treatments-xml/data/A6/17/87/A61787B7DC63FFA3FF33F8C4FE85FA70.xml

<document id="3A452B13ED36DDB0F3BC89BE3595A575" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.280590" ID-GBIF-Dataset="35f6ecad-68d3-44cb-9183-d1c9617c2c57" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="280590" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460462301487" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cárdenas, Paco &amp; Rapp, Hans Tore" docDate="2012" docId="A61787B7DC63FFA3FF33F8C4FE85FA70" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03253p053.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3253" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pachastrella nodulosa Cárdenas &amp; Rapp, 2012, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="5A2EFFCFDC69FFB6FFA4FFC9FFB8FFE8" masterDocTitle="A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing Astrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new species" masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1698304409925" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="590802E85F79D5CA7A0E5F591FF213D8">A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing Astrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8D5C0B7BC94B05D87D1EF1E81EA379C6">Rapp, Hans Tore</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC63FFBCFF33F8C4FDB1F8CF" blockId="10.[151,521,1805,1863]" box="[151,521,1805,1831]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="754981CDDC63FFBCFF33F8C4FDB1F8CF" bold="true" box="[151,521,1805,1831]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFF33F8C4FDB1F8CF" bold="true" box="[151,521,1805,1831]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFF33F8C4FE1CF8CF" box="[151,420,1805,1831]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFF33F8C4FE1CF8CF" bold="true" box="[151,420,1805,1831]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pachastrella nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07F957C8DC63FFBCFE08F8C4FDB1F8CF" box="[428,521,1805,1831]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC63FFBCFF33F8E6FE25F8AF" blockId="10.[151,521,1805,1863]" box="[151,413,1839,1863]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC63FFBCFF3AF8E6FE8EF8AF" box="[158,310,1839,1863]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStart-3="FIGURE 7" captionStart-4="FIGURE 8" captionStart-5="FIGURE 9" captionStart-6="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="11.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,250,1928,1951]" captionStartId-2="14.[151,250,1968,1991]" captionStartId-3="18.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionStartId-4="19.[151,250,1972,1995]" captionStartId-5="20.[151,250,1922,1945]" captionStartId-6="21.[151,250,1177,1200]" captionTargetBox-0="[248,1337,181,1801]" captionTargetBox-1="[214,1382,193,1910]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1360,662,1937]" captionTargetBox-3="[160,1426,445,1869]" captionTargetBox-4="[197,1401,181,1951]" captionTargetBox-5="[211,1379,193,1910]" captionTargetBox-6="[159,1428,185,1156]" captionTargetId-0="figure@11.[248,1350,181,1801]" captionTargetId-1="figure@12.[214,1383,193,1911]" captionTargetId-2="figure@14.[189,1394,625,1943]" captionTargetId-3="figure@18.[160,1427,445,1869]" captionTargetId-4="figure@19.[197,1402,181,1953]" captionTargetId-5="figure@20.[211,1380,193,1911]" captionTargetId-6="figure@21.[159,1428,185,1157]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionTargetPageId-3="18" captionTargetPageId-4="19" captionTargetPageId-5="20" captionTargetPageId-6="21" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. A. Whole specimen, top knobby surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; B. Whole specimen, under surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; C. Holotype, top knobby surface. Arrow points at oscule area. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; D. Cross-section of holotype showing the dense choanosome. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; E. Thick section of oscule area. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 85242, holotype]; F. Oscules. Scale: 5 mm [ZMBN 85244]; G. Specimen in situ (arrow) at the base of Paragorgia arborea (Linnaeus) as seen from the manned-submersible JAGO, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 298 m. Specimen is approximately 30 cm in size; H. Specimen in situ as seen from the manned-submersible JAGO, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 301 m. Specimen is approximately 20 cm in diameter." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Spicules of Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. [ZMBN 85242, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops. mstr: microstrongyles. amph: amphiaster; B. Microxea; C. Microxea (whip-like), foreign?; D. Amphiasters; E. Microrhabdose streptaster and detail; F. Microstrongyles and microrhabdose streptasters." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Geographical distribution of Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870, Pachastrella chuni Lendenfeld, 1907, Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868, and Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. in the Atlantic Ocean." captionText-3="FIGURE 7. Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [MNHN DT- 410, holotype]. A. Whole specimen. Scale: 3 cm; B. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm; Pachastrella ovisternata von Lendenfeld, 1907 [MNHN DCL- 4065]; C. Specimen. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm; Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]; E. Whole specimen (dry). Scale: 4 cm; F. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm." captionText-4="FIGURE 8. Spicules of Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [MNHN DT- 756, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops; B. Microxea I; C. Microxea II; D. microstrongyle; E. Amphiasters." captionText-5="FIGURE 9. Spicules of Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops; B. Microxea. mstr: microstrongyles; C. Microstyle and microstrongyles; D. Amphiaster; E. Amphiaster; F. Sanidaster-like amphiaster; G. Microstrongyles; H. Microstrongyles, amphiasters and a microrhabdose streptaster; I. Detail of a microrhabdose streptaster." captionText-6="FIGURE 10. Comparaison of the morphology of large calthrops. All pictures were taken at the same scale: 1 mm. A. Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [MNHN DT- 756, holotype]; B. Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. [ZMBN 85242, holotype]; C. Pachastrella ovisternata von Lendenfeld, 1894 [MNHN DCL- 4065], arrow points at a dichotriaene; D. Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/280594/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/280595/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/280596/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/280597/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/280598/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/280599/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/280600/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figures 4–10</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="633C031ADC63FFBCFEE5F8E6FE2CF8AF" box="[321,404,1839,1863]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="15.[125,213,561,585]" captionTargetBox="[141,1931,660,1607]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 3. Depth, shape and individual spicule dimensions (in µm) for specimens of Pachastrella. Means are in bold; other values are ranges; n = 30 unless stated otherwise between parentheses. - = not referred; n. f. = not found in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84">Table 3</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC63FFBCFF33F8B1FEB2F865" blockId="10.[151,1033,1912,2026]" box="[151,266,1912,1933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Synonymy.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC63FFBCFF33F85EFC8CF801" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC63FFBCFF33F85EFD3AF823" blockId="10.[151,1033,1912,2026]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFF33F85EFCBEF844" authority="Burdon-Jones &amp; Tambs-Lyche 1960" authorityName="Burdon-Jones &amp; Tambs-Lyche" authorityYear="1960" box="[151,774,1942,1965]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFF33F85EFE3EF845" box="[151,390,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pachastrella monilifera</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC63FFBCFE30F85FFCBEF844" author="Burdon-Jones" box="[404,774,1942,1964]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Burdon-Jones, C. &amp; Tambs-Lyche, H. (1960) Observations on the fauna of the North Brattholmen stone-coral reef near Bergen. Arbok for Universitetet i Bergen, Mat. - Naturv. Serie, 4, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1960">Burdon-Jones &amp; Tambs-Lyche 1960</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, p. 6; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC63FFBCFCE7F85FFC7DF844" author="Koltun" box="[835,965,1942,1964]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1966) Four-rayed sponges of Northern and Far Eastern seas of the USSR (order Tetraxonida). Opredeliti Faunei SSSR 90. (Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR: Moscow, Leningrad), 1 - 112, pls I - XXXVIII." type="book chapter" year="1966">Koltun 1966</bibRefCitation>
, p. 30. 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFF33F87CFEAFF823" box="[151,279,1973,1995]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFF33F87CFEAFF823" box="[151,279,1973,1995]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.: 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC63FFBCFEE3F87CFDA1F823" author="Cardenas" box="[327,537,1973,1995]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Cardenas, P., Xavier, J. R., Reveillaud, J., Schander, C. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2011) Molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae p) reveals an unexpected high level of spicule homoplasy. PLoS ONE, 6, e 18318. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0018318." type="journal article" year="2011">
Cárdenas 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFE08F87FFE60F823" box="[428,472,1973,1995]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
, Table S1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC63FFBCFF33F81CFC8CF801" blockId="10.[151,1033,1912,2026]" box="[151,820,2003,2026]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Not 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC63FFBCFF67F81DFDEAF801" authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" box="[195,594,2003,2026]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC63FFBCFF67F81DFE0BF802" box="[195,435,2004,2026]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pachastrella monilifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC63FFBCFE1EF81AFDEAF801" author="Schmidt" box="[442,594,2003,2025]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Schmidt, O. (1868) Die Spongien der Kuste von Algier. Mit Nachtragen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, i - iv, 1 - 44, pls I - V. pp." type="book chapter" year="1868">Schmidt, 1868</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC63FFBCFDFEF81AFD49F801" author="Schmidt" box="[602,753,2003,2025]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Schmidt, O. (1868) Die Spongien der Kuste von Algier. Mit Nachtragen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, i - iv, 1 - 44, pls I - V. pp." type="book chapter" year="1868">Schmidt, 1868</bibRefCitation>
, p. 15.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="7AC16629DC62FFBDFF33F8D0FC47F80F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280594/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[248,1337,181,1801]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC62FFBDFF33F8D0FC47F80F" blockId="11.[151,1436,1817,2023]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC62FFBDFF33F8D0FEACF8C6" bold="true" box="[151,276,1817,1840]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC62FFBDFEBFF8D0FDB8F8C7" box="[283,512,1817,1839]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC62FFBDFEBFF8D0FDB8F8C7" box="[283,512,1817,1839]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pachastrella nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07F957C8DC62FFBDFDACF8D3FDE0F8C7" box="[520,600,1818,1839]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A. Whole specimen, top knobby surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; B. Whole specimen, under surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; C. Holotype, top knobby surface. Arrow points at oscule area. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; D. Cross-section of holotype showing the dense choanosome. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; E. Thick section of oscule area. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 85242, holotype]; F. Oscules. Scale: 5 mm [ZMBN 85244]; G. Specimen 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC62FFBDFAF8F8BFFA23F863" box="[1372,1435,1910,1931]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">in situ</emphasis>
(arrow) at the base of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC62FFBDFE20F85CFD73F841" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[388,715,1939,1962]" class="Anthozoa" family="Paragorgiidae" genus="Paragorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arborea">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC62FFBDFE20F85CFDEBF842" box="[388,595,1940,1962]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paragorgia arborea</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
as seen from the manned-submersible 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC62FFBDFBC3F85DFA82F841" authority="Traenadjupet" authorityName="Traenadjupet" box="[1127,1338,1939,1961]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Triakidae" genus="Jago" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">JAGO, Traenadjupet</taxonomicName>
, northern Norway, 298 m. Specimen is approximately 30 cm in size; H. Specimen 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC62FFBDFC20F87AFC7BF820" box="[900,963,1971,1992]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">in situ</emphasis>
as seen from the manned-submersible 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC62FFBDFAF0F87AFEA1F80F" authority="Traenadjupet" authorityName="Traenadjupet" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Triakidae" genus="Jago" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">JAGO, Traenadjupet</taxonomicName>
, northern Norway, 301 m. Specimen is approximately 20 cm in diameter.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7AC16629DC65FFBAFF33F841FCC4F833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280595/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[214,1382,193,1910]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC65FFBAFF33F841FCC4F833" blockId="12.[151,1437,1928,2011]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC65FFBAFF33F841FEA0F876" bold="true" box="[151,280,1928,1951]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Spicules of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC65FFBAFE02F841FD37F876" box="[422,655,1928,1950]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC65FFBAFE02F841FD37F876" box="[422,655,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pachastrella nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07F957C8DC65FFBAFD3FF840FD57F876" box="[667,751,1929,1950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
[ZMBN 85242, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops. mstr: microstrongyles. amph: amphiaster; B. Microxea; C. Microxea (whip-like), foreign?; D. Amphiasters; E. Microrhabdose streptaster and detail; F. Microstrongyles and microrhabdose streptasters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC64FFBBFF33FF50FC7BFE44" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFBBFF33FF50FD92FED7" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF33FF50FEA2FF58" box="[151,282,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC64FFBBFF33FF50FF73FF58" box="[151,203,153,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Type</typeStatus>
series.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="48AFAE64DC64FFBBFE84FF51FEC9FF47" box="[288,369,152,175]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ZMBN</collectionCode>
85242, 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC64FFBBFE68FF5EFD89FF47" box="[460,561,151,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, Steinneset, Langenuen, western 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFC06FF51FC45FF58" box="[930,1021,152,176]" name="Norway" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norway</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC64FFBBFBACFF5EFBDFFF47" box="[1032,1127,151,175]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="925" value="59.883335">59°53'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC64FFBBFBD6FF5EFB76FF47" box="[1138,1230,151,175]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="925" value="5.5166664">05°31'E</geoCoordinate>
, depth: 
<quantity id="E9469B44DC64FFBBFA81FF5EFA2FFF47" box="[1317,1431,151,175]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.75" metricValueMin="0.25" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="100.0" valueMax="175.0" valueMin="25.0">25–175 m</quantity>
, triangular dredge; 
<collectionCode id="48AFAE64DC64FFBBFECCFF74FE01FF3C" box="[360,441,189,212]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ZMBN</collectionCode>
85227, 85243, 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC64FFBBFDC9FF74FD63FF3D" box="[621,731,189,213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
, Skorpeodden, Korsfjord, western 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFBC3FF74FB7AFF3D" box="[1127,1218,189,213]" name="Norway" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norway</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC64FFBBFB6BFF75FA96FF3C" box="[1231,1326,188,212]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="925" value="60.166668">60°10'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC64FFBBFA98FF75FA20FF3C" box="[1340,1432,188,212]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="925" value="5.1666665">05°10'E</geoCoordinate>
, depth: 
<quantity id="E9469B44DC64FFBBFF4DFF16FED7FF1F" box="[233,367,223,247]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="300.0" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="200.0">200–400 m</quantity>
, triangular dredge; 
<collectionCode id="48AFAE64DC64FFBBFDFCFF29FD11FF1F" box="[600,681,224,247]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ZMBN</collectionCode>
85244, 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC64FFBBFCAAFF29FCC9FF10" box="[782,881,224,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, Røst Reef, northern 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFBD7FF29FB76FF10" box="[1139,1230,224,248]" name="Norway" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norway</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC64FFBBFB7BFF16FA84FF1F" box="[1247,1340,223,247]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="925" value="67.5">67º30'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC64FFBBFAE8FF16FA20FF1F" box="[1356,1432,223,247]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="925" value="9.4">9º24'E</geoCoordinate>
, depth: 
<quantity id="E9469B44DC64FFBBFF47FECDFEDCFEF4" box="[227,356,260,284]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.86" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.82" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="286.0" valueMax="290.0" valueMin="282.0">282–290 m</quantity>
, manned-submersible; 
<collectionCode id="48AFAE64DC64FFBBFDC3FECCFD00FEF4" box="[615,696,261,284]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ZMBN</collectionCode>
85245, 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC64FFBBFCB6FECCFCCDFEF5" box="[786,885,261,285]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, Traenadjupet, northern 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFB24FECCFB63FEF5" box="[1152,1243,261,285]" name="Norway" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norway</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC64FFBBFB41FECDFAFAFEF4" box="[1253,1346,260,284]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="925" value="66.96667">66º58'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC64FFBBFAE9FECDFA2FFEF4" box="[1357,1431,260,284]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="925" value="11.116667">11º7'E</geoCoordinate>
, depth: 
<quantity id="E9469B44DC64FFBBFF40FEEEFE95FED7" box="[228,301,295,319]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="316.0">316 m</quantity>
, manned-submersible.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFBBFF63FE85FC70FE8D" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" box="[199,968,332,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF63FE85FDADFE8C" box="[199,533,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Additional material examined</emphasis>
. 
<collectionCode id="48AFAE64DC64FFBBFD87FE84FD1FFE8C" box="[547,679,333,356]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pnpi-f6fs" name="Norwegian University of Science and Technology - University Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">NTNU-VM</collectionCode>
54998, northern 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFCCCFE84FC7CFE8D" box="[872,964,333,357]" name="Norway" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norway</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFBBFF63FEB9FD81FE60" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" box="[199,569,368,392]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF63FEB9FD81FE60" box="[199,569,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Comparative material examined.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFBBFF63FE5DFC7BFE44" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" box="[199,963,404,428]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF63FE5DFE6FFE44" box="[199,471,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFF63FE5DFE6BFE44" box="[199,467,404,428]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">Pachastrella monilifera</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
MNHN-DT410, 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC64FFBBFD3EFE5DFD47FE44" box="[666,767,404,428]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, coast of 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFCCDFE5DFC07FE44" box="[873,959,404,428]" name="Algeria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Algiers</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC64FFBBFF63FE71FB9AFA29" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFBBFF63FE71FCE4FDFF" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFF63FE71FDDDFE27" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[199,613,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF63FE71FE11FE38" box="[199,425,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pachastrella abyssi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFE1CFE7EFDDDFE27" author="Schmidt" box="[440,613,439,463]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig), iii - iv, 1 - 88, pls I - VI." type="book chapter" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, MZS P0195, 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC64FFBBFCB9FE7EFC3AFE27" box="[797,898,439,463]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, dry, Florida; 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFB90FE71FAFAFE38" box="[1076,1346,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFB90FE71FB7AFE38" box="[1076,1218,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pachastrella</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFB58FE71FAFAFE38" box="[1276,1346,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, HBOI 198811141008, off Savannah, 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFE49FE15FDF2FE1C" box="[493,586,476,500]" name="Georgia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFDF1FE15FD1CFE1C" box="[597,676,476,500]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC64FFBBFD15FE15FCA8FE1C" box="[689,784,476,500]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="925" value="31.683332">31°41'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC64FFBBFCBFFE15FCC7FE1C" box="[795,895,476,500]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="925" value="-79.13333">79°08'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="E9469B44DC64FFBBFC2EFE15FC6BFE1C" box="[906,979,476,500]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.33" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="533.0">533 m</quantity>
, det. P. Cárdenas; ZMAPOR 0 5301, dry, off Payne’s Bay, 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFEF1FE36FE7AFDFF" box="[341,450,511,535]" name="Barbados" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Barbados</collectingCountry>
, 
<quantity id="E9469B44DC64FFBBFE69FE36FDACFDFF" box="[461,532,511,535]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="153.0">153 m</quantity>
(van 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFDF0FE36FCF7FDFF" author="Soest" box="[596,847,511,535]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados Deep-Water Sponges. In: Hummelinck, P. W. &amp; Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.) Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen, No. 122., Amsterdam, pp. 1 - 175." type="book chapter" year="1988">Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFBBFF63FDEDFAB6FDD4" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" box="[199,1294,548,572]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFF63FDEDFD62FDD4" authority="Von Lendenfeld" authorityName="Von Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1894" box="[199,730,548,572]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ovisternata">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF63FDEDFE62FDD4" box="[199,474,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pachastrella ovisternata</emphasis>
von 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFDB6FDEDFD62FDD4" author="Lendenfeld" box="[530,730,548,572]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="von Lendenfeld, R. (1894) Eine neue Pachastrella. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 103, pl. I, 439 - 442." type="journal article" year="1894">Lendenfeld, 1894</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, MNHN-DCL4065, 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFC66FDEDFB9CFDD4" box="[962,1060,548,572]" name="Portugal" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Portugal</collectingCountry>
, det: M. Maldonado.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFBBFF63FD81FDD6FD6C" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFF63FD81FEEDFD88" box="[199,341,584,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF63FD81FEEDFD88" box="[199,341,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 1, originally identified as 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFD19FD80FC50FDB7" authority="Levi 1967" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1967" box="[701,1000,583,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFD19FD80FCE9FD88" box="[701,849,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. monilifera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFCC0FD8EFC58FDB7" author="Levi" box="[868,992,583,607]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Levi, C. (1967) Spongiaires d'Afrique du Sud. (3) Tetractinellides. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 37, 227 - 256, pls XVII - XIX." type="journal article" year="1967">Lévi 1967</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, MNHN-DCL680L, 681, 691, slides, 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFF33FDA5FE92FD6C" box="[151,298,620,644]" name="South Africa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, 
<quantity id="E9469B44DC64FFBBFE91FDA5FE10FD6C" box="[309,424,620,644]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.85" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="88.5" valueMax="130.0" valueMin="47.0">47–130 m</quantity>
, det. P. Cárdenas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFBBFF63FD59FB74FD24" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFF63FD59FEEDFD40" box="[199,341,656,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF63FD59FEEDFD40" box="[199,341,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 2, originally identified as 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFD12FD58FB84FD4F" authority="Levi &amp; Levi 1989" authorityName="Levi &amp; Levi" authorityYear="1989" box="[694,1084,655,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFD12FD58FCF1FD40" box="[694,841,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. monilifera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFCF8FD46FB8BFD4F" author="Levi" box="[860,1075,655,679]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Levi, C. &amp; Levi, P. (1989) Spongiaires (MUSORSTOM 1 &amp; 2). In: J. Forest (Ed.). Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, Vo l u m e 4. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie), 143, 1 - 260." type="journal article" year="1989">Lévi &amp; Lévi 1989</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, MNHN-DCL3372, slides, off Lubang Island, 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFEE2FD7DFE7FFD24" box="[326,455,692,716]" name="Philippines" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Philippines</collectingCountry>
, MUSORSTOM 1, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC64FFBBFD01FD7DFCBCFD24" box="[677,772,692,716]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="925" value="14.016666">14°01'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4B8A5066DC64FFBBFCB4FD7DFCC1FD24" box="[784,889,692,716]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="925" value="120.26667">120°16'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="E9469B44DC64FFBBFC21FD7DFBBEFD24" box="[901,1030,692,716]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8399999999999999" metricValueMax="1.85" metricValueMin="1.83" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="184.0" valueMax="185.0" valueMin="183.0">183–185 m</quantity>
, det. P. Cárdenas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFBBFF63FD11FCDCFBDC" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF63FD11FE2EFD18" box="[199,406,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Outer morphology</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC64FFBBFE02FD1EFE54FD07" box="[422,492,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[248,1337,181,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[248,1350,181,1801]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. A. Whole specimen, top knobby surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; B. Whole specimen, under surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; C. Holotype, top knobby surface. Arrow points at oscule area. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; D. Cross-section of holotype showing the dense choanosome. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; E. Thick section of oscule area. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 85242, holotype]; F. Oscules. Scale: 5 mm [ZMBN 85244]; G. Specimen in situ (arrow) at the base of Paragorgia arborea (Linnaeus) as seen from the manned-submersible JAGO, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 298 m. Specimen is approximately 30 cm in size; H. Specimen in situ as seen from the manned-submersible JAGO, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 301 m. Specimen is approximately 20 cm in diameter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280594/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Massive irregular or cup-shaped (ZMBN 85242, ZMBN 85243). Large specimens (ca 
<quantity id="E9469B44DC64FFBBFF64FD35FEBEFCFC" box="[192,262,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
high and 
<quantity id="E9469B44DC64FFBBFED2FD35FE03FCFC" box="[374,443,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
wide) observed with the manned-submersible were usually cup (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC64FFBBFB32FD35FB61FCFC" box="[1174,1241,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[248,1337,181,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[248,1350,181,1801]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. A. Whole specimen, top knobby surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; B. Whole specimen, under surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; C. Holotype, top knobby surface. Arrow points at oscule area. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; D. Cross-section of holotype showing the dense choanosome. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; E. Thick section of oscule area. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 85242, holotype]; F. Oscules. Scale: 5 mm [ZMBN 85244]; G. Specimen in situ (arrow) at the base of Paragorgia arborea (Linnaeus) as seen from the manned-submersible JAGO, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 298 m. Specimen is approximately 30 cm in size; H. Specimen in situ as seen from the manned-submersible JAGO, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 301 m. Specimen is approximately 20 cm in diameter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280594/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
G–H) or half-cup shaped with a deep or shallow central depression. Surface and choanosome color is whitish or yellowish-cream to dark brown (alive and in ethanol). Specimen is slightly compressible. Surface is very rugose, as sandpaper. Choanosome is dense and also rugose (due to the abundance of calthrops). Upper and side surfaces around the central depression are knobby (each knob with a diameter of 
<quantity id="E9469B44DC64FFBBFCE9FC45FC00FC4C" box="[845,952,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="cm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 cm</quantity>
) while the lower surface is more irregular. Small oscules are grouped in the oval to circular depressions on the upper surface (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC64FFBBFBC8FC66FB0BFC2F" box="[1132,1203,943,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[248,1337,181,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[248,1350,181,1801]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. A. Whole specimen, top knobby surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; B. Whole specimen, under surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; C. Holotype, top knobby surface. Arrow points at oscule area. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; D. Cross-section of holotype showing the dense choanosome. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; E. Thick section of oscule area. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 85242, holotype]; F. Oscules. Scale: 5 mm [ZMBN 85244]; G. Specimen in situ (arrow) at the base of Paragorgia arborea (Linnaeus) as seen from the manned-submersible JAGO, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 298 m. Specimen is approximately 30 cm in size; H. Specimen in situ as seen from the manned-submersible JAGO, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 301 m. Specimen is approximately 20 cm in diameter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280594/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
F), where knobs are absent. Each oscule has a diameter of 
<quantity id="E9469B44DC64FFBBFDC7FC1DFD4AFC04" box="[611,754,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1.5 mm</quantity>
. Pores are not visible. Cortex is not conspicuous. Macroepibionts include bivalves, polychaetes, ascidians, hydroids, sea anemones, pycnogonids, and other sponges (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFF33FBD4FDEEFBDC" authority="Topsent, 1904" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,598,1052,1076]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="spinispinosum">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF33FBD4FE23FBDC" box="[151,411,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cyamon spinispinosum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFE0EFBD5FDF6FBDC" author="Topsent" box="[426,590,1052,1076]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 280, pls 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1904">Topsent, 1904</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFDC5FBD5FCEBFBDC" box="[609,851,1052,1076]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ianthellidae" genus="Hexadella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Verongida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dedritifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFDC5FBD5FCEBFBDC" box="[609,851,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Hexadella dedritifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFBBFF63FB89FA81FB77" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF63FB89FE9EFBB0" box="[199,294,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Skeleton</emphasis>
(ZMBN 85242) (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC64FFBBFE5EFBF6FDFAFBBF" box="[506,578,1087,1111]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[248,1337,181,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[248,1350,181,1801]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. A. Whole specimen, top knobby surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; B. Whole specimen, under surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; C. Holotype, top knobby surface. Arrow points at oscule area. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; D. Cross-section of holotype showing the dense choanosome. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; E. Thick section of oscule area. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 85242, holotype]; F. Oscules. Scale: 5 mm [ZMBN 85244]; G. Specimen in situ (arrow) at the base of Paragorgia arborea (Linnaeus) as seen from the manned-submersible JAGO, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 298 m. Specimen is approximately 30 cm in size; H. Specimen in situ as seen from the manned-submersible JAGO, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 301 m. Specimen is approximately 20 cm in diameter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280594/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E). Thin cortex of microstrongyles (36–73 µm thick). Calthrops (with no particular orientation), microstrongyles and abundant amphiasters fill the choanosome. Microstrongyles are also found lining the canals. Foreign material and spicules are abundant (e.g. sigmas, discorhabds and tylotes).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFBBFF63FB65FB9AFA29" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF63FB65FE9CFB2C" box="[199,292,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Spicules</emphasis>
(ZMBN 85242) (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC64FFBBFE51FB65FD85FB2C" box="[501,573,1196,1220]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1928,1951]" captionTargetBox="[214,1382,193,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[214,1383,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Spicules of Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. [ZMBN 85242, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops. mstr: microstrongyles. amph: amphiaster; B. Microxea; C. Microxea (whip-like), foreign?; D. Amphiasters; E. Microrhabdose streptaster and detail; F. Microstrongyles and microrhabdose streptasters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280595/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). (a) calthrops, few dichotomous actines, actine length: 47- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFB55FB65FA88FB2C" box="[1265,1328,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">244.3</emphasis>
-768 µm; actine width: 4- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFEE3FB19FEC0FB00" box="[327,376,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">28.7</emphasis>
-73 µm. (b) microxeas, rare, smooth length: 44.8- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFC00FB19FC6DFB00" box="[932,981,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">91.1</emphasis>
-190 µm; width: 0.7- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFB1BFB19FB5AFB00" box="[1215,1250,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2.0</emphasis>
-2.5 µm (N=26). The longest of these microxeas (109–190 µm) seemed thinner (0.7–0.9 µm), almost whip-like and may represent a seperate category of microxeas, or be foreign, only six were found. (c) microstrongyles, in high numbers, microspiny, straight, centrotylote or not, length: 13.6- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFCB7FAF5FCFCFABC" box="[787,836,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15.7</emphasis>
-26 µm; width: 3.1- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFB96FAF5FBEDFABC" box="[1074,1109,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4.7</emphasis>
-5.8 µm. (d) microrhabdose streptasters, rare, straight or slightly bent, sometimes centrotylote, length: 23- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFC59FAA9FB96FA90" box="[1021,1070,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">30.3</emphasis>
-34.7 µm; width: 1.4- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFABBFAA9FAFAFA90" box="[1311,1346,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2.1</emphasis>
-2.6 µm (N=7). (e) amphiasters, ca. 5-11 actines (usually 5 actines on each end of the naked shaft, actines often have a tip with two spines), microspiny, length: 10.8- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFDD3FA61FD10FA28" box="[631,680,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.8</emphasis>
-22.6 µm; width: 7- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFC20FA61FC09FA28" box="[900,945,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.5</emphasis>
-17.5 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC64FFBBFF63FA05FE29F9C4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFBBFF63FA05FEE2F9EF" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF63FA05FEE8FA0C" box="[199,336,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC64FFBBFEC7FA05FE14FA0C" box="[355,428,1484,1508]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1968,1991]" captionTargetBox="[189,1360,662,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[189,1394,625,1943]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Geographical distribution of Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870, Pachastrella chuni Lendenfeld, 1907, Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868, and Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. in the Atlantic Ocean." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280596/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Norwegian Sea and Norwegian coast (
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFC2CFA05FA8FFA0C" author="Burdon-Jones" box="[904,1335,1484,1508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Burdon-Jones, C. &amp; Tambs-Lyche, H. (1960) Observations on the fauna of the North Brattholmen stone-coral reef near Bergen. Arbok for Universitetet i Bergen, Mat. - Naturv. Serie, 4, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1960">Burdon-Jones &amp; Tambs-Lyche, 1960</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFAE3FA05FF6AF9EF" author="Koltun" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1966) Four-rayed sponges of Northern and Far Eastern seas of the USSR (order Tetraxonida). Opredeliti Faunei SSSR 90. (Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR: Moscow, Leningrad), 1 - 112, pls I - XXXVIII." type="book chapter" year="1966">Koltun, 1966</bibRefCitation>
; this study).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFBBFF63F9DDFE29F9C4" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" box="[199,401,1556,1580]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF63F9DDFEABF9C4" box="[199,275,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Depth.</emphasis>
<quantity id="E9469B44DC64FFBBFEBDF9DDFE35F9C4" box="[281,397,1556,1580]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.125" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.25" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="212.5" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="25.0">
25– 
<specimenCount id="38B8FD28DC64FFBBFEE6F9DDFE35F9C4" box="[322,397,1556,1580]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">400 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC64FFA7FF63F9F0FB6AFED7" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC64FFB8FF63F9F0FDE9FDD4" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,572]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF63F9F0FEFAF9B8" box="[199,322,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Discussion</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFEF0F9F0FE64F9B8" box="[340,476,1592,1616]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFEF0F9F0FE64F9B8" box="[340,476,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a fairly common species in 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFCF6F9F1FC16F9B8" box="[850,942,1592,1616]" name="Norway" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norway</collectingCountry>
. During a three-hour dive in Traenadjupet (northern 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC64FFBBFEA2F995FEDAF99C" box="[262,354,1628,1652]" name="Norway" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norway</collectingCountry>
) with the manned-submersible 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFD62F995FCA8F99C" box="[710,784,1628,1652]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Triakidae" genus="Jago" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">JAGO</taxonomicName>
, we spotted more than a dozen large specimens (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC64FFBBFA93F995FAC2F99C" box="[1335,1402,1628,1652]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[248,1337,181,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[248,1350,181,1801]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. A. Whole specimen, top knobby surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; B. Whole specimen, under surface. Scale: 3 cm [ZMBN 85243]; C. Holotype, top knobby surface. Arrow points at oscule area. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; D. Cross-section of holotype showing the dense choanosome. Scale: 2 cm [ZMBN 85242]; E. Thick section of oscule area. Scale: 1 mm [ZMBN 85242, holotype]; F. Oscules. Scale: 5 mm [ZMBN 85244]; G. Specimen in situ (arrow) at the base of Paragorgia arborea (Linnaeus) as seen from the manned-submersible JAGO, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 298 m. Specimen is approximately 30 cm in size; H. Specimen in situ as seen from the manned-submersible JAGO, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 301 m. Specimen is approximately 20 cm in diameter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280594/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
G– H). 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFF66F949FEE8F970" box="[194,336,1664,1688]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF66F949FEE8F970" box="[194,336,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species can be difficult to discriminate and since 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFCD3F948FBBEF970" box="[887,1030,1664,1688]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFCD3F948FBBEF970" box="[887,1030,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the first species of this genus to be described, many records from the Atlantic and Pacific have excessively used that name. 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFB3DF96DFAD4F954" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[1177,1388,1700,1724]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1902) Descriptions of South African Sponges. Part I. Marine investigations in South Africa, 1, 219 - 232, pls I - III." type="journal article" year="1902">Kirkpatrick (1902)</bibRefCitation>
and von 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFF6DF90EFE23F937" author="Lendenfeld" box="[201,411,1735,1759]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="von Lendenfeld, R. (1907) Die Tetraxonia. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf der Dampfer Valdivia 1898 - 1899, 11, i - iv, 59 - 374, pls IX - XLVI." type="journal article" year="1907">Lendenfeld (1907)</bibRefCitation>
were among the first authors to discriminate new species from the 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFB3FF900FA94F908" box="[1179,1324,1736,1760]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFB3FF900FA94F908" box="[1179,1324,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex. According to the latest revision (
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFDA3F925FD73F8EC" author="Maldonado" box="[519,715,1772,1796]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Maldonado, M. (2002) Family Pachastrellidae Carter, 1875. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 141 - 162." type="book chapter" year="2002">Maldonado 2002</bibRefCitation>
), there are three 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFC23F925FBADF8EC" box="[903,1045,1772,1796]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFC23F925FBADF8EC" box="[903,1045,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in the NEA: 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFAA0F924FA2CF8EC" box="[1284,1428,1772,1796]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFAA0F924FA2CF8EC" box="[1284,1428,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFF33F8D8FE96F8C0" box="[151,302,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. o v i s t e r n a t a</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFEC9F8D8FE71F8C0" box="[365,457,1808,1832]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chuni">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFEC9F8D8FE71F8C0" box="[365,457,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. chuni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Upon collection, the Norwegian specimens were initially identified as 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFAA7F8D8FA2CF8C0" box="[1283,1428,1808,1832]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFAA7F8D8FA2CF8C0" box="[1283,1428,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, following previous Norwegian records (
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFDFCF8FDFC4CF8A4" author="Burdon-Jones" box="[600,1012,1844,1868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Burdon-Jones, C. &amp; Tambs-Lyche, H. (1960) Observations on the fauna of the North Brattholmen stone-coral reef near Bergen. Arbok for Universitetet i Bergen, Mat. - Naturv. Serie, 4, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1960">Burdon-Jones &amp; Tambs-Lyche 1960</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFBA5F8FDFB2AF8A4" author="Koltun" box="[1025,1170,1844,1868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1966) Four-rayed sponges of Northern and Far Eastern seas of the USSR (order Tetraxonida). Opredeliti Faunei SSSR 90. (Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR: Moscow, Leningrad), 1 - 112, pls I - XXXVIII." type="book chapter" year="1966">Koltun 1966</bibRefCitation>
). However, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFABDF8FCFA24F8A4" box="[1305,1436,1844,1868]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFABDF8FCFA24F8A4" box="[1305,1436,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFEFEF890FE57F898" box="[346,495,1880,1904]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFEFEF890FE57F898" box="[346,495,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC64FFBBFE5FF89EFDE5F887" box="[507,605,1879,1903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC64FFBBFDD4F89EFD0EF887" box="[624,694,1879,1903]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,445,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[160,1427,445,1869]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [MNHN DT- 410, holotype]. A. Whole specimen. Scale: 3 cm; B. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm; Pachastrella ovisternata von Lendenfeld, 1907 [MNHN DCL- 4065]; C. Specimen. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm; Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]; E. Whole specimen (dry). Scale: 4 cm; F. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280597/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A–B) by (i) its knobby surface, (ii) the absence of large oxeas (noticed by 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC64FFBBFE84F8B5FE74F87C" author="Koltun" box="[288,460,1916,1940]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1966) Four-rayed sponges of Northern and Far Eastern seas of the USSR (order Tetraxonida). Opredeliti Faunei SSSR 90. (Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR: Moscow, Leningrad), 1 - 112, pls I - XXXVIII." type="book chapter" year="1966">Koltun (1966))</bibRefCitation>
, (iii) its amphiasters have on average less actines and these are less spiny, and finally (iv) differs morphology and rareness of the microxeas. Fairly common in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFC79F868FBD8F850" box="[989,1120,1952,1976]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFC79F868FBD8F850" box="[989,1120,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, microrhabdose streptasters were not found in the 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC64FFBBFE34F80DFE4AF834" box="[400,498,1988,2012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC64FFBBFDBCF80CFD11F834" box="[536,681,1988,2012]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC64FFBBFDBCF80CFD11F834" box="[536,681,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This was not considered to be a difference since they can be quite rare, and they have been observed in other Mediterranean specimens (
<tableCitation id="633C031ADC67FFB8FC06FF5EFC40FF47" box="[930,1016,151,175]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="15.[125,213,561,585]" captionTargetBox="[141,1931,660,1607]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 3. Depth, shape and individual spicule dimensions (in µm) for specimens of Pachastrella. Means are in bold; other values are ranges; n = 30 unless stated otherwise between parentheses. - = not referred; n. f. = not found in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84">Table 3</tableCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FBAAFF50FB28FF58" box="[1038,1168,152,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FBAAFF50FB28FF58" box="[1038,1168,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also different from 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FA23FF50FEADFF3C" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ovisternata">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FA23FF50FEADFF3C" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. ovisternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC67FFB8FE81FF75FEDFFF3C" box="[293,359,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,445,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[160,1427,445,1869]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [MNHN DT- 410, holotype]. A. Whole specimen. Scale: 3 cm; B. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm; Pachastrella ovisternata von Lendenfeld, 1907 [MNHN DCL- 4065]; C. Specimen. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm; Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]; E. Whole specimen (dry). Scale: 4 cm; F. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280597/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
C–D) and 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FE7AFF74FD81FF3C" box="[478,569,188,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chuni">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FE7AFF74FD81FF3C" box="[478,569,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. chuni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the same reasons as for 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FCD2FF74FBB0FF3C" box="[886,1032,188,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FCD2FF74FBB0FF3C" box="[886,1032,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and also because of the absence of small dichotriaenes (
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FE21FF28FDA5FF10" box="[389,541,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. o v i s t e r n a t a</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FDF8FF28FD01FF10" box="[604,697,224,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chuni">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FDF8FF28FD01FF10" box="[604,697,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. chuni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and mesodichotriaenes (
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FC45FF28FBC1FF10" box="[993,1145,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. o v i s t e r n a t a</emphasis>
) in the choanosome. We however note that a knobby surface has also been observed in 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FCC1FECCFC45FEF4" box="[869,1021,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. o vi s te r n at a</emphasis>
(M. Maldonado, pers. com.) so this character may not be unique to 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FDACFEE0FD35FEA8" box="[520,653,296,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FDACFEE0FD35FEA8" box="[520,653,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Interestingly, the morphologies of the largest category of calthrops were somewhat characteristic in each NEA species: often plagiotriaene-like with stout regular actines in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FA23FE84FEB4FE60" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FA23FE84FEB4FE60" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC67FFB8FEB8FEA6FED7FE6F" box="[284,367,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1177,1200]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,185,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[159,1428,185,1157]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 10. Comparaison of the morphology of large calthrops. All pictures were taken at the same scale: 1 mm. A. Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [MNHN DT- 756, holotype]; B. Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. [ZMBN 85242, holotype]; C. Pachastrella ovisternata von Lendenfeld, 1894 [MNHN DCL- 4065], arrow points at a dichotriaene; D. Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280600/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
A); plagiotriaene-like or not, with thinner regular actines in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FBBAFEB8FB1AFE60" box="[1054,1186,368,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FBBAFEB8FB1AFE60" box="[1054,1186,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC67FFB8FB17FEA6FABFFE6F" box="[1203,1287,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1177,1200]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,185,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[159,1428,185,1157]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 10. Comparaison of the morphology of large calthrops. All pictures were taken at the same scale: 1 mm. A. Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [MNHN DT- 756, holotype]; B. Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. [ZMBN 85242, holotype]; C. Pachastrella ovisternata von Lendenfeld, 1894 [MNHN DCL- 4065], arrow points at a dichotriaene; D. Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280600/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
B); and often irregular actines in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FED9FE5CFDA3FE44" box="[381,539,405,428]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ovisternata">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FED9FE5CFDA3FE44" box="[381,539,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. ovisternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC67FFB8FD8BFE5DFD3CFE44" box="[559,644,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1177,1200]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,185,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[159,1428,185,1157]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 10. Comparaison of the morphology of large calthrops. All pictures were taken at the same scale: 1 mm. A. Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [MNHN DT- 756, holotype]; B. Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. [ZMBN 85242, holotype]; C. Pachastrella ovisternata von Lendenfeld, 1894 [MNHN DCL- 4065], arrow points at a dichotriaene; D. Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280600/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
C) or 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FD6AFE5CFC94FE44" box="[718,812,404,428]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chuni">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FD6AFE5CFC94FE44" box="[718,812,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. chuni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The morphology of the large calthrops seems to be consistent: large calthrops from drawings of Mediterranean 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FC9AFE70FC68FE38" box="[830,976,440,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FC9AFE70FC68FE38" box="[830,976,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are very similar to what we observed in the 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC67FFB8FF6FFE14FF43FE1D" box="[203,251,477,501]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC67FFB8FEB0FE15FE03FE1C" author="Topsent" box="[276,443,476,500]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Topsent, E. (1894) Etude monographique des spongiaires de France I. Tetractinellida. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 3, 259 - 400, pls. XI - XVI." type="journal article" year="1894">Topsent 1894</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC67FFB8FE75FE15FDD8FE1C" author="Babic" box="[465,608,476,500]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Babic, K. (1922) Monactinellida und Tetractinellida des Adriatischen Meeres. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 46, 217 - 302, pls 8 - 9." type="journal article" year="1922">Babiç 1922</bibRefCitation>
). The last species of the Atlanto-Mediterranean area, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FAAAFE15FD9CFDFF" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1972" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1972" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="echinorhabda">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FAAAFE15FE8AFDF0" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pachastrella echinorhabda</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC67FFB8FE9FFE36FD9CFDFF" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[315,548,511,535]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1972) Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. 1. Sclerospongiae, Lithistida, Tetractinellida, Epipolasida. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 38, 328 - 354." type="journal article" year="1972">Pulitzer-Finali, 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Mediterranean, has characteristic acanthorhabds, absent in all other Atlantic species, including 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FE6CFDECFDF1FDD4" box="[456,585,548,572]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FE6CFDECFDF1FDD4" box="[456,585,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7AC16629DC67FFB8FF33F879FBCEF80D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280596/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" targetBox="[189,1360,662,1937]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC67FFB8FF33F879FBCEF80D" blockId="14.[151,1436,1968,2021]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FF33F879FEA4F82E" bold="true" box="[151,284,1968,1991]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Geographical distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FDCAF879FC53F82E" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[622,1003,1968,1990]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FDCAF879FC85F82E" box="[622,829,1968,1990]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pachastrella abyssi</emphasis>
Schmidt, 1870
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FBA5F879FA20F82E" authority="Lendenfeld, 1907" authorityName="Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1907" box="[1025,1432,1968,1990]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chuni">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FBA5F879FB71F82E" box="[1025,1225,1968,1990]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pachastrella chuni</emphasis>
Lendenfeld, 1907
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FF33F806FD9BF80D" authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,547,1999,2021]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FF33F806FE3FF80D" box="[151,391,1999,2021]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pachastrella monilifera</emphasis>
Schmidt, 1868
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC67FFB8FDFCF806FC84F80D" box="[600,828,1999,2021]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC67FFB8FDFCF806FC84F80D" box="[600,828,1999,2021]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pachastrella nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07F957C8DC67FFB8FCE6F819FC29F80D" box="[834,913,2000,2021]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in the Atlantic Ocean.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84" ID-Table-UUID="7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[141,1931,660,1607]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84" blockId="15.[125,1944,561,620]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FF57FDA1" bold="true" box="[125,239,561,585]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Depth, shape and individual spicule dimensions (in µm) for specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC66FFB9FBA1FDF8FB34FDA0" box="[1029,1164,561,584]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FBA1FDF8FB34FDA0" box="[1029,1164,561,584]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Means are in bold; other values are ranges; n=30 unless stated otherwise between parentheses. - = not referred; n.f. = not found in this study.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC66FFB9FF79FD5DF8FDF9F9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<table id="5CBEC401DC660049FF29FD5DF833F9AF" box="[141,1931,660,1607]" gridcols="11" gridrows="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<tr id="908E34E3DC660049FF29FD5DF833FD34" box="[141,1931,660,732]" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FF29FD5DFECEFD34" box="[141,374,660,732]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Material</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE33FD5DFE6BFD34" box="[407,467,660,732]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Depth (m)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE52FD5DFDD1FD34" box="[502,617,660,732]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Shape</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FD2FFD5DFD51FD34" box="[651,745,660,732]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Oxeas (length/ width)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FCABFD5DFCC4FD34" box="[783,892,660,732]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Small dicho- -triaenes</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FC07FD5DFB81FD34" box="[931,1081,660,732]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Actine of calthrops (length/ width)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FBFCFD5DFB6AFD34" box="[1112,1234,660,732]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Microxeas I (length/width)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FB57FD5DFACFFD34" box="[1267,1399,660,732]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Microxeas II (length/width)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FA3BFD5DF9A2FD34" box="[1439,1562,660,732]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Microrhabds (length/width)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049F9E8FD5DF975FD34" box="[1612,1741,660,732]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Microrhabdose streptasters (length/width)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049F95BFD5DF833FD34" box="[1791,1931,660,732]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">amphiaster (length/width)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC660049FF29FD27F833FCB9" box="[141,1931,750,849]" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FF29FD27FECEFCB9" box="[141,374,750,849]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC66FFB9FF05FD27FED9FCE8" box="[161,353,750,768]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FF05FD27FED9FCE8" box="[161,353,750,768]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pachastrella nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ZMBN 85242*, 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FE85FCC0FED7FCF4" bold="true" box="[289,367,777,796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">holotype</emphasis>
Western Norway
</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE33FD27FE6BFCB9" box="[407,467,750,849]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">25-175</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE52FD27FDD1FCB9" box="[502,617,750,849]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Massive shallow cup, knobby surface</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FD2FFD27FD51FCB9" box="[651,745,750,849]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">n.f.</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FCABFD27FCC4FCB9" box="[783,892,750,849]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">no</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FC07FD27FB81FCB9" box="[931,1081,750,849]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
47- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FC6AFD27FC46FCE9" bold="true" box="[974,1022,750,769]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">244.3</emphasis>
-768/ 4- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FC72FCC0FC43FCF4" bold="true" box="[982,1019,777,796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">28.7</emphasis>
-73
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FBFCFD27FB6AFCB9" box="[1112,1234,750,849]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
44.8- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FB31FD27FB02FCE9" bold="true" box="[1173,1210,750,769]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">91.1</emphasis>
- 190/ 0.8- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FB23FCEAFB1AFCDE" bold="true" box="[1159,1186,803,822]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">2.0</emphasis>
-2.5 (11)
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FB57FD27FACFFCB9" box="[1267,1399,750,849]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">n.f.</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FA3BFD27F9A2FCB9" box="[1439,1562,750,849]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
13.6- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FA6BFD27FA4CFCE9" bold="true" box="[1487,1524,750,769]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">15.7</emphasis>
-26/ 3.1- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FA6BFCC0FA52FCF4" bold="true" box="[1487,1514,777,796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">4.7</emphasis>
-5.8
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F9E8FD27F975FCB9" box="[1612,1741,750,849]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
23- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9F9CBFD27F92CFCE9" bold="true" box="[1647,1684,750,769]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">30.3</emphasis>
-34.7/ 1.4- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9F9DBFCC0F922FCF4" bold="true" box="[1663,1690,777,796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">2.1</emphasis>
-2.6 (7)
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F95BFD27F833FCB9" box="[1791,1931,750,849]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
10.8- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9F888FD27F8E9FCE9" bold="true" box="[1836,1873,750,769]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">14.8</emphasis>
-22.6/ 7- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9F885FCC0F8FEFCF4" bold="true" box="[1825,1862,777,796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">11.5</emphasis>
-17.5
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC660049FF29FCAAF833FC2F" box="[141,1931,867,967]" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FF29FCAAFECEFC2F" box="[141,374,867,967]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
ZMBN 85227*, 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FEBBFCAAFEC9FC9E" bold="true" box="[287,369,867,886]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">paratype</emphasis>
Western Norway
</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE33FCAAFE6BFC2F" box="[407,467,867,967]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">200- 400</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE52FCAAFDD1FC2F" box="[502,617,867,967]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Massive irregular, knobby surface</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FD2FFCAAFD51FC2F" box="[651,745,867,967]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">n.f.</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FCABFCAAFCC4FC2F" box="[783,892,867,967]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">no</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FC07FCAAFB81FC2F" box="[931,1081,867,967]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
23- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FC6AFCAAFC46FC9E" bold="true" box="[974,1022,867,886]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">294.7</emphasis>
-864/ 2.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FC7AFCB7FBBBFC79" bold="true" box="[990,1027,894,913]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">27.6</emphasis>
-76
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FBFCFCAAFB6AFC2F" box="[1112,1234,867,967]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
306- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FB29FCAAFB05FC9E" bold="true" box="[1165,1213,867,886]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">315.4</emphasis>
- 321/ 5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FB26FC50FB25FC44" bold="true" box="[1154,1181,921,940]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">8.0</emphasis>
-10 (7)
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FB57FCAAFACFFC2F" box="[1267,1399,867,967]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">n.f.</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FA3BFCAAF9A2FC2F" box="[1439,1562,867,967]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
7- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FA1EFCAAFA67FC9E" bold="true" box="[1466,1503,867,886]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">13.1</emphasis>
-20.5/ 2.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FA6BFCB7FA52FC79" bold="true" box="[1487,1514,894,913]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">4.0</emphasis>
-6.5
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F9E8FCAAF975FC2F" box="[1612,1741,867,967]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
20.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9F923FCAAF924FC9E" bold="true" box="[1671,1692,867,886]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">28</emphasis>
-41/ 1.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9F9DBFCB7F922FC79" bold="true" box="[1663,1690,894,913]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">1.9</emphasis>
-2.2 (16)
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F95BFCAAF833FC2F" box="[1791,1931,867,967]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
9- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9F8BAFCAAF8FBFC9E" bold="true" box="[1822,1859,867,886]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">13.9</emphasis>
-20.5/ 6.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9F88BFCB7F8F2FC79" bold="true" box="[1839,1866,894,913]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">9.2</emphasis>
-11.5
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC660049FF29FC3AF833FB99" box="[141,1931,1011,1137]" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FF29FC3AFECEFB99" box="[141,374,1011,1137]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC66FFB9FF38FC3DFEDFFBEE" box="[156,359,1012,1030]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FF38FC3DFEDFFBEE" box="[156,359,1012,1030]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pachastrella monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Algeria MNHN-DT410*, 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FE83FBE0FECDFBD4" bold="true" box="[295,373,1065,1084]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">holotype</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE33FC3AFE6BFB99" box="[407,467,1011,1137]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">?</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE52FC3AFDD1FB99" box="[502,617,1011,1137]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Massive, fragment</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FD2FFC3AFD51FB99" box="[651,745,1011,1137]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
1584- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FD05FBC7FD74FBC9" bold="true" box="[673,716,1038,1057]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">2488</emphasis>
- 3264/ 18- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FD03FB8AFD74FBBE" bold="true" box="[679,716,1091,1110]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">23.3</emphasis>
-33 (N=6)
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FCABFC3AFCC4FB99" box="[783,892,1011,1137]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">no</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FC07FC3AFB81FB99" box="[931,1081,1011,1137]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
51- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FC6CFC3AFC40FBEE" bold="true" box="[968,1016,1011,1030]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">318.4</emphasis>
-1008/ 7- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FC75FBC7FC4EFBC9" bold="true" box="[977,1014,1038,1057]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">41.9</emphasis>
-129
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FBFCFC3AFB6AFB99" box="[1112,1234,1011,1137]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
226- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FB29FC3AFB05FBEE" bold="true" box="[1165,1213,1011,1030]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">264.9</emphasis>
- 292/ 3- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FB23FBE0FB1AFBD4" bold="true" box="[1159,1186,1065,1084]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">5.9</emphasis>
-9
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FB57FC3AFACFFB99" box="[1267,1399,1011,1137]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
109- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FABEFC3AFAF2FBEE" bold="true" box="[1306,1354,1011,1030]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">150.4</emphasis>
-186/ 2- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FA84FBC7FA83FBC9" bold="true" box="[1312,1339,1038,1057]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">3.7</emphasis>
-4.5
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FA3BFC3AF9A2FB99" box="[1439,1562,1011,1137]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
11.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FA6BFC3AFA4CFBEE" bold="true" box="[1487,1524,1011,1030]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">13.7</emphasis>
-16/ 2- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FA63FBC7FA5AFBC9" bold="true" box="[1479,1506,1038,1057]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">2.4</emphasis>
-3.5
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F9E8FC3AF975FB99" box="[1612,1741,1011,1137]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">n.f.</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F95BFC3AF833FB99" box="[1791,1931,1011,1137]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
7.8- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9F882FC3AF8F3FBEE" bold="true" box="[1830,1867,1011,1030]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">11.1</emphasis>
-15.5/ 6.6- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9F88BFBC7F8F2FBC9" bold="true" box="[1839,1866,1038,1057]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">8.7</emphasis>
-12.5
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC660049FF29FB4DF833FB0F" box="[141,1931,1156,1255]" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FF29FB4DFECEFB0F" box="[141,374,1156,1255]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Naples, Italy (Pulitzer-Finali 1972)</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE33FB4DFE6BFB0F" box="[407,467,1156,1255]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">40 120</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE52FB4DFDD1FB0F" box="[502,617,1156,1255]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">- Irregular - incrusting</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FD2FFB4DFD51FB0F" box="[651,745,1156,1255]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Up to 1600/10 Up to 3000/30</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FCABFB4DFCC4FB0F" box="[783,892,1156,1255]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">no</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FC07FB4DFB81FB0F" box="[931,1081,1156,1255]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Up to 550/ - Up to 400/ -</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FBFCFB4DFB6AFB0F" box="[1112,1234,1156,1255]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">110-240/5-7 160-190/-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FB57FB4DFACFFB0F" box="[1267,1399,1156,1255]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FA3BFB4DF9A2FB0F" box="[1439,1562,1156,1255]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">12-18/1.5-2.5 14-5/5</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F9E8FB4DF975FB0F" box="[1612,1741,1156,1255]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">n.f. 35/1-1.5</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F95BFB4DF833FB0F" box="[1791,1931,1156,1255]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">12-18/ 12</td>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC660049FF29FB30F833FAB4" box="[141,1931,1273,1372]" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FF29FB30FECEFAB4" box="[141,374,1273,1372]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (Boury-Esnault 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FEB1FADDFEF8FACE" box="[277,320,1300,1318]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
1994)
</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE33FB30FE6BFAB4" box="[407,467,1273,1372]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">550- 948</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE52FB30FDD1FAB4" box="[502,617,1273,1372]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Irregular, incrusting</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FD2FFB30FD51FAB4" box="[651,745,1273,1372]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
1900- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FD05FADAFD74FACE" bold="true" box="[673,716,1299,1318]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">2525</emphasis>
- 3050/ 18- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FD0BFA80FD7CFAB4" bold="true" box="[687,708,1353,1372]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">22</emphasis>
-26
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FCABFB30FCC4FAB4" box="[783,892,1273,1372]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">no</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FC07FB30FB81FAB4" box="[931,1081,1273,1372]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
150- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FC7FFB30FC43FAE4" bold="true" box="[987,1019,1273,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">373</emphasis>
-680/ 12- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FC47FADDFC40FACE" box="[995,1016,1300,1318]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">46</emphasis>
-80
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FBFCFB30FB6AFAB4" box="[1112,1234,1273,1372]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FB57FB30FACFFAB4" box="[1267,1399,1273,1372]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FA3BFB30F9A2FAB4" box="[1439,1562,1273,1372]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
12- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FA6BFB30FA5CFAE4" bold="true" box="[1487,1508,1273,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">17</emphasis>
-21/ 4- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FA76FADAFA65FACE" bold="true" box="[1490,1501,1299,1318]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">7</emphasis>
-10
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F9E8FB30F975FAB4" box="[1612,1741,1273,1372]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-.</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F95BFB30F833FAB4" box="[1791,1931,1273,1372]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
12- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9F890FB30F8F1FAE4" bold="true" box="[1844,1865,1273,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">24</emphasis>
-30/ -
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC660049FF29FAA7F833FA5F" box="[141,1931,1390,1463]" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FF29FAA7FECEFA5F" box="[141,374,1390,1463]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gorringe Bank (Lévi &amp; Vacelet 1958)</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE33FAA7FE6BFA5F" box="[407,467,1390,1463]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">95</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE52FAA7FDD1FA5F" box="[502,617,1390,1463]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Massive irregular</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FD2FFAA7FD51FA5F" box="[651,745,1390,1463]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">1100- 1200/ -</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FCABFAA7FCC4FA5F" box="[783,892,1390,1463]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">no</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FC07FAA7FB81FA5F" box="[931,1081,1390,1463]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">100-650/ 75</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FBFCFAA7FB6AFA5F" box="[1112,1234,1390,1463]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FB57FAA7FACFFA5F" box="[1267,1399,1390,1463]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FA3BFAA7F9A2FA5F" box="[1439,1562,1390,1463]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">15/ -</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F9E8FAA7F975FA5F" box="[1612,1741,1390,1463]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F95BFAA7F833FA5F" box="[1791,1931,1390,1463]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">10-11/ -</td>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC660049FF29FA2DF833F9AF" box="[141,1931,1508,1607]" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC660049FF29FA2DFECEF9AF" box="[141,374,1508,1607]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC66FFB9FF3CFA2DFED2FA1E" box="[152,362,1508,1526]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ovisternata">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC66FFB9FF3CFA2DFED2FA1E" box="[152,362,1508,1526]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pachastrella ovisternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cape Finisterre, Spain (Maldonado 1993)
</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE33FA2DFE6BF9AF" box="[407,467,1508,1607]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">300</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FE52FA2DFDD1F9AF" box="[502,617,1508,1607]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Massive irregular, slight knobby surface</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FD2FFA2DFD51F9AF" box="[651,745,1508,1607]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">3600- 7500/ 16-45</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FCABFA2DFCC4F9AF" box="[783,892,1508,1607]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">yes</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FC07FA2DFB81F9AF" box="[931,1081,1508,1607]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">122-1100/ 8-55</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FBFCFA2DFB6AF9AF" box="[1112,1234,1508,1607]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">yes (Maldonado, 2002)</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FB57FA2DFACFF9AF" box="[1267,1399,1508,1607]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049FA3BFA2DF9A2F9AF" box="[1439,1562,1508,1607]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">12-19/ 5-9 (rarely centrotylote)</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F9E8FA2DF975F9AF" box="[1612,1741,1508,1607]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">25-45/ 1-2 (rare)</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC660049F95BFA2DF833F9AF" box="[1791,1931,1508,1607]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">17-22/ -</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC66FFA6F90FF990FE85F9B4" blockId="15.[1707,1931,1625,1644]" lastBlockId="16.[131,1794,1556,1731]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
... Continued on next page 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC79FFA6FF0DF9DDFEAEF9CE" box="[169,278,1556,1574]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FF0DF9DDFEAEF9CE" box="[169,278,1556,1574]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 183- Cup 2000-3500/ yes 80-1500/ - - 15/ - 15 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC79FFA6FF1AF9E6FEA6F9AA" box="[190,286,1583,1602]" name="Philippines" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Philippines</collectingCountry>
185 50-100 40-200 7 MNHN-DCL3372
</paragraph>
<caption id="7AC16629DC79FFA6FFD3FDD8FEDFFDC0" ID-Table-UUID="7AC16629DC79FFA6FFD3FDD8FEDFFDC0" box="[119,359,529,553]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7AC16629DC79FFA6FFD3FDD8FEDFFDC0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[134,1850,599,1511]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC79FFA6FFD3FDD8FEDFFDC0" blockId="16.[119,359,529,553]" box="[119,359,529,553]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FFD3FDD8FF52FDC1" bold="true" box="[119,234,529,553]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Continued.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC79FFA6FF6EFD9EF897FA30" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<table id="5CBEC401DC790049FF22FD9EF882FA0F" box="[134,1850,599,1511]" gridcols="11" gridrows="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<tr id="908E34E3DC790049FF22FD9EF882FD77" box="[134,1850,599,671]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FF22FD9EFEEEFD77" box="[134,342,599,671]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Material</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FEDCFD9EFE14FD77" box="[376,428,599,671]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Depth (m)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FE69FD9EFD87FD77" box="[461,575,599,671]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Shape</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FDF9FD9EFD6FFD77" box="[605,727,599,671]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Oxeas (length/width)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FD53FD9EFC81FD77" box="[759,825,599,671]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Small dicho- triaenes</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FCFEFD9EFC60FD77" box="[858,984,599,671]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Actine of calthrops (length/width)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FC5DFD9EFBC5FD77" box="[1017,1149,599,671]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Microxeas I (length/width)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FB39FD9EFAAFFD77" box="[1181,1303,599,671]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Microxeas II (length/width)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA9BFD9EFA02FD77" box="[1343,1466,599,671]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Microrhabds (length/width)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA45FD9EF9CEFD77" box="[1505,1654,599,671]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Microrhabdose streptasters (length/width)</th>
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049F912FD9EF882FD77" box="[1718,1850,599,671]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">amphiaster (length/width)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC790049FF22FD78F882FCFC" box="[134,1850,689,788]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FF22FD78FEEEFCFC" box="[134,342,689,788]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC79FFA6FF39FD7BFE86FD2C" box="[157,318,690,708]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chuni">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FF39FD7BFE86FD2C" box="[157,318,690,708]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pachastrella chuni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Western Sahara, 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FF63FD2EFEADFD12" bold="true" box="[199,277,743,762]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">holotype</emphasis>
(von Lendenfeld 1907)
</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FEDCFD78FE14FCFC" box="[376,428,689,788]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">146</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FE69FD78FD87FCFC" box="[461,575,689,788]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Irregular, sub-spherical and flattened</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FDF9FD78FD6FFCFC" box="[605,727,689,788]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2000-5100/ 16-32 (some styles)</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FD53FD78FC81FCFC" box="[759,825,689,788]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">yes</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA9BFD78FA02FCFC" box="[1343,1466,689,788]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">12-17/ 3-5</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA45FD78F9CEFCFC" box="[1505,1654,689,788]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">13-37/ 0.5-2.5</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049F912FD78F882FCFC" box="[1718,1850,689,788]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">8-21/ 11-21</td>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC790049FF22FC88F882FC62" box="[134,1850,833,906]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FF22FC88FEEEFC62" box="[134,342,833,906]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC79FFA6FF0DFC8BFEAEFCBC" box="[169,278,834,852]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FF0DFC8BFEAEFCBC" box="[169,278,834,852]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. Namibia (Uriz 1988)
</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FEDCFC88FE14FC62" box="[376,428,833,906]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">245</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FE69FC88FD87FC62" box="[461,575,833,906]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Massive, flat</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FDF9FC88FD6FFC62" box="[605,727,833,906]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">3200/ 30</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FD53FC88FC81FC62" box="[759,825,833,906]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">no</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FCFEFC88FC60FC62" box="[858,984,833,906]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">100-1200/ 8-89</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FC5DFC88FBC5FC62" box="[1017,1149,833,906]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FB39FC88FAAFFC62" box="[1181,1303,833,906]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA9BFC88FA02FC62" box="[1343,1466,833,906]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">12-18/ 5-6</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA45FC88F9CEFC62" box="[1505,1654,833,906]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">110-120/ 2 (not centrotylote)</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049F912FC88F882FC62" box="[1718,1850,833,906]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">12-20/ -</td>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC790049FF22FC55F882FC0C" box="[134,1850,924,996]" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FF22FC55FEEEFC0C" box="[134,342,924,996]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC79FFA6FF0DFC54FEAEFC47" box="[169,278,925,943]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FF0DFC54FEAEFC47" box="[169,278,925,943]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. Gough Island (Topsent 1913a)
</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FEDCFC55FE14FC0C" box="[376,428,924,996]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">183</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FE69FC55FD87FC0C" box="[461,575,924,996]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Massive</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FDF9FC55FD6FFC0C" box="[605,727,924,996]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2000-3000/ 15</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FD53FC55FC81FC0C" box="[759,825,924,996]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">no</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FCFEFC55FC60FC0C" box="[858,984,924,996]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">35-600/ 2-60</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FC5DFC55FBC5FC0C" box="[1017,1149,924,996]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FB39FC55FAAFFC0C" box="[1181,1303,924,996]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA9BFC55FA02FC0C" box="[1343,1466,924,996]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">14/ 5</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA45FC55F9CEFC0C" box="[1505,1654,924,996]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049F912FC55F882FC0C" box="[1718,1850,924,996]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">12-14/ -</td>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC790049FF22FC3EF882FBB2" box="[134,1850,1015,1114]" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FF22FC3EFEEEFBB2" box="[134,342,1015,1114]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC79FFA6FF0DFC3EFEAEFBE1" box="[169,278,1015,1033]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FF0DFC3EFEAEFBE1" box="[169,278,1015,1033]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. Tristan da Cunha (Sollas 1888)
</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FEDCFC3EFE14FBB2" box="[376,428,1015,1114]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">200</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FE69FC3EFD87FBB2" box="[461,575,1015,1114]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Plate-like irregular mass</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FDF9FC3EFD6FFBB2" box="[605,727,1015,1114]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2540/ 16</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FD53FC3EFC81FBB2" box="[759,825,1015,1114]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">no</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FCFEFC3EFC60FBB2" box="[858,984,1015,1114]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">796/ 63.6</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FC5DFC3EFBC5FBB2" box="[1017,1149,1015,1114]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FB39FC3EFAAFFBB2" box="[1181,1303,1015,1114]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">-</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA9BFC3EFA02FBB2" box="[1343,1466,1015,1114]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">14/ 4.6</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA45FC3EF9CEFBB2" box="[1505,1654,1015,1114]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">83 (contami -nation?)</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049F912FC3EF882FBB2" box="[1718,1850,1015,1114]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">11.8-15.8/ - (spirasters, amphiasters)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC790049FF22FBA5F882FB33" box="[134,1850,1132,1243]" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FF22FBA5FEEEFB33" box="[134,342,1132,1243]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC79FFA6FF3EFBA4FEFAFB97" box="[154,322,1133,1151]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FF3EFBA4FEFAFB97" box="[154,322,1133,1151]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pachastrella abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Florida MZS PO195*, 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FEACFB68FEEEFB5C" bold="true" box="[264,342,1185,1204]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">holotype</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FEDCFBA5FE14FB33" box="[376,428,1132,1243]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">417?</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FE69FBA5FD87FB33" box="[461,575,1132,1243]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Irregular cup shape</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FDF9FBA5FD6FFB33" box="[605,727,1132,1243]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
2870- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FD36FBA5FD75FB97" bold="true" box="[658,717,1132,1151]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">3250.3</emphasis>
- 3720/ 22- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FD23FB68FD14FB5C" bold="true" box="[647,684,1185,1204]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">33.3</emphasis>
-40 (6)
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FD53FBA5FC81FB33" box="[759,825,1132,1243]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">yes</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FCFEFBA5FC60FB33" box="[858,984,1132,1243]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
40- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FC28FBA5FC04FB97" bold="true" box="[908,956,1132,1151]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">397.2</emphasis>
- 1152/ 3.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FCD8FB68FC19FB5C" bold="true" box="[892,929,1185,1204]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">54.0</emphasis>
-143.4
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FC5DFBA5FBC5FB33" box="[1017,1149,1132,1243]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
98- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FBBEFBA5FBF2FB97" bold="true" box="[1050,1098,1132,1151]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">182.5</emphasis>
-232/ 4.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FB87FB4EFBF0FB72" bold="true" box="[1059,1096,1159,1178]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">10.3</emphasis>
-15.7 (smooth)
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FB39FBA5FAAFFB33" box="[1181,1303,1132,1243]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">n.f.</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA9BFBA5FA02FB33" box="[1343,1466,1132,1243]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
7.2- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FAC6FBB8FA3FFB6C" bold="true" box="[1378,1415,1137,1156]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">18.1</emphasis>
-43.2/ 2.6- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FACBFB47FA32FB49" bold="true" box="[1391,1418,1166,1185]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">5.7</emphasis>
-7.9 (rarely centrotylote)
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA45FBA5F9CEFB33" box="[1505,1654,1132,1243]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
19.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6F9BCFBB8F985FB6C" bold="true" box="[1560,1597,1137,1156]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">32.6</emphasis>
-45.1 (19)/ 1.3- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6F9BAFB62F981FB56" bold="true" box="[1566,1593,1195,1214]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2.0</emphasis>
-3.0
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049F912FBA5F882FB33" box="[1718,1850,1132,1243]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
12.1- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6F947FBB8F8B0FB6C" bold="true" box="[1763,1800,1137,1156]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">14.5</emphasis>
-17.6/ 8.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6F94CFB47F8B5FB49" bold="true" box="[1768,1805,1166,1185]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">11.5</emphasis>
-15 (spirasters, amphiasters)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC790049FF22FB22F882FAB1" box="[134,1850,1259,1369]" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FF22FB22FEEEFAB1" box="[134,342,1259,1369]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC79FFA6FF28FB22FF0DFAF0" authority="Off" authorityName="Off" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FF28FB22FF41FB15" box="[140,249,1259,1277]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pachastrella</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FEBEFB22FEE8FB15" box="[282,336,1259,1277]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">abyssi</emphasis>
Off
</taxonomicName>
Georgia, U.S.A. HBOI 198811141008*
</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FEDCFB22FE14FAB1" box="[376,428,1259,1369]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">533</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FE69FB22FD87FAB1" box="[461,575,1259,1369]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Plate-like</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FDF9FB22FD6FFAB1" box="[605,727,1259,1369]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
1350- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FD3EFB22FD7DFB16" bold="true" box="[666,709,1259,1278]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2129</emphasis>
- 2600 (6)/ 12.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FD2BFAE9FD0CFADB" bold="true" box="[655,692,1312,1331]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">23.5</emphasis>
-40 (14)
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FD53FB22FC81FAB1" box="[759,825,1259,1369]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">no</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FCFEFB22FC60FAB1" box="[858,984,1259,1369]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
75- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FCDDFB22FC11FB16" bold="true" box="[889,937,1259,1278]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">336.0</emphasis>
-800/ 10- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FC25FACCFC1EFAF0" bold="true" box="[897,934,1285,1304]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">51.6</emphasis>
-120
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FC5DFB22FBC5FAB1" box="[1017,1149,1259,1369]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
125- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FB84FB22FBE8FB16" bold="true" box="[1056,1104,1259,1278]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">140.0</emphasis>
-165/ 2- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FB89FACCFBF0FAF0" bold="true" box="[1069,1096,1285,1304]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">3.1</emphasis>
-5 (centrotylote, rough)
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FB39FB22FAAFFAB1" box="[1181,1303,1259,1369]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">n.f.</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA9BFB22FA02FAB1" box="[1343,1466,1259,1369]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
8- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FAC6FB26FA3FFAEA" bold="true" box="[1378,1415,1263,1282]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">12.7</emphasis>
-23/ 3- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FACBFAC5FA32FAF7" bold="true" box="[1391,1418,1292,1311]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">5.4</emphasis>
-8 (rarely centrotylote)
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA45FB22F9CEFAB1" box="[1505,1654,1259,1369]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
14- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6F9B1FB26F982FAEA" bold="true" box="[1557,1594,1263,1282]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">30.6</emphasis>
-47/ 2
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049F912FB22F882FAB1" box="[1718,1850,1259,1369]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
8.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6F941FB26F8B2FAEA" bold="true" box="[1765,1802,1263,1282]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">12.1</emphasis>
-16/ 7.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6F94CFAC5F8B5FAF7" bold="true" box="[1768,1805,1292,1311]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">10.1</emphasis>
-14 (spirasters, amphiasters)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="908E34E3DC790049FF22FAA0F882FA0F" box="[134,1850,1385,1511]" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="D35F5D9FDC790049FF22FAA0FEEEFA0F" box="[134,342,1385,1511]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC79FFA6FF28FAA0FEE8FA93" box="[140,336,1385,1404]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FF28FAA0FF41FA93" box="[140,249,1385,1403]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pachastrella</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FEBEFAA0FEE8FA93" box="[282,336,1385,1403]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Barbados ZMAPOR 05301/05312 (van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988)
</th>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FEDCFAA0FE14FA0F" box="[376,428,1385,1511]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">153</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FE69FAA0FD87FA0F" box="[461,575,1385,1511]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Irregular cups, cylinders or plate-like</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FDF9FAA0FD6FFA0F" box="[605,727,1385,1511]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2000/ 25-40</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FD53FAA0FC81FA0F" box="[759,825,1385,1511]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">no</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FCFEFAA0FC60FA0F" box="[858,984,1385,1511]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">60-650/ 5-115</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FC5DFAA0FBC5FA0F" box="[1017,1149,1385,1511]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
142- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FB84FAA0FBE8FA94" bold="true" box="[1056,1104,1385,1404]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">195.1</emphasis>
-223/ 3- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FB89FA4DFBF0FA7F" bold="true" box="[1069,1096,1412,1431]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">5.4</emphasis>
-7 (10)a (smooth)
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FB39FAA0FAAFFA0F" box="[1181,1303,1385,1511]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">n.f.</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA9BFAA0FA02FA0F" box="[1343,1466,1385,1511]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
8- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FAFEFAA7FAC7FA69" bold="true" box="[1370,1407,1390,1409]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">11.7</emphasis>
-17.5/ 1.5- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC79FFA6FAD0FA42FA37FA76" bold="true" box="[1396,1423,1419,1438]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2.8</emphasis>
-5a (usually centrotylote)
</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049FA45FAA0F9CEFA0F" box="[1505,1654,1385,1511]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">30-35/ 1</td>
<td id="D35F5D9FDC790049F912FAA0F882FA0F" box="[1718,1850,1385,1511]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">15-26/ - (spirasters, amphiasters)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC79FFA6FF3EF9ADFEFAF99F" blockId="16.[131,1794,1556,1731]" box="[154,322,1636,1655]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
(
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC79FFA6FF04F9ADFE83F99F" author="Levi" box="[160,315,1636,1655]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Levi, C. &amp; Levi, P. (1989) Spongiaires (MUSORSTOM 1 &amp; 2). In: J. Forest (Ed.). Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, Vo l u m e 4. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie), 143, 1 - 260." type="journal article" year="1989">Lévi &amp; Lévi 1989</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC79FFA6FF2DF947FE7AF94B" blockId="16.[131,1794,1556,1731]" box="[137,450,1678,1699]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">spicules measured for this study.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC79FFA6FF27F967FD2EF92B" blockId="16.[131,1794,1556,1731]" box="[131,662,1710,1731]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">spicules from ZMAPOR 0 5301 measured for this study</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC78FFA7FF63FF51FB6AFED7" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
By identifying 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FED1FF50FE42FF58" box="[373,506,152,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FED1FF50FE42FF58" box="[373,506,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, our study further confirms the existence of a 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FBB0FF50FB1FFF58" box="[1044,1191,152,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FBB0FF50FB1FFF58" box="[1044,1191,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species complex and thereby shows how necessary a comprehensive revision of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FC8BFF74FC78FF3C" box="[815,960,188,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FC8BFF74FC78FF3C" box="[815,960,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its many synonyms is. This is beyond this study, but our observations have nonetheless led to a few taxonomical conclusions that could initiate this sizeable work. As shown above, skeleton organization and large calthrops morphology has been shown to be useful to discriminate species, we recommend their usage to reassess the status of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FC40FEE1FBCAFEA8" box="[996,1138,296,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FC40FEE1FBCAFEA8" box="[996,1138,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC78FFA7FF63FE84FE32F9E0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC78FFA7FF63FE84FE32F9E0" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FF63FE84FE92FE8C" box="[199,298,332,356]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FF63FE84FE92FE8C" box="[199,298,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Florida has been synonymized with 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FCB4FE84FBEFFE8C" authority="Topsent 1894" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1894" box="[784,1111,332,356]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FCB4FE84FC1AFE8C" box="[784,930,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC78FFA7FC17FE85FBF7FE8C" author="Topsent" box="[947,1103,332,356]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Topsent, E. (1894) Etude monographique des spongiaires de France I. Tetractinellida. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 3, 259 - 400, pls. XI - XVI." type="journal article" year="1894">Topsent 1894</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but occurrence of the same sponge species on both sides of the Atlantic was considered suspicious, so we re-examined the 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC78FFA7FB67FEA6FA9DFE6F" box="[1219,1317,367,391]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC78FFA7FA90FEA6FA38FE6F" box="[1332,1408,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,445,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[160,1427,445,1869]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [MNHN DT- 410, holotype]. A. Whole specimen. Scale: 3 cm; B. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm; Pachastrella ovisternata von Lendenfeld, 1907 [MNHN DCL- 4065]; C. Specimen. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm; Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]; E. Whole specimen (dry). Scale: 4 cm; F. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280597/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
E- F; 9). It has a plate-like shape (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC78FFA7FE57FE5DFD8DFE44" box="[499,565,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,445,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[160,1427,445,1869]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [MNHN DT- 410, holotype]. A. Whole specimen. Scale: 3 cm; B. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm; Pachastrella ovisternata von Lendenfeld, 1907 [MNHN DCL- 4065]; C. Specimen. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm; Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]; E. Whole specimen (dry). Scale: 4 cm; F. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280597/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
E), similar to the shape of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FCFAFE5CFB13FE44" authority="Bo et al. 2012" authorityName="Bo et al." authorityYear="2012" box="[862,1195,404,428]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FCFAFE5CFC57FE44" box="[862,1007,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC78FFA7FC59FE5DFB1BFE44" author="Bo" box="[1021,1187,404,428]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Bo, M., Bertolino, M., Bavestrello, G., Canese, S., Giusti, M., Angiolillo, M., Pansini, M. &amp; Taviani, M. (2012) Role of deep sponge grounds in the Mediterranean Sea: a case study in southern Italy. Hydrobiologia, 1 - 15. DOI: 10.1007 / s 10750 - 011 - 0964 - 1." type="book chapter" year="2012">
Bo 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FB83FE5CFBE7FE44" box="[1063,1119,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. But the microscleres observed in the 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC78FFA7FEEEFE7EFE14FE27" box="[330,428,439,463]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FE75FE70FD8BFE38" box="[465,563,440,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FE75FE70FD8BFE38" box="[465,563,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC78FFA7FDE7FE7EFD3CFE27" box="[579,644,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[211,1379,193,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[211,1380,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Spicules of Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops; B. Microxea. mstr: microstrongyles; C. Microstyle and microstrongyles; D. Amphiaster; E. Amphiaster; F. Sanidaster-like amphiaster; G. Microstrongyles; H. Microstrongyles, amphiasters and a microrhabdose streptaster; I. Detail of a microrhabdose streptaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280599/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
B-I) are quite different from the ones of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FBEFFE70FB63FE38" box="[1099,1243,440,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FBEFFE70FB63FE38" box="[1099,1243,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FAB7FE70FA2DFE38" box="[1299,1429,440,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FAB7FE70FA2DFE38" box="[1299,1429,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. First of all, we observed a few meso/dichotriaenes in our spicule preparations of the 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC78FFA7FBEFFE15FB15FE1C" box="[1099,1197,476,500]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(rhabdome: 32- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FAC6FE15FA2BFE1C" box="[1378,1427,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">50.5</emphasis>
- 
<date id="5A001061DC78FFA7FF33FE36FF67FDFF" box="[151,223,511,535]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1975-10-04">75 x 4</date>
- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FF43FDC9FEB2FDFF" box="[231,266,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7.7</emphasis>
-10 µm (N=4); protoclade + deuteroclade: 20- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FCB5FDC9FCFAFDF0" box="[785,834,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">31.7</emphasis>
-55 µm + 15- 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FC7CFDC9FBB1FDF0" box="[984,1033,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">27.3</emphasis>
-55 µm (N=17)), similar in size and shape to the ones found in 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FE7AFDECFDC0FDD4" box="[478,632,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. o v i s t e r n a t a</emphasis>
. These meso/dichotriaenes are absent in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FBC6FDECFB4EFDD4" box="[1122,1270,548,572]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FBC6FDECFB4EFDD4" box="[1122,1270,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, compared to 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FE8EFD80FE02FD88" box="[298,442,584,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FE8EFD80FE02FD88" box="[298,442,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the microstrongyles in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FD6FFD80FC95FD88" box="[715,813,584,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FD6FFD80FC95FD88" box="[715,813,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are more “chubby” and consequently less centrotylote; some can also be fairly elongated, but they are not common (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC78FFA7FCC7FDA5FC11FD6C" box="[867,937,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[211,1379,193,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[211,1380,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Spicules of Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops; B. Microxea. mstr: microstrongyles; C. Microstyle and microstrongyles; D. Amphiaster; E. Amphiaster; F. Sanidaster-like amphiaster; G. Microstrongyles; H. Microstrongyles, amphiasters and a microrhabdose streptaster; I. Detail of a microrhabdose streptaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280599/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
G). The amphiasters have on average more actines, some of which can even be placed on the shaft (which is usually naked in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FB9AFD58FB77FD40" box="[1086,1231,656,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FB9AFD58FB77FD40" box="[1086,1231,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FAACFD58FA32FD40" box="[1288,1418,656,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FAACFD58FA32FD40" box="[1288,1418,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); the shaft can occasionally be bent and therefore some of these strepasters could be called spirasters (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC78FFA7FB54FD7DFA8AFD24" box="[1264,1330,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[211,1379,193,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[211,1380,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Spicules of Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops; B. Microxea. mstr: microstrongyles; C. Microstyle and microstrongyles; D. Amphiaster; E. Amphiaster; F. Sanidaster-like amphiaster; G. Microstrongyles; H. Microstrongyles, amphiasters and a microrhabdose streptaster; I. Detail of a microrhabdose streptaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280599/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
D-E). We also noticed some very small sanidaster-like amphiasters with numerous actines (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC78FFA7FB90FD1EFBC1FD07" box="[1076,1145,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[211,1379,193,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[211,1380,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Spicules of Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops; B. Microxea. mstr: microstrongyles; C. Microstyle and microstrongyles; D. Amphiaster; E. Amphiaster; F. Sanidaster-like amphiaster; G. Microstrongyles; H. Microstrongyles, amphiasters and a microrhabdose streptaster; I. Detail of a microrhabdose streptaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280599/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
F); these are not common but they were never observed in the other 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FDDFFD35FCB1FCFC" box="[635,777,764,788]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FDDFFD35FCB1FCFC" box="[635,777,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species examined. Moreover, in the 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC78FFA7FB0AFD35FAA8FCFC" box="[1198,1296,764,788]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FA9DFD34FA24FCFC" box="[1337,1436,764,788]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FA9DFD34FA24FCFC" box="[1337,1436,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC78FFA7FF3BFCD6FF5AFCDF" box="[159,226,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[211,1379,193,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[211,1380,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Spicules of Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops; B. Microxea. mstr: microstrongyles; C. Microstyle and microstrongyles; D. Amphiaster; E. Amphiaster; F. Sanidaster-like amphiaster; G. Microstrongyles; H. Microstrongyles, amphiasters and a microrhabdose streptaster; I. Detail of a microrhabdose streptaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280599/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
B-C) microxeas are clearly thicker (
<tableCitation id="633C031ADC78FFA7FD24FCD6FD6EFCDF" box="[640,726,799,823]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="15.[125,213,561,585]" captionTargetBox="[141,1931,660,1607]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 3. Depth, shape and individual spicule dimensions (in µm) for specimens of Pachastrella. Means are in bold; other values are ranges; n = 30 unless stated otherwise between parentheses. - = not referred; n. f. = not found in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84">Table 3</tableCitation>
) than in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FCE5FCE8FC6BFCD0" box="[833,979,800,824]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FCE5FCE8FC6BFCD0" box="[833,979,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC78FFA7FC41FCD6FB90FCDF" box="[997,1064,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1972,1995]" captionTargetBox="[197,1401,181,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[197,1402,181,1953]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Spicules of Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [MNHN DT- 756, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops; B. Microxea I; C. Microxea II; D. microstrongyle; E. Amphiasters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280598/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B–C). We could also distinguish two size classes of microxeas in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FDB8FC8CFD09FCB4" box="[540,689,836,860]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FDB8FC8CFD09FCB4" box="[540,689,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, against only one in 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FC09FC8CFB3BFCB4" box="[941,1155,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FC09FC8CFBAEFCB4" box="[941,1046,836,860]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">P. abyssi</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FB81FC8CFB3BFCB4" box="[1061,1155,836,860]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chuni">P. chuni</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FB65FC8CFAFFFCB4" box="[1217,1351,836,860]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FB65FC8CFAFFFCB4" box="[1217,1351,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These microxeas are common in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FE7DFCA0FDF9FC68" box="[473,577,872,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FE7DFCA0FDF9FC68" box="[473,577,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FDF1FCA0FD09FC68" box="[597,689,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. c h un i</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FD5CFCA0FC37FC68" box="[760,911,872,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FD5CFCA0FC37FC68" box="[760,911,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but rare (or even foreign?) in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FAA8FCA0FA2DFC68" box="[1292,1429,872,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FAA8FCA0FA2DFC68" box="[1292,1429,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Microrhabdose streptasters are common in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FD2CFC44FD55FC4C" box="[648,749,908,932]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FD2CFC44FD55FC4C" box="[648,749,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FC8CFC44FC15FC4C" box="[808,941,908,932]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FC8CFC44FC15FC4C" box="[808,941,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, they are rare in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FBDCFC44FAB3FC4C" box="[1144,1291,908,932]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FBDCFC44FAB3FC4C" box="[1144,1291,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Finally, the large calthrops are regular, rarely bent, and very stout which makes them different from those of the other species (
<figureCitation id="B6852A24DC78FFA7FF3BFC1DFF4DFC04" box="[159,245,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1177,1200]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,185,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[159,1428,185,1157]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 10. Comparaison of the morphology of large calthrops. All pictures were taken at the same scale: 1 mm. A. Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [MNHN DT- 756, holotype]; B. Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. [ZMBN 85242, holotype]; C. Pachastrella ovisternata von Lendenfeld, 1894 [MNHN DCL- 4065], arrow points at a dichotriaene; D. Pachastrella abyssi Schmidt, 1870 [MZS P 0195, holotype]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280600/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). It is therefore quite clear that the 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC78FFA7FD34FC1DFD4AFC04" box="[656,754,980,1004]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FCB8FC1CFCC7FC04" box="[796,895,980,1004]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FCB8FC1CFCC7FC04" box="[796,895,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is different from 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FBE9FC1CFB58FC04" box="[1101,1248,980,1004]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FBE9FC1CFB58FC04" box="[1101,1248,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FB54FC1CFAF4FC04" box="[1264,1356,980,1004]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chuni">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FB54FC1CFAF4FC04" box="[1264,1356,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. chuni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FA23FC1CFF46FBF8" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FA23FC1CFF46FBF8" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: it should be considered as a valid species. However, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FCFAFC30FC78FBF8" box="[862,960,1016,1040]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FCFAFC30FC78FBF8" box="[862,960,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains a poorly known species and after examining two other 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FE2DFBD5FD32FBDC" box="[393,650,1052,1076]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FE2DFBD5FDAFFBDC" box="[393,535,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pachastrella</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FDE0FBD5FD32FBDC" box="[580,650,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens from the North-western Atlantic we are still unsure about the relevance and variability of some characters observed in the 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC78FFA7FCC6FB89FC7CFBB0" box="[866,964,1088,1112]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FC4CFB88FBF2FBB0" box="[1000,1098,1088,1112]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FC4CFB88FBF2FBB0" box="[1000,1098,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC78FFA7FB2DFB89FB4BFBB0" box="[1161,1267,1088,1112]" name="Barbados" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Barbados</collectingCountry>
specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FA23FB88FEBAFB94" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FA23FB88FA22FBB0" box="[1415,1434,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FF18FBADFEBAFB94" box="[188,258,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZMAPOR 0531) matched the 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC78FFA7FDCBFBADFD6CFB94" box="[623,724,1124,1148]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, except for four observations. The microxeas, which had been overlooked by van 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC78FFA7FEC9FB4EFDC0FB77" author="Soest" box="[365,632,1159,1183]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados Deep-Water Sponges. In: Hummelinck, P. W. &amp; Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.) Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen, No. 122., Amsterdam, pp. 1 - 175." type="book chapter" year="1988">Soest &amp; Stentoft (1988)</bibRefCitation>
, are slightly thinner than in the 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC78FFA7FC7EFB4EFB84FB77" box="[986,1084,1159,1183]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<tableCitation id="633C031ADC78FFA7FBEEFB4EFB18FB77" box="[1098,1184,1159,1183]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="15.[125,213,561,585]" captionTargetBox="[141,1931,660,1607]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 3. Depth, shape and individual spicule dimensions (in µm) for specimens of Pachastrella. Means are in bold; other values are ranges; n = 30 unless stated otherwise between parentheses. - = not referred; n. f. = not found in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84">Table 3</tableCitation>
). The microstrongyles are smaller (
<tableCitation id="633C031ADC78FFA7FE84FB65FECEFB2C" box="[288,374,1196,1220]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="15.[125,213,561,585]" captionTargetBox="[141,1931,660,1607]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 3. Depth, shape and individual spicule dimensions (in µm) for specimens of Pachastrella. Means are in bold; other values are ranges; n = 30 unless stated otherwise between parentheses. - = not referred; n. f. = not found in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84">Table 3</tableCitation>
), not “chubby” and consequently more centrotylote. We could not find meso/dichotriaenes, but even in 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FF56FB18FE34FB00" box="[242,396,1233,1256]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ovisternata">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FF56FB18FE34FB00" box="[242,396,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. ovisternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, these can be absent from certain parts of the sponge. We also noticed that ZMAPOR 0 531 had only large styles and strongyles instead of oxeas; but this may be just intra-specific variation since the large calthrops often had blunted actines (often shortened) and since van 
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC78FFA7FC21FADEFB36FAC7" author="Soest" box="[901,1166,1303,1327]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados Deep-Water Sponges. In: Hummelinck, P. W. &amp; Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.) Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen, No. 122., Amsterdam, pp. 1 - 175." type="book chapter" year="1988">Soest &amp; Stentoft (1988)</bibRefCitation>
observed oxeas in other 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC78FFA7FF33FAF5FEB9FABC" box="[151,257,1340,1364]" name="Barbados" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Barbados</collectingCountry>
specimens. The 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC78FFA7FE71FAF5FD97FABC" box="[469,559,1340,1364]" name="Georgia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Georgia</collectingCountry>
specimen (HBOI 198811141008) shared most characters with 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FA96FAF4FA24FABC" box="[1330,1436,1340,1364]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FA96FAF4FA24FABC" box="[1330,1436,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
including the presence of spirasters and sanidaster-like streptasters. But it also differed from the 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC78FFA7FB6CFA96FA92FA9F" box="[1224,1322,1375,1399]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
regarding the microxeas: it had smaller microxeas that are centrotylote and rough (vs. larger smooth non-centrotylote in 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC78FFA7FF33FA6EFF46FA57" box="[151,254,1447,1471]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). It seems like an important difference but we have examined too few specimens to conclude whether HBOI 198811141008 could be a different species at this point. We could not find meso/dichotriaenes in HBOI 198811141008 either.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC78FFA4FF63F9DCFC16FE6F" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC78FFA7FF63F9DCFB61F8CF" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
We have examined additional material identified as 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FCB3F9DCFC10F9C4" box="[791,936,1556,1580]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FCB3F9DCFC10F9C4" box="[791,936,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC78FFA7FC53F9DDFB31F9C4" box="[1015,1161,1556,1580]" name="South Africa" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(MNHN-DCL680, 681, 691). Once again, we found it slightly different from all the other Atlantic 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FC50F9F1FB3AF9B8" box="[1012,1154,1592,1616]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FC50F9F1FB3AF9B8" box="[1012,1154,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is characterized by i) large calthrops with frequent bent actine tips, ii) smaller and more compact microstrongyles. This material should be carefully compared with the 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC78FFA7FE5EF9B6FDE4F97F" box="[506,604,1663,1687]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FD25F949FBEBF97F" authority="Kirkpatrick, 1902" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1902" box="[641,1107,1663,1688]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caliculata">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FD25F949FC3EF970" box="[641,902,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pachastrella caliculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC78FFA7FC28F9B6FBEBF97F" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[908,1107,1663,1687]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1902) Descriptions of South African Sponges. Part I. Marine investigations in South Africa, 1, 219 - 232, pls I - III." type="journal article" year="1902">Kirkpatrick, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FAA7F948FA2BF970" box="[1283,1427,1664,1688]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FAA7F948FA2BF970" box="[1283,1427,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in order to eventually propose the resurrection of this South African species. We have also re-examined 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FA23F96CFEB4F908" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FA23F96CFEB4F908" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC78FFA7FE24F90EFE46F937" box="[384,510,1735,1759]" name="Philippines" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(MNHN-DCL3372, 3373). In our opinion, i) the very large oxeas and calthrops (with irregular branching actines) and ii) the small dichotriaenes (as in 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FC53F924FBEBF8EC" box="[1015,1107,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. c h u n i</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FB3DF924FA81F8EC" box="[1177,1337,1773,1796]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ovisternata">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FB3DF924FA81F8EC" box="[1177,1337,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. ovisternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) clearly discriminate it from 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FED8F8D8FDB4F8C0" box="[380,524,1808,1832]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FED8F8D8FDB4F8C0" box="[380,524,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Further studies are needed to say if it represents a new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC78FFA4FF63F8FCFC16FE6F" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1436,151,391]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Many species described in the 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FDE3F8FDFD6DF8A4" box="[583,725,1844,1868]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FDE3F8FDFD6DF8A4" box="[583,725,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus actually lack the characteristic microstrongyles and amphiasters, which make us believe they should be moved to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FBACF891FB29F898" box="[1032,1169,1880,1904]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FBACF891FB29F898" box="[1032,1169,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Poecillastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FB02F891FEF5F87C" authority="Lebwohl, 1914" authorityName="Lebwohl" authorityYear="1914" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cribrum">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FB02F891FA24F898" box="[1190,1436,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pachastrella cribrum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC78FFA7FF33F8B5FEF5F87C" author="Lebwohl" box="[151,333,1916,1940]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Lebwohl, F. (1914) Japanische Tetraxonida, I. Sigmatophora und II. Astrophora metastrosa. Journal of the College of Sciences, Imperial University of Tokyo, 35, 1 - 116, pls. I - IX." type="journal article" year="1914">Lebwohl, 1914</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FEC6F8B5FCBBF87C" authority="Lebwohl, 1914" authorityName="Lebwohl" authorityYear="1914" box="[354,771,1916,1940]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FEC6F8B5FD84F87C" box="[354,572,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pachastrella fusca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC78FFA7FDE9F8B5FCBBF87C" author="Lebwohl" box="[589,771,1916,1940]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Lebwohl, F. (1914) Japanische Tetraxonida, I. Sigmatophora und II. Astrophora metastrosa. Journal of the College of Sciences, Imperial University of Tokyo, 35, 1 - 116, pls. I - IX." type="journal article" year="1914">Lebwohl, 1914</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FCBCF8B5FB40F87C" authority="Bergquist, 1968" authorityName="Bergquist" authorityYear="1968" box="[792,1272,1916,1940]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="incrustata">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FCBCF8B5FB90F87C" box="[792,1064,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pachastrella incrustata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC78FFA7FB9EF8B5FB40F87C" author="Bergquist" box="[1082,1272,1916,1940]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1968) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1. (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida). New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin [New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 37] 188, 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1968">Bergquist, 1968</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FAAAF8B5FE59F850" authority="Lebwohl, 1914" authorityName="Lebwohl" authorityYear="1914" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scrobiculosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FAAAF8B5FE9DF850" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pachastrella scrobiculosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC78FFA7FE94F869FE59F850" author="Lebwohl" box="[304,481,1952,1976]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Lebwohl, F. (1914) Japanische Tetraxonida, I. Sigmatophora und II. Astrophora metastrosa. Journal of the College of Sciences, Imperial University of Tokyo, 35, 1 - 116, pls. I - IX." type="journal article" year="1914">Lebwohl, 1914</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. A re-examination of the 
<typeStatus id="F1058803DC78FFA7FCB7F868FCFBF851" box="[787,835,1953,1977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">type</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC78FFA7FCD4F869FAF8F850" authority="Dickinson, 1945" authorityName="Dickinson" authorityYear="1945" box="[880,1344,1952,1976]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="multipora">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC78FFA7FCD4F869FBCFF850" box="[880,1143,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pachastrella multipora</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4A2F4B50DC78FFA7FB27F869FAF8F850" author="Dickinson" box="[1155,1344,1952,1976]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Dickinson, M. G. (1945) Sponges of the Gulf of California. In: Reports on the collections obtained by Alan Hancock Pacific Expeditions of Velero III off the coast of Mexico, Central America, South America, and Galapagos Islands in 1932, in 1933, in 1934, in 1935, in 1936, in 1937, in 1939, and 1940. The University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, pp. 1 - 55, pls. 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="1945">Dickinson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
will be necessary to take a decision, notably because this species has lost its monaxonic microscleres. Southern Atlantic and 
<collectingCountry id="56A97631DC7BFFA4FF63FF5EFE97FF47" box="[199,303,151,175]" name="Antarctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
specimens, until now also identified as 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FD5CFF50FC31FF58" box="[760,905,152,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FD5CFF50FC31FF58" box="[760,905,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are also in need of a revision to confirm their status (
<tableCitation id="633C031ADC7BFFA4FF48FF75FEF2FF3C" box="[236,330,188,212]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="15.[125,213,561,585]" captionTargetBox="[141,1931,660,1607]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 3. Depth, shape and individual spicule dimensions (in µm) for specimens of Pachastrella. Means are in bold; other values are ranges; n = 30 unless stated otherwise between parentheses. - = not referred; n. f. = not found in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" tableUuid="7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84">Table 3</tableCitation>
). All in all, we consider seven species of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FCF8FF75FC52FF3C" box="[860,1002,188,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FCF8FF75FC52FF3C" box="[860,1002,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be valid (
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FB30FF74FB44FF3C" box="[1172,1276,188,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FB30FF74FB44FF3C" box="[1172,1276,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FAB5FF74FACAFF3C" box="[1297,1394,188,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chuni">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FAB5FF74FACAFF3C" box="[1297,1394,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. chuni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FA23FF74FE6BFF10" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FA23FF74FE8DFF10" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="echinorhabda">P. echinorhabda</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FEE5FF28FE6BFF10" box="[321,467,224,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">P. monilifera</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FE47FF28FDDEFF10" box="[483,614,224,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FE47FF28FDDEFF10" box="[483,614,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07F957C8DC7BFFA4FDCBFF29FD72FF1F" box="[623,714,224,247]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FD72FF28FCC0FF10" box="[726,888,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FD72FF28FCCDFF10" box="[726,885,225,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ovisternata">P. ovisternata</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FC16FF28FB9FFF10" box="[946,1063,224,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="loricata">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FC16FF28FB9FFF10" box="[946,1063,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. loricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), while 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FB23FF28FAAAFF10" box="[1159,1298,224,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="multipora">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FB23FF28FAAAFF10" box="[1159,1298,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. multipora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and several 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FF33FECDFE9DFEF4" box="[151,293,260,284]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FF33FECDFE9DFEF4" box="[151,293,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. await confirmation of their status (
<tableCitation id="633C031ADC7BFFA4FD56FECDFCF4FEF4" box="[754,844,260,284]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="15.[125,213,561,585]" captionTargetBox="[141,1931,660,1607]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 3. Depth, shape and individual spicule dimensions (in µm) for specimens of Pachastrella. Means are in bold; other values are ranges; n = 30 unless stated otherwise between parentheses. - = not referred; n. f. = not found in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" tableUuid="7AC16629DC66FFB9FFD9FDF8FCFFFD84">Table 3</tableCitation>
). These results illustrate once more how thorough reexamination of a cosmopolitan species (
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FD20FEE0FCA0FEA8" box="[644,792,296,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FD20FEE0FCA0FEA8" box="[644,792,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) can reveal a species complex. Following this, further identifications and synonyms of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FDADFE84FD22FE8C" box="[521,666,332,356]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FDADFE84FD22FE8C" box="[521,666,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. monilifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FD78FE84FCCFFE8C" box="[732,887,333,356]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ovisternata">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FD78FE84FCCFFE8C" box="[732,887,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. ovisternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from remote geographical locations (especially from the Indian and Pacific Ocean) should be considered with caution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="7AC16629DC7BFFA4FF33F8ABFE10F81B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280597/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" targetBox="[160,1426,445,1869]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC7BFFA4FF33F8ABFE10F81B" blockId="18.[151,1436,1890,2035]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FF33F8ABFEACF890" bold="true" box="[151,276,1890,1913]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FEB8F8ABFD15F890" authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" box="[284,685,1890,1912]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FEB8F8ABFDB6F890" box="[284,526,1890,1912]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pachastrella monilifera</emphasis>
Schmidt, 1868
</taxonomicName>
[MNHN DT-410, holotype]. A. Whole specimen. Scale: 3 cm; B. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm; 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FCBBF848FB46F87F" authority="von Lendenfeld, 1907" authorityName="von Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1907" box="[799,1278,1921,1943]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ovisternata">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FCBBF848FBA0F87F" box="[799,1048,1921,1943]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pachastrella ovisternata</emphasis>
von Lendenfeld, 1907
</taxonomicName>
[MNHN DCL- 4065]; C. Specimen. Scale: 3 cm; D. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm; 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7BFFA4FB72F869FE94F83C" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7BFFA4FB72F869FA24F85E" box="[1238,1436,1952,1974]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pachastrella abyssi</emphasis>
Schmidt, 1870
</taxonomicName>
[MZS P0195, holotype]; E. Whole specimen (dry). Scale: 4 cm; F. Thick section showing the thin cortex and choanosome. Scale: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7AC16629DC7AFFA5FF33F87DFC98F801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280598/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" targetBox="[197,1401,181,1951]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC7AFFA5FF33F87DFC98F801" blockId="19.[151,1436,1972,2025]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7AFFA5FF33F87DFEABF821" bold="true" box="[151,275,1972,1995]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Spicules of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7AFFA5FE30F87DFC99F822" authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" box="[404,801,1972,1994]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7AFFA5FE30F87DFD3DF822" box="[404,645,1972,1994]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pachastrella monilifera</emphasis>
Schmidt, 1868
</taxonomicName>
[MNHN DT-756, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops; B. Microxea I; C. Microxea II; D. microstrongyle; E. Amphiasters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7AC16629DC7DFFA2FF33F84BFEBDF81C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280599/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[211,1379,193,1910]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC7DFFA2FF33F84BFEBDF81C" blockId="20.[151,1436,1922,2036]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7DFFA2FF33F84BFEA0F870" bold="true" box="[151,280,1922,1945]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Spicules of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7DFFA2FE0CF84BFCA2F870" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[424,794,1922,1944]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7DFFA2FE0CF84BFDCCF870" box="[424,628,1922,1944]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Pachastrella abyssi</emphasis>
Schmidt, 1870
</taxonomicName>
[MZS P0195, holotype]. A. Large and small calthrops; B. Microxea. mstr: microstrongyles; C. Microstyle and microstrongyles; D. Amphiaster; E. Amphiaster; F. Sanidaster-like amphiaster; G. Microstrongyles; H. Microstrongyles, amphiasters and a microrhabdose streptaster; I. Detail of a microrhabdose streptaster.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7AC16629DC7CFFA3FF33FB50FD4EFAE4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280600/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[159,1428,185,1156]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC7CFFA3FF33FB50FD4EFAE4" blockId="21.[151,1436,1177,1292]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7CFFA3FF33FB50FE9CFB47" bold="true" box="[151,292,1177,1200]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Comparaison of the morphology of large calthrops. All pictures were taken at the same scale: 1 mm. A. 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7CFFA3FF33FB70FD8DFB27" authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,565,1209,1231]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7CFFA3FF33FB70FE35FB27" box="[151,397,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pachastrella monilifera</emphasis>
Schmidt, 1868
</taxonomicName>
[MNHN DT-756, holotype]; B. 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7CFFA3FC3BFB70FB32FB27" box="[927,1162,1209,1231]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7CFFA3FC3BFB70FB32FB27" box="[927,1162,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pachastrella nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07F957C8DC7CFFA3FB32FB73FB54FB27" box="[1174,1260,1210,1231]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
[ZMBN 85242, holotype]; C. 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7CFFA3FE95FB1EFC94FB05" authority="von Lendenfeld, 1894" authorityName="von Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1894" box="[305,812,1239,1261]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ovisternata">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7CFFA3FE95FB1EFD89FB05" box="[305,561,1239,1261]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pachastrella ovisternata</emphasis>
von Lendenfeld, 1894
</taxonomicName>
[MNHN DCL-4065], arrow points at a dichotriaene; D. 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7CFFA3FF33FB3FFE4FFAE3" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,503,1270,1292]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7CFFA3FF33FB3FFEE4FAE4" box="[151,348,1270,1292]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pachastrella abyssi</emphasis>
Schmidt, 1870
</taxonomicName>
[MZS P0195, holotype].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="66A4652ADC7CFFA3FF63FA94FE85FA70" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="2E0136A1DC7CFFA3FF63FA94FE85FA70" blockId="21.[151,1436,1373,1432]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7CFFA3FF63FA94FE85FA9D" box="[199,317,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Etymology</emphasis>
. From the latin word ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="E9BE4D22DC7CFFA3FD9CFA94FD27FA9D" box="[568,671,1373,1397]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="1CCAEAB3DC7CFFA3FD9CFA94FD27FA9D" box="[568,671,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">nodulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ meaning small knot or small nodule. It refers to the knobby surface of this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>