501 lines
70 KiB
XML
501 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document id="98609D52A56A1C891D86B1F72C29230D" ID-CLB-Dataset="34447" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48bd4e9c-4763-413e-8389-359c4c55bc8c" ID-PMC="PMC4768370" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-560-1" ID-PubMed="27006611" ID-ZooBank="F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-560-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 560" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" checkinTime="1454620567459" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hamilton, Chris A., Hendrixson, Brent E. & Bond, Jason E." docDate="2016" docId="A5C1223BDC49F279BDB6D3BA3B2A5341" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 560: 1-340" docOrigin="ZooKeys 560" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" docTitle="Aphonopelma anax Chamberlin 1940" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FFAAA03F4F6CFFFEFF94FFF0FFBDFFE9" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" masterLastPageNumber="340" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1732594187781" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="9E3ECEEAB92F10825980775B22105789">Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="21E767FCA121A532BCA69A1536572637">Hamilton, Chris A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DA925F33E48D109D65FFA02DB958F7D1">Hendrixson, Brent E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="52B6F4066D35936721FBFFA3E2B94F4D">Bond, Jason E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9EE3310C5B5847DA7D0749F9067E9685">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="81E9A154A5F91B134E08E16CB04CF5EF">
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<mods:date id="7536F4C72B786F31AFD7A71FE0839649">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="EBADFA59C27F1CCA3E368B7CDBECAD8C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="520004A3757C36E48167DE04F778415C">560</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="E1819FE1DBF56ACF05A522A90DE3943B">340</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="31F1B28E1219B99DC201598BEB1D6E26">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="93FC66B035F345E50CD4EB0881AD3FA4">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="43873A2E1CDF1129ABAE7A9724D37FCC" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A5C1223BDC49F279BDB6D3BA3B2A5341" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127884984" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A5C1223BDC49F279BDB6D3BA3B2A5341" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A5C1223BDC49F279BDB6D3BA3B2A5341" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" scope_family="Theraphosidae" scope_order="Araneae">
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<subSubSection id="BBB906989496079B0AA448CEDA6036B2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="3666F0091614EAA05A68CB292068F05E" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Taxon classification Animalia Araneae Theraphosidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3770B53DFF9A3B9B5299621C5052751" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="87F6D9B690E4A4250281CAC7B9756F4A" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="3AAF7901BBF9EBF2F610B4495BB5B100" ID-CoL="5VMP5" authority="Chamberlin, 1940" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1940" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin, 1940)</taxonomicName>
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Figures 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, Suppl. material 4
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C81FCB83A2307E7D48246BED76F6D7A6" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="798CB0425C040DF6132CD5C25EC6C2C8" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="E6DC63F4D9073B4337669DF2D1876C4B" genus="Dugesiella" lsidName="Dugesiella anax" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="anax">Dugesiella anax</taxonomicName>
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Chamberlin, 1940: 34; male holotype and female allotype from Kingsville, Kleberg Co., Texas, 27.515869 -97.856109 5, elev. 58ft., no collecting date, coll. Prof. J.C. Cross; 3 female paratypes from Harlingen, Cameron Co., Texas, 26.190631 -97.696103 5, elev. 40ft., 1939, coll. Bryce Brown; deposited in AMNH. [examined]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C6D3D8F55407FA251978D71F918125C8" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="B7DBAB3E8DB988DC8EB2B5CBEE64F92A" genus="Rhechostica" lsidName="Rhechostica anax" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="anax">Rhechostica anax</taxonomicName>
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Raven, 1985: 149.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A4E0F66312B04C2CCD8D5C90D5E7996F" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="9EF0CF002A762338EAA196EC4A09F691" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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Smith, 1995: 71.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="60FD0B2DAF8CF6A140FBBA3FFAE141F6" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="1001B709A4570C443D25146BBA669E83" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma breenei" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breenei">Aphonopelma breenei</taxonomicName>
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Smith, 1995: 78; female holotype from Harlingen, Cameron Co., Texas, 26.190631 -97.696103 5, elev. 40ft., 1939, coll. Bryce Brown; deposited in AMNH. [examined] syn. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="84E4D5E77C239D59244FD7135B182EF5" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="0F3EC3A02CDF10E21E79527ABDCD3337" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8DA866EB22728F3B18864368CE29B4EB" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="10709D84E02E823092E1F0F79D43F872" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 9) is a member of the
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<taxonomicName id="BCC99DB5103B809B9B31C82AC4968274" genus="Hentzi" lsidName="Hentzi" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="genus">Hentzi</taxonomicName>
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species group and can be identified by a combination of morphological, molecular, and geographic characteristics. Nuclear DNA identifies
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<taxonomicName id="53EB1046B9053576915C163ADAEA1F63" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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as a phylogenetically distinct monophyletic lineage (Fig. 8), supported as the sister lineage to
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<taxonomicName id="2F1E9710884A8C51F109B0D2A8C9131E" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
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, and closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="EE8AA43643F82277784720C0BDCF8CE3" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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. Male
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<taxonomicName id="B704BFD18BCC5F2AB6FF1CE001D2309E" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from geographically proximate species by their unique palpal bulbs - stout and wide with distinct keels on the embolus (Fig. 10). Females can be distinguished from geographically proximate species by their unique spermathecae - short, wide, slightly rounded, without capitate bulbs (Figs 12-13). Significant measurements that distinguish male
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<taxonomicName id="3215878DBD5E153582062EC2E3DD0CB1" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species are Cl, M3, and F4. Male
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<taxonomicName id="90C153F5CC78A92B037519C0BC0510DF" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by possessing a larger F4/M4 (≥0.94; 0.94-1.04) than
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<taxonomicName id="C63858D45EA3CFFB8D828BB022EF5407" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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(≤0.92; 0.86-0.92); a larger Cl/M1 (≥1.36; 1.36-1.63) than
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<taxonomicName id="697EC7AD88E8DCCF7EC07E2B7E0EFFBB" genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae moderatum" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="moderatum">moderatum</taxonomicName>
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(≤1.30; 1.13-1.30) and
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<taxonomicName id="948BCED74CD8A293CCB929E4556289CD" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moellendorfi" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moellendorfi">Aphonopelma moellendorfi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (≤1.31; 1.10-1.31); and a larger F1/M3 (≥1.28; 1.28-1.43) than
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<taxonomicName id="91C57E97B62E8F2EE3AFF1A6E771D68F" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
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(≤1.24; 1.18-1.24). There are no significant measurements that separate male
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<taxonomicName id="2438FAD8148077160F5C9CFD12B51CE5" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="3616215B12B0C7ED3C2D777E2E069C7C" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
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. Significant measurements that distinguish female
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<taxonomicName id="BEDE8FAD1C62C26F836B66794A20BB3A" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species are P1 and T3. Female
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<taxonomicName id="07B79CB46E41752D8DC668E063DDDD28" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by possessing a larger P1/T3 (≥13.88; 13.88-19.15) than
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<taxonomicName id="FAD258596C688AA6EB414BB7EF24A639" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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(≤13.84; 9.93-13.84) and
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<taxonomicName id="2CAD583FDE0621ADEFA73A1A3987BCDC" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
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(≤13.12; 8.14-13.12). There are no significant measurements that separate female
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<taxonomicName id="8E5C5895ED3C2729E25F0FDE639E646D" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="F7B9F7F20A1FE82390C695BEF008866E" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="F88D154F0FFED32A91F50E1F273001A0" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
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. Females of
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<taxonomicName id="9FAA97124BD2A013CAF6B967CEBE55E3" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moellendorfi" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moellendorfi">Aphonopelma moellendorfi</taxonomicName>
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are unknown and cannot be compared.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="2702A22742E954FC027838ECF3B603F7" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<paragraph id="9AF5CF92C11E8747E4463540A8799D51" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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Figure 9.
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<taxonomicName id="47C24A4DF7E17B25D6AFEC278D56B094" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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(Chamberlin, 1940) specimens, live photographs. Female (L) - APH_0524; Male (R) - APH_3122.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="9A0ADFF5915AFB1DBFE751C5D3A01A74" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<paragraph id="98BCF3EBB30A3A708A28FE3BC6AC9612" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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Figure 10.
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<taxonomicName id="3E4219CD647040CA21016ED8BEB81A49" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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(Chamberlin, 1940).
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<normalizedToken id="5A738514495E6AA1C677D1612D005CD8" originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
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male specimen, APH_0924 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 6mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="6BF29286F9693835F9F7EB3247A9F6F4" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<paragraph id="F7D9EC096E41112605AA5DBED76040AF" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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Figure 11.
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<taxonomicName id="7DEAF81CDAE42A36D8A590C457A06629" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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(Chamberlin, 1940).
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<normalizedToken id="05C709D4CC709589414F239FC6D481C1" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
female specimen, APH_0857 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 8mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 5.5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="FAE4E27C567CE68ED0F481631E040C4C" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="B74C4B5E888FDA855F2BD2850C6FFD60" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Figure 12.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C4DA39B019D225C9F51C34FDCED1FEFD" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Chamberlin, 1940).
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A60C34F49E7426E7075C5ED1C5967576" originalValue="A–H">A-H</normalizedToken>
|
||
cleared spermathecae A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2C8FB7F24FCE6888BAFF2F70DFE6E4B" genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae anax" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="anax">anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
allotype B
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DFFDADB7F133F9C8B894E0DE7C4DFA0" genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae breenei" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="breenei">breenei</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype C
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83139912B25BBAFED79F3A97F5B138D2" genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae harlingenum" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species" species="harlingenum">harlingenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
paratype D APH_0056 E APH_0529 F APH_0857 G APH_0858 H APH_0859.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="4F7A2E3F56C980432F2F46B88453A148" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="F433288D02DB46218FC8C2FDF8CCB600" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Figure 13.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6DCA409196B02B6F2CD35E98C641215" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Chamberlin, 1940).
|
||
<normalizedToken id="04A31E07A80B18C1C5428FE2BA044EE5" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
cleared spermathecae A APH_0871 B APH_0899 C APH_0902 D APH_1278 E APH_1280.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2426B95A2176FD61B470B1257C63F45F" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="descriptions">
|
||
<paragraph id="68111CF63CBD0BD6CAB12EBA05ADB1B2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Descriptions.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F211044808664440AF8DF195F9CDCAB" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Male and female originally described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF81FC706308E09BBD704C895A5CBD23" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chamberlin (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A61C978BA7BD37716A307D8239E6B39F" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="redescription of male exemplar">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B1C56494BF26D13D1A7E55C7B1ADF00" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Redescription of male exemplar</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="617D00EDEBA1E7090E932ABA47A6BF1D" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
(APH_0924; Fig. 10). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live crossing road, preserved in 80% ethanol; deposited in AUMNH; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and left pedipalp removed for measurements and photographs; stored in vial with specimen. Right leg III removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). General coloration: Generally black or faded to brown. Cephalothorax: Carapace 19.10 mm long, 18.28 mm wide; densely clothed with brown/golden iridescent pubescence appressed to surface; fringe covered in long setae not closely appressed to surface; foveal groove medium deep and straight to slightly procurved; pars cephalica region rises gradually from foveal groove, gently arching anteriorly toward ocular area; AER
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="8EB2A06E5BA5A7096E9598A6F5C2F956" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" start="start">slightly</pageBreakToken>
|
||
procurved, PER recurved; normal sized chelicerae; clypeus extends forward on a very slight curve; LBl 2.96, LBw 2.94; sternum hirsute, clothed with short length black, densely packed setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed in short black pubescence with numerous longer, lighter setae interspersed (generally red or orange in situ); dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="675E38CA7642726ACE534F6230C0A417" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Legs: Thick and hirsute; densely clothed in short black/brown pubescence. Metatarsus I slightly curved. F1 18.77; F1w 4.74; P1 8.10; T1 14.69; M1 13.41; A1 9.23; F3 15.19; F3w 4.61; P3 6.75; T3 12.07; M3 13.77; A3 9.42; F4 18.58; F4w 4.8; P4 8.16; T4 14.50; M4 19.51; A4 11.15; femur III is normal - not noticeably swollen or wider than other legs. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 68.9%; leg IV (SC4) = 43.4%. Two ventral spinose setae on metatarsus III; six ventral spinose setae on metatarsus IV. Coxa I: Prolateral surface a mix of fine, hair-like and medium tapered setae. The interior face of the retrolateral branch of the tibial apophyses possesses a very large megaspine that projects anteriorly. Pedipalps: Hirsute; densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs, with numerous longer ventral setae; one spinose seta at the apical, prolateral femur and three spinose setae on the prolateral tibia; PTl 9.45, PTw 2.90. When extended, embolus tapers and rapidly curves up and to the retrolateral side near apex; embolus wide and thick, with smooth dorsal and ventral keels.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5E25059356FFEAF9863189EBA774BE54" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Variation (11).Cl 14.371-21.97 (17.885
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C0E6C5D6B5EFD202460A706557090185" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.7), Cw 13.32-19.84 (16.557
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AEA8BF1B4BCC6093C4669C4F3949D29E" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.62), LBl 1.96-2.96 (2.341
|
||
<normalizedToken id="49054420B32E81C58E1F60E2FFF6F309" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.09), LBw 2.16-3.02 (2.711
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1015FB28CD182F21414318440AE684E8" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08), F1 14.1-19.3 (16.839
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0BE972FF8A9D1991F45BED4DAC6D9212" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.55), F1w 3.52-5.1 (4.392
|
||
<normalizedToken id="547FAC7CBA78018803A94C4C50387F78" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.15), P1 6.12-8.1 (7.105
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1EC43111ABAB6C2B036080D417287D94" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.22), T1 11.32-15.71 (13.314
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CE8736532514358256DD0087682975CE" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.39), M1 9.69-13.43 (11.878
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8D764E84320B7F99ECE5E2DDF60DF4EB" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.4), A1 6.9-9.6 (8.499
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E719261C43F87EB0A0DA05EFBA699274" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.28), L1 length 48.47-65.97 (57.635
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E9CBCE5428EFA264C0F8604465695521" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.73), F3 11.39-16.14 (13.868
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4CB214B0574E9BD6398FFF94C2B29442" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.48), F3w 3.41-5.03 (4.132
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1ABD678B0E4DC0D9E53B349C9333D629" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.16), P3 4.86-7.65 (6.035
|
||
<normalizedToken id="629AC79CCBA34C1A82206BDE5C082B97" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.27), T3 7.91-12.16 (10.428
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6BB346859619FA49CC243372AA4C8822" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.43), M3 9.89-14.89 (12.572
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F027925A9D2784463C27EDCB4BF897A2" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.49), A3 6.93-9.45 (8.291
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DBC20E2CAD8B7648EC40B187FDBC9098" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.27), L3 length 41.32-59.2 (51.194
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0FFBF793FAE7E40720F4D6310DD8839A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.82), F4 13.52-19.31 (16.56
|
||
<normalizedToken id="ACEB1938BE5A79EBF771AE1473F6A7BE" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.58), F4w 3.22-4.83 (4.094
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5F478A602A166B2EB8CAECFEDE072403" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.17), P4 5.5-8.16 (6.647
|
||
<normalizedToken id="335DFB7231FFBD0D522E3C0C3217D5B7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.26), T4 11.15-15.56 (13.676
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6D090F89A9446EEE72247A76052E93EA" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.41), M4 13.66-19.69 (17.13
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E4B442F334F7FF8CCAC32B5587246FCF" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.58), A4 8.1-11.15 (9.504
|
||
<normalizedToken id="694ADEC593A6CF1EF8F09074637F722B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.3), L4 length 52.79-72.08 (64.171
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A7397960B9FBDE879092F210174B55BD" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.92), PTl 7.187-10.136 (8.709
|
||
<normalizedToken id="146483FB444F6B79CDD393AB3BF5BEA9" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.27), PTw 2.246-3.32 (2.882
|
||
<normalizedToken id="61236530BD49E9A36B52D5D247236EE3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.09), SC3 ratio 0.607-0.805 (0.713
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EE3BA0823975D8DB1D6504E63F93F796" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), SC4 ratio 0.351-0.524 (0.44
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C7D78AE8C7E0F846324E54EAE6EF6790" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), Coxa 1 setae = thick tapered, F3 condition = normal/slightly swollen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C1872DAC82D7DE58349A8D325D69B7F6" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="redescription of female exemplar">
|
||
<paragraph id="F5DF233BB9B650BAF2E2160AFBF2303A" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Redescription of female exemplar</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="586624D16E560826C1BA5AC4C0074F08" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
(APH_0857; Figs 11-13). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live from burrow, preserved in 80% ethanol; deposited in AUMNH; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and pedipalp removed for photographs and measurements; stored in vial with specimen. Right leg III removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). Genital plate with spermathecae removed and cleared, stored in vial with specimen. General coloration: Faded black and light brown, medium length, dense setae cover body. Cephalothorax: Carapace 21.37 mm long, 18.26 mm wide; densely clothed with light brown pubescence closely appressed to surface; fringe densely covered in long setae; foveal groove medium deep and straight; pars cephalica region rises from thoracic furrow more steeply than male, gently arching anteriorly toward ocular area; AER procurved, PER strongly recurved; clypeus extends forward on a slight curve; LBl 2.67, LBw 3.35; sternum hirsute, clothed with light black/dark brown, me
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="385194C321689D263A37F587E1FB5E3C" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" start="start">dium</pageBreakToken>
|
||
length dense setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed dorsally in short black setae with numerous longer, lighter setae interspersed (generally red or orange in situ); dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="93081BB81D1255E5D06F4C58940687E6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); ventral side with short, dense black setae. Spermathecae: Paired and separate, possessing dual bulges with the smaller near the interior, with wide bases that are not fused. Legs: Thick and hirsute; densely clothed in a mix of short black/brown pubescence setae. Coxa I: Prolateral surface a mix of fine, hair-like and thick tapered setae. F1 16.02; F1w 4.88; P1 7.53; T1 12.06; M1 9.18; A1 7.54; F3 12.72; F3w 4.56; P3 6.76; T3 9.29; M3 10.09; A3 7.54; F4 16.53; F4w 4.73; P4 7.08; T4 13.31; M4 13.26; A4 8.79. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 64.4%; leg IV (SC4) = 47.3%. Two ventral spinose setae on metatarsus III; seven ventral spinose setae on metatarsus IV. Pedipalps: Densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs; one spinose seta on the apical, prolateral femur and five spinose setae on the prolateral tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8066CB6C4DBF50CA34A74BD4F4A2DE74" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Variation (13).Cl 16.06-23.8 (20.27
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AC85C4CAB9BEB0667829A23643B765C7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.79), Cw 14.9-21.73 (17.951
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DBADF4AAB288B31181E1115B12E30534" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.62), LBl 2.45-3.79 (2.878
|
||
<normalizedToken id="26018385264A78983856E2EEC08FD155" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.1), LBw 2.71-4.3 (3.478
|
||
<normalizedToken id="31E0D29ED2D3C2C004544EB1E5928B43" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.15), F1 13.12-18.14 (15.181
|
||
<normalizedToken id="76D10603D320E2686733993F3F3E5362" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.45), F1w 3.87-5.8 (4.945
|
||
<normalizedToken id="08F93D986877372EFB91A450C1BFB44A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.18), P1 5.61-8.59 (7.196
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A9971B235883CC1B5B0D6C08DF726AB0" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.26), T1 9.76-13.56 (11.616
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9C7E1552606A91506900F140853D6A50" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.35), M1 7.0-10.98 (8.911
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C28E17C63CEAB2AA823710CF4BF09FDB" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.31), A1 5.73-8.34 (7.138
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7931F022C7728B7111AEC7D45E98EFDA" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.19), L1 length 42.75-59.3 (50.042
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BED2080CA83DB7000A4A650295DAF29C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.47), F3 10.94-14.63 (12.375
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1C55EC3F1D68BE6FC58F26E64853ED23" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.37), F3w 3.36-5.13 (4.268
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D39820925714E33DC762C7364FE98708" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.17), P3
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="7C17B6A7354EC385A01889A391B813DF" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" start="start">5.1</pageBreakToken>
|
||
-7.72 (6.179
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D2E6C100E87686FAE6BB7316C42DBD68" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.23), T3 7.45-10.56 (8.816
|
||
<normalizedToken id="ED756FB6CDF9AFF25B63B066E9AF92CD" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.28), M3 8.27-12.05 (9.918
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D8E0101988552AD530AFB00AD65DFC1B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.34), A3 6.52-8.84 (7.398
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6F9CCED4CCA8C9649D358D364AD88A76" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.18), L3 length 38.67-53.7 (44.687
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B87BF6DF49913E19BF8DF9B340D4522D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.26), F4 13.27-18.66 (15.654
|
||
<normalizedToken id="331C138A014C14CE4004D730AE6A8EA8" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.49), F4w 3.61-5.31 (4.514
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E96CDF86B8C8486E575D3D87FE7B834A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.17), P4 5.34-8.4 (6.55
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C62080F2FBC5F59ABA846E07BE031964" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.28), T4 9.72-13.98 (12.038
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B028926135E9AA53EB4D33C2FE76BB17" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.35), M4 10.37-16.15 (13.621
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EB3278E760E0D2A86E2C30D3ED1AEB46" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.46), A4 7.01-9.83 (8.373
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3D1E8722C772C25964EE98A91F611A77" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.25), L4 length 45.86-66.63 (55.723
|
||
<normalizedToken id="58796D435D9EDB8A0E78D754144138C6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.74), SC3 ratio 0.644-0.763 (0.706
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0BFB761A2DB55264AB79A5C96A9184C6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.01), SC4 ratio 0.368-0.474 (0.433
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B6FA111E5A710DC5482C0B324C621775" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.01), Coxa 1 setae = thick tapered. Spermathecae variation can be seen in Figures 12-13.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F903B3663583538B1A46239A59AA84C3" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="EBD23C3AAEDECD0903ECF09717297C66" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="397FA5D9B0B8BD4F747ED807D4E1D6C3" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
United States: Texas: Bexar: Hollywood Park, 220 Mecca, 29.59413 -98.47946 2, 934ft., [APH_0033, 2/6/2006, 1♂, Connor Shannon, Ryan Tubbesing, AUMNH]; Cameron: 2100 W. San Marcelo Blvd #158, Brownsville, 25.95835 -97.500489 2, 21ft., [APH_0523, 20/5/2009, 1♂, Lilia Perez, AUMNH]; Brownsville, 25.901747 -97.497484 5, 26ft., [APH_2045, 4/1963, 1♀, 1♂, Ted Beimler, AMNH]; Brownsville, field NE Coffeeport Rd, 25.948055 -97.480915 1, 19ft., [APH_0459-0462, 9/4/09, 1♀, 3 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Harlingen, 26.190631 -97.696103 5, 39ft., [APH_2043, 15/11/1939, 1♀, B. Brown, AMNH]; [APH_2044, 1939, 1♀, Bryce Brown, AMNH]; Harlingen, Dixieland Park, 26.16825 -97.72063 1, 43ft., [APH_1273-1275, 12/5/11, 3 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Kate Hall, Austin Deskewies, Alexis Guice, AUMNH]; Harlingen, McKelvey Park, 26.180254 -97.679291 1, 35ft., [APH_0463, 9/4/09, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; [APH_1271-1272, 11/5/11, 2 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Kate Hall, Austin Deskewies, Alexis Guice, AUMNH]; Harlingen, S of town, 26.145617 -97.661717 5, 41ft., [APH_0924, 2006, 1♂, Dave Moellendorf, AUMNH]; Laguna
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="88C11947591EA18E8CD89A9FE9260AD9" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" start="start">Vista</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, 26.100864 -97.290234 5, 12ft., [AUMS_2355, 4/1998, 1♂, R.G. Breene, AUMNH]; [AUMS_2583, 4/1998, 1♂, R.G. Breene, AUMNH]; [AUMS_2609, 1998, 1♂, R.G. Breene, AUMNH]; [AUMS_2613, unknown, 1♀, R.G. Breene, AUMNH]; [AUMS_2690, 4/1998, 2♂, R.G. Breene, AUMNH]; [AUMS_2695, 4/1998, 1♀, R.G. Breene, AUMNH]; [AUMS_3268-3269, 3/1998, 2♂, R.G. Breene, AUMNH]; [AUMS_3271, 4/1998, 1♂, R.G. Breene, AUMNH]; [AUMS_3274, 4/1998, 1♂, R.G. Breene, AUMNH]; [AUMS_3315, 4/1998, 1♂, R.G. Breene, AUMNH]; Laguna Vista, Roloff Park, 26.10243 -97.291 1, 3ft., [APH_0455-0458, 9/4/09, 2♀, 2 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Los Fresnos, 26.071744 -97.476373 5, 23ft., [AUMS_2688, 1999, 1♀, R.G. Breene, AUMNH]; South Padre Island, 26.076567 -97.16315 5, 4ft., [APH_0858, 2006, 1♀, Dave Moellendorf, AUMNH]; DeWitt: between Cuero and Westhoff on Hwy 87, 29.1221 -97.410817 1, 303ft., [APH_0859-0861, 9/2008, 3♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; [APH_0947, 9/2008, 1♂, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; Dimmit: 6.7 miles E Maverick County Line on US-277, 28.625443 -100.004038 1, 659ft., [APH_0473, 11/4/2009, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Chaparral Wildlife Management Area, Blocker Pond, 28.3125 -99.40694 1, 570ft., [APH_0025, 12/3/2002, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, WTAMU Herp Class, AUMNH]; 3 miles NW Catarina on US-83, 28.37472 -99.64806 1, 560ft., [APH_0042, 12/3/2000, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Duval: 4.4 miles E Hwy-339 on FM-2295, 27.58835 -98.33743 1, 340ft., [APH_1270, 11/5/11, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Kate Hall, Austin Deskewies, Alexis Guice, AUMNH]; 5.3 miles SE Webb County Line on Hwy-44, 27.907752 -98.723635 1, 497ft., [APH_0529, 3/6/09, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, Courtney Dugas, Sloan Click, AUMNH]; S of San Diego, TX on Hwy-359, 27.733177 -98.262366 1, 339ft., [APH_0584, 14/6/2009, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Courtney Dugas, Sloan Click, AUMNH]; Fayette: La Grange, 29.914417 -96.866267 1, 330ft., [APH_0804-0806, 5/2008, 3♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; [APH_0808, 5/2008, 1♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; [APH_0809, 5/2008, 1♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; [APH_0898, 5/2008, 1♂, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; La Grange, S side of river, 29.874417 -96.850383 1, 345ft., [APH_0811, 7/2008, 1♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; [APH_0810, 5/2008, 1♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; [APH_0899, 5/2008, 1♂, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; [APH_0901, 5/2008, 1♂, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; La Grange, on FM155, 29.859333 -96.848033 1, 348ft., [APH_0900, 5/2008, 1♂, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; La Grange, rest stop on Hwy 77, 29.843383 -96.9091 1, 377ft., [APH_0902-0903, 5/2008, 1♀, 1♂, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; Gonzales: 6.1 miles SE of Gonzales, 29.497194 -97.380048 5, 328ft., [APH_2658, 18/6/1956, 1♂, W. McAlister, AMNH]; Harris: Houston, 29.760193 -95.36939 6, 43ft., [APH_2650, 6/1959, 1♂, Mrs. Emilie Steude, AMNH]; Jim Hogg: 0.9 miles E Zapata County Line on FM-2687, 26.939665 -98.941918 1, 526ft., [APH_1131, 15/3/2010, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Gerri Wilson, Thomas Martin, AUMNH]; 2.0 miles N Starr County Line on FM-649, 26.81392 -98.855998 1, 625ft., [APH_1130, 15/3/2010, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Gerri Wilson, Thomas Martin, AUMNH]; Karnes: Karnes City, 28.885483 -97.902683 1, 411ft.,
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="6C7E3CEEE359F0D274D013E41909FEBD" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="start">[</pageBreakToken>
|
||
APH_0864-0866, 9/2008, 2♀, 1 juv, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; [APH_0952, 9/2008, 1♂, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; Kleberg: Kingsville, S Brahma Blvd, 27.4806 -97.855767 1, 77ft., [APH_0856-0857, 9/2008, 2♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; Kingsville, 27.515869 -97.856109 5, 56ft., [APH_2046, 27/6/1970, 1♂, Gillaspy, AMNH]; Kingsville, field at high school, along Caesar Ave across street from cemetery, 27.506531 -97.879785 1, 65ft., [APH_0579-0583, 13/6/2009, 4 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Courtney Dugas, Sloan Click, AUMNH]; La Salle: Cotulla, 28.436934 -99.235032 1, 437ft., [APH_3129, 2013, 1♂, Roger Birkhead, AUMNH]; Los Angeles, 28.460017 -98.9999 1, 391ft., [APH_0871, 2008, 1♀, Sky Stevens, AUMNH]; Maverick: 4.2 miles SW Zavala County Line on Hwy-57, 28.88947 -100.16539 2, 711ft., [APH_1458, 24/1/2012, 1 juv, Stanley A. Schultz, AUMNH]; 4.6 miles E/SE Eagle Pass (jct US-57) on US-277, 28.69567 -100.39303 1, 833ft., [APH_0055, 17/7/2006, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; [APH_0058, 17/7/2006, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; [APH_0084, 17/7/2006, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; 9.0 miles NE US-57 on FM-481, 28.928198 -100.262798 1, 787ft., [APH_1149-1150, 17/3/2010, 2 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Gerri Wilson, Thomas Martin, AUMNH]; McMullen: 1.25 miles N FM-3445 on TX-16, 28.520536 -98.547662 1, 300ft., [APH_1117, 14/3/2010, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Gerri Wilson, Thomas Martin, AUMNH]; Nueces: Corpus Christi, Meldo Park, approx. 2 blocks SW Santa Fe St on Brawner Parkway, 27.747437 -97.379802 1, 41ft., [APH_0577-0578, 13/6/2009, 2 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Courtney Dugas, Sloan Click, AUMNH]; Starr: San Carlos, Hwy 649 ~ 2 miles N of 2686 junction, 26.720783 -98.8468 1, 411ft., [APH_0889, 18/4/2008, 1♀, Christian Cox, Corey Roelke, AUMNH]; Washington: 2301 Running Valley Lane, Washington, 30.225692 -96.160138 1, 224ft., [APH_3123, 13/6/2013, 1♂, Chuck Matula, AUMNH]; 5 miles west of Carmine, 30.140828 -96.759342 5, 433ft., [APH_2660, 27/6/1960, 2♀, W. McAlister, AMNH]; Brenham, 30.145467 -96.43435 5, 323ft., [APH_0968, 6/2006, 1♂, Dave Moellendorf, AUMNH]; Chappell Hill, 1/4 mile S of intersection of Old Chappell Hill Rd and Pulaski School Rd, 30.1577 -96.288344 1, 282ft., [APH_3121, 20/5/2013, 1♂, Todd Burch, AUMNH]; [APH_3122, 30/5/2013, 1♂, Todd Burch, AUMNH]; Webb: 0.8 miles NW Hwy-44 on US-83, 28.03711 -99.54681 1, 820ft., [APH_1285, 13/5/2011, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, Kate Hall, Austin Deskewies, Alexis Guice, AUMNH]; 1.1 miles SW Duval County Line on US-59, 27.786023 -98.818769 1, 451ft., [APH_0524-0528, 3/6/09, 3♀, 2 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Courtney Dugas, Sloan Click, AUMNH]; 3.2 miles W FM-2895 on TX-359, 27.454855 -99.136257 1, 511ft., [APH_1125, 15/3/2010, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Gerri Wilson, Thomas Martin, AUMNH]; 3.6 miles NW I-35 on US-83, 27.80051 -99.46291 1, 760ft., [APH_1281-1282, 13/5/2011, 2 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Kate Hall, Austin Deskewies, Alexis Guice, AUMNH]; 4.3 miles E Loop-20 on US-59 at Los Tios Creek, 27.56159 -99.39045 1, 470ft., [APH_1280, 13/5/2011, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Kate Hall, Austin Deskewies, Alexis Guice, AUMNH]; 5.1 miles SE La Salle County Line on Hwy-44, 28.012456 -99.195109 1, 454ft., [APH_0530-0531, 3/6/2009, 2 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson,
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="47FC499BF8A4689FE259B3522B544B9B" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">Courtney</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Dugas, Sloan Click, AUMNH]; Wharton: El Campo, 29.19405 -96.2617 1, 90ft., [APH_0800-0803, 7/2008, 4♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; Zapata: 2.0 miles NW FM-2687 on US-83, 26.80362 -99.142 1, 410ft., [APH_1277-1279, 13/5/2011, 1♂, 2 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Kate Hall, Austin Deskewies, Alexis Guice, AUMNH]; Mexico: Nuevo Leon:
|
||
<normalizedToken id="82EA297A361324EAEB0ACB348F56AD1D" originalValue="Cañon">Canon</normalizedToken>
|
||
de la Huasteca, 25.61484 -100.47585 1, 2600ft., [APH_0056, 24/7/2006, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E272B071588814392399A205C2D7CC46" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="distribution and natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="F49B611F7C3A524431761EF173784E7E" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Distribution and natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9ABDCA7A3EBB8FF202B2EF9CA294EF70" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
In the United States,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="79E5CD1724DACA6BE46073E26A0746B0" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widely distributed throughout South Texas (Fig. 14). We only sampled a single individual from western Nuevo Leon but the species distribution model predicts suitable habitat for
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="D8523CAF9B8D883E01B0E4EF955A2B00" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" start="start">this</pageBreakToken>
|
||
species throughout northeastern Mexico in Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas. The vast majority of specimens were collected at elevations between sea level and 300 meters along the Western Gulf Coastal Plain (Fig. 1I) or Southern Texas Plains Level III Ecoregions, but other samples were obtained from the Texas Blackland Prairies, East Central Texas Plains, South Central Plains, and the very southern edge of the Edwards Plateau. The specimen from Nuevo Leon (at Huasteca Canyon near Monterrey) was collected at an elevation of approximately 850 meters. This species has been observed in syntopy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CEFFAA014133B702A7B7329572BC525D" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(burrows located fewer than 50 centimeters from each other) at several different locations near the Rio Grande from Eagle Pass (Maverick County) to Rio Grande City (Starr County).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D08E3C6215FCC58010FE8556E3E3C1" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
may also be found alongside
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FFFD21AF8F5443AA76C6A165462A10C2" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FDC7AADDADC81587A79B25062545652" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Burrows are typical of that for North American tarantulas (i.e., circular and generally covered by a thin veil of silk) and specimens can be readily collected by pouring a small amount of water into their burrows. In extreme South Texas,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3D3A4F9EF52B6FE3DB2ACC0A2C498AAF" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
is probably active year-round; however, in more northern populations, spiders likely plug their burrows for short periods of time during the winter. The breeding period appears to be restricted to spring and early summer (April-July); adult males have been observed in large numbers at night along roads following heavy bouts of rain (United States Border Patrol 2009, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E5641C1791FB60D15BE19DEFAC36CB1D" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<paragraph id="85E65C68C219DFAB9ADD8A10385F20B1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Figure 14.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE5882AEB68A0CBA37CAC4EC305A1D8D" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Chamberlin, 1940). A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="49EF0E9A6E59FB4D1C78B256FD969B7D" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="A7FE4B398785FCDF16FE0229BEED3D82" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="162D3573E09227A6DB2DF8789F29E46F" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E8515A09B46177D5A9DFE38D412E4EA8" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very common throughout its distribution. Extensive fieldwork near Edinburg and McAllen (Hidalgo County) suggests that some local populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87304DDB42C6CCE64CB0E0EE719FF2C0" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
have probably been extirpated due to extensive agriculture in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, but overall the species is fairly abundant throughout South Texas. These spiders appear to thrive in a variety of anthropogenic settings including golf courses, residential lawns, city parks, roadside picnic areas, and mowed highway shoulders. The status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C6233F3FBE5B7605B57075F3581A0E" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
is likely secure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="91A0F9F41EB954BFC3BF9F4E50D5818F" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="85FA820375B4B0B6BD1CE202E6B21B25" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2B89172E776F6AACB617C6F73256E5BC" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A5F629465B615823100ADEE29775CD9" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the largest and most robust
|
||
<taxonomicName id="956D23F475CBD99302E105BED60B30E0" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aphonopelma</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the United States. This species exhibits size variation within males and females across their distribution, with northern populations generally smaller and the southern populations representing the largest tarantulas in the United States. Other important ratios that distinguish males:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2B65FFB583E219E713A38F1C1FD81D81" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a smaller M1/F4 (≤0.75; 0.69-0.75) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7FC9399EBBBB1DE5B985901A4F5B5A71" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥0.80; 0.80-0.88) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="847ABF72939E7E397B6255D3B0DF6823" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moellendorfi" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moellendorfi">Aphonopelma moellendorfi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥0.81; 0.81-0.88). No other ratios distinguish female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D949A34D8835AF2249C59E19AB84F717" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
from their syntopic or closely related phylogenetic species. For both males and females, certain morphometrics have potential to be useful though due to the amounts of variation, small number of specimens, and the small differences between species none are claimed to be significant at this time (see Suppl. material 2). During evaluation of traditional PCA morphospace, males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="007ED997E947CA429B26CEAB12A06526" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24439878EFBEE212E4F92C85CB4FD79A" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="380AF6737AE1F1997B2FA0BC4BA4A81E" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moellendorfi" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moellendorfi">Aphonopelma moellendorfi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4EB4F06D3C85F8C252E71F4329AFB84" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
along PC1~2, but do not separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE6346A15FA4BACF73B996877B69954" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="092FF5591C4A1D8C3F579A85F15B5B3F" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Females separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3357FDF710DE0B9D9495041A30D3CB5B" genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae moderatum" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="moderatum">moderatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
along PC1~2, but do not separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="679E1C72821F2083C312AD54ACCCA377" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FAEDC7D83685AF8A0FE7E45711BF8BFA" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D641A7B00C7A25B620079ADC6F184507" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D9FDC7E695F929CF5EF66730F5AC23E" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moellendorfi" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moellendorfi">Aphonopelma moellendorfi</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unknown at this time and cannot be compared. Interestingly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF1DDB37FCECD6008AE552030DBF9E9D" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
males separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37CB48417EB5A6C1E783809A133BDA20" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C4A1B181B2EAD61F42BAFDC78D358A2D" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E4DAE85153EC649764D22949CF753D9" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moellendorfi" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moellendorfi">Aphonopelma moellendorfi</taxonomicName>
|
||
in three-dimensional PCA morphospace (PC1~PC2~PC3), but do not separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF092DBDC9154B4A57B3360C3ECEC6FD" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7156F5C7ADD26D47C47E305567DEF124" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E6B1A1D2B669C30B7127C76219B0BF44" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
females separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E53DA016E31A5BF2C9582C35AA6A0557" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AB5DF95A7C69701E70A71FBBC0C242C2" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="51D55C6E2866D508F5FC99ABB3525F3F" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" start="start">Aphonopelma</pageBreakToken>
|
||
moderatum
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but do not separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="79865B0E8D358F6D507F6DA78238DD6A" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61F9369750A87FDD7686BC2E70FDADCD" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. PC1, PC2, and PC3 explain ≥87% of the variation in male analyses and ≥96% of the variation in female analyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A6D75D15D6927E4D621A9FFECDDDDAF" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
It is important to note the tremendous amount of variation that can be observed in the shape of the spermathecae from numerous populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4482111E75C71EC7FF63D455CEBFF8ED" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs 12-13). Previous taxonomic work considered this amount of variation to represent differences between species (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BE69C99F8D3FC43A7D180B785600687D" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Smith 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
differentiated his new species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6484F1F4BA5EF3FD10391728B7EA3390" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma breenei" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breenei">Aphonopelma breenei</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="19E23CECC560AACD98A28AEF54B63C58" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of its spermathecae) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B63B95E3E641A12AF532A1811CD95149" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Smith 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but our samples demonstrate that the shape of spermathecae is quite variable and is not useful for differentiating these two species. The spermathecae are however useful for distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FE6982BBC9EB759288509F1DEE2CE32" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4EA77FB1FD6B4748354E9B7B9E7FBF78" genus="Hentzi" lsidName="Hentzi" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="genus">Hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DEC53C17E23946092EA3D236BB2380FD" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="67AD429E877BBC25365C8C590B7AFC54" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This information was used to place
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C38666F4D1E255BA9E4F11DB834AA2F" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma harlingenum" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harlingenum">Aphonopelma harlingenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(whose type locality is surrounded by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0978B69755CF96EAA48CD38AA1510AA6" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
) into synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A6E29CFD1598298354298275CA242D0" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95FD0423FF6CCE854CA592E11C92A3C1" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is also important to note that the paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3D6AEA2C49AEC4CAC8C859ABB9E475F" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma harlingenum" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harlingenum">Aphonopelma harlingenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
that is found in the same jar as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1751C82D7090267F67FDE6376B8FDA07" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma harlingenum" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harlingenum">Aphonopelma harlingenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype is a female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F417652947A9B73C2A1D352C75BE808" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see spermathecae in Fig. 12C). Additionally, as seen in the spermathecae, we find that palpal bulb variation is extreme both across and within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39B33D4108A09C617EA2DE7946BB45F4" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aphonopelma</taxonomicName>
|
||
species - an unfortunate finding that further enforces our idea that these traditionally used morphological characters are ineffective species delimiters. Unless these characters are extreme autapomorphies (i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F634D25414B0E4F816FDD31652F8A1A" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
spermathcae and palpal bulbs,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BFFA4AD2979F137830560DB00CAF1503" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
spermathecae) that can be used in conjunction with other evidence to determine species boundaries in this group of spider, they should not be regarded as taxonomically informative.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="05BE87F7717434ADFD0AD52C3E44A3FB" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Mitochondrial DNA (CO1) identifies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C32094FA1F4BD178CE57CF5B7E99C265" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a polyphyletic group with respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F241ABCF18EB283242F028495282FFF1" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E95FE341353E9ED50907F27717805AD9" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 7). A second lineage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0772C76024E8A04C8C8F2C3CEEC1810" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister to a lineage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F3D151025232905D4AC190EE5BCB9A25" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
; both of these lineages were previously identified as putative cryptic species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="636AFF7A1647E83B5566CA7ADFFFDC2F" author="Hamilton, CA" pageId="260" pageNumber="261" url="10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.007" year="2014">Hamilton et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The AE data demonstrate that CO1 is not effective at accurately delimiting species boundaries within this group. Finally, we examined the holotype and freshly collected topotypic material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED46A760E896BB633BADD547F191D9A5" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma breenei" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breenei">Aphonopelma breenei</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Our morphological and molecular analyses fail to recognize this species as a separate, independently evolving lineage. As a consequence, we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F386D5C8706B32E16D0558230F4F7887" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma breenei" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breenei">Aphonopelma breenei</taxonomicName>
|
||
a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AC710E979A3B6F61EF7B173D6C843DF" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |