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<document id="72E5C03B74A0C1E8284BE98A5B9DF012" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.280590" ID-GBIF-Dataset="35f6ecad-68d3-44cb-9183-d1c9617c2c57" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="280590" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460462301487" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cárdenas, Paco &amp; Rapp, Hans Tore" docDate="2012" docId="A61787B7DC75FF96FF33FD8FFB16FC04" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03253p053.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3253" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Vulcanella aberrans Maldonado &amp; Uriz 1996" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="5A2EFFCFDC69FFB6FFA4FFC9FFB8FFE8" masterDocTitle="A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing Astrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new species" masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1698304409925" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="B211F1D8291C100FD1F924A4C15B7A90" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="60D6C632B3BF19BAF5FE768ADC3E749A">A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing Astrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9130DD8E6E3FD1791E67E07046A03664">Cárdenas, Paco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E5005B89AC844A231AE01E1D065EADA">Rapp, Hans Tore</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="E5E7AB660B6E8C4E56FAD3E4D0B3B268">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="12ADFC91A5E96CE1FB39D27803430878">3253</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="2D49674DA08F6D5EE32E470F475F1EA5">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="BADAEA1D598DFDB97AA9608F94E3B4FE" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.280590</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DF646BB7D0DE100C2345859A5D07FB32" type="GBIF-Dataset">35f6ecad-68d3-44cb-9183-d1c9617c2c57</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A61787B7DC75FF96FF33FD8FFB16FC04" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6166247" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119512828" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6166247" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A61787B7DC75FF96FF33FD8FFB16FC04" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A61787B7DC75FF96FF33FD8FFB16FC04" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC75FFAAFF33FD8FFEB2FD2F" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC75FFAAFF33FD8FFCBBFD88" blockId="28.[151,771,582,641]" box="[151,771,582,608]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="754981CDDC75FFAAFF33FD8FFCBBFD88" bold="true" box="[151,771,582,608]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC75FFAAFF33FD8FFCBBFD88" authority="Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996" authorityName="Maldonado &amp; Uriz" authorityYear="1996" box="[151,771,582,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF33FD8FFCBBFD88" bold="true" box="[151,771,582,608]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF33FD8FFEA1FD88" bold="true" box="[151,281,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Vulcanella</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFEE2FD8FFE09FD88" bold="true" box="[326,433,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">aberrans</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC75FFAAFE64FD8FFD43FD88" author="Maldonado" box="[448,763,582,608]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Maldonado, M. (1996) On the presence of anatriaenes in Pachastrellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): evidence for a new phylogenetic family concept. Journal of Natural History, 30, 389 - 405." type="journal article" year="1996">Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC75FFAAFF33FDA0FEF2FD69" blockId="28.[151,771,582,641]" box="[151,330,617,641]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC75FFAAFF3AFDA0FEFAFD69" box="[158,322,617,641]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 14" captionStart-1="FIGURE 15" captionStart-2="FIGURE 16" captionStartId-0="29.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionStartId-1="30.[151,250,1912,1935]" captionStartId-2="31.[151,250,2015,2038]" captionTargetBox-0="[233,1350,193,1836]" captionTargetBox-1="[218,1368,193,1885]" captionTargetBox-2="[240,1300,221,1989]" captionTargetId-0="figure@29.[233,1351,193,1837]" captionTargetId-1="figure@30.[218,1370,193,1885]" captionTargetId-2="figure@31.[240,1342,187,1997]" captionTargetPageId-0="29" captionTargetPageId-1="30" captionTargetPageId-2="31" captionText-0="FIGURE 14. Vulcanella cf. aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996) [ZMBN 80959]. A. Whole specimens attached to small stone. The polychaete living at its base is Eunice pennata (Müller) (J. Kongsrud, pers. comm.); B. Thick section showing the skeletal organization. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of thick section showing the thin ectosome. Scale: 1 mm; D. Detail of thick section showing the irregular triaenes present at the surface (arrows). Scale: 1 mm; E. Atrial sieve. Scale: 500 µm; F. Thick section showing the skeletal organization of the atrial sieve. Scale: 3 mm; Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996). G. Whole specimen [ZMAPOR 18012]; H. Whole specimen. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 21170]." captionText-1="FIGURE 15. Spicules of Vulcanella cf. aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996) [ZMBN 80959]. A. Ectosomal oxea I; B. Oxea II; C. Irregular triaenes with oxeas II and microxeas; D. Microxea III; E. Microxeas I, regular and centrotylote. plsr: plesiaster. Detail of the ringed pattern in the middle of the centrotylote microxea I; F. Spiraster; G. Bow-shaped metaster. Same scale as F; G. Small plesiaster. Same scale as F; I. Plesiasters. Notice the bow shape of the two lower ones." captionText-2="FIGURE 16. Geographical distribution of Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/280604/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/280605/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/280606/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figures 14–16</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC75FFAAFF33FD7BFEB2FD2F" blockId="28.[151,815,690,742]" box="[151,266,690,711]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Synonymy.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC75FFAAFF33FD19FC97FD0D" box="[151,815,720,742]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC75FFAAFF33FD19FC97FD0D" blockId="28.[151,815,690,742]" box="[151,815,720,742]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC75FFAAFF33FD19FD7EFD0D" authority="Cardenas et al. 2011" authorityName="Cardenas et al." authorityYear="2011" box="[151,710,720,742]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans" subGenus="Vulcanella">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF33FD19FEBBFD0E" box="[151,259,720,742]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Vulcanella</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFEB5FD19FEC5FD0E" box="[273,381,720,742]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Vulcanella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFE28FD19FE50FD0E" box="[396,488,720,742]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">aberrans</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC75FFAAFE51FD19FD7EFD0D" author="Cardenas" box="[501,710,720,742]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Cardenas, P., Xavier, J. R., Reveillaud, J., Schander, C. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2011) Molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae p) reveals an unexpected high level of spicule homoplasy. PLoS ONE, 6, e 18318. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0018318." type="journal article" year="2011">
Cárdenas
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFDFDFD18FD34FD0E" box="[601,652,720,742]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Table S1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC75FFAAFF33FCDAFC3BF843" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC75FFAAFF33FCDAFEE4FCA6" blockId="28.[151,1436,786,2035]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF33FCDAFEB8FCC3" box="[151,256,787,811]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Material.</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="48AFAE64DC75FFAAFEAEFCDAFEE3FCC2" box="[266,347,787,810]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">ZMBN</collectionCode>
80959, Traenadjupet, northern
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC75FFAAFD61FCDAFC98FCC3" box="[709,800,787,811]" name="Norway" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Norway</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC75FFAAFC8BFCDBFC17FCC2" box="[815,943,786,810]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="9" value="66.97034">66º58.22'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC75FFAAFC1AFCDBFB94FCC2" box="[958,1068,786,810]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="9" value="11.121">11º7.26'E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E9469B44DC75FFAAFB9EFCDBFB3FFCC2" box="[1082,1159,786,810]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="320.0">320 m</quantity>
, bottom: mud with rare pebbles, boxcore.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC75FFAAFF63FC92FD81FC9B" blockId="28.[151,1436,786,2035]" box="[199,569,859,883]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF63FC92FD81FC9B" box="[199,569,859,883]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Comparative material examined.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC75FFAAFF63FCB7FE37FBEA" blockId="28.[151,1436,786,2035]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF63FCB7FE09FC7E" box="[199,433,894,918]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC75FFAAFF63FCB7FE15FC7E" box="[199,429,894,918]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans">Vulcanella aberrans</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
CEAB-POR.
<collectionCode id="48AFAE64DC75FFAAFDEEFCB7FDC2FC7E" box="[586,634,894,918]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/d4va-b13i" name="University of the Basque Country" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">BIO</collectionCode>
021B,
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC75FFAAFD6FFCB6FC96FC7F" box="[715,814,895,919]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, slope of Alboran Island, 35º54'-
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC75FFAAFB38FCB7FB41FC7E" box="[1180,1273,894,918]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="925" value="35.866665">35º52'N</geoCoordinate>
, 3º09'-
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC75FFAAFAE7FCB7FA2FFC7E" box="[1347,1431,894,918]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="925" value="-3.0833333">3º05'W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E9469B44DC75FFAAFF33FC6BFEBFFC52" box="[151,263,930,954]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="95.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="70.0">70-120 m</quantity>
; ZMAPOR 21193, Gulf of Cadiz,
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC75FFAAFD36FC6BFC98FC52" box="[658,800,930,954]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="1" value="35.654568">35º39.274'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC75FFAAFC89FC6BFC0FFC52" box="[813,951,930,954]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="1" value="7.33355">07º20.013'E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E9469B44DC75FFAAFC60FC6BFBA4FC52" box="[964,1052,930,954]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.39" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="1390.0">1390 m</quantity>
, tiny fragment; ZMAPOR 21170, Gulf of Cadiz,
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC75FFAAFEF5FC0FFE67FC36" box="[337,479,966,990]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="1" value="35.654568">35º39.274'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC75FFAAFE54FC0FFDC3FC36" box="[496,635,966,990]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="1" value="7.33355">07º20.013'E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E9469B44DC75FFAAFD28FC0FFD52FC36" box="[652,746,966,990]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.39" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="1390.0">1390 m</quantity>
; ZMAPOR 18012,
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC75FFAAFC73FC0EFB87FC36" box="[983,1087,967,990]" name="Morocco" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Morocco</collectingCountry>
, near
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC75FFAAFB2AFC0EFB65FC37" box="[1166,1245,967,991]" name="Morocco" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Tanger</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC75FFAAFB4AFC0FFA2FFC36" box="[1262,1431,966,990]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="1" value="35.29435">35°17'39.66&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC75FFAAFF33FC23FE8EFBEA" box="[151,310,1002,1026]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="1" value="-6.787828">6°47'16.18&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCount id="38B8FD28DC75FFAAFEE5FC23FE37FBEA" box="[321,399,1002,1026]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="generic">
<quantity id="E9469B44DC75FFAAFEE5FC23FE33FBEA" box="[321,395,1002,1026]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.31" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="531.0">531 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC75FFAAFF63FBC7FCD9FBCE" blockId="28.[151,1436,786,2035]" box="[199,865,1038,1062]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF63FBC7FE19FBCE" box="[199,417,1038,1062]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC75FFAAFF63FBC7FE25FBCE" box="[199,413,1038,1062]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gracilis">Vulcanella gracilis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
ZMAPOR 18025, off
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC75FFAAFD3BFBC6FCBFFBCE" box="[671,775,1039,1062]" name="Morocco" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Morocco</collectingCountry>
,
<specimenCount id="38B8FD28DC75FFAAFCB6FBC7FCD9FBCE" box="[786,865,1038,1062]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="generic">
<quantity id="E9469B44DC75FFAAFCB6FBC7FCE4FBCE" box="[786,860,1038,1062]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.29" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="529.0">529 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC75FFAAFF63FBFAFBF1FB32" blockId="28.[151,1436,786,2035]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF63FBFAFE2FFBA3" box="[199,407,1075,1099]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Outer morphology</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC75FFAAFE0CFBFBFE42FBA2" box="[424,506,1074,1098]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionTargetBox="[233,1350,193,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[233,1351,193,1837]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14. Vulcanella cf. aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996) [ZMBN 80959]. A. Whole specimens attached to small stone. The polychaete living at its base is Eunice pennata (Müller) (J. Kongsrud, pers. comm.); B. Thick section showing the skeletal organization. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of thick section showing the thin ectosome. Scale: 1 mm; D. Detail of thick section showing the irregular triaenes present at the surface (arrows). Scale: 1 mm; E. Atrial sieve. Scale: 500 µm; F. Thick section showing the skeletal organization of the atrial sieve. Scale: 3 mm; Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996). G. Whole specimen [ZMAPOR 18012]; H. Whole specimen. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 21170]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280604/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
A). Massive sponge. Our specimen is broken up in several fragments. The largest, ficiform, attached to a small stone is
<quantity id="E9469B44DC75FFAAFDF7FB9FFD36FB86" box="[595,654,1110,1134]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
high and
<quantity id="E9469B44DC75FFAAFCAEFB9FFCE2FB86" box="[778,858,1110,1134]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="cm" value="4.5">4.5 cm</quantity>
wide. Color alive and in ethanol, of surface and choanosome, is whitish. Specimen is compressible. Surface is irregular, strongly hispid and dirty (due to trapped sediments). One damaged oscular basket was observed on top of the largest fragment (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC75FFAAFBCCFB57FB02FB5E" box="[1128,1210,1182,1206]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionTargetBox="[233,1350,193,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[233,1351,193,1837]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14. Vulcanella cf. aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996) [ZMBN 80959]. A. Whole specimens attached to small stone. The polychaete living at its base is Eunice pennata (Müller) (J. Kongsrud, pers. comm.); B. Thick section showing the skeletal organization. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of thick section showing the thin ectosome. Scale: 1 mm; D. Detail of thick section showing the irregular triaenes present at the surface (arrows). Scale: 1 mm; E. Atrial sieve. Scale: 500 µm; F. Thick section showing the skeletal organization of the atrial sieve. Scale: 3 mm; Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996). G. Whole specimen [ZMAPOR 18012]; H. Whole specimen. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 21170]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280604/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
E). Oscule openings in the sieve are fairly large (exhalant apertures are
<quantity id="E9469B44DC75FFAAFD6AFB0BFCF8FB32" box="[718,832,1218,1242]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5-2 mm</quantity>
). Pores were not found.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC75FFAAFF63FB2FFE80F9AA" blockId="28.[151,1436,786,2035]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF63FB2FFE9EFB16" box="[199,294,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Skeleton</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC75FFAAFE91FB2FFE3DFB16" box="[309,389,1254,1278]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionTargetBox="[233,1350,193,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[233,1351,193,1837]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14. Vulcanella cf. aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996) [ZMBN 80959]. A. Whole specimens attached to small stone. The polychaete living at its base is Eunice pennata (Müller) (J. Kongsrud, pers. comm.); B. Thick section showing the skeletal organization. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of thick section showing the thin ectosome. Scale: 1 mm; D. Detail of thick section showing the irregular triaenes present at the surface (arrows). Scale: 1 mm; E. Atrial sieve. Scale: 500 µm; F. Thick section showing the skeletal organization of the atrial sieve. Scale: 3 mm; Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996). G. Whole specimen [ZMAPOR 18012]; H. Whole specimen. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 21170]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280604/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
B-D). Accumulation of spirasters and paratangential microxeas at the surface. This layer is ca 150 µm thick, thus invisible to the naked eye. Orthotriaenes and dichotriaenes are only present at the surface, albeit in low numbers. They are more or less positioned radially, with their cladomes beyond the surface (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC75FFAAFA80FAE7FAC0FAAE" box="[1316,1400,1326,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionTargetBox="[233,1350,193,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[233,1351,193,1837]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14. Vulcanella cf. aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996) [ZMBN 80959]. A. Whole specimens attached to small stone. The polychaete living at its base is Eunice pennata (Müller) (J. Kongsrud, pers. comm.); B. Thick section showing the skeletal organization. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of thick section showing the thin ectosome. Scale: 1 mm; D. Detail of thick section showing the irregular triaenes present at the surface (arrows). Scale: 1 mm; E. Atrial sieve. Scale: 500 µm; F. Thick section showing the skeletal organization of the atrial sieve. Scale: 3 mm; Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996). G. Whole specimen [ZMAPOR 18012]; H. Whole specimen. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 21170]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280604/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
D). Oxeas I and some oxeas II also cross the surface. Oxeas I are found all over the surface of the sponge but they are longer and wider around the oscula. The arrangement of the spicules in the choanosome is confused. Spirasters are more rare as one leaves the surface, they are nonetheless present around canals. Plesiasters on the other hand, are abundant in the choanosome, as well as microxeas. The oscular basket is surrounded by atrial oxeas I (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC75FFAAFA8EFA77FAC5FA3E" box="[1322,1405,1470,1494]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionTargetBox="[233,1350,193,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[233,1351,193,1837]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14. Vulcanella cf. aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996) [ZMBN 80959]. A. Whole specimens attached to small stone. The polychaete living at its base is Eunice pennata (Müller) (J. Kongsrud, pers. comm.); B. Thick section showing the skeletal organization. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of thick section showing the thin ectosome. Scale: 1 mm; D. Detail of thick section showing the irregular triaenes present at the surface (arrows). Scale: 1 mm; E. Atrial sieve. Scale: 500 µm; F. Thick section showing the skeletal organization of the atrial sieve. Scale: 3 mm; Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996). G. Whole specimen [ZMAPOR 18012]; H. Whole specimen. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 21170]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280604/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
F). The oscular mesh is mainly a dense accumulation of paratangential microxeas I and streptasters. Under it, we still find microxeas, but in lower numbers. Foreign spicules in the choanosome are common (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC75FFAAFB53F9CFFADFF9F6" box="[1271,1383,1542,1566]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Sceptrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFB53F9CFFADFF9F6" box="[1271,1383,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Sceptrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC75FFAAFF33F9E2FE90F9AB" box="[151,296,1579,1603]" class="Demospongiae" family="Hamacanthidae" genus="Hamacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF33F9E2FE90F9AB" box="[151,296,1579,1603]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hamacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC75FFAAFF63F987FC3BF843" blockId="28.[151,1436,786,2035]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF63F987FE9CF98E" box="[199,292,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Spicules</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="48AFAE64DC75FFAAFE97F987FE3EF98E" box="[307,390,1614,1638]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">ZMBN</collectionCode>
80959) (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC75FFAAFE48F987FDF8F98E" box="[492,576,1614,1638]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[218,1368,193,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[218,1370,193,1885]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 15. Spicules of Vulcanella cf. aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996) [ZMBN 80959]. A. Ectosomal oxea I; B. Oxea II; C. Irregular triaenes with oxeas II and microxeas; D. Microxea III; E. Microxeas I, regular and centrotylote. plsr: plesiaster. Detail of the ringed pattern in the middle of the centrotylote microxea I; F. Spiraster; G. Bow-shaped metaster. Same scale as F; G. Small plesiaster. Same scale as F; I. Plesiasters. Notice the bow shape of the two lower ones." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280605/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
). (a) oxeas I, long and thin, isodiametric, length: up to 5000 µm; width: 3.0-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF33F9BAFF02F963" box="[151,186,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">6.3</emphasis>
-14.5 µm. (b) oxeas II, stout, usually bent, smooth, length:
<date id="5A001061DC75FFAAFCF0F9BBFC75F963" box="[852,973,1650,1675]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1921" valueMax="2789">
1921-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFC31F9BAFC75F963" box="[917,973,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">2789</emphasis>
</date>
-3473 µm; width: 21.0-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFB71F9BAFABEF963" box="[1237,1286,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">43.6</emphasis>
-70.0 µm. (c) ortho- and dichotriaenes, few, usually with deformities such as irregular or additional clads, rhabdome length: 152-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF33F972FF79F93B" box="[151,193,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">892</emphasis>
-1315 µm; rhabdome width: 23.0-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFDE6F972FDCBF93B" box="[578,627,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">37.6</emphasis>
-62.0 µm; clad length for orthotriaenes: 183.0-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFB20F972FB7BF93B" box="[1156,1219,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">392.9</emphasis>
-566.0 µm (N=15); clad length for dichotriaenes: 70.0-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFDE4F917FDC9F91E" box="[576,625,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">99.0</emphasis>
-129.0 µm + 72.0-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFCF3F917FC2EF91E" box="[855,918,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">135.0</emphasis>
-194.0 µm (N=12). (d) microxea I, faintly microspiny, bent or straight, often centrotylote, length: 317-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFC93F8CAFCCEF8F3" box="[823,886,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">397.8</emphasis>
-520 µm; width: 5.0-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFBC5F8CAFB3CF8F3" box="[1121,1156,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">6.0</emphasis>
-8.0 µm. (e) microxea II, faintly microspiny, bent or straight, length: 181-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFD62F8EFFCBDF8D6" box="[710,773,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">239.2</emphasis>
-245 µm; width: 3.0-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFC5EF8EFFBA5F8D6" box="[1018,1053,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">3.2</emphasis>
-4.0 µm. (f) microxea III, faintly microspiny, straight or bent, length: 67.0-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFDCCF882FD1AF88B" box="[616,674,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">116.2</emphasis>
-166.0 µm; width: 2.0-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFC00F882FC7FF88B" box="[932,967,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">2.0</emphasis>
-2.0 µm. (g) streptasters, all intermediates exist between spirasters, metasters, and plesiasters. Metasters and plesiasters often have a bow shaped shaft with the middle actines all on the same side, length: 14.0-
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFD40F85AFCADF843" box="[740,789,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">25.0</emphasis>
-39.0 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC75FFAAFF63F87FFEDFF81A" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC75FFAAFF63F87FFD92F827" blockId="28.[151,1436,786,2035]" box="[199,554,1974,1999]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF63F87FFEE8F826" box="[199,336,1974,1998]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Distribution</emphasis>
. Northern
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC75FFAAFE6EF87EFD9EF827" box="[458,550,1975,1999]" name="Norway" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Norway</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC75FFAAFF63F812FEDFF81A" blockId="28.[151,1436,786,2035]" box="[199,359,2010,2035]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC75FFAAFF63F812FEB3F81B" box="[199,267,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Depth</emphasis>
.
<specimenCount id="38B8FD28DC75FFAAFEBDF813FEDFF81A" box="[281,359,2010,2034]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="generic">
<quantity id="E9469B44DC75FFAAFEBDF813FEDBF81A" box="[281,355,2010,2034]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="320.0">320 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="7AC16629DC74FFABFF33F88BFC5AF819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280604/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[233,1350,193,1836]" targetPageId="29">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC74FFABFF33F88BFC5AF819" blockId="29.[151,1437,1858,2034]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC74FFABFF33F88BFEA7F8B0" bold="true" box="[151,287,1858,1881]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC74FFABFE80F88BFC9FF8B0" authority="Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996" authorityName="Maldonado &amp; Uriz" authorityYear="1996" box="[292,807,1858,1880]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC74FFABFE80F88BFE28F8B0" box="[292,400,1858,1880]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Vulcanella</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC74FFABFE12F88BFDA9F8B0" box="[438,529,1858,1880]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">aberrans</emphasis>
(Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996)
</taxonomicName>
[ZMBN 80959]. A. Whole specimens attached to small stone. The polychaete living at its base is
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC74FFABFE58F8ABFD4FF89F" authority="Muller" authorityName="Muller" box="[508,759,1889,1911]" class="Polychaeta" family="Eunicidae" genus="Eunice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pennata">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC74FFABFE58F8ABFD23F89F" box="[508,667,1890,1911]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Eunice pennata</emphasis>
(Müller)
</taxonomicName>
(J. Kongsrud, pers. comm.); B. Thick section showing the skeletal organization. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of thick section showing the thin ectosome. Scale: 1 mm; D. Detail of thick section showing the irregular triaenes present at the surface (arrows). Scale: 1 mm; E. Atrial sieve. Scale: 500 µm; F. Thick section showing the skeletal organization of the atrial sieve. Scale: 3 mm;
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC74FFABFCE0F874FA89F83B" authority="Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996" authorityName="Maldonado &amp; Uriz" authorityYear="1996" box="[836,1329,1981,2003]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC74FFABFCE0F874FBAAF83B" box="[836,1042,1981,2003]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Vulcanella aberrans</emphasis>
(Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996)
</taxonomicName>
. G. Whole specimen [ZMAPOR 18012]; H. Whole specimen. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 21170].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7AC16629DC77FFA8FF33F8B1FBE5F802" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280605/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[218,1368,193,1885]" targetPageId="30">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC77FFA8FF33F8B1FBE5F802" blockId="30.[151,1437,1912,2026]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC77FFA8FF33F8B1FEA7F866" bold="true" box="[151,287,1912,1935]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
Spicules of
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC77FFA8FE38F8B1FC27F866" authority="Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996" authorityName="Maldonado &amp; Uriz" authorityYear="1996" box="[412,927,1912,1934]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC77FFA8FE38F8B1FDB0F866" box="[412,520,1912,1934]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vulcanella</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC77FFA8FD8AF8B1FD31F866" box="[558,649,1912,1934]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">aberrans</emphasis>
(Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996)
</taxonomicName>
[ZMBN 80959]. A. Ectosomal oxea I; B. Oxea II; C. Irregular triaenes with oxeas II and microxeas; D. Microxea III; E. Microxeas I, regular and centrotylote. plsr: plesiaster. Detail of the ringed pattern in the middle of the centrotylote microxea I; F. Spiraster; G. Bow-shaped metaster. Same scale as F; G. Small plesiaster. Same scale as F; I. Plesiasters. Notice the bow shape of the two lower ones.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7AC16629DC76FFA9FF33F816FB8DF81E" box="[151,1077,2015,2038]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280606/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[240,1300,221,1989]" targetPageId="31">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC76FFA9FF33F816FB8DF81E" blockId="31.[151,1077,2015,2038]" box="[151,1077,2015,2038]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC76FFA9FF33F816FEA7F81D" bold="true" box="[151,287,2015,2038]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
Geographical distribution of
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC76FFA9FDEFF829FB97F81E" authority="Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996" authorityName="Maldonado &amp; Uriz" authorityYear="1996" box="[587,1071,2016,2038]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC76FFA9FDEFF829FCA0F81E" box="[587,792,2016,2038]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vulcanella aberrans</emphasis>
(Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC49FF96FF63FF50FB16FC04" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC49FF96FF63FF50FB5FFCDF" blockId="32.[151,1436,151,1004]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC49FF96FF63FF50FEF1FF58" box="[199,329,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Discussion.</emphasis>
If this specimen is conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC49FF96FD45FF50FCDAFF58" box="[737,866,152,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC49FF96FD45FF50FCDAFF58" box="[737,866,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">V. aberrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this is only the second record of this species since its description, and its first record from the Norwegian coast. This specimen has been identified as
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC49FF96FB52FF74FA24FF3C" box="[1270,1436,188,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC49FF96FB52FF74FAB0FF3C" box="[1270,1288,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">V.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC49FF96FA93FF75FA24FF3C" box="[1335,1436,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">aberrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it shows a few morphological and molecular differences with
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC49FF96FC66FF28FBFDFF10" box="[962,1093,224,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC49FF96FC66FF28FBFDFF10" box="[962,1093,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">V. aberrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Apart from (i) its shape (not plate-like) (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC49FF96FEBEFECDFED3FEF4" box="[282,363,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionTargetBox="[233,1350,193,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[233,1351,193,1837]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14. Vulcanella cf. aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996) [ZMBN 80959]. A. Whole specimens attached to small stone. The polychaete living at its base is Eunice pennata (Müller) (J. Kongsrud, pers. comm.); B. Thick section showing the skeletal organization. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of thick section showing the thin ectosome. Scale: 1 mm; D. Detail of thick section showing the irregular triaenes present at the surface (arrows). Scale: 1 mm; E. Atrial sieve. Scale: 500 µm; F. Thick section showing the skeletal organization of the atrial sieve. Scale: 3 mm; Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996). G. Whole specimen [ZMAPOR 18012]; H. Whole specimen. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 21170]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280604/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
A), (ii) the wider oscules in the atrial sieve (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC49FF96FCFBFECDFC09FEF4" box="[863,945,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionTargetBox="[233,1350,193,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[233,1351,193,1837]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14. Vulcanella cf. aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996) [ZMBN 80959]. A. Whole specimens attached to small stone. The polychaete living at its base is Eunice pennata (Müller) (J. Kongsrud, pers. comm.); B. Thick section showing the skeletal organization. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of thick section showing the thin ectosome. Scale: 1 mm; D. Detail of thick section showing the irregular triaenes present at the surface (arrows). Scale: 1 mm; E. Atrial sieve. Scale: 500 µm; F. Thick section showing the skeletal organization of the atrial sieve. Scale: 3 mm; Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996). G. Whole specimen [ZMAPOR 18012]; H. Whole specimen. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 21170]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280604/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
E), (iii) the additional category of microxea and (iv) the absence of thick-axis spiraters, the Norwegian specimen is very similar to the
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC49FF96FB3AFEE1FB76FEA8" box="[1182,1230,296,320]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
material from the Alboran Island. All specimens from the Alboran Sea are plate-like (including the
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC49FF96FBDEFE84FB12FE8D" box="[1146,1194,333,357]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC49FF96FB4BFE85FAE7FE8C" box="[1263,1375,332,356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
), but specimens from the Gulf of Cadiz growing on coral are more irregular in shape so the shape of our specimen could be related to the fact that it grows on yet another substrate (e.i. pebbles). The coarser atrial fenestration was also observed in ZMAPOR 18025 from the Gulf of Cadiz (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC49FF96FCA5FE7EFCECFE27" box="[769,852,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionTargetBox="[233,1350,193,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[233,1351,193,1837]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14. Vulcanella cf. aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996) [ZMBN 80959]. A. Whole specimens attached to small stone. The polychaete living at its base is Eunice pennata (Müller) (J. Kongsrud, pers. comm.); B. Thick section showing the skeletal organization. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of thick section showing the thin ectosome. Scale: 1 mm; D. Detail of thick section showing the irregular triaenes present at the surface (arrows). Scale: 1 mm; E. Atrial sieve. Scale: 500 µm; F. Thick section showing the skeletal organization of the atrial sieve. Scale: 3 mm; Vulcanella aberrans (Maldonado &amp; Uriz, 1996). G. Whole specimen [ZMAPOR 18012]; H. Whole specimen. Scale: 1 cm [ZMAPOR 21170]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280604/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
G), so atrial fenestration should not be considered a specific character of this species. Consequently,
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC49FF96FD18FE14FC86FE1C" box="[700,830,476,500]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC49FF96FD18FE14FC86FE1C" box="[700,830,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">V. aberrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is even more similar to the poorly known
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC49FF96FA80FE15FE23FDFF" authority="Sollas, 1886" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1886" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cribrifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC49FF96FA80FE15FEBCFDF0" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Vulcanella cribrifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC49FF96FEAAFE36FE23FDFF" author="Sollas" box="[270,411,511,535]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1886) Preliminary account of the Tetractinellid sponges Dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger' 1872 - 76. Part I. The Choristida. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (new series), 5, 177 - 199." type="journal article" year="1886">Sollas, 1886</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC49FF96FE42FE36FDD5FDFF" box="[486,621,511,535]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
, which is notably characterized by coarse atrial fenestration. The only differences remaining between
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC49FF96FE51FDECFDCDFDD4" box="[501,629,548,572]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC49FF96FE51FDECFDCDFDD4" box="[501,629,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">V. aberrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC49FF96FD16FDECFC82FDD4" box="[690,826,548,572]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cribrifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC49FF96FD16FDECFC82FDD4" box="[690,826,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">V. cribrifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are (i) rare triaene malformations, (ii) atrial strongyles and (iii) only one size category of microxeas in
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC49FF96FD0BFD80FC80FD88" box="[687,824,584,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cribrifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC49FF96FD0BFD80FC80FD88" box="[687,824,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">V. cribrifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Conspecificity of
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC49FF96FBAAFD80FB37FD88" box="[1038,1167,584,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC49FF96FBAAFD80FB37FD88" box="[1038,1167,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">V. aberrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC49FF96FB6BFD80FAE0FD88" box="[1231,1368,584,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cribrifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC49FF96FB6BFD80FAE0FD88" box="[1231,1368,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">V. cribrifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not impossible but more specimens of the latter are needed to settle the issue. Microxeas II and III of our specimens have very close size ranges and they might represent a single category but more specimens are needed to confirm if they are true size categories.
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC49FF96FE5EFD7DFC8BFD24" author="Maldonado" box="[506,819,692,716]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Maldonado, M. (1996) On the presence of anatriaenes in Pachastrellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae): evidence for a new phylogenetic family concept. Journal of Natural History, 30, 389 - 405." type="journal article" year="1996">Maldonado &amp; Uriz (1996)</bibRefCitation>
observe unusually thick-axis spirasters in the atrial ectosome. Although these were observed in ZMAPOR 18012 (
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC49FF96FCC5FD1EFC74FD07" box="[865,972,727,751]" name="Morocco" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Morocco</collectingCountry>
), these were not found in the Norwegian specimen. Altogether, this makes very few morphological characters to consider our specimen not conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC49FF96FF33FCE8FEAFFCD0" box="[151,279,800,824]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Vulcanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aberrans">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC49FF96FF33FCE8FEAFFCD0" box="[151,279,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">V. aberrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and we need more material from
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC49FF96FD36FCE8FD54FCD1" box="[658,748,801,825]" name="Norway" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Norway</collectingCountry>
to show that these differences are consistent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC49FF96FF63FC8DFB16FC04" blockId="32.[151,1436,151,1004]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
COI sequences of ZMAPOR 21193 (Gulf of Cadiz) and ZMBN 80959 (
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC49FF96FBAFFC8DFBD1FCB4" box="[1035,1129,836,860]" name="Norway" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Norway</collectingCountry>
) are identical. Conversely, alignment of the 28S (C1-D2) sequences of the Norwegian and the Moroccan specimens showed an 8 bp. difference, most of which is due to a 6 bp. single deletion in ZMBN 80959. This is a relatively important mutation event which raises once more the question whether the few distinctive morphological differences observed are characteristic of a new species. In our opinion, additional sequences are required to conclude.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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