (17) forewing of Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 with additional crossvein and (18) hind wing of the same specimen, collected in Salvador city, Bahia state, Brazil. Male genitalia of S. panama in (19) dorsal view and (20) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3907444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3907444/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">12–20</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="66986532FF87C85C3BD08B751137756E" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF87C85C3BD08B7516A17509" blockId="2.[151,1437,1797,1883]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF87C85C3BD08B751041752B" ID-CoL="4XSFV" authority="Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956: 474" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityPageNumber="474" authorityYear="1956" box="[151,600,1797,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF87C85C3BD08B75132B7528" box="[151,306,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">Sisyra panama</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF87C85C3A7D8B761041752B" author="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B." box="[314,600,1797,1822]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" pagination="421 - 529" refId="ref6097" refString="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B. (1956) The spongilla-flies, with special reference to those of the western hemisphere (Sisyridae, Neuroptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 105, 421 - 529. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.105 - 3360.421" type="journal article" year="1956">Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956:474</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[description]; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF87C85C39B48B751182752B" author="Penny, N. D." box="[755,923,1797,1822]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" pagination="157 - 169" refId="ref6159" refString="Penny, N. D. (1981) Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 1. Sisyridae. Acta Amazonica, 11, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921981111157" type="journal article" year="1981">Penny 1981:166</bibRefCitation>
[record]; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF87C85C3F418B761687752B" author="Flint, O. S. Jr." box="[1030,1182,1797,1822]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" pagination="279 - 286" refId="ref5366" refString="Flint, O. S. Jr. (2006) New species and records of Neotropical Sisyridae with special reference to Sisyra (Insecta: Neuroptera). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 119, 279 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.2988 / 0006 - 324 X (2006) 119 [279: NSARON] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Flint 2006:281</bibRefCitation>
[record]; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF87C85C3E4E8B76133E7509" author="Hamada, N. &amp; Pes, A. M. O. &amp; Fusari, L. M." pageId="2" pageNumber="376" pagination="281 - 284" refId="ref5503" refString="Hamada, N., Pes, A. M. O. &amp; Fusari, L. M. (2014) First record of Sisyridae (Neuroptera) in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, with bionomic notes on Sisyra panama. Florida Entomologist, 97, 281 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1653 / 024.097.0140" type="journal article" year="2014">
Hamada 
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF87C85C3E208B7517847528" box="[1383,1437,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">et al.</emphasis>
2014:281
</bibRefCitation>
[bionomic notes and record]; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF87C85C391E8B5010EB7509" author="Bowles, D. E." box="[601,754,1827,1852]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref5086" refString="Bowles, D. E. (2015) New distributional records for Neotropical spongillaflies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae). Insecta Mundi, 0400, 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="2015">Bowles 2015:4</bibRefCitation>
[record]; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF87C85C38128B5716407509" author="Assmar, A. C. &amp; Salles, F. F." box="[853,1113,1827,1852]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" pagination="80 - 92" refId="ref4893" refString="Assmar, A. C. &amp; Salles, F. F. (2017) Taxonomic and distributional notes on Spongilla-flies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae) from Southeastern Brazil with first interactive key to the species of the country. Zootaxa, 4273, 80 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4273.1.6" type="journal article" year="2017">Assmar &amp; Salles 2017:87</bibRefCitation>
[record].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF87C85C3BD08B301137756E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1797,1883]" box="[151,814,1858,1883]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF87C85C3BD08B3013DD756E" ID-CoL="6Z4MZ" authority="Penny 1981: 168" authorityName="Penny" authorityPageNumber="168" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,452,1858,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariasi">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF87C85C3BD08B301301756F" box="[151,280,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">Sisyra ariasi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF87C85C3A598B3013DD756E" author="Penny, N. D." box="[286,452,1858,1883]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" pagination="157 - 169" refId="ref6159" refString="Penny, N. D. (1981) Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 1. Sisyridae. Acta Amazonica, 11, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921981111157" type="journal article" year="1981">Penny 1981:168</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[description]. NEW SYNONYMY.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="66986532FF87C85D3BD08BFA11A575A2" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="377" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF87C85C3BD08BFA161875DE" blockId="2.[151,1436,1928,2027]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF87C85C3BD08BFA13127596" bold="true" box="[151,267,1929,1955]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">Remarks.</emphasis>
Both 
<typeStatus id="F139881BFF87C85C3A178BFA13A47596" box="[336,445,1929,1955]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF87C85C3AA58BFA10267596" authorityName="Penny" authorityYear="1981" box="[482,575,1929,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariasi">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF87C85C3AA58BFA10267596" box="[482,575,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">S. ariasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B6B92A3CFF87C85C39088BFA10D67596" box="[591,719,1929,1955]" captionStart="FIGURES 12–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1876]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,191,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[157,1430,181,1826]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12–20. Specimens of Sisyra Burmeister, 1839. Sisyra ariasi Penny, 1981 male holotype (12) mounted on slide, (13) forewing and (14) hind wing with label, both mounted on slide with broken base. Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 (15) holotype forewing and (16) hind wing with label; (17) forewing of Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 with additional crossvein and (18) hind wing of the same specimen, collected in Salvador city, Bahia state, Brazil. Male genitalia of S. panama in (19) dorsal view and (20) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3907444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3907444/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">Figs 12–14</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF87C85C384A8BFA119A7596" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[781,899,1929,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF87C85C384A8BFA119A7596" box="[781,899,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">S. panama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B6B92A3CFF87C85C38D48BFA160A7596" box="[915,1043,1928,1955]" captionStart="FIGURES 12–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1876]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,191,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[157,1430,181,1826]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12–20. Specimens of Sisyra Burmeister, 1839. Sisyra ariasi Penny, 1981 male holotype (12) mounted on slide, (13) forewing and (14) hind wing with label, both mounted on slide with broken base. Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 (15) holotype forewing and (16) hind wing with label; (17) forewing of Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 with additional crossvein and (18) hind wing of the same specimen, collected in Salvador city, Bahia state, Brazil. Male genitalia of S. panama in (19) dorsal view and (20) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3907444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3907444/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">Figs 15–16</figureCitation>
) were examined and no significant differences were found between the two in the lateral view. Other views are not possible to analyze because the male 
<typeStatus id="F139881BFF87C85C3BD08BA212E075DE" box="[151,249,2001,2027]" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF87C85C3A598BA2136275DE" authorityName="Penny" authorityYear="1981" box="[286,379,2001,2027]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariasi">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF87C85C3A598BA2136275DE" box="[286,379,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">S. ariasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is fixed on slide and the genitalia is not cleared (
<figureCitation id="B6B92A3CFF87C85C38E68BA211ED75DE" box="[929,1012,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIGURES 12–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1876]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,191,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[157,1430,181,1826]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12–20. Specimens of Sisyra Burmeister, 1839. Sisyra ariasi Penny, 1981 male holotype (12) mounted on slide, (13) forewing and (14) hind wing with label, both mounted on slide with broken base. Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 (15) holotype forewing and (16) hind wing with label; (17) forewing of Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 with additional crossvein and (18) hind wing of the same specimen, collected in Salvador city, Bahia state, Brazil. Male genitalia of S. panama in (19) dorsal view and (20) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3907444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3907444/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="376">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF86C85D3B808CEA11A07352" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D3B808CEA13797286" author="Penny, N. D." box="[199,352,153,179]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="157 - 169" refId="ref6159" refString="Penny, N. D. (1981) Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 1. Sisyridae. Acta Amazonica, 11, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921981111157" type="journal article" year="1981">Penny (1981)</bibRefCitation>
affirmed that 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D39448CEA10627286" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[515,635,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D39448CEA10627286" box="[515,635,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. panama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D39F38CEA110A7286" authorityName="Penny" authorityYear="1981" box="[692,787,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariasi">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D39F38CEA110A7286" box="[692,787,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. ariasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have two distinctive crossveins between “R3 and R4+5” (RP2 and RP3) (
<figureCitation id="B6B92A3CFF86C85D3A1F8CCE13B772E2" box="[344,430,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 12–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1876]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,191,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[157,1430,181,1826]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12–20. Specimens of Sisyra Burmeister, 1839. Sisyra ariasi Penny, 1981 male holotype (12) mounted on slide, (13) forewing and (14) hind wing with label, both mounted on slide with broken base. Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 (15) holotype forewing and (16) hind wing with label; (17) forewing of Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 with additional crossvein and (18) hind wing of the same specimen, collected in Salvador city, Bahia state, Brazil. Male genitalia of S. panama in (19) dorsal view and (20) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3907444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3907444/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). However, the additional crossvein found between these veins in the right forewing of 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3BD08C9212EF72CE" authorityName="Penny" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,246,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariasi">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3BD08C9212EF72CE" box="[151,246,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. ariasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="F139881BFF86C85D3BB88C92137872CE" box="[255,353,225,251]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is a modification exclusive to this wing, and this additional crossvein is not present in the left forewing of the same specimen (
<figureCitation id="B6B92A3CFF86C85D394D8D761046732A" box="[522,607,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURES 12–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1876]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,191,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[157,1430,181,1826]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12–20. Specimens of Sisyra Burmeister, 1839. Sisyra ariasi Penny, 1981 male holotype (12) mounted on slide, (13) forewing and (14) hind wing with label, both mounted on slide with broken base. Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 (15) holotype forewing and (16) hind wing with label; (17) forewing of Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 with additional crossvein and (18) hind wing of the same specimen, collected in Salvador city, Bahia state, Brazil. Male genitalia of S. panama in (19) dorsal view and (20) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3907444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3907444/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). A male specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D381A8D7611CD732A" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[861,980,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D381A8D7611CD732A" box="[861,980,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. panama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected in 
<collectingCountry id="56957629FF86C85D3F288D7616CD732A" box="[1135,1236,261,287]" name="El Salvador" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Salvador</collectingCountry>
, Bahia, presented this same modification in the left forewing and in the hind wing (
<figureCitation id="B6B92A3CFF86C85D38CF8D5A16147376" box="[904,1037,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURES 12–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1876]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,191,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[157,1430,181,1826]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12–20. Specimens of Sisyra Burmeister, 1839. Sisyra ariasi Penny, 1981 male holotype (12) mounted on slide, (13) forewing and (14) hind wing with label, both mounted on slide with broken base. Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 (15) holotype forewing and (16) hind wing with label; (17) forewing of Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 with additional crossvein and (18) hind wing of the same specimen, collected in Salvador city, Bahia state, Brazil. Male genitalia of S. panama in (19) dorsal view and (20) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3907444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3907444/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Figs 17–18</figureCitation>
). Besides, 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3FCD8D5A171B7376" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[1162,1282,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3FCD8D5A171B7376" box="[1162,1282,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. panama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only one crossvein between RP2 and RP3, according to 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D39E48D3E11AD7352" author="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B." box="[675,948,332,359]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="421 - 529" refId="ref6097" refString="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B. (1956) The spongilla-flies, with special reference to those of the western hemisphere (Sisyridae, Neuroptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 105, 421 - 529. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.105 - 3360.421" type="journal article" year="1956">Parfin &amp; Gurney (1956)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF86C85D3B808D0211F17056" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">
Regarding the male genitalia, both illustrations and descriptions of these two species are not detailed. 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D3E7C8D021325739A" author="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B." pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="421 - 529" refId="ref6097" refString="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B. (1956) The spongilla-flies, with special reference to those of the western hemisphere (Sisyridae, Neuroptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 105, 421 - 529. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.105 - 3360.421" type="journal article" year="1956">Parfin &amp; Gurney (1956)</bibRefCitation>
described the male gonocoxite 9 of 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D398C8DE61159739A" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[715,832,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D398C8DE61159739A" box="[715,832,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. panama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as “stout”, “with long setae and distal inner teeth” and “caliper-like”. In addition, the authors described the basal portion of the “paramere” (gonostyle 11) as triangular. The illustration shows the postero-dorsal margin elongated in relation to the ventral one (
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D3F348DAE176B73C2" author="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B." box="[1139,1394,476,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="421 - 529" refId="ref6097" refString="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B. (1956) The spongilla-flies, with special reference to those of the western hemisphere (Sisyridae, Neuroptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 105, 421 - 529. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.105 - 3360.421" type="journal article" year="1956">Parfin &amp; Gurney 1956</bibRefCitation>
). In contrast, according to 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D3AD68E721031702E" author="Penny, N. D." box="[401,552,513,539]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="157 - 169" refId="ref6159" refString="Penny, N. D. (1981) Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 1. Sisyridae. Acta Amazonica, 11, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921981111157" type="journal article" year="1981">Penny (1981)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D39778E7210BF702E" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[560,678,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D39778E7210BF702E" box="[560,678,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. panama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male gonocoxite 9 is “short, quadrangular, with several small teeth at the apex”, lacking the “ventral thumb-like lobe”, present in 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D381A8E5611A2700A" authorityName="Penny" authorityYear="1981" box="[861,955,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariasi">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D381A8E5611A2700A" box="[861,955,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. ariasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The last cited characteristic would be the only difference between the two species in the male genitalia (
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D38168E3A11C57056" author="Penny, N. D." box="[849,988,585,611]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="157 - 169" refId="ref6159" refString="Penny, N. D. (1981) Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 1. Sisyridae. Acta Amazonica, 11, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921981111157" type="journal article" year="1981">Penny 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF86C85D3B808E1E137F7192" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">
Comparing the male genitalia, there are no significant differences between 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3F588E1E166470B2" authorityName="Penny" authorityYear="1981" box="[1055,1149,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariasi">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3F588E1E166470B2" box="[1055,1149,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. ariasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3FF08E1E173670B2" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[1207,1327,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3FF08E1E173670B2" box="[1207,1327,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. panama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B6B92A3CFF86C85D3E788E1E12FB709E" captionStart="FIGURES 12–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1876]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,191,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[157,1430,181,1826]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12–20. Specimens of Sisyra Burmeister, 1839. Sisyra ariasi Penny, 1981 male holotype (12) mounted on slide, (13) forewing and (14) hind wing with label, both mounted on slide with broken base. Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 (15) holotype forewing and (16) hind wing with label; (17) forewing of Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 with additional crossvein and (18) hind wing of the same specimen, collected in Salvador city, Bahia state, Brazil. Male genitalia of S. panama in (19) dorsal view and (20) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3907444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3907444/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Figs 12, 19–20</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3BB28EE21385709E" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[245,412,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3BB28EE21385709E" box="[245,412,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Sisyra panama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a ventral “thumb-like lobe”, which is the gonostyle 11, called “parameres” by 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D3E7C8EE2135970FA" author="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B." pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="421 - 529" refId="ref6097" refString="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B. (1956) The spongilla-flies, with special reference to those of the western hemisphere (Sisyridae, Neuroptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 105, 421 - 529. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.105 - 3360.421" type="journal article" year="1956">Parfin &amp; Gurney (1956)</bibRefCitation>
. In addition, the apex of the male gonocoxite 9 of both species are truncate, although 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D3E438EC6178570FA" author="Penny, N. D." box="[1284,1436,693,719]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="157 - 169" refId="ref6159" refString="Penny, N. D. (1981) Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 1. Sisyridae. Acta Amazonica, 11, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921981111157" type="journal article" year="1981">Penny (1981)</bibRefCitation>
illustrated the gonocoxite 9 of 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3AA98EAA105270C6" authorityName="Penny" authorityYear="1981" box="[494,587,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariasi">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3AA98EAA105270C6" box="[494,587,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. ariasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the apex rounded compared to slightly rhomboidal in 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3FA28EAA174270C6" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[1253,1371,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3FA28EAA174270C6" box="[1253,1371,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. panama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B6B92A3CFF86C85D3E2D8EAA12F87122" captionStart="FIGURES 12–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1876]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,191,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[157,1430,181,1826]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12–20. Specimens of Sisyra Burmeister, 1839. Sisyra ariasi Penny, 1981 male holotype (12) mounted on slide, (13) forewing and (14) hind wing with label, both mounted on slide with broken base. Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 (15) holotype forewing and (16) hind wing with label; (17) forewing of Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 with additional crossvein and (18) hind wing of the same specimen, collected in Salvador city, Bahia state, Brazil. Male genitalia of S. panama in (19) dorsal view and (20) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3907444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3907444/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Figs 12, 20</figureCitation>
). It is possible that the apparent differences are due to the angle at which the illustrations were made. As can be seen in 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D3A558F5213B4710E" author="Penny, N. D." box="[274,429,801,827]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="157 - 169" refId="ref6159" refString="Penny, N. D. (1981) Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 1. Sisyridae. Acta Amazonica, 11, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921981111157" type="journal article" year="1981">Penny (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, the genitalia are drawn in an oblique position relative to 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3F798F5216AC710E" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[1086,1205,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3F798F5216AC710E" box="[1086,1205,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. panama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Due to the absence of distinctive characters between the two species, 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D39838F3611FD716A" authority="Penny, 1981" authorityName="Penny" authorityYear="1981" box="[708,996,837,863]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariasi">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D39838F361148716A" box="[708,849,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Sisyra ariasi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D381F8F3611FD716A" author="Penny, N. D." box="[856,996,837,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="157 - 169" refId="ref6159" refString="Penny, N. D. (1981) Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 1. Sisyridae. Acta Amazonica, 11, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921981111157" type="journal article" year="1981">Penny, 1981</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07C557D0FF86C85D38A88F3616CF716A" box="[1007,1238,837,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">NEW SYNONYMY</taxonomicNameLabel>
, is now attributed to 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3BF28F1A102071B6" authority="Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[181,569,872,899]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3BF28F1A133571B6" box="[181,300,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. panama</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D3A738F1A102071B6" author="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B." box="[308,569,872,899]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="421 - 529" refId="ref6097" refString="Parfin, S. I. &amp; Gurney, A. B. (1956) The spongilla-flies, with special reference to those of the western hemisphere (Sisyridae, Neuroptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 105, 421 - 529. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.105 - 3360.421" type="journal article" year="1956">Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Description and illustration of the male genitalia of 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3FD78F1A171E71B6" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[1168,1287,873,899]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3FD78F1A171E71B6" box="[1168,1287,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. panama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are provided here (
<figureCitation id="B6B92A3CFF86C85D3B918FFE13437192" box="[214,346,909,935]" captionStart="FIGURES 12–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1876]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,191,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[157,1430,181,1826]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12–20. Specimens of Sisyra Burmeister, 1839. Sisyra ariasi Penny, 1981 male holotype (12) mounted on slide, (13) forewing and (14) hind wing with label, both mounted on slide with broken base. Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 (15) holotype forewing and (16) hind wing with label; (17) forewing of Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 with additional crossvein and (18) hind wing of the same specimen, collected in Salvador city, Bahia state, Brazil. Male genitalia of S. panama in (19) dorsal view and (20) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3907444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3907444/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Figs 19–20</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF86C85D3B808FC217347696" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">
This is the first record of 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3A9B8FC2109871FE" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[476,641,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3A9B8FC2109871FE" box="[476,641,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Sisyra panama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the family 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D386B8FC2118D71FE" box="[812,916,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sisyridae</taxonomicName>
from Caatinga biome in 
<collectingCountry id="56957629FF86C85D3FE18FC216F771FE" box="[1190,1262,945,971]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. The specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3BF38FA6133071DA" authorityName="Parfin &amp; Gurney" authorityYear="1956" box="[180,297,981,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panama">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3BF38FA6133071DA" box="[180,297,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. panama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected in two highland areas, Serra de Ibiapaba, Ubajara (
<collectingRegion id="EC46F85BFF86C85D3F418FA6169D71DA" box="[1030,1156,981,1007]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Ceará state</collectingRegion>
) and Caeté-Açú, Palmeiras (
<collectingRegion id="EC46F85BFF86C85D3B818F8A135F7626" box="[198,326,1017,1043]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Bahia state</collectingRegion>
), where orographic rainfall is common, thus enabling the existence of wet forest islands surrounded by Caatinga vegetation (
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D3AE8886E108C7602" author="Queiroz, L. P. de &amp; Cardoso, D. &amp; Fernandes, M. F. &amp; Moro, M. F." box="[431,661,1053,1079]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="23 - 63" refId="ref6287" refString="Queiroz, L. P. de, Cardoso, D., Fernandes, M. F. &amp; Moro, M. F. (2017) Diversity and evolution of flowering plants of the Caatinga Domain. In: Silva, J. M. C., Leal, I. R. &amp; Tabarelli, M. (Eds.), Caatinga, The Largest Tropical Dry Forest Region in South America. Springer, New York, pp. 23 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 68339 - 3 _ 2" type="book chapter" year="2017">
Queiroz 
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3953886D10567602" box="[532,591,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
). Serra de Ibiapaba is characterized as a “Brejo de Altitude”, and it is floristically similar to the Amazonia biome (
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D39ED88321167766E" author="Takiya, D. M. &amp; Santos, A. P. M. &amp; Pinto, A. P. &amp; Henriques-Oliveira, A. L. &amp; Carvalho, A. D. L. &amp; Sampaio, B. H. L. &amp; Clarkson, B. &amp; Moreira, F. F. F. &amp; Avelino-Capistrano, F. &amp; Goncalves, I. C. &amp; Cordeiro, I. D. R. S. &amp; Camara, J. T. &amp; Barbosa, J. F. &amp; Souza, W. R. &amp; Rafael, J. R." box="[682,894,1089,1115]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="1 - 195" refId="ref6438" refString="Takiya, D. M., Santos, A. P. M., Pinto, A. P., Henriques-Oliveira, A. L., Carvalho, A. D. L., Sampaio, B. H. L., Clarkson, B., Moreira, F. F. F., Avelino-Capistrano, F., Goncalves, I. C., Cordeiro, I. D. R. S., Camara, J. T., Barbosa, J. F., Souza, W. R. M &amp; Rafael, J. R. (2016) Aquatic Insects from the Caatinga: checklists and diversity assessments of Ubajara (Ceara State) and Sete Cidades (Piaui State) National Parks, Northeastern Brazil. Biodiversity Data Journal, 4 (e 8354), 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 4. e 8354" type="journal article" year="2016">
Takiya 
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D384788311123766E" box="[768,826,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D38CD88321672766E" author="Queiroz, L. P. de &amp; Cardoso, D. &amp; Fernandes, M. F. &amp; Moro, M. F." box="[906,1131,1089,1115]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="23 - 63" refId="ref6287" refString="Queiroz, L. P. de, Cardoso, D., Fernandes, M. F. &amp; Moro, M. F. (2017) Diversity and evolution of flowering plants of the Caatinga Domain. In: Silva, J. M. C., Leal, I. R. &amp; Tabarelli, M. (Eds.), Caatinga, The Largest Tropical Dry Forest Region in South America. Springer, New York, pp. 23 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 68339 - 3 _ 2" type="book chapter" year="2017">
Queiroz 
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D38AA8831163F766E" box="[1005,1062,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
). Caeté-Açú is a district of Palmeiras city, located in the Chapada Diamantina Complex, which has phytophysiognomies similar to the Atlantic rainforest and it contains the only Rupestrian Grassland vegetation of the Caatinga (
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D3F0588FA17387696" author="Queiroz, L. P. de &amp; Cardoso, D. &amp; Fernandes, M. F. &amp; Moro, M. F." box="[1090,1313,1161,1187]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="23 - 63" refId="ref6287" refString="Queiroz, L. P. de, Cardoso, D., Fernandes, M. F. &amp; Moro, M. F. (2017) Diversity and evolution of flowering plants of the Caatinga Domain. In: Silva, J. M. C., Leal, I. R. &amp; Tabarelli, M. (Eds.), Caatinga, The Largest Tropical Dry Forest Region in South America. Springer, New York, pp. 23 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 68339 - 3 _ 2" type="book chapter" year="2017">
Queiroz 
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3FE288F916C77696" box="[1189,1246,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF86C85D3B8088DE178B7762" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3B8088DE136876F2" bold="true" box="[199,369,1196,1223]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B6B92A3CFF86C85D3AC788DE101A76F2" box="[384,515,1197,1223]" captionStart="FIGURES 12–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1876]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,191,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[157,1430,181,1826]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12–20. Specimens of Sisyra Burmeister, 1839. Sisyra ariasi Penny, 1981 male holotype (12) mounted on slide, (13) forewing and (14) hind wing with label, both mounted on slide with broken base. Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 (15) holotype forewing and (16) hind wing with label; (17) forewing of Sisyra panama Parfin &amp; Gurney, 1956 with additional crossvein and (18) hind wing of the same specimen, collected in Salvador city, Bahia state, Brazil. Male genitalia of S. panama in (19) dorsal view and (20) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3907444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3907444/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Figs 19–20</figureCitation>
). Ectoproct and sternite 9 transversal, with numerous long dentigerous-based setae and simple setae. Ectoproct larger dorsally, rounded margins. Sternite 9 long, quadrangular, posterior margin longer than anterior laterally. Gonocoxite 9 stout, quadrangular, truncate apex with inner distal teeth dorsally. Numerous long, large dentigerous-based setae on gonocoxite 9 posterior margin, mostly postero-ventrally, simple setae throughout. Gonostyle 11 triangular in lateral view, resembling a ventral “thumb”, apex acute, curving to midline.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF86C85D3B808913138077D2" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3B808913139E774E" bold="true" box="[199,391,1376,1403]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Bionomic notes.</emphasis>
Two adults were collected during different periods and observed alive, in order to analyze their behavior. A male and a female were observed, the first was kept alive for three days, and the last for approximately 14 days, being fed with a mix of water and honey, placed on cotton. Both individuals landed on the cotton to feed on the solution.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF86C85D3B8089821198751E" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">
It was observed that the specimens mostly walked, instead of flying in the enclosure. While walking, they occasionally stopped, vibrated their maxillary palps, made a “back and forth” movement with the body, touched their abdomen on the surface or got really close to it, and then starts walking again (behavior also reported to 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3E058A4A135A7442" authority="(Retzius, 1783)" baseAuthorityName="Retzius" baseAuthorityYear="1783" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D3E058A4A17847466" box="[1346,1437,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">S. nigra</emphasis>
(Retzius, 1783)
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D3A2A8A2E10267442" author="Rupprecht, R." box="[365,575,1628,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="15 - 17" refId="ref6397" refString="Rupprecht, R. (1995) Anmerkungen zum Paarungsverhalten von Sisyra. Galathea, 2, 15 - 17." type="journal article" year="1995">Rupprecht (1995))</bibRefCitation>
. This vibration and abdominal movements have been reported for some Neuropteran families, including 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D3A908AF2105B74AE" box="[471,578,1665,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sisyridae</taxonomicName>
, as a conspecific communication and courtship behavior (
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D3F968AF2174774AE" author="Henry, C. S." box="[1233,1374,1664,1691]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="153 - 166" refId="ref5567" refString="Henry, C. S. (2005) Acoustic communication in Neuropterid insects. In: Drosopoulos, S. &amp; Claridge, M. F. (Eds.), Insect Sounds and Communication: Physiology, Behaviour, Ecology, and Evolution. CRC press and Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp. 153 - 166. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781420039337. ch 10" type="book chapter" year="2005">Henry 2005</bibRefCitation>
). The specimen emits the vibration that travel through the substrate and is received by the other nearby individuals through the subgenual organs in the legs (
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D39418ABA111574D6" author="Devetak, D. &amp; Amon, T." box="[518,780,1737,1763]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="433 - 437" refId="ref5287" refString="Devetak, D. &amp; Amon, T. (1997) Substrate vibration sensitivity of the leg Scolopidial organs in the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea. Journal of Insect Physiology, 43, 433 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0022 - 1910 (96) 00121 - 7" type="journal article" year="1997">Devetak &amp; Amon 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D38508ABA11AF74D6" author="Devetak, D." box="[791,950,1737,1763]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="87 - 94" refId="ref5260" refString="Devetak, D. (1998) Detection of substrate vibration in Neuropteroidea: a review. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 209, 87 - 94." type="journal article" year="1998">Devetak 1998</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF86C85D38A18ABA163574D6" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1839" box="[998,1068,1737,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF86C85D38A18ABA163574D6" box="[998,1068,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Sisyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the use of the mandibles and the abdomen to produce vibration have been reported by 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D39AF8A9E11BE7532" author="Rupprecht, R." box="[744,935,1772,1799]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="15 - 17" refId="ref6397" refString="Rupprecht, R. (1995) Anmerkungen zum Paarungsverhalten von Sisyra. Galathea, 2, 15 - 17." type="journal article" year="1995">Rupprecht (1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D38F58A9E11F27532" author="Rupprecht, R." box="[946,1003,1773,1799]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="11 - 13" refId="ref6418" refString="Rupprecht, R. (1997) Wie Schwammfliegen Vibrationen erzeugen. Galathea, 3, 11 - 13." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF86C85D3F6F8A9E16D87532" author="Henry, C. S." box="[1064,1217,1772,1799]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377" pagination="153 - 166" refId="ref5567" refString="Henry, C. S. (2005) Acoustic communication in Neuropterid insects. In: Drosopoulos, S. &amp; Claridge, M. F. (Eds.), Insect Sounds and Communication: Physiology, Behaviour, Ecology, and Evolution. CRC press and Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp. 153 - 166. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781420039337. ch 10" type="book chapter" year="2005">Henry (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, respectively. Here, it was observed the maxillary palp was the body part that vibrated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF86C85D3B808B4611A575A2" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="377">Related to the flight behavior, both specimens started flight from a vertical landing position by dropping itself from the surface and then flying. When it was in a horizontal position, a spiral flight was performed, until it reached a certain height. In both cases, their flight was without apparent pattern.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="7AFD6631FF81C85A3BD08B08178575E9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3907440" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3907440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3907440/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="378" startId="4.[151,264,1915,1940]" targetBox="[166,1430,199,1881]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF81C85A3BD08B08178575E9" blockId="4.[151,1436,1915,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF81C85A3BD08B08132575A1" bold="true" box="[151,316,1915,1940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="378">FIGURES 1–7.</emphasis>
Maps of the new distributional records of 
<taxonomicName id="E9824D3AFF81C85A39B18B0F11F775A1" authority="Burmeister, 1839" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1839" box="[758,1006,1915,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" genus="Sisyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF81C85A39B18B0F112C75A6" box="[758,821,1916,1939]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="378">Sisyra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A134B48FF81C85A387A8B0811F775A1" author="Burmeister, H. C. C." box="[829,1006,1915,1940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="378" pagination="757 - 1050" refId="ref5229" refString="Burmeister, H. C. C. (1839) Handbuch der Entomologie. Zweiter Band. Berlin: Theodor Christian Friedrich Enslin, 1839, 757 - 1050." type="journal article" year="1839">Burmeister, 1839</bibRefCitation>
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species (1) in Brazil. Emphasis in the (2) Amazonas state; (3) Northeast region of Brazil, with the first records to states of (4) Ceará and (5) Pernambuco, and additional records to (6) Bahia state; and (7) Minas Gerais state. The half-green half-red hexagon means superposition of species records.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="66986532FF80C85B3B808CEB175B73BE" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2E3D36B9FF80C85B3B808CEB175B73BE" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF80C85B3B808CEB13A97286" bold="true" box="[199,432,152,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="56957629FF80C85B3AF18CEA10397286" box="[438,544,153,179]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
: 
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<collectingRegion id="EC46F85BFF80C85B396E8CEB10767286" box="[553,623,152,179]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Bahia</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
, 
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, 
<collectingMunicipality id="CE59ACC3FF80C85B39BF8CEA116A7286" box="[760,883,153,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Caeté-Açú</collectingMunicipality>
, 
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, rio do 
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, 
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</date>
, 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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&amp; 
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, 
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(
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, 
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); Salvador, 19BC, córrego Cascão, 
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, 
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</date>
, white sheet, Gomes, 
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</materialsCitation>
.; 
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<collectorName id="8377536FFF80C85B3FC48C9216C672CE" box="[1155,1247,225,251]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Ferreira</collectorName>
, E; 
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; 
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, 
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(
<collectionCode id="4893AE7CFF80C85B3A4C8D761340732A" box="[267,345,261,287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">UFBA</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="7E249EC2FF80C85B3A228D7613AE732A" box="[357,439,261,287]" collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">N0038</specimenCode>
); same data, except 
<collectorName id="8377536FFF80C85B39DD8D76113D732A" box="[666,804,261,287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Alphaville I</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="8377536FFF80C85B38768D761658732A" box="[817,1089,261,287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Residencial Itaparica, L</collectorName>
. 
<collectorName id="8377536FFF80C85B3F0A8D7616AF732A" box="[1101,1206,261,287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Tavares’s</collectorName>
house, 
<geoCoordinate id="4BB6507EFF80C85B3E488D771784732A" box="[1295,1437,260,287]" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" precision="15" seconds="39" value="-12.944167">12°56’39” S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="4BB6507EFF80C85B3BD08D5B13587376" box="[151,321,296,323]" degrees="38" direction="west" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" precision="1" seconds="50.7" value="-38.39742">38°23’50.7” W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="5A3C1079FF80C85B3A0D8D5A13CD7376" box="[330,468,297,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" value="2019-08-01">
<collectingDate id="4A78E991FF80C85B3A0D8D5A13CD7376" box="[330,468,297,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" value="2019-08-01">01.viii.2019</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="8377536FFF80C85B3A998D5A10217376" box="[478,568,297,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Tavares</collectorName>
, L., 
<specimenCount id="3884FD30FF80C85B39228D5A10B67376" box="[613,687,297,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="4893AE7CFF80C85B39F98D5A11157376" box="[702,780,297,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">UFBA</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="7E249EC2FF80C85B38528D5A117F7376" box="[789,870,297,323]" collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">N0044</specimenCode>
); same data, except 
<date id="5A3C1079FF80C85B3F078D5A16AA7376" box="[1088,1203,297,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" value="2019-10-02">
<collectingDate id="4A78E991FF80C85B3F078D5A16AA7376" box="[1088,1203,297,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" value="2019-10-02">02.x.2019</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="8377536FFF80C85B3FFB8D5A170F7376" box="[1212,1302,297,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Tavares</collectorName>
, L. 
<specimenCount id="3884FD30FF80C85B3E7A8D5A17857376" box="[1341,1436,297,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="4893AE7CFF80C85B3BE68D3E12F67352" box="[161,239,333,359]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">UFBA</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="7E249EC2FF80C85B3BBE8D3E13537352" box="[249,330,333,359]" collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">N0048</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="9EEA3CE4FF80C85B3A1B8D3F119673BE" collectingDate="2011-10-28" collectionCode="V" collectorName="Ubajara &amp; Murimbeca &amp; Gomes" country="Brazil" elevation="868" latitude="-3.8219166" location="Parque Nacional de Ubajara" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-40.904613" municipality="Serra do Ibiapaba" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ceara">
<emphasis id="1CF6EAABFF80C85B3A1B8D3F13B57352" bold="true" box="[348,428,332,359]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">
<collectingRegion id="EC46F85BFF80C85B3A1B8D3F13BE7352" box="[348,423,332,359]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Ceará</collectingRegion>
,
</emphasis>
<collectorName id="8377536FFF80C85B3AF48D3E10167352" box="[435,527,333,359]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Ubajara</collectorName>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="CE59ACC3FF80C85B395E8D3E10F97352" box="[537,736,333,359]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Serra do Ibiapaba</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="2B5D6062FF80C85B39AC8D3E16317352" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A62B87AFFF87C85B3BD08AEE175B73BE:2B5D6062FF80C85B39AC8D3E16317352" box="[747,1064,333,359]" country="Brazil" latitude="-3.8219166" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-40.904613" municipality="Serra do Ibiapaba" name="Parque Nacional de Ubajara" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" stateProvince="Ceara">Parque Nacional de Ubajara</location>
, 
<collectorName id="8377536FFF80C85B3F758D3E16AA7352" box="[1074,1203,333,359]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Murimbeca</collectorName>
stream, 
<geoCoordinate id="4BB6507EFF80C85B3E558D3E12BE73BE" degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" precision="1" seconds="18.9" value="-3.8219166">03°49’18.9” S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="4BB6507EFF80C85B3BE98D03134073BE" box="[174,345,368,395]" degrees="40" direction="west" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" precision="1" seconds="16.6" value="-40.904613">40°54’16.6” W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="E97A9B5CFF80C85B3A238D0213B473BE" box="[356,429,369,395]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.68" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" unit="m" value="868.0">
<elevation id="A5AFD18AFF80C85B3A238D0213B473BE" box="[356,429,369,395]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.68" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" unit="m" value="868.0">868 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<date id="5A3C1079FF80C85B3AFE8D02103373BE" box="[441,554,369,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" value="2011-10-28">
<collectingDate id="4A78E991FF80C85B3AFE8D02103373BE" box="[441,554,369,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" value="2011-10-28">28.x.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectingMethod id="F7C34EAEFF80C85B39718D02110A73BE" box="[566,787,369,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">white light pan trap</collectingMethod>
, 
<collectorName id="8377536FFF80C85B38598D02116973BE" box="[798,880,369,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Gomes</collectorName>
, 
<collectionCode id="4893AE7CFF80C85B383C8D02119673BE" box="[891,911,369,395]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
&amp; 
<materialsCitation id="9EEA3CE4FF80C85B38F48D02172773BE" box="[947,1342,369,395]" collectionCode="T, UFBA" collectorName="Duarte" country="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" specimenCode="N0041" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Ceara">
<collectorName id="8377536FFF80C85B38F48D02161B73BE" box="[947,1026,369,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">Duarte</collectorName>
, 
<collectionCode id="4893AE7CFF80C85B3F4B8D02163973BE" box="[1036,1056,369,395]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">T</collectionCode>
., 
<specimenCount id="3884FD30FF80C85B3F778D02166273BE" box="[1072,1147,369,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="4893AE7CFF80C85B3FCB8D0216C373BE" box="[1164,1242,369,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">UFBA</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="7E249EC2FF80C85B3FA28D02172F73BE" box="[1253,1334,369,395]" collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="5" pageNumber="379">N0041</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>