treatments-xml/data/A6/1E/46/A61E461FFFC0FF82ECD5FA1E2D93FA84.xml

<document id="63200E0A1AC7842DCF886848DCCFC7A9" ID-CLB-Dataset="3781" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0082(2004)466&lt;0001:AITMMD&gt;2.0.CO;2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b3293c54-11ba-43d8-8c3c-243a8c05d6cd" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735089" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1620068222379" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="VOSS, ROBERT S., TARIFA, TERESA &amp; YENSEN, ERIC" docDate="2004" docId="A61E461FFFC0FF82ECD5FA1E2D93FA84" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2004.3466.1-40.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3466" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29466%3C0001%3AAITMMD%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001.3:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Marmosops creightoni VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN 2004, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="5A273E67FFCAFF95EE32FFEE2D2BFF91" masterDocTitle="An Introduction to Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae), with the Description of a New Species from Bolivia and Notes on the Taxonomy and Distribution of Other Bolivian Forms" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1698938144370" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="3198FDD067A4B399D4E6AE8CFF6C920B">An Introduction to Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae), with the Description of a New Species from Bolivia and Notes on the Taxonomy and Distribution of Other Bolivian Forms</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E3ADB7A3D33639C11B5BA519195C06C3">VOSS, ROBERT S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="40EF40679DE5D409BFB18DEECBE4A409">TARIFA, TERESA</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6E2AA52259C543877F662AE11F3C88F0">YENSEN, ERIC</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="A61E461FFFC0FF82ECD5FA1E2D93FA84" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5608862" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189551668" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5608862" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A61E461FFFC0FF82ECD5FA1E2D93FA84" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A61E461FFFC0FF82ECD5FA1E2D93FA84" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<subSubSection id="66ADA482FFC0FF9FECD5FA1E2EDCF9B4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC0FF9FECD5FA1E29BCF996" blockId="10.[743,1175,1520,1544]" box="[743,1175,1520,1544]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="75404065FFC0FF9FECD5FA1E29BCF996" box="[743,1175,1520,1544]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC0FF9FECD5FA1E2ED4F999" bold="true" box="[743,1023,1520,1544]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC0FF9FECD5FA1E2ED2F999" authority="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN, 2004" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[743,1017,1520,1544]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC0FF9FECD5FA1E2ED2F999" bold="true" box="[743,1017,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Marmosops creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07F09660FFC0FF9FEA3BFA1E29BCF996" box="[1033,1175,1520,1543]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<figureCitation id="B68CEB8CFFC0FF9FEDA0F9E02EDCF9B4" box="[914,1015,1550,1573]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[149,187,1548,1569]" captionTargetBox="[235,1115,188,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-11@15.[234,1116,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 9. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull, and lateral view of the left hemimandible of the holotype of Marmosops creightoni (CBF 6552); however, some missing details (e.g., the nasal tips, broken in the holotype) are reconstructed from UMMZ 155999 (a paratype). Note that the illustrated left hemimandible of CBF 6552 is unusual in possessing only a single mental foramen; the right hemimandible has two foramina, as do both hemimandibles of all five paratypes. Scale bar equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735107" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735107/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 9</figureCitation>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC0FF9EECEBF9AF2C5AFC61" blockId="10.[700,1229,1601,1742]" lastBlockId="11.[123,652,866,1741]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<materialsCitation id="9EDFFD54FFC0FF9EECEBF9AF2C5AFC61" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3395097311" collectingDate="1999-08-05" collectionCode="CBF" collectorName="Eric Yensen " country="Bolivia" county="The" elevation="2500" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" latitude="-16.116667" location="Coleccion Boliviana de Fauna" longLatPrecision="1283" longitude="-68.083336" municipality="Departamento" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCode="CBF 6552" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="La Paz" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="F10C49ABFFC0FF9FECEBF9AF2E64F9C6" box="[729,847,1601,1624]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
: 
<collectorName id="834292DFFFC0FF9FED53F9AF2EAEF9C9" box="[865,901,1601,1624]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An</collectorName>
adult male specimen in the 
<location id="2B68A1D2FFC0FF9FEC8EF9B02905F9E4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A61E461FFFC0FF82ECD5FA1E2D93FA84:2B68A1D2FFC0FF9FEC8EF9B02905F9E4" box="[700,1070,1630,1653]" country="Bolivia" county="The" latitude="-16.116667" longLatPrecision="1283" longitude="-68.083336" municipality="Departamento" name="Coleccion Boliviana de Fauna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="La Paz">Colección Boliviana de Fauna</location>
(
<specimenCode id="7E115F72FFC0FF9FEA71F9B029EEF9E4" box="[1091,1221,1630,1653]" collectionCode="CBF" country="Bolivia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ky5m-b42n" name="Coleccion Boliviana de Fauna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">CBF 6552</specimenCode>
) collected by 
<collectorName id="834292DFFFC0FF9FED52F9922ED8F902" box="[864,1011,1660,1683]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eric Yensen</collectorName>
(original number 1705) on 
<date id="5A09D1C9FFC0FF9FED0BF9772EDBF921" box="[825,1008,1689,1712]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1999-08-05">
<collectingDate id="4A4D2821FFC0FF9FED0BF9772EDBF921" box="[825,1008,1689,1712]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1999-08-05">5 August 1999</collectingDate>
</date>
near the 
<collectorName id="834292DFFFC0FF9FEA5DF97729E6F921" box="[1135,1229,1689,1712]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Saynani</collectorName>
hydroelectric generating station (ca. 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8391CEFFC0FF9FEA5BF95829ECF95C" box="[1129,1223,1717,1742]" degrees="16" direction="south" minutes="07" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="925" value="-16.116667">16°07'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8391CEFFC1FF9EEE49FC8A2DCFFCEA" box="[123,228,866,891]" degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="925" value="-68.083336">68°05'W</geoCoordinate>
; 
<elevation id="A59A103AFFC1FF9EEEC2FC8A2F2FFCEA" box="[240,516,868,891]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="2500.0">
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFC1FF9EEEC2FC8A2C62FCEA" box="[240,329,868,891]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="2500.0">2500 m</quantity>
above sea level
</elevation>
) in the valley of the 
<location id="2B68A1D2FFC1FF9EEEC4FC6F2C53FC09" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A61E461FFFC0FF82ECD5FA1E2D93FA84:2B68A1D2FFC1FF9EEEC4FC6F2C53FC09" box="[246,376,897,920]" country="Bolivia" county="The" latitude="-16.116667" longLatPrecision="1283" longitude="-68.083336" municipality="Departamento" name="Rio Zongo" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="La Paz">Río Zongo</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="CE6C6D73FFC1FF9EEFB7FC6F2F01FC09" box="[389,554,897,920]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Departamento</collectingMunicipality>
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, 
<collectingCountry id="56A0B799FFC1FF9EEE49FC702DFFFC24" box="[123,212,926,949]" name="Bolivia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingCounty id="C7698F85FFC1FF9EEED2FC702C26FC24" box="[224,269,926,949]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">The</collectingCounty>
<typeStatus id="F10C49ABFFC1FF9EEF27FC702C50FC24" box="[277,379,926,949]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is a whole (unskinned) fluid­preserved specimen with an extracted skull and mandibles.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="7AC8A781FFC1FF9EEEA7FD242E50FCBE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735099" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735099" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735099/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[149,187,714,735]" targetBox="[191,1157,188,692]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC1FF9EEEA7FD242E50FCBE" blockId="11.[123,1227,714,815]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Fig. 5. Lateral view of posterior braincase in 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC1FF9EECBCFD242E56FD4E" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[654,893,714,735]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="impavidus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC1FF9EECBCFD242E56FD4E" box="[654,893,714,735]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Marmosops impavidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC1FF9EEDBCFD242E8CFD4E" bold="true" box="[910,935,714,735]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A,</emphasis>
AMNH 272709) and 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC1FF9EEAA7FD242C2DFD6B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murina">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC1FF9EEAA7FD242C2DFD6B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Marmosa murina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC1FF9EEF2AFD0B2C1BFD6B" bold="true" box="[280,304,741,762]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B,</emphasis>
AMNH 272816) illustrating the presence of a fenestra (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC1FF9EEDA2FD0B2E98FD6B" bold="true" box="[912,947,741,762]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">fen</emphasis>
) that exposes the petrosal (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC1FF9EEEB1FD112D8DFC85" bold="true" box="[131,166,767,788]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">pet</emphasis>
) between the parietal (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC1FF9EEF97FD112CE7FC85" bold="true" box="[421,460,767,788]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">par</emphasis>
) and squamosal (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC1FF9EECBDFD112F83FC85" bold="true" box="[655,680,767,788]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">sq</emphasis>
) in the former taxon. The petrosal is not laterally exposed by a fenestra between the parietal and squamosal in 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC1FF9EED22FCF42E5FFCBE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[784,884,794,815]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC1FF9EED22FCF42E5FFCBE" box="[784,884,794,815]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Marmosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC1FF9EEEAAFC182D9AFA54" blockId="11.[123,652,866,1741]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<materialsCitation id="9EDFFD54FFC1FF9EEEAAFC182D86FA54" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3395097323" collectionCode="UMMZ" collectorName="G. K. Creighton" country="Bolivia" elevation="2967" latitude="-16.133333" location="Rio Zongo" longLatPrecision="1283" longitude="-68.11667" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCode="UMMZ 155999, 156000, UMMZ 156001-156003" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Paz" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="F10C49ABFFC1FF9EEEAAFC182C34FB9C" box="[152,287,1014,1037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
: Five additional specimens (listed as unidentified ‘‘ 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC1FF9EEF91FBFA2F39FBBA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[419,530,1044,1067]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC1FF9EEF91FBFA2F39FBBA" box="[419,530,1044,1067]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Marmosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’’ by 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFC1FF9EEC6FFBFA2C73FBD9" author="Anderson, S." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 652" refId="ref15278" refString="Anderson, S. 1997. Mammals of Bolivia, taxonomy and distribution. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 231: 1 - 652." type="journal article" year="1997">Anderson, 1997: 151</bibRefCitation>
) were collected by 
<collectorName id="834292DFFFC1FF9EEC60FBDF2DC4FBF4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">G.K. Creighton</collectorName>
in 1979 at two adjacent localities in the valley of the 
<location id="2B68A1D2FFC1FF9EEF57FB822CCCFB12" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A61E461FFFC0FF82ECD5FA1E2D93FA84:2B68A1D2FFC1FF9EEF57FB822CCCFB12" box="[357,487,1132,1155]" country="Bolivia" latitude="-16.133333" longLatPrecision="1283" longitude="-68.11667" name="Rio Zongo" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="La Paz">Río Zongo</location>
, Departmento 
<collectingRegion id="EC7339EBFFC1FF9EEE49FB672DF0FB31" box="[123,219,1161,1184]" country="Bolivia" name="La Paz" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">La Paz</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="56A0B799FFC1FF9EEEC1FB672C67FB31" box="[243,332,1161,1184]" name="Bolivia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
. Two of these (
<specimenCode id="7E115F72FFC1FF9EEC1DFB672DFEFB2C" collectionCode="UMMZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="University or college">UMMZ 155999</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="7E115F72FFC1FF9EEED6FB482C16FB2C" box="[228,317,1190,1213]" collectionCode="UMMZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="University or college">156000</specimenCode>
) were taken above the type locality near the Cuticucho hydroelectric generating station (ca. 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8391CEFFC1FF9EEFBFFB0F2CC0FB69" box="[397,491,1248,1273]" degrees="16" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="925" value="-16.133333">16°08'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8391CEFFC1FF9EEFC9FB0F2F4FFB69" box="[507,612,1248,1273]" degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="07" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="925" value="-68.11667">68°07'W</geoCoordinate>
) at a recorded elevation of 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFC1FF9EEF81FB102F3CFA84" box="[435,535,1278,1301]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9669999999999996" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="2967.0">
<elevation id="A59A103AFFC1FF9EEF81FB102F3CFA84" box="[435,535,1278,1301]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9669999999999996" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="2967.0">2967 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, whereas three others (
<specimenCode id="7E115F72FFC1FF9EEF28FAF22F6BFAA2" box="[282,576,1308,1331]" collectionCode="UMMZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="University or college">UMMZ 156001–156003</specimenCode>
) were trapped below the type locality at a recorded elevation of 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFC1FF9EEF27FAB82C5EFAFC" box="[277,373,1366,1389]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="2000.0">
<elevation id="A59A103AFFC1FF9EEF27FAB82C5EFAFC" box="[277,373,1366,1389]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</elevation>
</quantity>
. All 
<specimenCount id="38B13C80FFC1FF9EEF84FAB82F77FAFC" box="[438,604,1366,1389]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">five paratypes</specimenCount>
are adult animals preserved as whole (unskinned) fluids with extracted skulls and mandibles
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66ADA482FFC1FF9EEEAAFA222F17F9AA" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC1FF9EEEAAFA222F17F9AA" blockId="11.[123,652,866,1741]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<materialsCitation id="9EDFFD54FFC1FF9EEEAAFA222F13F9AA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3395097320" collectionCode="DISTRIBUTION" country="Bolivia" county="Departamento" elevation="3000" location="Known" municipality="Rio Zongo" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Paz">
<collectionCode id="48A66FCCFFC1FF9EEEAAFA222C18FA73" box="[152,307,1484,1507]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">DISTRIBUTION</collectionCode>
: 
<location id="2B68A1D2FFC1FF9EEF70FA222CB3FA72" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A61E461FFFC0FF82ECD5FA1E2D93FA84:2B68A1D2FFC1FF9EEF70FA222CB3FA72" box="[322,408,1484,1507]" country="Bolivia" county="Departamento" municipality="Rio Zongo" name="Known" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="La Paz">Known</location>
only from wet montane forest in the valley of the 
<collectingMunicipality id="CE6C6D73FFC1FF9EEC33FA072FACF991" box="[513,647,1513,1536]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Río Zongo</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="C7698F85FFC1FF9EEE49F9E82C0BF98C" box="[123,288,1542,1565]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Departamento</collectingCounty>
<collectingRegion id="EC7339EBFFC1FF9EEF15F9E82C51F98C" box="[295,378,1542,1565]" country="Bolivia" name="La Paz" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">La Paz</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="56A0B799FFC1FF9EEFB7F9E82CF6F98C" box="[389,477,1542,1565]" name="Bolivia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
, between 2000 and 
<elevation id="A59A103AFFC1FF9EEE9DF9CA2CE0F9AA" box="[175,459,1572,1595]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="3000.0">
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFC1FF9EEE9DF9CA2C21F9AA" box="[175,266,1572,1595]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
above sea level
</elevation>
(fig. 10)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66ADA482FFC1FF9EEEAAF9AF2F73F95C" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC1FF9EEEAAF9AF2F73F95C" blockId="11.[123,652,866,1741]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
ETYMOLOGY: For G. Ken Creighton, collector of the first known specimens of this species and author of the first modern analysis of didelphid phylogeny based on morphological characters (
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFC1FF9EEFB4F9582F67F95C" author="Creighton, G. K." box="[390,588,1718,1741]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref15594" refString="Creighton, G. K. 1984. Systematic studies on opossums (Didelphidae) and rodents (Cricetidae). Ph. D. diss., University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms." type="book" year="1984">Creighton, 1984</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66ADA482FFC1FF82ECEAFC8A2D93FA84" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC1FF99ECEAFC8A29E1F9AA" blockId="11.[699,1228,868,1741]" lastBlockId="12.[700,1229,1161,1741]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
DESCRIPTION: 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC1FF9EED4DFC8A29A6FCEA" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[895,1165,868,891]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC1FF9EED4DFC8A29A6FCEA" box="[895,1165,868,891]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Marmosops creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a medium­sized species (see 
<tableCitation id="6335C2B2FFC1FF9EEA37FC6F2973FC09" box="[1029,1112,897,920]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="17.[624,698,194,213]" captionTargetId="figure-23@17.[120,1230,253,856]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 3 Measurements (mm) and Weights (g) of Marmosops creightoni" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">table 3</tableCitation>
for measurements and weights), much larger than members of the 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC1FF9EED49FC52293DFC42" baseAuthorityName="Tate" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[891,1046,956,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC1FF9EED49FC52293DFC42" box="[891,1046,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. parvidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (ca. 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFC1FF9EEAAFFC522FD9FC61" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="g" value="27.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="20.0">20– 35 g</quantity>
adult weight; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFC1FF9EED94FC372953FC61" author="Voss, R. S. &amp; D. P. Lunde &amp; N. B. Simmons" box="[934,1144,985,1008]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 236" refId="ref18176" refString="Voss, R. S., D. P. Lunde, and N. B. Simmons. 2001. The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana: a Neotropical rainforest fauna. Part 2. Nonvolant species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 263: 1 - 236." type="journal article" year="2001">Voss et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 
<tableCitation id="6335C2B2FFC1FF9EEAB5FC372FE0FB9C" captionStart="TABLE 9" captionStartId="27.[624,698,194,213]" captionTargetId="figure-31@27.[120,1230,280,968]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="TABLE 9 Measurements (mm) and Weights (g) of Lowland Specimens of Marmosops noctivagus from Peru and Bolivia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">tables 9</tableCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="6335C2B2FFC1FF9EECEDFC182FD6FB9C" box="[735,765,1014,1037]" captionStart="TABLE 10" captionStartId="29.[618,692,194,213]" captionTargetId="figure-42@29.[119,1231,280,999]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="TABLE 10 Measurements (mm) and Weights (g) of Highland Specimens of Marmosops noctivagus, Including the Type Material of Nominal Taxa Originally Described as keaysi, dorothea, and yungasensis" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10</tableCitation>
) but substantially smaller than some lowland forms like 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC1FF9EED8BFBFA2968FBBA" baseAuthorityName="Lund" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[953,1091,1044,1067]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="incanus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC1FF9EED8BFBFA2968FBBA" box="[953,1091,1044,1067]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. incanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(adults of which can weigh as much as 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFC1FF9EEA1BFBDF295AFBD9" box="[1065,1137,1073,1096]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="g" value="120.0">120 g</quantity>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFC1FF9EEAB0FBDF2E6CFBF4" author="Lorini, M. L. &amp; J. A. de Oliveira &amp; V. G. Persson" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="65 - 73" refId="ref16440" refString="Lorini, M. L., J. A. de Oliveira, and V. G. Persson. 1994. Annual age structure and reproductive patterns in Marmosa incana (Lund, 1840) (Didelphidae, Marsupialia). Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 59: 65 - 73." type="journal article" year="1994">Lorini et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
). The body pelage is almost entirely dark, the colors probably somewhat faded in our fluid­preserved specimens, but still a rich chocolate­brown dorsally on the 
<typeStatus id="F10C49ABFFC1FF9EEC89FB2A2E0AFB4A" box="[699,801,1220,1243]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(collected in 1999) and only a little more bleached on the 24­year­old 
<typeStatus id="F10C49ABFFC1FF9EEA67FB0F29E3FB69" box="[1109,1224,1249,1272]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
. The ventral body coloration is slightly paler brown, but there is no sharp distinction between dorsal and ventral color zones, and all of the thoracic and abdominal fur is graybased. The chin is self­white in all of the material at hand, and white fur extends posteriorly onto the throat of 
<specimenCount id="38B13C80FFC1FF9EEA1BFA4029E0FA54" box="[1065,1227,1454,1477]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">one paratype</specimenCount>
(UMMZ 155601). The blackish mask that surrounds the eye on each side of the head does not extend anteriorly to include the mystacial pads (which are covered with short brownish fur) or posteriorly to the base of the ears. The mystacial and genal vibrissae are blackish, whereas the submental and interramal hairs are white. The pinnae are uniformly dark and appear naked (a sparse auricular pelage is only microscopically visible). Laid back alongside the head, the short mystacial vibrissae do not extend to the tips of the pinnae. A small patch of almost­naked skin on the midline of the throat suggests the presence of a weakly developed gular gland in all of the male specimens examined. The metacarpals and metatarsals are covered with dark (brownish) hairs, but the digits of both manus and pes are abruptly whitish. All of the males we examined have a knob­like glabrous tubercle on the lateral aspect of the wrist that is absent in both females. The scrotal epithelium is pigmented (mottled­grayish in preservative) and sparsely covered by brownish fur. Both female specimens have 4–1–4 = 9 abdominal­inguinal mammae. Body fur extends onto a short (ca. 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFC6FF99EC20F9922F66F902" box="[530,589,1660,1683]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
) segment of the tail base, but the remainder (&gt;90%) of the tail is virtually naked and covered by epidermal scales in predominantly spiral series. Under high magnification (25–50×), each caudal scale is seen to have three hairs projecting from its posterior margin; the central hair is visibly thicker than the lateral hairs, but perhaps not quite twice as wide. On the dorsal surface of the tail, these hairs are no more than one to two scale rows long, but they are longer (three to four scale rows) on the ventral caudal surface. The exposed caudal epithelium is dark (grayish) above and below basally, but it is indistinctly bicolored (dark above, pale below) for at least half the length of that organ, and the tail­tip is entirely white for the last 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFC6FF99EA5BF9CA29EDF9AA" box="[1129,1222,1572,1595]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 cm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7AC8A781FFC6FF99EEA4FC852982FBC4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735101" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735101/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[150,188,875,896]" targetBox="[205,1148,187,854]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC6FF99EEA4FC852982FBC4" blockId="12.[124,1229,874,1109]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Fig. 6. Ventral view of left ear region in 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC6FF99EC40FC852E07FC11" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[626,812,875,896]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murina">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EC40FC852E07FC11" box="[626,812,875,896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Marmosa murina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99ED72FC842E72FCEE" bold="true" box="[832,857,874,895]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A,</emphasis>
AMNH 267368) and 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC6FF99EA63FC852DF7FC0A" baseAuthorityName="Pine" baseAuthorityYear="1981" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pinheiroi">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EA63FC852DF7FC0A" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Marmosops pinheiroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EEC2FC6B2C23FC0B" bold="true" box="[240,264,901,922]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B,</emphasis>
AMNH 267346) illustrating generic differences in the presence/absence of a secondary foramen ovale. In 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC6FF99EF75FC4E2C80FC24" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[327,427,928,949]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EF75FC4E2C80FC24" box="[327,427,928,949]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Marmosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (V 
<superScript id="D9C25A41FFC6FF99EDEBFC712ECAFC3D" attach="left" box="[985,993,927,940]" fontSize="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3</superScript>
, reconstructed course shown by heavy arrow) emerges from the endocranial lumen via the foramen ovale (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EA0FFC542978FC5E" bold="true" box="[1085,1107,954,975]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">fo</emphasis>
), which is bordered by the alisphenoid (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EF8EFC3B2CF1FC7B" bold="true" box="[444,474,981,1002]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">als</emphasis>
) and the petrosal (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EC9EFC3B2FE4FC7B" bold="true" box="[684,719,981,1002]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pet</emphasis>
); the extracranial course of the nerve is unenclosed in this taxon. In 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC6FF99EFB1FC1E2CD5FB94" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1916" box="[387,510,1008,1029]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EFB1FC1E2CD5FB94" box="[387,510,1008,1029]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Marmosops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, the extracranial course of V 
<superScript id="D9C25A41FFC6FF99ED9AFC012E9BFC6D" attach="left" box="[936,944,1007,1020]" fontSize="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3</superScript>
is partially enclosed by a bony strut (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EEC5FBE42C21FB8E" bold="true" box="[247,266,1034,1055]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">st</emphasis>
) that extends from the anteromedial surface of the tympanic wing of the alisphenoid (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EAA9FBE429EFFB8E" bold="true" box="[1179,1220,1034,1055]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">twa</emphasis>
) across the transverse canal foramen (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EC3FFBCB2F01FBAB" bold="true" box="[525,554,1061,1082]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">tcf</emphasis>
); the nerve then emerges from a so­called secondary foramen ovale. Other abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EF94FBAE2CEEFBC4" bold="true" box="[422,453,1088,1109]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">bs,</emphasis>
basisphenoid; 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EC54FBAE2FA3FBC4" bold="true" box="[614,648,1088,1109]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">bo,</emphasis>
basioccipital; 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99ED17FBAE2E68FBC4" bold="true" box="[805,835,1088,1109]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">cc,</emphasis>
carotid canal; 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC6FF99EDD7FBAE2920FBC4" bold="true" box="[997,1035,1088,1109]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ect,</emphasis>
ectotympanic.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC6FF9BECEBF9AF2922FE71" blockId="12.[700,1229,1161,1741]" lastBlockId="14.[700,1229,193,1624]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
In dorsal view the skull is distinctively proportioned with small orbits, narrow zygomatic arches, and a very broad interorbital region. The nasal bones are long and conspicuously widened posteriorly near the maxillary/premaxillary suture. The broad interorbital region is due to the considerable inflation of the cranial capsule that encloses the olfactory bulb, behind which there is a shallow postorbital constriction; the supraorbital margins are rounded, with only indistinct beading even in the largest male specimen examined. 
<superScript id="D9C25A41FFC7FF98EEC1FA932DD7FA1A" attach="left" box="[243,252,1405,1419]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6</superScript>
The braincase is inflated and smooth, without conspicuous temporal scars. In lateral cranial view the premaxillary/maxillary suture is lateral to (rather than behind) the alveolus of I 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFC7FF98EDB5FB5F2E93FB59" box="[903,952,1201,1224]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
most examined specimens (the suture is anterior to the alveolus on the left side of UMMZ 155999, and it is behind the alveolus on the right side of UMMZ 156000). The infraorbital foramen is very large (its anterior opening approximately as high as P3 is tall), and the ventral deflection of the zygomatic arch beneath the orbit is shallow. The lacrimal foramina are contained within the anterior orbital margin. The petrosal is laterally exposed through a fenestra between the squamosal and parietal bones. In ventral cranial view the incisive foramina extend between (but not behind) the canine alveoli. The maxillopalatine fenestrae are long and narrow, extending on each side from a point opposite P3 to M3 or to the M3/ M4 commissure. The palatine fenestrae are present as a cluster of larger and smaller openings between the maxillopalatine fenestrae and the postpalatine torus. The alisphenoid tympanic wings (auditory bullae) are large, almost hemispherical capsules without ventral processes or lateral constrictions. The upper canine lacks accessory cusps, and the last upper molar is not much wider (transverse dimension) than M3 and is approximately triangular in outline.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7AC8A781FFC7FF98EEA7FC122E9FFBED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735103" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735103/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[149,187,1020,1041]" targetBox="[194,1158,231,1000]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC7FF98EEA7FC122E9FFBED" blockId="13.[123,1227,1020,1148]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Fig. 7. Occlusal views of right dp3 and m1 illustrating the generic difference in trigonid morphology of the deciduous tooth. 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC7FF98EFB3FBF92C9EFBBD" bold="true" box="[385,437,1047,1068]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Top,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC7FF98EF8DFBF92F9BFBBD" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[447,688,1047,1068]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="impavidus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC7FF98EF8DFBF92F9BFBBD" box="[447,688,1047,1068]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Marmosops impavidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MUSM 13286) with a complete (tricuspid) dp3 trigonid. 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC7FF98EEEFFBDF2C1CFBD7" bold="true" box="[221,311,1073,1094]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bottom,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC7FF98EF72FBDC2CD2FBD6" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[320,505,1074,1095]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murina">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC7FF98EF72FBDC2CD2FBD6" box="[320,505,1074,1095]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Marmosa murina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MUSM 15297) with an incomplete (bicuspid) dp3 trigonid. Note that whereas taxonomic variation in this trait was correctly described by 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFC7FF98ED49FBA2294AFBF0" author="Voss, R. S. &amp; S. A. Jansa" box="[891,1121,1100,1121]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref18119" refString="Voss, R. S., and S. A. Jansa. 2003. Phylogenetic studies on didelphid marsupials II. Nonmolec- ular data and new IRBP sequences: separate and combined analyses of didelphine relationships with denser taxon sampling. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 276: 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="2003">Voss and Jansa (2003</bibRefCitation>
: character 64), the accompanying plate (
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFC7FF98EF88FB892F8DFBED" author="Voss, R. S. &amp; S. A. Jansa" box="[442,678,1127,1148]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref18119" refString="Voss, R. S., and S. A. Jansa. 2003. Phylogenetic studies on didelphid marsupials II. Nonmolec- ular data and new IRBP sequences: separate and combined analyses of didelphine relationships with denser taxon sampling. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 276: 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="2003">Voss and Jansa, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 15) was mislabeled.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC7FF98EEA0F9FF2CD8F95C" blockId="13.[123,651,1553,1741]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<superScript id="D9C25A41FFC7FF98EEA0F9FF2DB2F98D" attach="right" box="[146,153,1553,1564]" fontSize="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6</superScript>
The terms ‘‘bead’’ and ‘‘beading’’ as traditionally used by systematic mammalogists to describe the dorsally­grooved supraorbital ridges developed in some marsupials and rodents (fig. 4B) are derived by analogy from the upturned rims used to strengthen sheet metal or other flat surfaces in manufacture (i.e., the last of four definitions listed for the noun ‘‘bead’’ in 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC7FF98EC32F94C2C84F95C" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary,</emphasis>
1963).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC4FF9BECEBFE082ECBFB9C" blockId="14.[700,1229,193,1624]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
MORPHOLOGICAL COMPARISONS: 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BEA5BFE092E5BFD8A" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEA5BFE092E5BFD8A" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Marmosops creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only known brownishfurred species of the genus to lack whitish thoracic or abdominal markings; all others have at least some white or cream­colored midventral fur that contrasts abruptly with the darker color of the dorsum and flanks. 
<superScript id="D9C25A41FFC4FF9BEAF6FD7B29E6FD32" attach="none" box="[1220,1229,661,675]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7</superScript>
In many species, whitish midventral fur (which may be either self­colored or graybased) extends continuously from chin to anus, but in a few Amazonian and northern Andean forms (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BED9CFCC72907FCD1" authorityName="Gardner" authorityYear="1990" box="[942,1068,809,832]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neblina">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BED9CFCC72907FCD1" box="[942,1068,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. neblina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFC4FF9BEA5BFCC72FD1FCCC" author="Gardner, A. L." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="411 - 424" refId="ref15830" refString="Gardner, A. L. 1990 ['' 1989 '']. Two new mammals from southern Venezuela and comments on the affinities of the highland fauna of Cerro de la Neblina. In K. H. Redford and J. F. Eisenberg (editors), Advances in Neotropical mammalogy: 411 - 424. Gainesville, FL: Sandhill Crane Press. [According to A. L. Gardner (personal commun.), this volume was published on 6 February 1990]" type="book chapter" year="1990">Gardner, 1990</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2) whitish midventral markings are narrow and sometimes discontinuous. Although narrow whitish midventral markings might occur polymorphically in larger samples of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BED12FC522EEFFC42" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[800,964,956,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BED12FC522EEFFC42" box="[800,964,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the six examples at hand suggest that most individuals have completely dark venters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC4FF85ECEBFBFA2F1FF991" blockId="14.[700,1229,193,1624]" lastBlockId="16.[124,653,1454,1741]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Qualitative and morphometric comparisons with other Bolivian congeners (the identification and taxonomy of which are discussed below) reveal many additional differences (
<tableCitation id="6335C2B2FFC4FF9BED22FB672E4DFB31" box="[784,870,1161,1184]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="19.[853,927,499,518]" captionTargetId="figure-23@19.[123,1684,559,1416]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="TABLE 4 Diagnostic Morphological Comparisons Among Five Bolivian Species of Marmosopsa" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">table 4</tableCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BED4DFB672942FB31" baseAuthorityName="Pine" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[895,1129,1161,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bishopi">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BED4DFB672942FB31" box="[895,1129,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Marmosops bishopi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for example, is much smaller than 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BEA11FB4929EEFB2F" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[1059,1221,1191,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEA11FB4929EEFB2F" box="[1059,1221,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has dull reddish­ or grayish­brown (versus rich chocolate­brown) dorsal fur, has palefurred metapodials that do not contrast in color with the digits (versus dark­furred metapodials contrasting with whitish digits), does not have a pale tail­tip (versus pale tailtip present), lacks palatine fenestrae (versus palatine fenestrae present), and has a small posterior accessory cusp on the upper canine (versus upper canine without accessory cusps). Also, adult males of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BEA21FA0729BAF991" baseAuthorityName="Pine" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[1043,1169,1513,1536]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bishopi">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEA21FA0729BAF991" box="[1043,1169,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. bishopi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually lack a gular gland (versus gular gland weakly developed), have large bladelike (versus knobby) lateral carpal tubercles, and have a pale scrotum with white fur and unpigmented skin (versus scrotum dark with brown fur and mottled­grayish skin).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7AC8A781FFC4FF9BEEA4FA9E2C12F91E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735105" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735105" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735105/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[150,188,1392,1413]" targetBox="[197,578,188,1371]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC4FF9BEEA4FA9E2C12F91E" blockId="14.[124,653,1392,1679]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig. 8. Palatal morphology in 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BEC23FA9E2DC6FA0E" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEC23FA9E2DC6FA0E" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Marmosops noctivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEECCFA642C3CFA0E" bold="true" box="[254,279,1418,1439]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A,</emphasis>
AMNH 262403) and 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BEC31FA642D9DFA2B" baseAuthorityName="Burmeister" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Gracilinanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEC31FA642D9DFA2B" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gracilinanus agilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEEF8FA4B2DC9FA2B" bold="true" box="[202,226,1445,1466]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B,</emphasis>
MVZ 197437) illustrating generic differences in patterns of fenestration. Both 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BEC65FA2E2DE1FA7E" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1916" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEC65FA2E2DE1FA7E" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Marmosops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BEF36FA342CA5FA7E" authorityName="Gardner &amp; Creighton" authorityYear="1989" box="[260,398,1498,1519]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Gracilinanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEF36FA342CA5FA7E" box="[260,398,1498,1519]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gracilinanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have incisive foramina (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEEB7FA1B2DBEF99B" bold="true" box="[133,149,1525,1546]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">if</emphasis>
), posterolateral palatal foramina (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEC2EFA1B2F62F99B" bold="true" box="[540,585,1525,1546]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">plpf</emphasis>
), and maxillopalatine fenestrae (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEFA5F9E12C90F9B5" bold="true" box="[407,443,1551,1572]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">mp</emphasis>
); in addition, some species of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BEEC2F9C42C40F9AE" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1916" box="[240,363,1578,1599]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEEC2F9C42C40F9AE" box="[240,363,1578,1599]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Marmosops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and all 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BEFFAF9C42F79F9AE" authorityName="Gardner &amp; Creighton" authorityYear="1989" box="[456,594,1578,1599]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Gracilinanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEFFAF9C42F79F9AE" box="[456,594,1578,1599]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gracilinanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have palatine fenestrae (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEF63F9AB2C4BF9CB" bold="true" box="[337,352,1605,1626]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">p</emphasis>
). Maxillary fenestrae (
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEC55F9AB2F56F9CB" bold="true" box="[615,637,1605,1626]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">m</emphasis>
), however, are present only in 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BEF88F98E2F6FF9E4" authorityName="Gardner &amp; Creighton" authorityYear="1989" box="[442,580,1632,1653]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Gracilinanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BEF88F98E2F6FF9E4" box="[442,580,1632,1653]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gracilinanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC4FF9BECE1F9672EDBF95C" blockId="14.[700,1229,1673,1741]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<superScript id="D9C25A41FFC4FF9BECE1F9672FF1F905" attach="right" box="[723,730,1673,1684]" fontSize="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7</superScript>
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC4FF9BECD2F9642E89F90C" baseAuthorityName="Goldman" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[736,930,1674,1693]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="invictus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC4FF9BECD2F9642E89F90C" box="[736,930,1674,1693]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Marmosops invictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a small Panamanian species with blackish­gray fur, has dark underparts that are only superficially washed with white.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7AC8A781FFC5FF9AEEA7F9E229E3F91D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735107" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735107" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735107/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[149,187,1548,1569]" targetBox="[235,1115,188,1526]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFC5FF9AEEA7F9E229E3F91D" blockId="15.[123,1228,1548,1676]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Fig. 9. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull, and lateral view of the left hemimandible of the holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFC5FF9AEF14F9C92F3EF9AD" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[294,533,1575,1596]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFC5FF9AEF14F9C92F3EF9AD" box="[294,533,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Marmosops creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CBF 6552); however, some missing details (e.g., the nasal tips, broken in the holotype) are reconstructed from UMMZ 155999 (a paratype). Note that the illustrated left hemimandible of CBF 6552 is unusual in possessing only a single mental foramen; the right hemimandible has two foramina, as do both hemimandibles of all five paratypes. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7AC8A781FFDAFF85EEA4FACF2CC2FAC0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735109" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735109" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735109/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[150,188,1313,1334]" targetBox="[180,1172,188,1293]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDAFF85EEA4FACF2CC2FAC0" blockId="16.[124,1228,1313,1361]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Fig. 10. Collection localities of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDAFF85EFC4FACC2FEEFAA6" baseAuthorityName="Pine" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[502,709,1314,1335]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bishopi">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDAFF85EFC4FACC2FEEFAA6" box="[502,709,1314,1335]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Marmosops bishopi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDAFF85ECCAFACC2EADFAA6" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[760,902,1314,1335]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDAFF85ECCAFACC2EADFAA6" box="[760,902,1314,1335]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Bolivia. Numbers are keyed to gazetteer entries in appendix 2.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDAFF85EEABF9E929BEF95C" blockId="16.[124,653,1454,1741]" lastBlockId="16.[700,1229,1454,1741]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDAFF85EEABF9E92C81F98F" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[153,426,1543,1566]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="impavidus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDAFF85EEABF9E92C81F98F" box="[153,426,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Marmosops impavidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, another Bolivian species, overlaps with 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDAFF85EFB4F9CA2F0EF9AA" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[390,549,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDAFF85EFB4F9CA2F0EF9AA" box="[390,549,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in many measurements, although it averages smaller in most dimensions. However, 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDAFF85EFDFF9B12FA7F9E7" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[493,652,1631,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="impavidus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDAFF85EFDFF9B12FA7F9E7" box="[493,652,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. impavidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has dull grayish­ or reddish­brown (versus rich chocolate­brown) dorsal fur; pale­furred metapodials that do not contrast in color with the digits (versus dark­furred metapodials contrasting with whitish digits); a much narrower interorbital region (LIB = 5.6–6.3 versus 6.6–7.2 mm); and much smaller bullae. In addition, adult males of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDAFF85EDCDF9CA29B5F9AA" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1023,1182,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="impavidus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDAFF85EDCDF9CA29B5F9AA" box="[1023,1182,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. impavidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear to have no trace of a gular gland (versus gular gland weakly developed), and they have a pale scrotum with white fur and unpigmented skin (versus scrotum dark with brownish fur and mottled­grayish skin).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7AC8A781FFDBFF84EC42FF2C292EFF63" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[624,698,194,213]" targetBox="[120,1230,256,856]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDBFF84EC42FF2C292EFF63" blockId="17.[320,1029,194,242]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
TABLE 3 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84EF72FF33292EFF63" bold="true" box="[320,1029,221,242]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Measurements (mm) and Weights (g) of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDBFF84ED22FF33292EFF63" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[784,1029,221,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84ED22FF33292EFF63" bold="true" box="[784,1029,221,242]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Marmosops creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDBFF84EEAAFC702CECF991" blockId="17.[123,652,926,1741]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Bolivian specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDBFF84EF80FC712D94FC42" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84EF80FC712D94FC42" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Marmosops noctivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overlap broadly with 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDBFF84EFF8FC522F41FC42" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[458,618,956,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84EFF8FC522F41FC42" box="[458,618,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in most measured dimensions, but they usually have dull reddish­brown (versus rich chocolate­brown) dorsal fur; pale­furred metapodials that do not contrast in color with the digits (versus dark­furred metapodials contrasting with whitish digits); distinct supraorbital beads that conceal the postorbital constriction from dorsal view (versus supraorbital beads absent or indistinct and postorbital constriction visible dorsally); and smaller, conical or flask­shaped bullae (versus bullae larger and hemispherical). In addition, adult males of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDBFF84EFBBFAD72F1AFAC1" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[393,561,1337,1360]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84EFBBFAD72F1AFAC1" box="[393,561,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. noctivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a pale scrotum with white fur and unpigmented skin (versus scrotum dark with brownish fur and mottled­grayish skin), and adult females have 5–1–5 = 11 mammae, of which the anteriormost pair is pectoral (versus 4–1–4 = 9 abdominal­inguinal teats).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDBFF84EEAAF9E92FD7FAA2" blockId="17.[123,652,926,1741]" lastBlockId="17.[699,1228,926,1741]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDBFF84EEAAF9E92CB8F98F" baseAuthorityName="Tate" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[152,403,1543,1566]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84EEAAF9E92CB8F98F" box="[152,403,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Marmosops ocellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also overlaps broadly with 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDBFF84EEEEF9CA2C55F9AA" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[220,382,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84EEEEF9CA2C55F9AA" box="[220,382,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in most measured dimensions, but it has much paler grayishbrown (versus rich chocolate­brown) dorsal fur; pale­furred metapodials that do not contrast in color with the digits (versus darkfurred metapodials contrasting with whitish digits); distinctly bi­ and particolored tails, with the terminal one­third or more completely pale (versus tail indistinctly bicolored and only the tip completely pale); a much narrower interorbital region (LIB = 5.5–6.3 mm versus 6.6–7.2 mm); and proportionately wider zygomatic arches (ZB/CBL × 100 = 53–54% versus 48–50%). In addition, most adult males of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDBFF84ED54FB672EDDFB31" baseAuthorityName="Tate" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[870,1014,1161,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84ED54FB672EDDFB31" box="[870,1014,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. ocellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lack a gular gland (versus gular gland weakly developed), and adult females have 6–1–6 = 13 mammae, of which the anteriormost two pairs are pectoral (versus 4–1–4 = 9 abdominal­inguinal mammae).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDBFF87ECEAFAD72CBBFD8A" blockId="17.[699,1228,926,1741]" lastBlockId="18.[124,654,193,1742]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Although we examined representative material of every species of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDBFF84EDC5FAB929ABFAFF" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1916" box="[1015,1152,1367,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84EDC5FAB929ABFAFF" box="[1015,1152,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Marmosops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
listed as valid in 
<tableCitation id="6335C2B2FFDBFF84ED70FA9A2EBFFA1A" box="[834,916,1396,1419]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[626,700,194,213]" captionTargetId="figure-24@2.[123,1231,253,1740]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1 Valid Species and Synonyms Currently Referred to the Genus Marmosopsa" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">table 1</tableCitation>
, additional pairwise comparisons are unnecessary because other currently recognized species exhibit no special similarity with 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDBFF84ED4AFA222930FA72" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[888,1051,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84ED4AFA222930FA72" box="[888,1051,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Indeed, most extralimital (nonBolivian) species have strikingly divergent traits. 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDBFF84EDE0F9E929EFF98F" baseAuthorityName="Handley &amp; Gordon" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[978,1220,1543,1566]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cracens">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84EDE0F9E929EFF98F" box="[978,1220,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Marmosops cracens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDBFF84EC89F9CA2E6CF9AA" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[699,839,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscatus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84EC89F9CA2E6CF9AA" box="[699,839,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. fuscatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDBFF84EDA7F9CA2937F9AA" baseAuthorityName="Lund" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[917,1052,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="incanus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84EDA7F9CA2937F9AA" box="[917,1052,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. incanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for example, have uniformly narrow nasals with subparallel lateral margins (quite unlike the posteriorly expanded nasals of Bolivian forms); 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDBFF84EC89F9772E7AF921" baseAuthorityName="Pine" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[699,849,1689,1712]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pinheiroi">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDBFF84EC89F9772E7AF921" box="[699,849,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. pinheiroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has lacrimal foramina that are laterally exposed anterior to the orbit (the lacrimal foramina of Bolivian species are usually concealed from lateral view inside the orbit); and 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EF09FF122CFEFE82" baseAuthorityName="Tate" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[315,469,252,275]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paulensis">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EF09FF122CFEFE82" box="[315,469,252,275]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. paulensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has very long incisive foramina that extend posteriorly behind the canine alveoli (the incisive foramina are substantially shorter in all Bolivian taxa). These and other taxonomically informative characters merit uniform scoring for phylogenetic analysis in any comprehensive attempt to revise the contents of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EFCEFE272FAEFE71" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1916" box="[508,645,457,480]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EFCEFE272FAEFE71" box="[508,645,457,480]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Marmosops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but such exercises are beyond the scope of this preliminary report.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFD8FF87EEABFDCF2F22FAA2" blockId="18.[124,654,193,1742]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
MOLECULAR COMPARISONS: The first 680 base­pairs of the mitochondrial 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EFC8FDD02DA0FDE2" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">cytochromeb</emphasis>
gene were sequenced from the 
<typeStatus id="F10C49ABFFD8FF87EC34FDB22F47FDE2" box="[518,620,604,627]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EE4EFD972CAEFD01" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[124,389,633,656]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EE4EFD972CAEFD01" box="[124,389,633,656]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Marmosops creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by J.L. Patton, whose generosity in sharing these data allowed us to make preliminary comparisons with homologous didelphid sequences previously obtained by his laboratory (
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFD8FF87EFD7FD002D91FCB2" author="Patton, J. L. &amp; S. F. dos Reis &amp; M. N. F. da Silva" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="3 - 29" refId="ref17085" refString="Patton, J. L., S. F. dos Reis, and M. N. F. da Silva. 1996. Relationships among didelphid marsupials based on sequence variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3: 3 - 29." type="journal article" year="1996">Patton et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFD8FF87EEFAFCE22F3DFCB2" author="Mustrangi, M. A. &amp; J. L. Patton" box="[200,534,780,803]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref16662" refString="Mustrangi, M. A., and J. L. Patton. 1997. Phylogeography and systematics of the slender mouse opossum Marmosops (Marsupialia, Didelphidae). University of California Publications in Zoology 130: i - x, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1997">Mustrangi and Patton, 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFD8FF87EC16FCE22DCCFCD1" author="Patton, J. L. &amp; M. N. F. da Silva &amp; J. R. Malcolm" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 306" refId="ref17136" refString="Patton, J. L., M. N. F. da Silva, and J. R. Malcolm. 2000. Mammals of the Rio Jurua and the evolutionary and ecological diversification of Amazonia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 244: 1 - 306." type="journal article" year="2000">Patton et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
). In order to assess the relationships of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EE95FCA92C71FCCF" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[167,346,839,862]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EE95FCA92C71FCCF" box="[167,346,839,862]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with other congeneric forms, we assembled a small dataset representing nine species of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EFA8FC6F2F08FC09" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1916" box="[410,547,897,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EFA8FC6F2F08FC09" box="[410,547,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Marmosops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and we included 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EEDAFC712F3FFC27" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[232,532,927,950]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Gracilinanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtarsus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EEDAFC712F3FFC27" box="[232,532,927,950]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Gracilinanus microtarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an outgroup (
<tableCitation id="6335C2B2FFD8FF87EEE6FC522C07FC42" box="[212,300,956,979]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="21.[624,698,194,213]" captionTargetId="figure-23@21.[121,1229,253,829]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="TABLE 5 Exemplar Specimens Included in Molecular Analysis" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">table 5</tableCitation>
). We selected exemplar haplotypes based on sequence length (the longest available sequence for each species was chosen), previous representation in published reports (
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFD8FF87EED0FBDF2CE6FBD9" author="Patton, J. L. &amp; S. F. dos Reis &amp; M. N. F. da Silva" box="[226,461,1073,1096]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="3 - 29" refId="ref17085" refString="Patton, J. L., S. F. dos Reis, and M. N. F. da Silva. 1996. Relationships among didelphid marsupials based on sequence variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3: 3 - 29." type="journal article" year="1996">Patton et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFD8FF87EFECFBDF2C3EFBF4" author="Mustrangi, M. A. &amp; J. L. Patton" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref16662" refString="Mustrangi, M. A., and J. L. Patton. 1997. Phylogeography and systematics of the slender mouse opossum Marmosops (Marsupialia, Didelphidae). University of California Publications in Zoology 130: i - x, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1997">Mustrangi and Patton, 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFD8FF87EF10FBA02CD7FBF4" author="Patton, J. L. &amp; M. N. F. da Silva &amp; J. R. Malcolm" box="[290,508,1102,1125]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 306" refId="ref17136" refString="Patton, J. L., M. N. F. da Silva, and J. R. Malcolm. 2000. Mammals of the Rio Jurua and the evolutionary and ecological diversification of Amazonia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 244: 1 - 306." type="journal article" year="2000">Patton et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
), and accessibility of cataloged morphological voucher material in museums. Most species are represented by single haplotypes in our analysis, but we included three sequences from geographically divergent samples of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EC29FB0F2DEBFA87" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EC29FB0F2DEBFA87" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. noctivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to assess molecular variation within a geographically widespread taxon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFD8FF87EEABFAD72F6FF95C" blockId="18.[124,654,193,1742]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
As quantified by pairwise uncorrected sequence divergence (
<tableCitation id="6335C2B2FFD8FF87EFB2FAB82CF4FAFC" box="[384,479,1366,1389]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="21.[624,698,1346,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-39@21.[120,1230,1432,1736]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="TABLE 6 Uncorrected Percent Sequence Divergence Among Cytochrome­b Haplotypes from Nine Species of Marmosops" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">table 6</tableCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EC31FAB92DD8FA1A" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EC31FAB92DD8FA1A" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Marmosops creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is phenetically most similar to 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EC5FFA9A2DD1FA39" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EC5FFA9A2DD1FA39" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. noctivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from which it differs on average by about 9.7%. Interestingly, of the three analyzed haplotypes of the latter species, 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EC5FFA222DD8F991" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EC5FFA222DD8F991" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most divergent (10.9%) from the geographically proximal Bolivian sample and least divergent (9.2%) from each of the Peruvian and Brazilian specimens. All other pairwise interspecific comparisons in these results are&gt;10% divergent, with the exception of a relatively small value (5.7%) between 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EEF9F9592C47F95F" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[203,364,1719,1742]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="impavidus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EEF9F9592C47F95F" box="[203,364,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. impavidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EF98F9592F16F95F" baseAuthorityName="Tate" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[426,573,1719,1742]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EF98F9592F16F95F" box="[426,573,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. ocellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFD8FF87ECEBFF2F2EFCFD5A" blockId="18.[700,1229,193,1419]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
A branch­and­bound parsimony analysis of the nucleotide sequence data (implemented with PAUP 4.0b10; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFD8FF87EDEEFF1229B3FE82" author="Swofford, D. L." box="[988,1176,252,275]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref17583" refString="Swofford, D. L. 1998. PAUP *, Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, beta version 4.0 b 10. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates." type="book" year="1998">Swofford, 1998</bibRefCitation>
) recovered a single minimum­length tree with two main clades (fig. 11), one of which consists of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87ED11FEBA291AFEFA" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[803,1073,340,363]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87ED11FEBA291AFEFA" box="[803,1073,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Marmosops creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EA75FEBA2FCFFE19" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="impavidus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EA75FEBA2FCFFE19" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. impavidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87ECC5FE9F2E8BFE19" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[759,928,369,392]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87ECC5FE9F2E8BFE19" box="[759,928,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. noctivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EDDAFE9F2957FE19" baseAuthorityName="Tate" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[1000,1148,369,392]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EDDAFE9F2957FE19" box="[1000,1148,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. ocellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the sequence (
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87ED08FE612E93FE37" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[826,952,399,422]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87ED08FE612E93FE37" box="[826,952,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">noctivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EDF9FE612969FE37" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[971,1090,399,422]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EDF9FE612969FE37" box="[971,1090,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EA67FE6129E7FE37" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1109,1228,399,422]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="impavidus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EA67FE6129E7FE37" box="[1109,1228,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">impavidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87ECD5FE422E7BFE52" baseAuthorityName="Tate" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[743,848,428,451]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87ECD5FE422E7BFE52" box="[743,848,428,451]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">ocellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
))). The other clade contains members of the 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87ED49FE272EC5FE71" baseAuthorityName="Tate" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[891,1006,457,480]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87ED49FE272EC5FE71" box="[891,1006,457,480]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">parvidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex (
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EA59FE272FCAFE6F" baseAuthorityName="Pine" baseAuthorityYear="1981" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bishopi">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EA59FE272FCAFE6F" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. bishopi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87ED29FE092E9EFE6F" baseAuthorityName="Tate" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[795,949,487,510]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87ED29FE092E9EFE6F" box="[795,949,487,510]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. parvidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), two southeastern Brazilian forms (
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87ED52FDEA2ECFFD8A" baseAuthorityName="Lund" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[864,996,516,539]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="incanus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87ED52FDEA2ECFFD8A" box="[864,996,516,539]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. incanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EA16FDEA2997FD8A" baseAuthorityName="Tate" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[1060,1212,516,539]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paulensis">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EA16FDEA2997FD8A" box="[1060,1212,516,539]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. paulensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and the Amazonian species 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EA3FFDCF29A5FDA9" authorityName="Gardner" authorityYear="1990" box="[1037,1166,545,568]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neblina">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EA3FFDCF29A5FDA9" box="[1037,1166,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. neblina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Unfortunately, there is only weak Bremer and bootstrap support for several branches in this topology, notably including all of those that resolve the relationships of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EA27FD7929A7FD3F" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[1045,1164,663,686]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EA27FD7929A7FD3F" box="[1045,1164,663,686]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with other congeneric forms.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFD8FF87ECEBFD3F29AAFB4A" blockId="18.[700,1229,193,1419]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
NATURAL HISTORY: All of our material of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EC8EFD012EE2FC97" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[700,969,751,774]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EC8EFD012EE2FC97" box="[700,969,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Marmosops creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected in the valley of the Río Zongo, one of the principal headwaters of the Río 
<collectingRegion id="EC7339EBFFD8FF87EDE9FCC72939FCD1" box="[987,1042,809,832]" country="Bolivia" name="Beni" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Beni</collectingRegion>
on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Real. The Valle de Zongo descends precipitously from 4800 to &lt;
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFD8FF87ECE0FC6F2E37FC09" box="[722,796,897,920]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
above sea level, with flanking slopes that are often in excess of 60°. The climate is very humid, with clouds and mist each morning and afternoon for most of the year. Between 2000 and 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFD8FF87EDACFC182EDDFB9C" box="[926,1014,1014,1037]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
above sea level— the known elevational range of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87EA0BFBFA2FF8FBD9" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87EA0BFBFA2FF8FBD9" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—the natural vegetation of the Valle de Zongo is humid montane (‘‘cloud’’) forest. 
<superScript id="D9C25A41FFD8FF87EAF6FBA329E6FBCA" attach="none" box="[1220,1229,1101,1115]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">8</superScript>
Habitat information associated with specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD8FF87ED1AFB672EE2FB31" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[808,969,1161,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD8FF87ED1AFB672EE2FB31" box="[808,969,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taken at three localities in the Valle de Zongo is summarized below, in order of their collection dates.
</paragraph>
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The 
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that G.K. Creighton collected in 1979 were taken at two localities along a road that descends the valley and provides access to a series of hydroelectric generating stations, power lines, and support facilities. His first collecting site was at Cuticucho (= Cuti Khuchu on recent topographic maps), which he recorded as having an elevation of 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFDFFF80EF05FC592CB9FC5F" box="[311,402,951,974]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9669999999999996" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="2967.0">2967 m</quantity>
above sea level (but see appendix 2: locality 16). The site is described in his fieldnotes as follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFD8FF87ECE1FA5F29E7F95C" blockId="18.[700,1229,1457,1741]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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We use the nontechnical term ‘‘cloud forest’’ for montane rainforests generally, including the formations that 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFD8FF87ECDBFA0C2E47FA64" author="Grubb, P. J." box="[745,876,1506,1525]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="83 - 107" refId="ref16083" refString="Grubb, P. J. 1977. Control of forest growth and distribution on wet tropical mountains: with special reference to mineral nutrition. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 8: 83 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Grubb (1977)</bibRefCitation>
usefully defined as Lower Montane Rain Forest, Upper Montane Rain Forest, and Subalpine Rain Forest. Synonyms used by Bolivian botanists include ‘‘Ceja de Monte de Yungas’’ (corresponding to Subalpine Rainforest; e.g., at Cuticucho) and ‘‘Bosque Húmedo Montañoso de Yungas’’ (corresponding to Upper Montane Rainforest; e.g., at Saynani). For a critical review of ‘‘cloud forest’’ and its technical synonyms from a field zoologist’s point of view, see 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFD8FF87EA75F94C29E2F924" author="Myers, C. W." box="[1095,1225,1698,1717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref16709" refString="Myers, C. W. 1969. The ecological geography of cloud forest in Panama. American Museum Novitates 2396: 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1969">Myers (1969)</bibRefCitation>
; for another (botanical) perspective, see 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFD8FF87EA07F95429E3F95C" author="Webster, G. L." box="[1077,1224,1722,1741]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="53 - 77" refId="ref18289" refString="Webster, G. L. 1995. The panorama of Neotropical cloud forests. In S. P. Churchill, H. Balslev, E. Forero, and J. L. Luteyn (editors), Biodiversity and conservation of Neotropical montane forests: 53 - 77. New York: New York Botanical Garden." type="book chapter" year="1995">Webster (1995)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2E08F709FFD9FF86ED67FE1D284DFD8A" blockId="19.[424,1382,499,548]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
TABLE 4 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD9FF86EF9AFDE02874FDB5" bold="true" box="[424,1375,526,548]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Diagnostic Morphological Comparisons Among Five Bolivian Species of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFD9FF86EAD3FDE12874FDB5" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1916" box="[1249,1375,527,548]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFD9FF86EAD3FDE12874FDB5" bold="true" box="[1249,1375,527,548]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Marmosops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<superScript id="D9C25A41FFD9FF86EB6DFDE0284DFD8A" attach="left" box="[1375,1382,526,539]" fontSize="5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">a</superScript>
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDEFF81ED1FFDFD2EB4FDD5" blockId="20.[801,927,531,580]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
TABLE 4 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDEFF81ED13FDC12EB4FDD5" box="[801,927,559,580]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">(Continued)</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDFFF80EC42FF2C2EE4FF63" blockId="21.[374,975,194,242]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<collectionCode id="48A66FCCFFDFFF80EC42FF2C2F91FF44" box="[624,698,194,213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">TABLE</collectionCode>
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5 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDFFF80EF44FF332CCFFF63" bold="true" box="[374,484,221,242]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Exemplar</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
</caption>
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Since our arrival [six days ago] we have not seen the sun for more than an hour a day. Clouds move up the valley in the morning at around 8:30AM and form just below our camp. Intermittent rain and mist are the order of the day. The temperature here stays relatively constant, between 55 and 65° F [13–18° C]. The forest here is 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDFFF80EF7DFB422C5CFB2E" box="[335,375,1196,1215]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">very</emphasis>
damp—many lichens, moss and ferns on branches of trees. We have trapped in three habitats here: cloud forest (relatively undisturbed), 2nd growth forest—with much bamboo; and artificial clearings under power lines... We are very near treeline here; as one looks up the valley the trees thin out and disappear at a fairly distinct ‘‘line’’ about 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFDFFF80ECE7FC2D2E3DFC47" box="[725,790,963,982]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
above camp. Looking down the valley the trees get noticeably higher... [
<date id="5A09D1C9FFDFFF80EA38FC35298AFC7F" box="[1034,1185,987,1006]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1979-10-03">3 October 1979</date>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDFFF83EC89FBE82DE3FAD9" blockId="21.[699,1228,1030,1288]" lastBlockId="22.[124,653,1065,1528]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Both specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDFFF80ED8BFBE829E0FB8C" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[953,1227,1030,1053]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDFFF80ED8BFBE829E0FB8C" box="[953,1227,1030,1053]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Marmosops creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Cuticucho were taken in the cloud forest with snap traps: one (UMMZ 155999) at the base of a tree and the second (UMMZ 156000) on a low branch. Creighton also collected five species of sigmodontine rodents at this site, of which 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDFFF80EDFEFB582955FB5C" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[972,1150,1206,1229]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Akodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mimus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDFFF80EDFEFB582955FB5C" box="[972,1150,1206,1229]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Akodon mimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDFFF80EAA1FB582E81FB7B" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oxymycterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrifrons">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDFFF80EAA1FB582E81FB7B" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oxymycterus nigrifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and two undescribed forms of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDFFF80ED19FB1F2EE8FA99" authorityName="Coues. Formerly" authorityYear="1884" box="[811,963,1265,1288]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Thomasomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDFFF80ED19FB1F2EE8FA99" box="[811,963,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Thomasomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(‘‘sp. 1’’ and ‘‘sp. 3’’ of 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFDCFF83EEACFBC72C67FBD1" author="Pacheco, V. R." box="[158,332,1065,1088]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref16926" refString="Pacheco, V. R. 2003. Phylogenetic analyses of the Thomasomyini (Muroidea: Sigmodontinae) based on morphological data. Unpublished Ph. D. diss., City University of New York." type="book" year="2003">Pacheco, 2003</bibRefCitation>
) were trapped in the cloud forest; 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDCFF83EEFCFBA92CB0FBCF" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[206,411,1095,1118]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levipes">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83EEFCFBA92CB0FBCF" box="[206,411,1095,1118]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Oryzomys levipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was trapped in nearby secondary growth. Additional species of small mammals subsequently trapped near Cuticucho by other researchers include 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDCFF83EC66FB712CA2FB42" baseAuthorityName="Tate" baseAuthorityYear="1931" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Gracilinanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aceramarcae">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83EC66FB712CA2FB42" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Gracilinanus aceramarcae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFDCFF83EFF8FB522DCDFB61" author="Salazar-Bravo, J. &amp; E. Yensen &amp; T. Tarifa &amp; T. L. Yates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="70 - 78" refId="ref17451" refString="Salazar-Bravo, J., E. Yensen, T. Tarifa, and T. L. Yates. 2002. Distributional records of Bolivian Mammals. Mastozoologia Neotropical 9: 70 - 78." type="journal article" year="2002">Salazar­Bravo et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDCFF83EECEFB342F2BFB60" authorityName="Meyen" authorityYear="1833" box="[252,512,1241,1265]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Akodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boliviensis">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83EECEFB342C7EFB60" box="[252,341,1242,1265]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Akodon</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83EFB6FB342F2BFB60" box="[388,512,1242,1265]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">boliviensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and an undescribed form of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDCFF83EF6AFB192CD2FA9F" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1900" box="[344,505,1271,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oligoryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83EF6AFB192CD2FA9F" box="[344,505,1271,1294]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Oligoryzomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(‘‘sp. B’’ of the 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83EE9FFAFA2C08FABA" box="[173,291,1300,1323]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">flavescens</emphasis>
group; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A268AF8FFDCFF83EFB8FAFA2D90FAD9" author="Carleton, M. D. &amp; G. G. Musser" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref15477" refString="Carleton, M. D., and G. G. Musser. 1989. Systematic studies of oryzomyine rodents (Muridae, Sigmodontinae): a synopsis of Microryzomys. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 191: 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1989">Carleton and Musser, 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDFFF80EC42FAAC2E76FA1C" blockId="21.[233,1107,1346,1421]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
TABLE 6 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDFFF80EEDBFAB32E76FA1C" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Uncorrected Percent Sequence Divergence Among Cytochrome­ 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDFFF80ED8DFAB02EE7FAE2" bold="true" box="[959,972,1374,1395]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">b</emphasis>
Haplotypes from Nine Species of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDFFF80ECEDFA962E76FA1C" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1916" box="[735,861,1400,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDFFF80ECEDFA962E76FA1C" bold="true" box="[735,861,1400,1421]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Marmosops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7AC8A781FFDCFF83EEA4FCCD2C3AFC49" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735111" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735111" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735111/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[150,188,803,824]" targetBox="[339,1014,188,782]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDCFF83EEA4FCCD2C3AFC49" blockId="22.[124,1229,803,984]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Fig. 11. The unique minimum­length tree recovered by a branch­and­bound parsimony analysis of cytochrome­ 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83EF32FCD02C26FCC2" box="[256,269,830,851]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">b</emphasis>
nucleotide sequences representing 11 ingroup haplotypes from 9 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDCFF83EDFDFCD029B5FCC2" box="[975,1182,830,851]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83EDFDFCD02961FCC2" box="[975,1098,830,851]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Marmosops</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
and 1 outgroup haplotype from 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDCFF83EF93FCB72F9BFCFF" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[417,688,857,878]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Gracilinanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtarsus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83EF93FCB72F9BFCFF" box="[417,688,857,878]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Gracilinanus microtarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(used to root the tree, not shown). Bremer support and bootstrap values (&gt;50%) are provided above and below each branch, respectively. The bootstrap values were obtained from branch­and­bound analyses of 1000 pseudoreplicated datasets. Tree length (including autapomorphies) = 689 steps, consistency index (excluding autapomorphies) = 0.48, retention index = 0.44.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDCFF83EEABFAA12F5CFA69" blockId="22.[124,653,1065,1528]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Farther down the valley G.K. Creighton described his camp at a locality he called ‘‘Cement Mine’’ (not identifiable on our topographic maps), with a recorded elevation of 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFDCFF83EE93FA2A2C2AFA4A" box="[161,257,1476,1499]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
, as being much warmer than at Cuticucho and with taller forest. However,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDCFF83EEA5F9FC29E6FBC3" blockId="22.[151,654,1554,1741]" lastBlockId="22.[727,1229,1063,1106]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Much of the forest has been cut or burned at one time or another in the past 30 years, hence most... is 2nd growth except in the higher valleys intersecting this one at more or less right angles. Lichens &amp; moss on trees are solid in places but not as ‘‘lush’’ as near Cuticucho. There are more broadleaf trees and ‘‘papaya­like’’ trees here. Also large (~ 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFDCFF83EFDDF94C2F0BF924" box="[495,544,1698,1717]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
) tree ferns. Bamboo undergrowth is extensive and very dense near artificial clearings. Little undergrowth beneath the bamboo except for a few ferns. [
<date id="5A09D1C9FFDCFF83EA03FBD129ECFBC3" box="[1073,1223,1087,1106]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1979-10-06">6 October 1979</date>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDCFF83EC8EFB8229E6F95C" blockId="22.[700,1230,1132,1741]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The first four nights of trapping (5–8 October) at this site yielded only rodents (the same species as those found in the cloud forest near Cuticucho plus 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDCFF83EDE9FB2A2FF5FB69" baseAuthorityName="Tomes" baseAuthorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83EDE9FB2A2FF5FB69" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Microryzomys minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDCFF83ED1FFB0F296CFB69" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1926" box="[813,1095,1249,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Thomasomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oreas">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83ED1FFB0F2EEEFB69" box="[813,965,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Thomasomys</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83EA34FB0F296CFB69" box="[1030,1095,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">oreas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but 
<specimenCount id="38B13C80FFDCFF83EA93FB0F2E1EFA84" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDCFF83ED43FB1129A8FA87" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[881,1155,1279,1302]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83ED43FB1129A8FA87" box="[881,1155,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Marmosops creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were taken on 9 October and another on 10 October. Creighton’s notes for these dates indicate that the marsupials were trapped in ‘‘humid, dark, mossy forest’’ on horizontal branches near large trees ‘‘covered with moss, ferns, bromeliads &amp; vines’’. Apparently, they were ‘‘not caught coming to the bait but, rather, blundering into the traps as they tiptoe along their accustomed routes.’’ The area where all three 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDCFF83EDCFF9CA29ADF9AA" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1916" box="[1021,1158,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDCFF83EDCFF9CA29ADF9AA" box="[1021,1158,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Marmosops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were trapped included ‘‘about the only places where high, undisturbed natural forest is accessible enough to set a trapline’’, the only other primary forest being restricted to very steep slopes above the cultivated valley floor.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDDFF82EEAAFF2F2CC1FD79" blockId="23.[123,651,193,1301]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The 
<typeStatus id="F10C49ABFFDDFF82EEE5FF2F2C16FF49" box="[215,317,193,216]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDDFF82EF4BFF2F2FA0FF49" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[377,651,193,216]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82EF4BFF2F2FA0FF49" box="[377,651,193,216]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Marmosops creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected by EY near the Saynani hydroelectric generating station at 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFDDFF82EC37FF122F49FE82" box="[517,610,252,275]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="2500.0">2500 m</quantity>
on the southeastern side of the valley. The obviously disturbed forest at this site consisted of patches with a closed canopy but also open areas with isolated trees. The trees were laden with epiphytes, and the ground cover consisted of vines, small bamboo, grasses, moss, and ferns. The 
<typeStatus id="F10C49ABFFDDFF82EF4DFE272CCEFE71" box="[383,485,457,480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was taken on the ground, in a snap trap set in dense grass under a small tree. All of the other small mammals trapped at Saynani by EY and other researchers are sigmodontine rodents, including 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDDFF82EED2FDB22CB8FDE2" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[224,403,604,627]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Akodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mimus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82EED2FDB22CB8FDE2" box="[224,403,604,627]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Akodon mimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDDFF82EF9AFDB22FAEFDE2" box="[424,645,604,627]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Chibchanomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82EF9AFDB22F7EFDE2" box="[424,597,604,627]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Chibchanomys</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDDFF82EE49FD972CBAFD01" baseAuthorityName="Tomes" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[123,401,633,656]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82EE49FD972CBAFD01" box="[123,401,633,656]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Microryzomys minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDDFF82EF9EFD972FAFFD01" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[428,644,633,656]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levipes">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82EF9EFD972FAFFD01" box="[428,644,633,656]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Oryzomys levipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDDFF82EE49FD792CBAFD3F" box="[123,401,663,686]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oxymycterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrifrons">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82EE49FD792CBAFD3F" box="[123,401,663,686]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Oxymycterus nigrifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the same undescribed forms of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDDFF82EF7CFD5A2CC4FD5A" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1900" box="[334,495,692,715]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oligoryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82EF7CFD5A2CC4FD5A" box="[334,495,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Oligoryzomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDDFF82EC02FD5A2DE9FD79" authorityName="Coues. Formerly" authorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Thomasomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82EC02FD5A2DE9FD79" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Thomasomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that occur at Cuticucho.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7AC8A781FFDDFF82EDA2FF2C298FFEB9" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[912,986,194,213]" targetBox="[698,1227,309,917]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDDFF82EDA2FF2C298FFEB9" blockId="23.[734,1188,194,296]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
TABLE 7 
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82ECD8FF33298FFEB9" bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Measurements (mm) and Weights (g) of the Brazilian 
<typeStatus id="F10C49ABFFDDFF82EDABFF162ED4FE9C" box="[921,1023,248,269]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
and Referred Bolivian Material of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDDFF82EDFDFEFD298FFEB9" baseAuthorityName="Pine" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[975,1188,275,296]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bishopi">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82EDFDFEFD298FFEB9" bold="true" box="[975,1188,275,296]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Marmosops bishopi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2E08F709FFDDFF82EEAAFD002D93FA84" blockId="23.[123,651,193,1301]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
In summary, 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDDFF82EF76FD012F7FFC97" authorityName="VOSS &amp; TARIFA &amp; YENSEN" authorityYear="2004" box="[324,596,751,774]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creightoni">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82EF76FD012F7FFC97" box="[324,596,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Marmosops creightoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected in both primary cloud forest and disturbed vegetation in the Valle de Zongo, where it occurs sympatrically with 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDDFF82EC60FCA92CADFCEA" baseAuthorityName="Tate" baseAuthorityYear="1931" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Gracilinanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aceramarcae">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82EC60FCA92CADFCEA" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Gracilinanus aceramarcae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and several species of sigmodontine rodents between 2000 and 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFDDFF82EE49FC702DFDFC24" box="[123,214,926,949]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
above sea level. A different species of 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDDFF82EEACFC522C0CFC42" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1916" box="[158,295,956,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82EEACFC522C0CFC42" box="[158,295,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Marmosops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, inhabits lower elevations in the Zongo valley. Two specimens, one from El Vertigo at 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFDDFF82EFA5FC182CD9FB9C" box="[407,498,1014,1037]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
(CBF 4003) and another from Kahua at 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFDDFF82EFEFFBFA2F17FBBA" box="[477,572,1044,1067]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1150.0">1150 m</quantity>
(CBF 3880), are both referable to 
<taxonomicName id="E9B78C8AFFDDFF82EFF7FBDF2F40FBD9" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[453,619,1073,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagus">
<emphasis id="1CC32B1BFFDDFF82EFF7FBDF2F40FBD9" box="[453,619,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">M. noctivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as we recognize that species below. Future collecting in the elevational interval between 2000 and 
<quantity id="E94F5AECFFDDFF82EEC5FB672C7FFB31" box="[247,340,1161,1184]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
would be helpful in pinpointing just where these congeneric species occur sympatrically or parapatrically along the forested eastern slopes of the Cordillera Real.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>